Un ringraziamento speciale a Divisione St. Regis Mohawk ambientale, Welaka Nazionale vivaio, US Fish and Wildlife Service Unità di Ricerca, Southern Illinois University, US Fish and Wildlife Service nord-est Centro per la pesca, Sterling caviale, University of California-Davis, Garrison Dam Pesce Nazionale Hatchery, Orsi Bluff National Fish Hatchery, e US Fish and Wildlife Service di Panama Office Resource Città della pesca per il loro aiuto la fornitura di storione per questo progetto. in questo articolo è il contributo 2013 del USGS Great Lakes Science center.

Nota importante: A causa della condizione protetta di tutte le specie di storione negli Stati Uniti, permette di acquisire e gestire pesci sono stati ottenuti prima procedura di laboratorio. Tutti i campioni sono stati acquisiti da fonti di incubazione post mortem dovute a cause naturali e smaltiti seguendo la procedura standard. 1. Preparazione del campione <ol><li> Prima eventuali incisioni giacevano storione carcassa su un lato e con un nastro di misurazione per misurare la lunghezza totale del muso alla punta della coda per l&#39;approssimazione di 1 mm. (Figura 1A) </li><li> Pesare storione carcassa su una scala tarato l&#39;approssimazione di 1 g. Valutare carcassa per eventuali variabili esterne o segni e record. </li></ol> 2. Estrazione Otolith <ol><li> Effettuare una incisione verticale con una lama del raccordo tra la base del cranio e il primo scute dorsali attraverso il corpo per separare la testa dal corpo (Figura 1B). Dopo aver rimosso la testa, turn la testa in modo che la bocca è rivolta verso l&#39;alto (Figura 1C). </li><li> Rimuovere tessuti molli della bocca e branchie utilizzando il coltello filetto per tagliare lungo la faccia ventrale del cranio (Figura 1D). Fare un&#39;incisione con una sega elettrica osso dalla punta del muso alla base del cranio alla bisettrice completamente la testa (Figura 1E). Separare le due metà manualmente per esporre la cavità cerebrale (Figura 2A). </li><li> Rimuovere e materia cerebrale (Red box a sinistra) con una pinza per visualizzare canali semicircolari (Red box a destra) all&#39;interno della cavità cerebrale (Figura 2B) scartare. </li><li> Rimuovere semicircolare cartilagine canale dalla cavità cerebrale con una pinza (Figura 2C). Forare con cautela semicircolare cartilagine canale con la punta della pinza e rimuovere otoliti (Figura 2D). Rimuovere il otoliti (struttura ossea duro dentro la cartilagine) con una pinza dalla cartilagine canale semicircolare (Figura 2E) </strong&gt;. </li><li> Ripetere i punti 2.3 - 2.4 a rimuovere otolite dall&#39;altra metà del cranio. </li><li> Immergere le otoliti in 92% di etanolo per 5 secondi per eliminare ogni cartilagine. Luogo otoliti in un 25 ml di scintillazione flacone aperto ad asciugare per 24 ore. </li></ol>

<ol><li>Auer, N. A. Conservation. <a target="_blank" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&safe=off&q=author%3aAuer%2C+NA+%22Sturgeons+and+Paddlefish+of+North+America%22">Sturgeons and Paddlefish of North America</a>. LeBreton, G. T. O., Beamish, F. W. H., McKinley, R. S. 27, Kluwer Academic Publishers. 252-276 (2004).</li>
<li>Sturgeon Specialists Group, sturgeon conservation. IUCN (International Union for the Conservation of Nature). , Source: 
 <a target="_blank" href="www.iucn.org">www.iucn.org</a> (2008).</li>
<li>Campana, S. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Accuracy%2C+precision+and+quality+control+in+age+determination%2C+including+a+review+of+the+use+and+abuse+of+age+validation+methods%29%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Journal+of+Fish+Biology%22%5BJournal%5D)">Accuracy, precision and quality control in age determination, including a review of the use and abuse of age validation methods).</a> Journal of Fish Biology. 59, 197-242 (2001).</li>
<li>Bruch, R. M., Campana, S. E., Davis-Foust, S. L., Hansen, M. J., Janssen, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Lake+Sturgeon+age+validation+using+bomb+radiocarbon+and+known-age+fish%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Transactions+of+the+American+Fisheries+Society%22%5BJournal%5D)">Lake Sturgeon age validation using bomb radiocarbon and known-age fish.</a> Transactions of the American Fisheries Society. 138, 361-372 (2009).</li>
<li>Baremore, I. E., Rosati, J. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((A+validated%2C+minimally+deleterious+method+for+ageing+sturgeon%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Fishery+Bulletin%22%5BJournal%5D)">A validated, minimally deleterious method for ageing sturgeon.</a> Fishery Bulletin. 112, 274-282 (2014).</li>
<li>Stevensen, J. T., Secor, D. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Age+determination+and+growth+of+Hudson+River+Atlantic+sturgeon%2C+Acipenser+oxyrhynchus%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Fishery+Bulletin%22%5BJournal%5D)">Age determination and growth of Hudson River Atlantic sturgeon, Acipenser oxyrhynchus.</a> Fishery Bulletin. 97, 153-166 (1999).</li>
<li>Brennan, J. S., Cailliet, G. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Comparative+age-determination+techniques+for+white+sturgeon+in+California%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Transactions+of+the+American+Fishery+Society%22%5BJournal%5D)">Comparative age-determination techniques for white sturgeon in California.</a> Transactions of the American Fishery Society. 118, 296-310 (1989).</li>
<li>Rossiter, A., Noakes, D. L. G., Beamish, F. W. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Validation+of+age+estimation+for+the+lake+sturgeon%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Transactions+of+the+American+Fisheries+Society%22%5BJournal%5D)">Validation of age estimation for the lake sturgeon.</a> Transactions of the American Fisheries Society. 124, 777-781 (1995).</li>
<li>Chalupnicki, M. A., Dittman, D. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((North+American+Sturgeon+Otolith+Morphology%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Copeia%22%5BJournal%5D)">North American Sturgeon Otolith Morphology.</a> Copeia. , 260-266 (2016).</li>
<li>Secor, D. H., Dean, J. M., Laban, E. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&safe=off&q=author%3aSecor%2C+DH+%22Manual+for+otolith+removal+and+preparation+for+microstructural+examination%22">Manual for otolith removal and preparation for microstructural examination</a>. , Barach Press. Columbia, South Carolina. (1991).</li>
</ol>

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La panoramica di un metodo alternativo di estrazione di otoliti dalle carcasse di storione è stato dettagliato. È importante notare che una particolare attenzione è necessaria per il posizionamento incisione laterale sulla linea mediana del cranio per bisettrice cranio uniformemente per garantire nessun danno agli otoliti durante la dissezione. Se l&#39;incisione non è abbastanza profonda per bisettrice completamente cranio sarà molto difficile da esporre la cavità cerebrale dove la posizione delle otoliti è chia...

Sturgeon (Acipenseridae) le popolazioni di tutto il mondo sono in calo da oltre un secolo a causa di impatti, tra cui la perdita di habitat, la frammentazione della popolazione, e la pesca eccessiva in modo tale che molte popolazioni sono protetti da leggi statali e federali 1,2. Agenzie di gestione in tutti gli USA e il mondo hanno identificato lo storione come specie bersaglio per il restauro e il recupero 1. Caratteristiche della popolazione (la crescita, il reclutamento, la dieta) della maggior parte delle popolazioni di storione sono stati studiati per comprendere meglio le caratteristiche di biologia e storia di vita di base 1. A causa della condizione protetta della maggior parte delle popolazioni di storione, la valutazione di età è difficile in piccole popolazioni minacciate Se concede nessun sacrificio o danni alle persone. L&#39;estrazione delle strutture ossee ai fini della stima dell&#39;età e analisi crescita è stata una tecnica comune 3 uso .Il delle sezioni raggi pinna per determinare l&#39;età di Sturgesu è diventato un metodo pratico non letale, ma la verifica della tecnica è stata limitata e l&#39;età può essere molto difficile da decifrare nei soggetti anziani (&gt; 15 anni) 4. I ricercatori hanno valutato l&#39;uso di più strutture ossee in storione per il loro uso nel convalidare l&#39;età di Golfo storione (Acipenser oxyrinchus desoti) 5, Atlantic Sturgeon (A. o. Oxyrinchus) 6, Storione Bianco (A. transmontanus) 7, e il Lago di Sturgeon (A. fluvescens) 8 ha concluso che il primo raggio della pinna pettorale marginale fornito l&#39;età più accurata, ma ha concluso la procedura invasiva per essere deleterio per gli individui più grandi. Attualmente, vi è lo sviluppo di utilizzare metriche forma otoliti di distinguere tra le specie di storione del Nord America, con un altissimo tasso di successo 9. Dettagli sulla processo di rimozione del otoliti con una incisione trasversale dorsale alla base del cranio è un comune otolite supplementareMetodo ction trovato tutta la letteratura e chiaramente dettagliato per Secor et al. (1991) 10. Tuttavia, questo metodo è difficile da implementare sulla storione che hanno crani molto spesse con otoliti che sono piccole e delicate e tenderebbero a rompersi. Un ulteriore revisione della letteratura mostra nessuna altra metodologia dettagliata del processo di rimozione otoliti per storione. L&#39;obiettivo di questo lavoro è stato quello di dettaglio un metodo alternativo di estrazione di otoliti da Sturgeon inserendo nella cavità del cervello dal lato ventrale.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Measuring Board</td><td></td><td></td><td>Metric meter stick is preferred</td></tr><tr><td>Weighing scale</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Filleting Knife</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Scalpel</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Forceps</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sample vials</td><td></td><td></td><td>25 ml scintillation vials work well</td></tr></tbody></table>

alternative method of removing otoliths from sturgeon

Estrazione dei otoliti (ossa dell&#39;orecchio) da pesci che hanno i crani molto spesse può essere difficile e richiede molto tempo. La pratica comune di fare una incisione trasversale verticale sulla parte superiore del cranio con una mano o sega elettrica possono danneggiare la dell&#39;otolite se non eseguite correttamente. Storioni (Acipenseridae) sono una famiglia, in particolare, che hanno un grande e grosso cranio. Un nuovo metodo di laboratorio che entra nella cavità cervello dal lato ventrale del pesce per esporre otoliti era più facile che altri metodi di estrazione otoliti in letteratura. Metodi recensiti in letteratura sono progettati per il campo e sono più efficienti a trattare grandi quantità di pesce rapidamente. Tuttavia, questa nuova tecnica è stato progettato per essere più adatto per un ambiente di laboratorio, quando il tempo non è pressante ed estrazione di successo di ciascun campione è critica. Il successo di trovare e rimuovere otoliti utilizzando questa tecnica è molto elevato e non compromette le struttura in qualsiasi modo. Questa tecnica alternativa è applicabile ad altre specie di pesci simili per l&#39;estrazione dei otoliti.

La dimensione adulta di storioni in tutto il mondo varia notevolmente ma la posizione degli otoliti è coerente. L&#39;uso di un coltello filetto tagliente è stato trovato per rimuovere il tessuto molle della bocca facilmente mostrato nella Figura 1D. Una sega elettrica osso è lo strumento preferito per l&#39;incisione laterale per esporre la cavità cerebrale in figura 1E. Tuttavia, l&#39;attenzione per bisettrice la linea mediana del cranio, serve un...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Alternative Method of Removing Otoliths from Sturgeon at JoVE.com

Alternative Method of Removing Otoliths from Sturgeon

The goal of the protocol is to show an effective method to extract the otoliths from sturgeon carcasses.

Metodo alternativo di rimozione otoliti da Sturgeon

Extracting the otoliths (ear bones) from fish that have very thick skulls can be difficult and very time consuming. The common practice of making a ...

alternative-method-of-removing-otoliths-from-sturgeon

Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

8.4K Views.  Great Lakes Science Center. The goal of the protocol is to show an effective method to extract the otoliths from sturgeon carcasses. 

Video: Alternative Method of Removing Otoliths from Sturgeon

A Time Differential Staining Technique Coupled with Full Bilateral Gill Denervation to Study Ionocytes in Fish

Branchial ionocytes (ICs) are the functional units for ionic regulation in fish. In adults, they are found on the filamental and lamellar epithelia of the gill where they transport ions such as Na+, Cl- and Ca2+ via a variety of ion channels, pumps and exchangers. The teleost gill is extrinsically innervated by the facial (VI), glossopharyngeal (IX) and vagus (X) nerves. The IX and X nerves are also the extrinsic source of branchial IC innervation. Here, two techniques used to study the innervation, proliferation and distribution of ICs are described: a time differential staining technique and a full bilateral gill denervation technique. Briefly, goldfish are exposed to a vital mitochondrion-specific dye (e.g., MitoTracker Red) which labels (red fluorescence) pre-existing ICs. Fish were either allowed to recover for 3 - 5 days or immediately underwent a full bilateral gill denervation. After 3 - 5 days of recovery, the gills are harvested and fixed for immunohistochemistry. The tissue is then stained with an &#945;-5 primary antibody (targets Na+/K+ ATPase containing cells) in conjunction with a secondary antibody that labels all (both new and pre-existing) ICs green. Using confocal imaging, it was demonstrated that pre-existing ICs appear yellow (labelled with both a viable mitochondrion-specific dye and &#945;-5) and new ICs appear green (labelled with &#945;-5 only). Both techniques used in tandem can be applied to study the innervation, proliferation and distribution of ICs on the gill filament when fish are exposed to environmental challenges.

This manuscript describes a protocol to track the re-distribution of branchial ionocytes and their innervation using a time differential staining technique coupled with full bilateral gill denervation.

Una tecnica Tempo colorazione differenziale Accoppiato con Full bilaterale Gill Denervation per studiare Ionocytes in Pesci

Branchial ionocytes (ICs) are the functional units for ionic regulation in fish. In adults, they are found on the filamental and lamellar epithelia of the ...

Ricerca

Biologia dello sviluppo

A Flow-through Exposure System for Evaluating Suspended Sediments Effects on Aquatic Life

This paper describes the Fish Larvae and Egg Exposure System (FLEES). The flow-through exposure system is used to investigate the effects of suspended sediment on various aquatic species and life stages in the laboratory by using pumps and automating delivery of sediment and water to simulate suspension of sediment. FLEES data are used to develop exposure-response curves between the effects on aquatic organisms and suspended sediment concentrations at the desired exposure duration. The effects data are used to evaluate management practices used to reduce the interactions between aquatic organisms and anthropogenic causes of suspended sediments. The FLEES is capable of generating total suspended solids (TSS) concentrations as low as 30 to as high as 800 mg/L, making this system an ideal choice for evaluating the effects of TSS resulting from many activities including simulating low ambient levels of TSS to evaluating sources of suspended sediments from dredging operations, vessel traffic, freshets, and storms.

A robust and flexible flow-through exposure system designed to maintain sediment in suspension is presented. The system is used to investigate the effects of suspended sediment on various aquatic species and life stages in the laboratory.

Un sistema di esposizione di flusso-through per valutare sospeso Sedimenti Effetti sulla vita acquatica

This paper describes the Fish Larvae and Egg Exposure System (FLEES). The flow-through exposure system is used to investigate the effects of suspended ...

Ambiente

Necropsy-based Wild Fish Health Assessment

Anthropogenic influences from increased nutrients and chemical contaminants, to habitat alterations and climate change, can have significant effects on fish populations. Adverse effects monitoring, utilizing biomarkers from the organismal to the molecular level, can be used to assess the cumulative effects on fishes and other organisms. Fish health has been used worldwide as an indicator of aquatic ecosystem health. The necropsy-based fish health assessment provides data on visible abnormalities and lesions, parasites, condition and organosomatic indices. These can be compared by site, season and sex, as well as temporally, to document change over time. Severity ratings can be assigned to various observations to calculate a fish health index for more quantitative assessment. A drawback of the necropsy-based assessment is that it is based on visual observations and condition factors, which are not as sensitive as tissue and subcellular biomarkers for sublethal effects. Additionally, it is rarely possible to identify causes or risk factors associated with observed abnormalities. So, for instance a raised lesion or "tumor" on the fins, lips or body surface may be a neoplasm. However, it could also be a response to a parasite, chronic inflammation or hyperplasia of normal cells in response to an irritant. Conversely, neoplasms, certain parasites, other infectious agents and many tissue changes are not visible and so may be underestimated. However, during the necropsy-based assessment, blood (plasma), tissues for histopathology (microscopic pathology), genomics and other molecular analyses, and otoliths for aging can be collected. These downstream analyses, together with geospatial analyses, habitat assessments, water quality and contaminant analyses can all be important in comprehensive ecosystem evaluations.

The health of wild fishes can be used as an indicator of aquatic ecosystem health. Necropsy-based fish health assessments provide documentation of visible lesions or abnormalities, data used to calculate condition indices as well as the opportunity to collect tissues for microscopic evaluation, gene expression and other more in-depth analyses.

Valutazione di salute basati su autopsia pesce selvatico

Anthropogenic influences from increased nutrients and chemical contaminants, to habitat alterations and climate change, can have significant effects on ...

Modeling the Size Spectrum for Macroinvertebrates and Fishes in Stream Ecosystems

The size spectrum is an inverse, allometric scaling relationship between average body mass (M) and the density (D) of individuals within an ecological community or food web. Importantly, the size spectrum assumes that individual size, rather than species&#8217; behavioral or life history characteristics, is the primary determinant of abundance within an ecosystem. Thus, unlike traditional allometric relationships that focus on species-level data (e.g., mean species&#8217; body size vs. population density), size spectra analyses are &#8216;ataxic&#8217; &#8211; individual specimens are identified only by their size, without consideration of taxonomic identity. Size spectra models are efficient representations of traditional, complex food webs and can be used in descriptive as well as predictive contexts (e.g., predicting responses of large consumers to changes in basal resources). Empirical studies from diverse aquatic ecosystems have also reported moderate to high levels of similarity in size spectra slopes, suggesting that common processes may regulate the abundances of small and large organisms in very different settings. This is a protocol to model the community-level size spectrum in wadable streams. The protocol consists of three main steps. First, collect quantitative benthic fish and invertebrate samples that can be used to estimate local densities. Second, standardize the fish and invertebrate data by converting all individuals to ataxic units (i.e., individuals identified by size, irrespective of taxonomic identity), and summing individuals within log2 size bins. Third, use linear regression to model the relationship between ataxic M and D estimates. Detailed instructions are provided herein to complete each of these steps, including custom software to facilitate D estimation and size spectra modeling.

This is a protocol to model the size spectrum (scaling relationship between individual mass and population density) for combined fish and invertebrate data from wadable streams and rivers. Methods include: field techniques to collect quantitative fish and invertebrate samples; lab methods to standardize the field data; and statistical data analysis.

Modellazione dello spettro delle dimensioni per macroinvertebrati e pesci negli ecosistemi di flusso

The size spectrum is an inverse, allometric scaling relationship between average body mass (M) and the density (D) of individuals within an ecological ...

Cortisol Extraction from Sturgeon Fin and Jawbone Matrices

The aims of this study were to develop a technique for the extraction of cortisol from sturgeon fins using two washing solvents (water and isopropanol) and quantify any differences in fin cortisol levels among three main sturgeon species. Fins were harvested from 19 sacrificed sturgeons including seven beluga (Huso huso), seven Siberian (Acipenser baerii), and five sevruga (A. stellatus). The sturgeons were raised in Iranian farms for 2 years (2017-2018), and cortisol extraction analysis was conducted in South Korea (January-February 2019). Jawbones from five H. huso were also used for cortisol extraction. Data were analyzed using the general linear model (GLM) procedure in the SAS environment. The intra- and inter-assay coefficients of variation were 14.15 and 7.70, respectively. Briefly, the cortisol extraction technique involved washing the samples (300 &#177; 10 mg) with 3 mL of solvent (ultrapure water and isopropanol) twice, rotation at 80&#160;rpm for 2.5 min, air-drying the washed samples at room temperature (22-28 &#176;C) for 7 days, further drying the samples using a bead beater at 50 Hz for 32 min and grinding them into powder, applying 1.5 mL methanol to the dried powder (75 &#177; 5 mg), and slow rotation (40 rpm) for 18 h at room temperature with continuous mixing. Following extraction, samples were centrifuged (9,500 x g for 10 min), and 1 mL supernatant was transferred into a new microcentrifuge tube (1.5 mL), incubated at 38 &#176;C to evaporate the methanol, and analyzed via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). No differences were observed in fin cortisol levels among species or in fin and jawbone cortisol levels between washing solvents. The results of this study demonstrate that the sturgeon jawbone matrix is a promising alternative stress indicator to solid matrices.

In this study, we present a protocol for cortisol extraction from the fin and jawbone of sturgeon species. Fin and jawbone cortisol levels were further examined by comparing two washing solvents followed by ELISA assays. This study piloted the feasibility of jawbone cortisol as a novel stress indicator.

Estrazione di Cortisol da Sturgeon Fin e Matrici Jawbone

The aims of this study were to develop a technique for the extraction of cortisol from sturgeon fins using two washing solvents (water and isopropanol) ...

Streamlined Sampling and Cultivation of the Pelagic Cosmopolitan Larvacean, Oikopleura dioica

Oikopleura dioica is a planktonic chordate with exceptional filter-feeding ability, rapid generation time, conserved early development, and a compact genome. For these reasons, it is considered a useful model organism for marine ecological studies, evolutionary developmental biology, and genomics. As research often requires a steady supply of animal resources, it is useful to establish a reliable, low-maintenance culture system. Here we describe a step-by-step method for establishing an O. dioica culture. We describe how to select potential sampling sites, collection methods, target animal identification, and the set-up of the culturing system. We provide troubleshooting advice based on our own experiences. We also highlight critical factors that help sustain a robust culture system. Although the culture protocol provided here is optimized for O. dioica, we hope our sampling technique and culture setup will inspire new ideas for maintaining other fragile pelagic invertebrates.

Streamlined Sampling and Cultivation of the Pelagic Cosmopolitan Larvacean, Oikopleura dioica

Oikopleura dioica is a tunicate model organism in various fields of biology. We describe sampling methods, species identification, culturing setup, and culturing protocols for the animals and algal feed. We highlight key factors that helped strengthen the culture system and discuss the possible problems and resolutions.

Campionamento semplificato e coltivazione del LarvaENo Cosmopolita Pelagico, Oikopleura dioica

Oikopleura dioica is a planktonic chordate with exceptional filter-feeding ability, rapid generation time, conserved early development, and a compact ...

Patch Clamp Recordings in Inner Ear Hair Cells Isolated from Zebrafish

Patch clamp analyses of the voltage-gated channels in sensory hair cells isolated from a variety of species have been described previously1-4 but this video represents the first application of those techniques to hair cells from zebrafish. Here we demonstrate a method to isolate healthy, intact hair cells from all of the inner ear end-organs: saccule, lagena, utricle and semicircular canals. Further, we demonstrate the diversity in hair cell size and morphology and give an example of the kinds of patch clamp recordings that can be obtained. The advantage of the use of this zebrafish model system over others stems from the availability of zebrafish mutants that affect both hearing and balance. In combination with the use of transgenic lines and other techniques that utilize genetic analysis and manipulation, the cell isolation and electrophysiological methods introduced here should facilitate greater insight into the roles hair cells play in mediating these sensory modalities.

The purpose of this video is to demonstrate procedures for obtaining healthy, intact hair cells from the inner ear organs of adult zebrafish and then using them for patch clamp studies aimed at characterizing the biophysical properties of their voltage-gated channels.

Registrazioni patch clamp in cellule interne dell&#39;orecchio Capelli Isolato da Zebrafish

Patch  clamp analyses of the voltage-gated channels in sensory hair cells isolated  from a variety of species have been described previously1-4 but this  ...

Neuroscienze

Quantifying Fish Swimming Behavior in Response to Acute Exposure of Aqueous Copper Using Computer Assisted Video and Digital Image Analysis

Behavioral responses of aquatic organisms to environmental contaminants can be precursors of other effects such as survival, growth, or reproduction. However, these responses may be subtle, and measurement can be challenging. Using juvenile white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) with copper exposures, this paper illustrates techniques used for quantifying behavioral responses using computer assisted video and digital image analysis. In previous studies severe impairments in swimming behavior were observed among early life stage white sturgeon during acute and chronic exposures to copper. Sturgeon behavior was rapidly impaired and to the extent that survival in the field would be jeopardized, as fish would be swept downstream, or readily captured by predators. The objectives of this investigation were to illustrate protocols to quantify swimming activity during a series of acute copper exposures to determine time to effect during early lifestage development, and to understand the significance of these responses relative to survival of these vulnerable early lifestage fish. With mortality being on a time continuum, determining when copper first affects swimming ability helps us to understand the implications for population level effects. The techniques used are readily adaptable to experimental designs with other organisms and stressors.

Measuring the impacts of environmental contaminants on fish behavior is often subjective and challenging particularly when dealing with sublethal endpoints. We describe methods including video technology to quantify swimming behavior of early life stage white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) during and after 96 hr acute exposures to various concentrations of copper.

Quantificare Pesce Nuoto Comportamento in risposta all&#39;esposizione acuta acquosa di rame utilizzando Computer Assisted Video e Digital Image Analysis

Behavioral responses of aquatic organisms to environmental contaminants can be precursors of other effects such as survival, growth, or reproduction.  ...

Physiological Preparation of Hair Cells from the Sacculus of the American Bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana)

The study of hearing and balance rests upon insights drawn from biophysical studies of model systems. One such model, the sacculus of the American bullfrog, has become a mainstay of auditory and vestibular research. Studies of this organ have revealed how sensory cells hair can actively detect signals from the environment. Because of these studies, we now better understand the mechanical gating and localization of a hair cell&#39;s transduction channels, calcium&#39;s role in mechanical adaptation, and the identity of hair cell currents. This highly accessible organ continues to provide insight into the workings of hair cells. Here we describe the preparation of the bullfrog&#39;s sacculus for biophysical studies on its hair cells. We include the complete dissection procedure and provide specific protocols for the preparation of the sacculus in specific contexts. We additionally include representative results using this preparation, including the calculation of a hair bundle&#39;s instantaneous force-displacement relation and measurement of a bundle&#39;s spontaneous oscillation.

Physiological Preparation of Hair Cells from the Sacculus of the American Bullfrog Rana catesbeiana

The American bullfrog&#39;s (Rana catesbeiana) sacculus permits direct examination of hair-cell physiology. Here the dissection and preparation of the bullfrog&#39;s sacculus for biophysical studies is described. We show representative experiments from these hair cells, including the calculation of a bundle&#39;s force-displacement relation and measurement of its unforced motion.

Preparazione fisiologico delle cellule ciliate dalla sacculus del toro americana (<em&gt; Catesbeiana Rana</em&gt;)

The study of hearing and balance rests upon insights drawn from biophysical studies of model systems. One such model, the sacculus of the American ...

Dissection and Flat-mounting of the Threespine Stickleback Branchial Skeleton

The posterior pharyngeal segments of the vertebrate head give rise to the branchial skeleton, the primary site of food processing in fish. The morphology of the fish branchial skeleton is matched to a species' diet. Threespine stickleback fish (Gasterosteus aculeatus) have emerged as a model system to study the genetic and developmental basis of evolved differences in a variety of traits. Marine populations of sticklebacks have repeatedly colonized countless new freshwater lakes and creeks. Adaptation to the new diet in these freshwater environments likely underlies a series of craniofacial changes that have evolved repeatedly in independently derived freshwater populations. These include three major patterning changes to the branchial skeleton: reductions in the number and length of gill raker bones, increases in pharyngeal tooth number, and increased branchial bone lengths. Here we describe a detailed protocol to dissect and flat-mount the internal branchial skeleton in threespine stickleback fish. Dissection of the entire three-dimensional branchial skeleton and mounting it flat into a largely two-dimensional prep allows for the easy visualization and quantification of branchial skeleton morphology. This dissection method is inexpensive, fast, relatively easy, and applicable to a wide variety of fish species. In sticklebacks, this efficient method allows the quantification of skeletal morphology in genetic crosses to map genomic regions controlling craniofacial patterning.

The branchial skeleton, including gill rakers, pharyngeal teeth, and branchial bones, serves as the primary site of food processing in most fish. Here we describe a protocol to dissect and flat-mount this internal skeleton in threespine sticklebacks. This method is also applicable to a variety of other fish species.

Dissezione e Flat-montaggio del Threespine Stickleback branchiale scheletro

The posterior pharyngeal segments of the vertebrate head give rise to the branchial skeleton, the primary site of food processing in fish. The morphology ...

Metodo alternativo di rimozione otoliti da Sturgeon

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