This work was supported by the European Commission project Indox-FP7-KBBE-2013-7-613549; a Cost-Action CM1303-Systems Biocatalysis; and the National Projects Dewry [BIO201343407-R] and Cambios [RTC-2014-1777-3].

1. Mutant Biblioteca Edilizia <ol><li> Visita le regioni da sottoporre a MORPHING con l&#39;aiuto di algoritmi di calcolo basati sui modelli di struttura di cristallo o di omologia disponibili 18. <ol><li> Qui, indirizzare due regioni di AAO da Pleurotus eryngii per mutagenesi casuale e ricombinazione (Met [α1] -Val109, Phe392-Gln566), mentre amplificando il resto del gene (844 bp) di alta fedeltà PCR (Figura 1). Nota: Diversi segmenti possono essere studiati morphing in modo indipendente o combinata 16. </li></ol></li><li> Amplificare le zone interessate dal mutageno PCR. Creare zone tra i segmenti (~ 50 bp ciascuno) si sovrappongono sovrapponendo reazioni PCR delle regioni definite. <ol><li> Preparare mutageno PCR di segmenti target in un volume finale di 50 ml contenenti DNA stampo (0,92 ng / mL), 90 nM oligo senso (RMLN per segmento MI e AAO-BP per il segmento M-II), 90 nM di unntisense Primer (AAO-92C per il segmento MI e RMLC per il segmento M-II), 0,3 mM dNTP (0,075 mM ciascuno), 3% (v / v) dimetilsolfossido (DMSO), 1,5 mM MgCl 2, 0,05 mM MnCl 2 e 0,05 U / ml Taq DNA polimerasi. Primer sequenze sono descritti in Figura 1. </li><li> Utilizzare il seguente programma PCR: 95 ° C per 2 min (1 ciclo); 95 ° C per 45 sec, 50 ° C per 45 sec, 74 ° C per 45 sec (28 cicli); e 74 ° C per 10 min (1 ciclo). </li></ol></li><li> Amplificare le regioni non mutageni con ultra-alto polimerasi fedeltà e comprende anche le zone di sovrapposizione corrispondenti segmenti mutageni e / o sbalzi vettore linearizzati. <ol><li> Preparare miscele di reazione in un volume finale di 50 ml contenente: template DNA (0,2 ng / ml), 250 nM oligo senso HFF, 250 nM oligo antisenso HFR, 0,8 mM dNTP (0,2 mM ciascuno), 3% (v / v) dimetilsolfossido (DMSO) e 0,02 U / ml iProof DNA polimerasi. Primer sequenze sono descritti in &lt;strong&gt; Figura 1. </li><li> Utilizzare il seguente programma PCR: 98 ° C per 30 sec (1 ciclo); 98 ° C per 10 sec, 55 ° C per 25 sec, 72 ° C per 45 sec (28 cicli); e 72 ° C per 10 min (1 ciclo). Nota: Con le condizioni descritte in 1.2 e 1.3 sovrapposizioni di 43 bp (regione plasmide-M1); 46 bp (M1 regione regione-HF); 47 bp (HF regione-M2 regione) e 61 bp (M2 plasmide regione-) sono progettate (Figura 1) per favorire in vivo splicing nel lievito. </li><li> Purificare tutti i frammenti di PCR (mutageni e non mutageni) con un kit di estrazione gel commerciale secondo il protocollo del produttore. </li></ol></li><li> Linearizzare il vettore tale che regioni fiancheggianti di circa 50 bp sono creati che sono omologhi ai 5&#39;- e 3&#39;-estremità del gene bersaglio. <ol><li> Preparare una miscela di reazione linearizzazione contenente 2 mg di DNA, 7.5 U Bam HI, 7.5 U Xho I, 20 mg BSA e 2 ml di tampone Bam HI 10x in un volume finale di 20 ul. </li><li> Incubare la miscela di reazione a 37 ° C per 2 ore e 40 min. Successivamente, procedere con inattivazione a 80 ° C per 20 min. </li></ol></li><li> Purificare il vettore linearizzato mediante estrazione gel di agarosio per evitare la contaminazione con il plasmide circolare residua (Figura 2). <ol><li> Caricare la miscela di reazione di digestione nel mega-well di un basso punto di fusione gel semi-preparativa (0,75%, w: v) e un&#39;aliquota (5 ml) della miscela di reazione nella adiacente e reporter. </li><li> Run DNA elettroforesi (5 V / cm tra gli elettrodi, 4 ᵒC) e separare il gel corrispondente al mega-bene e conservarlo a 4 ᵒC in 1x TAE. </li><li> Macchia la corsia con la scala peso molecolare e il giornalista. Visualizzare le bande sotto la luce UV. Nick la posizione in cui i luoghi linearizzate vettore. Nota: Poiché la qualità del vettore linearizzato purificato è un critiFattore cal per ricombinazione di successo e di assemblaggio nel lievito, evitare di macchiare il gel per semi-preparativa elettroforesi del DNA. L&#39;uso di coloranti e raggi UV per l&#39;estrazione gel può influenzare la stabilità del vettore di DNA, compromettere l&#39;efficienza vivo ricombinazione in. In alternativa ai coloranti EtBr tossici, Gel Rosso e coloranti SYBR sono comunemente usati per il gel di colorazione. </li><li> In assenza di luce UV, di individuare il vettore linearizzato nel frammento mega-pozzetto utilizzando la guida dei nick nella corsia giornalista macchiato in modo che possa essere isolato. </li><li> Estrarre il vettore linearizzato da agarosio e purificarla con un kit di estrazione gel commerciale secondo il protocollo del produttore. Nota: utilizzare ad alta copia vettori navetta episomiale con marcatori di antibiotici e auxotrofia: In questo esempio abbiamo impiegato il uracile indipendente e ampicillina resistenza pJRoC30 vettore, sotto il controllo del promotore di lievito GAL1. </li></ol></li><li> Preparare un mi equimolarexture dei frammenti PCR e mescolare con il vettore linearizzato in un rapporto 2: 1, con non meno di 100 ng di plasmide linearizzato (prova differenti rapporti di biblioteca equimolare / vettore aperta per ottenere buone rese di trasformazione). <ol><li> Misurare l&#39;assorbanza dei frammenti di PCR e vettore linearizzato a 260 nm e 280 nm per determinare la loro concentrazione e purezza. </li></ol></li><li> Trasformare cellule competenti di lievito con la miscela di DNA utilizzando un kit di lievito di trasformazione commerciale (vedi tabella per le forniture) in base alle istruzioni del produttore. <ol><li> Qui, usare una proteasi carente e URA3 - dipendente S. ceppo cerevisiae, BJ5465. Trasformare le cellule con il vettore circolarizzato parentale come standard interno durante lo screening (vedi sotto). Inoltre, controllare il fondo trasformando il vettore linearizzato in assenza di frammenti di PCR. Nota: In caso di rilevamento di livelli iniziali di secrezione bassi, usare S.cerevisiae proteasi ceppi carenti come BJ5465 per favorire l&#39;accumulo di proteina attiva in sovranatanti. Se l&#39;enzima bersaglio subisce hyperglycosylation, l&#39;uso di ceppi glicosilazione-deficienti (ad esempio, Δ kre2 che è solo in grado di associare piccoli oligomeri mannosio) potrebbe essere una scelta adatta. </li></ol></li><li> Piastra le cellule trasformate su SC piastre di abbandono e incubare a 30 ° C per tre giorni. Piastra (su SC piastre di abbandono integrato con uracile) URA3 - S. cellule cerevisiae prive plasmide come controllo negativo per lo screening (vedi sotto). </li></ol> 2. Alta-Throughput Screening Assay (Figura 3) <ol><li> Riempire un numero appropriato di sterili piastre da 96 pozzetti (23 piastre per analizzare una libreria di cloni 2.000) con 50 microlitri terreno minimo per pozzetto con l&#39;aiuto di un robot pipettamento. </li><li> Scegli singole colonie dalla SC-drop out piatti e trasferirli alle piastre a 96 pozzetti. <ol><li> In ogni piatto, inoculare numero di colonna 6 con il tipo parentale come standard interno e ben H1 con URA3 - S. cellule cerevisiae (in media SC supplementato con uracile) senza plasmide come controllo negativo. Nota: Beh H1 è riempito in particolare con i media di abbandono integrati con uracile. Un supporto vuoto pozzetto contenente senza cellule può essere preparata anche come controllo di sterilità aggiuntivo. </li></ol></li><li> Coprire le piastre con i loro coperchi e avvolgerli in Parafilm. Incubare le piastre per 48 ore a 30 ° C, 225 rpm e 80% di umidità relativa in un agitatore umido. </li><li> Rimuovere il Parafilm, aggiungere 160 ml di mezzo di espressione ad ogni pozzetto con l&#39;aiuto del robot pipettaggio, sigillare le piastre e incubare per altre 24 ore. Nota: terreno minimo e medio espressione sono preparati come riportato altrove 19. livelli di secrezione possono variare a seconda del gene in esame e, di conseguenza, tha incubazione devono essere ottimizzati in ogni caso a sincronizzare la crescita cellulare in tutti i pozzetti. </li><li> Centrifuga i piatti (master) a 2.800 x g per 10 minuti a 4 ° C. </li><li> Trasferire 20 ml di surnatante dai pozzetti della piastra master piastra replica utilizzando una movimentazione multistazione robotico liquido. Nota: Per favorire la secrezione di enzimi si consiglia di sostituire il segnale peptide nativo della proteina bersaglio da peptidi segnali comunemente utilizzati per l&#39;espressione eterologa in lievito (ad esempio, il fattore α prepro-leader, il leader del K 1 Killer tossina da S. cerevisiae, o anche versioni chimeriche di entrambi i peptidi 13). In alternativa, il peptide segnale nativo può essere evoluto esclusivamente per la secrezione nel lievito. </li><li> Aggiungere 20 ml di 2 mM p -methoxybenzylalcohol a 100 mM sodio fosfato tampone pH 6.0 con l&#39;aiuto del robot pipettamento. Mescolare le piastre brevemente con un 96-noill mixer piastra e incubare per 30 minuti a RT. </li><li> Con il robot pipettaggio, aggiungere 160 ml di reagente FOX per ciascuna piastra replica e mescolare brevemente con il mixer (concentrazione finale di miscela FOX nel pozzo: 100 mM xilenolo arancio, 250 mM Fe (NH 4) 2 (SO 4) 2 e 25 mM H 2 SO 4). <ol><li> Aggiungere più additivi al reagente per migliorare la sensibilità, come co-solventi organici (DMSO, etanolo, metanolo) o sorbitolo 17. Qui, amplificare la risposta con l&#39;aggiunta di sorbitolo ad una concentrazione finale di 100 mM (Figura 4). </li></ol></li><li> Leggere le piastre (modalità end-point, t 0) a 560 nm su un lettore di piastre. </li><li> Incubare le piastre a temperatura ambiente fino a quando il colore si sviluppa e misurare nuovamente l&#39;assorbimento (t 1). <ol><li> Calcolare l&#39;attività relativa dalla differenza tra il valore Abs dopo incubazione e quella della misurazione iniziale normalizzati al pareTipo ntale per ogni piastra (Dt 1 - t 0). </li></ol></li><li> Sottoporre i migliori successi mutanti a due ri-proiezioni consecutive per escludere falsi positivi. Nota: Tipicamente, ri-proiezioni includono isolamento plasmidico dal lievito, amplificazione e purificazione in Escherichia coli, seguita da trasformazione di cellule di lievito fresco con il plasmide 19. Ogni clone selezionato è ri-proiettato in pentaplicate. </li></ol>

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In questo articolo, abbiamo riassunto la maggior parte dei suggerimenti e trucchi impiegati nel nostro laboratorio per progettare enzimi dalla evoluzione diretta a S. cerevisiae (utilizzando AAO come esempio) in modo che possano essere adattati per l&#39;uso con molti altri sistemi enzimatici eucariotica semplicemente seguendo l&#39;approccio comune descritti qui. In termini di creazione di biblioteca, Morphing è un metodo rapido one-pot di introdurre e ricombinare le mutazioni cas...

Evoluzione molecolare diretto è un metodo affidabile, veloce e affidabile per progettare enzimi 1, 2., Attraverso cicli iterativi di casuali mutazioni, ricombinazione e lo screening, le versioni migliorate di enzimi possono essere generati che agiscono sui nuovi substrati, nelle reazioni romanzo, a non naturale ambienti, o anche per assistere alla cella di raggiungere nuovi obiettivi metabolici 3-5. Tra i padroni di casa utilizzate in evoluzione diretta, di birra lievito Saccharomyces cerevisiae offre un repertorio di soluzioni per l&#39;espressione funzionale di proteine ​​eucariotiche complesse che non sono altrimenti disponibili in controparti procarioti 6,7. Utilizzato esaustivamente in studi di biologia cellulare, questo piccolo modello eucariote ha molti vantaggi in termini di modificazioni post-traduzionali, la facilità di manipolazione e trasformazione di efficienza, che sono tutti tratti importanti per progettare enzimi dalla evoluzione diretta 8. Inoltre, l&#39;alta frequenzadi omologa ricombinazione del DNA a S. cerevisiae accoppiato al suo apparato a prova di lettura efficiente apre una vasta gamma di possibilità per la creazione di una biblioteca e di assemblaggio genica in vivo, favorendo l&#39;evoluzione dei sistemi diversi da singoli enzimi per vie artificiali complessi 9-12. Il nostro laboratorio ha trascorso gli ultimi dieci anni la progettazione di strumenti e strategie per l&#39;evoluzione molecolare di diverse ligninases nel lievito (ossidoriduttasi coinvolti nella degradazione della lignina durante il decadimento legno naturale) 13-14. In questa comunicazione, vi presentiamo un protocollo dettagliato per la preparazione e le librerie schermo mutanti in S. cerevisiae per un modello flavooxidase, arile-alcol ossidasi (AAO 15) -, che può essere facilmente tradotto a molti altri enzimi. Il protocollo prevede un metodo di evoluzione mirata-diretto (MORPHING: mutageni organizzata ricombinazione omologa processo da in vivo raggruppamento) assistito dall&#39;apparato cellula di lievito 16, unda test di screening molto sensibile basato sulla reazione di Fenton per rilevare l&#39;attività all&#39;AAO secreta nel brodo di coltura 17.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>1. Culture media</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ampicillin sodium salt</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>A0166</td>
			<td>CAS N&#186; 69-52-3 M.W. 371.39</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bacto Agar</td>
			<td>Difco</td>
			<td>214010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cloramphenicol</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>C-0378</td>
			<td>CAS N&#186; 56-75-7 M.W. 323.13</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>D-(+)-Galactose</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>G0750</td>
			<td>CAS N&#186; 59-23-4 M.W. 180.16</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>D-(+)-Glucose</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>G5767</td>
			<td>CAS N&#186; 50-99-7 M.W. 180.16</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>D-(+)-Raffinose pentahydrate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>83400</td>
			<td>CAS N&#186; 17629-30-0 M.W. 594.51</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Peptone</td>
			<td>Difco</td>
			<td>211677</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium phosphate monobasic</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P0662</td>
			<td>CAS N&#186; 7778-77-0 M.W. 136.09</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Uracil</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>U1128</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Yeast Extract</td>
			<td>Difco</td>
			<td>212750</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Yeast Nitrogen Base without Amino Acids</td>
			<td>Difco</td>
			<td>291940</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Yeast Synthetic Drop-out Medium Supplements without uracil</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>Y1501</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		
		<tr>
			<td>Name</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2. PCR Reactions</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>dNTP Mix</td>
			<td>Agilent genomics</td>
			<td>200415-51</td>
			<td>25 mM each</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>iProof High-Fidelity DNA polymerase</td>
			<td>Bio-rad</td>
			<td>172-5301</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Manganese(II) chloride tetrahydrate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>M8054</td>
			<td>CAS N&#186; 13446-34-9 M.W. 197.91</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Taq DNA Polymerase</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>D4545</td>
			<td>For error prone PCR</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3. Plasmid linearization</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BamHI restriction enzyme</td>
			<td>New England Biolabs</td>
			<td>R0136S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bovine Serum Albumin</td>
			<td>New England Biolabs</td>
			<td>B9001S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>XhoI restriction enzyme</td>
			<td>New England Biolabs</td>
			<td>R0146S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gel Red</td>
			<td>Biotium</td>
			<td>41003</td>
			<td>For staining DNA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>4. FOX assays</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ammonium iron(II) sulfate hexahydrate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>F3754</td>
			<td>CAS N&#186; 7783-85-9 M.W. 392.14</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anysil Alcohol</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>W209902</td>
			<td>CAS N&#186; 105-13-5 M.W. 138.16</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>D-Sorbitol</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>S1876</td>
			<td>CAS N&#186; 50-70-4 M.W. 182.17</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hydrogen peroxide 30%</td>
			<td>Merck Millipore</td>
			<td>1072090250</td>
			<td>FOX standard curve</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Xylenol Orange disodium salt</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>52097</td>
			<td>CAS N&#186; 1611-35-4 M.W. 716.62</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Agarose gel stuff</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Agarose</td>
			<td>Norgen</td>
			<td>28035</td>
			<td>CAS N&#186; 9012-36-6</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gel Red</td>
			<td>Biotium</td>
			<td>41003</td>
			<td>DNA analysis dye</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GeneRuler 1Kb Ladder</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>SM0311</td>
			<td>DNA M.W. standard</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Loading Dye 6x</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>R0611</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Low-melting temperature agarose</td>
			<td>Bio-rad</td>
			<td>161-3112</td>
			<td>CAS N&#186; 39346-81-1</td>
		</tr>
	
		<tr>
			<td>Name</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5. Kits and cells</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>S. cerevisiae strain BJ5465</td>
			<td>LGC Promochem, Spain</td>
			<td>ATTC 208289</td>
			<td>Protease deficient strain with genotype: MAT&#945; ura3-52 trp1 leu2-delta1 his3-delta200 pep4::HIS3 prb1-delta1.6R can1 GAL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>E. coli XL2-Blue competent cells</td>
			<td>Agilent genomics</td>
			<td>200150</td>
			<td>For plasmid purification and amplification</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NucleoSpin Gel and PCR Clean-up Kit</td>
			<td>Macherey-Nagel</td>
			<td>740,609,250</td>
			<td>DNA gel extraction</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NucleoSpin Plasmid Kit</td>
			<td>Macherey-Nagel</td>
			<td>740,588,250</td>
			<td>Column miniprep Kit</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Yeast Transformation Kit</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>YEAST1-1KT</td>
			<td>Included DNA carrier (Salmon testes)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Zymoprep yeast plasmid miniprep I</td>
			<td>Zymo research</td>
			<td>D2001</td>
			<td>Plasmid extraction from yeast</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>6. Plates</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>96-well plates</td>
			<td>Greioner Bio-One</td>
			<td>655101</td>
			<td>Clear, non-sterile, Polystyrene (for activity measurements)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>96-well plates</td>
			<td>Greioner Bio-One</td>
			<td>655161</td>
			<td>Clear, sterile, Polystyrene (for microfermentations)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>96-well plate lid</td>
			<td>Greioner Bio-One</td>
			<td>656171</td>
			<td>Clear, sterile, Polystyrene (for microfermentations)</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

directed evolution method in saccharomyces cerevisiae: mutant library creation and screening

Evoluzione diretta in Saccharomyces cerevisiae offre molti vantaggi interessanti nella progettazione di enzimi per applicazioni biotecnologiche, un processo che prevede la realizzazione, la clonazione e l&#39;espressione di biblioteche mutante, accoppiato ad alta frequenza omologa ricombinazione del DNA in vivo. Qui, vi presentiamo un protocollo per creare e biblioteche schermo mutanti di lievito in base l&#39;esempio di un fungina aril-alcol ossidasi (AAO) per migliorare la sua attività totale. Due segmenti proteici sono stati sottoposti ad evoluzione focalizzata diretto mediante mutagenesi casuale e in vivo ricombinazione DNA. Le sporgenze di ~ 50 bp fiancheggianti ogni segmento ammessi corretto rimontaggio del gene AAO-fusione in un vettore linearizzato dando luogo ad una completa plasmide autonomamente replicare. Librerie Mutant arricchiti con varianti funzionali AAO sono stati proiettati in S. surnatanti cerevisiae con un saggio ad alta sensibilità basato sulla reazione di Fenton. Il processo generale dicostruzione della libreria a S. cerevisiae qui descritto può essere facilmente applicato ad evolversi molti altri geni eucarioti, evitando reazioni PCR in più, in vitro di ricombinazione del DNA e legatura passi.

AAO da P. eryngii è un flavooxidase extracellulare che fornisce perossidasi fungine con H 2 O 2 per iniziare attaccare lignina. Due segmenti di AAO stati sottoposti a evoluzione focalizzata-diretto da MORPHING al fine di migliorare la sua attività e la sua espressione in S. cerevisiae 19. Indipendentemente dalle enzimi stranieri nutriti da S. cerevisiae, la questione più critica quando la costruzione di librerie di mutanti ne...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Directed Evolution Method in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Mutant Library Creation and Screening at JoVE.com

Directed Evolution Method in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Mutant Library Creation and Screening

We present a detailed protocol to construct and screen mutant libraries for directed evolution campaigns in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Diretto Evolution Metodo<em&gt; Saccharomyces cerevisiae</em&gt;: Mutant Biblioteca Creazione e screening

Directed evolution in Saccharomyces cerevisiae offers many attractive advantages when designing enzymes for biotechnological applications, a process that ...

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Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Directed Evolution Method in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Mutant Library Creation and Screening

10.8K Views.  Institute of Catalysis, CSIC. We present a detailed protocol to construct and screen mutant libraries for directed evolution campaigns in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. 

Video: Directed Evolution Method in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Mutant Library Creation and Screening

Dissection of Saccharomyces Cerevisiae Asci

Yeast is a highly tractable model system that is used to study many different cellular processes. The common laboratory strain Saccharomyces cerevisiae exists in either a haploid or diploid state. The ability to combine alleles from two haploids and the ability to introduce modifications to the genome requires the production and dissection of asci. Asci production from haploid cells begins with the mating of two yeast haploid strains with compatible mating types to produce a diploid strain. This can be accomplished in a number of ways either on solid medium or in liquid. It is advantageous to select for the diploids in medium that selectively promotes their growth compared to either of the haploid strains. The diploids are then allowed to sporulate on nutrient-poor medium to form asci, a bundle of four haploid daughter cells resulting from meiotic reproduction of the diploid. A mixture of vegetative cells and asci is then treated with the enzyme zymolyase to digest away the membrane sac surrounding the ascospores of the asci. Using micromanipulation with a microneedle under a dissection microscope one can pick up individual asci and separate and relocate the four ascopores. Dissected asci are grown for several days and tested for the markers or alleles of interest by replica plating onto appropriate selective media.

Dissection of Saccharomyces Cerevisiae Asci

Micromanipulation of yeast cells is needed for meiotic genetic analysis or to select diploid zygotes. These micromanipulations are carried out using the microneedle of a dissection microscope. The microneedle is used to relocate cells and is controlled by a micromanipulator which are available with various degrees of automation.

Dissezione di Saccharomyces cerevisiae Asci

Yeast is a highly tractable model system that is used to study many different cellular processes. The common laboratory strain Saccharomyces cerevisiae ...

Ricerca

Biologia

Quantitative Phosphoproteomics in Fatty Acid Stimulated Saccharomyces cerevisiae

This protocol describes the growth and stimulation, with the fatty acid oleate, of isotopically heavy and light S. cerevisiae cells. Cells are ground using a cryolysis procedure in a ball mill grinder and the resulting grindate brought into solution by urea solubilization. This procedure allows for the lysis of the cells in a metabolically inactive state, preserving phosphorylation and preventing reorientation of the phosphoproteome during cell lysis.  Following reduction, alkylation, trypsin digestion of the proteins, the samples are desalted on C18 columns and the sample complexity reduced by fractionation using hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC). HILIC columns preferentially retain hydrophilic molecules which is well suited for phosphoproteomics.  Phosphorylated peptides tend to elute later in the chromatographic profile than the non phosphorylated counterparts. After fractionation, phosphopeptides are enriched using immobilized metal chromatography, which relies on charge-based affinities for phosphopeptide enrichment. At the end of this procedure the samples are ready to be quantitatively analyzed by mass spectrometry.

Quantitative Phosphoproteomics in Fatty Acid Stimulated Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Description of a quantitative phosphorylation procedure using cryolysis, urea solubilziation, HILIC fractionation and IMAC enrichment of phosphorylated peptides.

Fosfoproteomica quantitativa in acidi grassi Stimolati Saccharomyces cerevisiae</em

This protocol describes the growth and stimulation, with the fatty acid oleate, of isotopically heavy and light S. cerevisiae cells. Cells are ground ...

Mutagenesis and Functional Selection Protocols for Directed Evolution of Proteins in E. coli

The efficient generation of genetic diversity represents an invaluable molecular tool that can be used to label DNA synthesis, to create unique molecular signatures, or to evolve proteins in the laboratory. Here, we present a protocol that allows the generation of large (>1011) mutant libraries for a given target sequence. This method is based on replication of a ColE1 plasmid encoding the desired sequence by a low-fidelity variant of DNA polymerase I (LF-Pol I). The target plasmid is transformed into a mutator strain of E. coli and plated on solid media, yielding between 0.2 and 1 mutations/kb, depending on the location of the target gene. Higher mutation frequencies are achieved by iterating this process of mutagenesis. Compared to alternative methods of mutagenesis, our protocol stands out for its simplicity, as no cloning or PCR are involved. Thus, our method is ideal for mutational labeling of plasmids or other Pol I templates or to explore large sections of sequence space for the evolution of activities not present in the original target. The tight spatial control that PCR or randomized oligonucleotide-based methods offer can also be achieved through subsequent cloning of specific sections of the library. Here we provide protocols showing how to create a random mutant library and how to establish drug-based selections in E. coli to identify mutants exhibiting new biochemical activities.

Mutagenesis and Functional Selection Protocols for Directed Evolution of Proteins in E. coli

Here we demonstrate a simple protocol to create a random mutant library for a given target sequence. We show how this method, which is performed in vivo in Escherichia coli, can be coupled with functional selections to evolve new enzymatic activities.

Protocolli di selezione mutagenesi e funzionale per l&#39;evoluzione Regia di proteine ​​in E. coli</em

The efficient generation of genetic diversity represents an invaluable molecular tool that can be used to label DNA synthesis, to create unique molecular ...

Microarray Analysis for Saccharomyces cerevisiae

In this protocol, gene expression in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) is changed after exposure to oxidative stress induced by the addition of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), an oxidizing agent. In the experiment, yeast is grown for 48 hours in 1/2X YPD broth containing 3X glucose. The culture is split into a control and treated group. The experiment culture is treated with 0.5 mM H2O2 in Hanks Buffered Saline (HBSS) for 1 hour. The control culture is treated with HBSS only. Total RNA is extracted from both cultures and is converted to a biotin-labeled cRNA product through a multistep process. The final synthesis product is taken back to the UVM Microarray Core Facility and hybridized to the Affymetrix yeast GeneChips. The resulting gene expression data are uploaded into bioinformatics data analysis software.

Microarray Analysis for Saccharomyces cerevisiae

In this protocol, gene expression in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) is changed after exposure to oxidative stress induced by the addition of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), an oxidizing agent.

Microarray analisi per Saccharomyces cerevisiae</em

In this protocol, gene expression in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) is changed after exposure to oxidative stress induced by the addition of hydrogen ...

A Fluorescence Microscopy Assay for Monitoring Mitophagy in the Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Autophagy is important for turnover of cellular components under a range of different conditions. It serves an essential homeostatic function as well as a quality control mechanism that can target and selectively degrade cellular material including organelles1-4. For example, damaged or redundant mitochondria (Fig. 1), not disposed of by autophagy, can represent a threat to cellular homeostasis and cell survival. In the yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, nutrient deprivation (e.g., nitrogen starvation) or damage can promote selective turnover of mitochondria by autophagy in a process termed mitophagy 5-9.
We describe a simple fluorescence microscopy approach to assess autophagy. For clarity we restrict our description here to show how the approach can be used to monitor mitophagy in yeast cells. The assay makes use of a fluorescent reporter, Rosella, which is a dual-emission biosensor comprising a relatively pH-stable red fluorescent protein linked to a pH-sensitive green fluorescent protein. The operation of this reporter relies on differences in pH between the vacuole (pH ~ 5.0-5.5) and mitochondria (pH ~ 8.2) in living cells. Under growing conditions, wild type cells exhibit both red and green fluorescence distributed in a manner characteristic of the mitochondria. Fluorescence emission is not associated with the vacuole. When subjected to nitrogen starvation, a condition which induces mitophagy, in addition to red and green fluorescence labeling the mitochondria, cells exhibit the accumulation of red, but not green fluorescence, in the acidic vacuolar lumen representing the delivery of mitochondria to the vacuole. Scoring cells with red, but not green fluorescent vacuoles can be used as a measure of mitophagic activity in cells5,10-12.

A Fluorescence Microscopy Assay for Monitoring Mitophagy in the Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae

A robust approach to monitor the delivery of organelles to the acidic lumen of the yeast vacuole for degradation and recycling is described. The method relies on the specific labeling of target organelles with a genetically encoded dual-emission fluorescence pH-biosensor, and visualization of individual cells using fluorescence microscopy.

Un saggio microscopia a fluorescenza per Mitophagy monitoraggio nel lievito Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Autophagy is important for turnover of cellular components under a range of different conditions. It serves an essential homeostatic function as well as a ...

MISSION LentiPlex Pooled shRNA Library Screening in Mammalian Cells

RNA interference (RNAi) is an intrinsic cellular mechanism for the regulation of gene expression. Harnessing the innate power of this system enables us to knockdown gene expression levels in loss of gene function studies.
There are two main methods for performing RNAi. The first is the use of small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) that are chemically synthesized, and the second utilizes short-hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) encoded within plasmids 1. The latter can be transfected into cells directly or packaged into replication incompetent lentiviral particles. The main advantages of using lentiviral shRNAs is the ease of introduction into a wide variety of cell types, their ability to stably integrate into the genome for long term gene knockdown and selection, and their efficacy in conducting high-throughput loss of function screens. To facilitate this we have created the LentiPlex pooled shRNA library.
The MISSION LentiPlex Human shRNA Pooled Library is a genome-wide lentiviral pool produced using a proprietary process. The library consists of over 75,000 shRNA constructs from the TRC collection targeting 15,000+ human genes 2. Each library is tested for shRNA representation before product release to ensure robust library coverage. The library is provided in a ready-to-use lentiviral format at titers of at least 5 x 108 TU/ml via p24 assay and is pre-divided into ten subpools of approximately 8,000 shRNA constructs each. Amplification and sequencing primers are also provided for downstream target identification.
Previous studies established a synergistic antitumor activity of TRAIL when combined with Paclitaxel in A549 cells, a human lung carcinoma cell line 3, 4. In this study we demonstrate the application of a pooled LentiPlex shRNA library to rapidly conduct a positive selection screen for genes involved in the cytotoxicity of A549 cells when exposed to TRAIL and Paclitaxel. One barrier often encountered with high-throughput screens is the cost and difficulty in deconvolution; we also detail a cost-effective polyclonal approach utilizing traditional sequencing.

Here we use a human LentiPlex pooled library and traditional sequencing methods to identify gene targets promoting cell survival. We demonstrate how to set up and deconvolute a LentiPlex screen and validate the results.

LentiPlex MISSIONE pool di screening Biblioteca shRNA in cellule di mammifero

RNA interference (RNAi) is an intrinsic cellular mechanism for the regulation of gene expression. Harnessing the innate power of this system enables us to ...

Expression and Purification of the Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator Protein in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) is a chloride channel, that when mutated, can give rise to cystic fibrosis in humans.There is therefore considerable interest in this protein, but efforts to study its structure and activity have been hampered by the difficulty of expressing and purifying sufficient amounts of the protein1-3. Like many 'difficult' eukaryotic membrane proteins, expression in a fast-growing organism is desirable, but challenging, and in the yeast S. cerevisiae, so far low amounts were obtained and rapid degradation of the recombinant protein was observed 4-9. Proteins involved in the processing of recombinant CFTR in yeast have been described6-9 .In this report we describe a methodology for expression of CFTR in yeast and its purification in significant amounts. The protocol describes how the earlier proteolysis problems can be overcome and how expression levels of CFTR can be greatly improved by modifying the cell growth conditions and by controlling the induction conditions, in particular the time period prior to cell harvesting. The reagants associated with this protocol (murine CFTR-expressing yeast cells or yeast plasmids) will be distributed via the US Cystic Fibrosis Foundation, which has sponsored the research. An article describing the design and synthesis of the CFTR construct employed in this report will be published separately (Urbatsch, I.; Thibodeau, P. et al., unpublished). In this article we will explain our method beginning with the transformation of the yeast cells with the CFTR construct - containing yeast plasmid (Fig. 1). The construct has a green fluorescent protein (GFP) sequence fused to CFTR at its C-terminus and follows the system developed by Drew et al. (2008)10. The GFP allows the expression and purification of CFTR to be followed relatively easily. The JoVE visualized protocol finishes after the preparation of microsomes from the yeast cells, although we include some suggestions for purification of the protein from the microsomes. Readers may wish to add their own modifications to the microsome purification procedure, dependent on the final experiments to be carried out with the protein and the local equipment available to them. The yeast-expressed CFTR protein can be partially purified using metal ion affinity chromatography, using an intrinsic polyhistidine purification tag. Subsequent size-exclusion chromatography yields a protein that appears to be &gt;90% pure, as judged by SDS-PAGE and Coomassie-staining of the gel.

Expression and Purification of the Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator Protein in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Attempts to express the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae have, until now, yielded relatively low amounts of protein. This protocol and the associated reagents distributed via the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation should allow the preparation of milligram amounts of this 'difficult' eukaryotic membrane protein.

Espressione e purificazione della proteina transmembrana cistica regolatore fibrosi conduttanza in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The  cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) is a chloride  channel, that when mutated, can give rise to cystic fibrosis in  ...

Visualization and Analysis of mRNA Molecules Using Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The Fluorescence in situ Hybridization (FISH) method allows one to detect nucleic acids in the native cellular environment. Here we provide a protocol for using FISH to quantify the number of mRNAs in single yeast cells. Cells can be grown in any condition of interest and then fixed and made permeable. Subsequently, multiple single-stranded deoxyoligonucleotides conjugated to fluorescent dyes are used to label and visualize mRNAs. Diffraction-limited fluorescence from single mRNA molecules is quantified using a spot-detection algorithm to identify and count the number of mRNAs per cell. While the more standard quantification methods of northern blots, RT-PCR and gene expression microarrays provide information on average mRNAs in the bulk population, FISH facilitates both the counting and localization of these mRNAs in single cells at single-molecule resolution.

Visualization and Analysis of mRNA Molecules Using Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

This protocol describes an experimental procedure for performing Fluorescence in situ Hybridization (FISH) for counting mRNAs in single cells at single-molecule resolution.

Visualizzazione e l&#39;analisi di molecole di mRNA mediante fluorescenza<em&gt; In Situ</em&gt; Ibridazione in<em&gt; Saccharomyces cerevisiae</em

The Fluorescence in situ Hybridization (FISH) method allows one to detect nucleic acids in the native cellular environment. Here we provide a protocol for ...

Coupled Assays for Monitoring Protein Refolding in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Proteostasis, defined as the combined processes of protein folding/biogenesis, refolding/repair, and degradation, is a delicate cellular balance that must be maintained to avoid deleterious consequences 1. External or internal factors that disrupt this balance can lead to protein aggregation, toxicity and cell death. In humans this is a major contributing factor to the symptoms associated with neurodegenerative disorders such as Huntington's, Parkinson's, and Alzheimer's diseases 10. It is therefore essential that the proteins involved in maintenance of proteostasis be identified in order to develop treatments for these debilitating diseases. This article describes techniques for monitoring in vivo protein folding at near-real time resolution using the model protein firefly luciferase fused to green fluorescent protein (FFL-GFP). FFL-GFP is a unique model chimeric protein as the FFL moiety is extremely sensitive to stress-induced misfolding and aggregation, which inactivates the enzyme 12. Luciferase activity is monitored using an enzymatic assay, and the GFP moiety provides a method of visualizing soluble or aggregated FFL using automated microscopy. These coupled methods incorporate two parallel and technically independent approaches to analyze both refolding and functional reactivation of an enzyme after stress. Activity recovery can be directly correlated with kinetics of disaggregation and re-solubilization to better understand how protein quality control factors such as protein chaperones collaborate to perform these functions. In addition, gene deletions or mutations can be used to test contributions of specific proteins or protein subunits to this process. In this article we examine the contributions of the protein disaggregase Hsp104 13, known to partner with the Hsp40/70/nucleotide exchange factor (NEF) refolding system 5, to protein refolding to validate this approach.

Coupled Assays for Monitoring Protein Refolding in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

This article describes the use of a firefly luciferase-GFP fusion protein to investigate in vivo protein folding in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Using this reagent, refolding of a model heat-denatured protein can be monitored simultaneously by fluorescence microscopy and an enzymatic assay to probe the roles of proteostasis network components in protein quality control.

Saggi accoppiati per il monitoraggio delle proteine ​​in ripiegamento<em&gt; Saccharomyces cerevisiae</em

Proteostasis, defined as the combined processes of protein folding/biogenesis, refolding/repair, and degradation, is a delicate cellular balance that must ...

Rapid Identification of Chemical Genetic Interactions in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Determining the mode of action of bioactive chemicals is of interest to a broad range of academic, pharmaceutical, and industrial scientists. Saccharomyces cerevisiae, or budding yeast, is a model eukaryote for which a complete collection of ~6,000 gene deletion mutants and hypomorphic essential gene mutants are commercially available. These collections of mutants can be used to systematically detect chemical-gene interactions, i.e. genes necessary to tolerate a chemical. This information, in turn, reports on the likely mode of action of the compound. Here we describe a protocol for the rapid identification of chemical-genetic interactions in budding yeast. We demonstrate the method using the chemotherapeutic agent 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), which has a well-defined mechanism of action. Our results show that the nuclear TRAMP RNA exosome and DNA repair enzymes are needed for proliferation in the presence of 5-FU, which is consistent with previous microarray based bar-coding chemical genetic approaches and the knowledge that 5-FU adversely affects both RNA and DNA metabolism. The required validation protocols of these high-throughput screens are also described.

Rapid Identification of Chemical Genetic Interactions in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Here we present a cost-effective method for defining chemical-genetic interactions in budding yeast. The approach is built on fundamental techniques in yeast molecular biology and is well suited for the mechanistic interrogation of small to medium collections of chemicals and other media environments.