세인트 레지스 모 호크 환경 부문, Welaka 국립 물고기 부화장, 미국 야생 동물 서비스 연구 단위, 서던 일리노이 대학, 미국 야생 동물 서비스 동북아 수산 센터, 스털링 캐비어, 캘리포니아 - 데이비스 대학, 개리슨 댐 국립 생선 특별 감사 이 프로젝트에 철갑 상어를 공급 그들의 도움을 부화장, 곰 블러 프 국립 물고기 부화장, 미국 야생 동물 서비스 파나마 시티 수산 자원 사무실.이 문서에서는 USGS 대호 과학 센터의 공헌 2013 년.

중요 참고 : 인해 미국에서 철갑 상어의 모든 종의 보호 상태, 취득 물고기가 실험실 절차에 앞서 얻었다 처리 할 수​​있게한다. 모든 표본으로 인해 자연적인 원인에 부검을 게시 부화장 소스로부터 획득 및 표준 절차에 따라 처리 하였다. 1. 표본 준비 <ol><li> 어떤 절개는 철갑 상어 옆에 시체와 가장 가까운 1mm로 꼬리의 끝 부분에 주둥이에서 총 길이를 측정하기 위해 측정하는 테이프를 사용하여 배치하기 전에. (그림 1A) </li><li> 가장 가까운 1g을 칭량 규모에 철갑 상어의 시체를 달아. 외부 태그 나 마크와 레코드의 시체를 평가합니다. </li></ol> 2. 이석 추출 <ol><li> 몸 (그림 1B)에서 머리를 분리하기 위해 몸을 통해 두개골의베이스와 첫 번째 지느러미 방패 꼴의 뼈 조각 사이에 큰 필렛 나이프와 수직 절개를합니다. 머리, TU를 제거한 후머리 RN 그래서 입 (그림 1C)를 직면하고있다. </li><li> 두개골 (그림 1D)의 복부 측면을 따라 잘라 필렛 나이프를 사용하여 부드러운 입의 조직과 아가미를 제거합니다. 완전히 머리 (그림 1E)를 양분하는 두개골의 바닥에 주둥이의 끝에서 전기 뼈 톱으로 절개를합니다. 뇌 캐비티 (그림 2A)을 노출 손으로 두 부분을 분리합니다. </li><li> 제거하고 뇌 캐비티 (그림 2B) 내에서 반원의 운하를 볼 수있는 집게로 뇌 물질 (빨간색 상자 왼쪽) (빨간색 상자 오른쪽)을 폐기합니다. </li><li> 집게 (그림 2C)와 뇌 캐비티에서 반원형 운하 연골을 제거합니다. 조심스럽게 집게의 끝 반원형 운하 연골에 구멍 (그림 2D)를 이석을 제거합니다. 반원형 운하 연골에서 집게로 이석 (연골 내부 하드 뼈 구조)를 제거합니다 (그림 2E) </stro&gt; NG. </li><li> 두개골의 나머지 절반에서 이석을 제거하는 2.4 - 반복 2.3 단계를 반복합니다. </li><li> 어떤 연골을 제거하기 위해 5 초 동안 92 %의 에탄올의 이석을 찍어. 오픈 25 ML의 섬광 유리 병에 배치 이석은 24 시간 동안 건조합니다. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Auer, N. A., LeBreton, G. T. O., Beamish, F. W. H., McKinley, R. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Conservation.">Conservation.</a> Sturgeons and Paddlefish of North America. 27, 252-276 (2004).</li><li>Campana, S. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Accuracy,+precision+and+quality+control+in+age+determination,+including+a+review+of+the+use+and+abuse+of+age+validation+methods).">Accuracy, precision and quality control in age determination, including a review of the use and abuse of age validation methods).</a> Journal of Fish Biology. 59, 197-242 (2001).</li><li>Bruch, R. M., Campana, S. E., Davis-Foust, S. L., Hansen, M. J., Janssen, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lake+Sturgeon+age+validation+using+bomb+radiocarbon+and+known-age+fish.">Lake Sturgeon age validation using bomb radiocarbon and known-age fish.</a> Transactions of the American Fisheries Society. 138, 361-372 (2009).</li><li>Baremore, I. E., Rosati, J. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+validated,+minimally+deleterious+method+for+ageing+sturgeon.">A validated, minimally deleterious method for ageing sturgeon.</a> Fishery Bulletin. 112, 274-282 (2014).</li><li>Stevensen, J. T., Secor, D. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Age+determination+and+growth+of+Hudson+River+Atlantic+sturgeon,+Acipenser+oxyrhynchus.">Age determination and growth of Hudson River Atlantic sturgeon, Acipenser oxyrhynchus.</a> Fishery Bulletin. 97, 153-166 (1999).</li><li>Brennan, J. S., Cailliet, G. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparative+age-determination+techniques+for+white+sturgeon+in+California.">Comparative age-determination techniques for white sturgeon in California.</a> Transactions of the American Fishery Society. 118, 296-310 (1989).</li><li>Rossiter, A., Noakes, D. L. G., Beamish, F. W. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Validation+of+age+estimation+for+the+lake+sturgeon.">Validation of age estimation for the lake sturgeon.</a> Transactions of the American Fisheries Society. 124, 777-781 (1995).</li><li>Chalupnicki, M. A., Dittman, D. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=North+American+Sturgeon+Otolith+Morphology.">North American Sturgeon Otolith Morphology.</a> Copeia. , 260-266 (2016).</li><li>Secor, D. H., Dean, J. M., Laban, E. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Manual for otolith removal and preparation for microstructural examination. , (1991).</li></ol>

Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.

철갑 상어의 시체에서 이석을 추출하는 다른 방법의 개요를 설명하고있다. 특별한주의가 해부하는 동안 이석에 전혀 해를 끼치 없도록 균일하게 두개골을 양분하기 위해 두개골의 중간 선에 횡 절개 배치에 필요한 것이 중요합니다. 절개 완전히 두개골을 이등분 깊이만큼없는 경우, 이석의 위치가 분명하게 보이는 곳은 뇌 캐비티를 노출하는 것은 매우 어려울 것이다. 경험을 통해, 전체 기술은 ...

전 세계적으로 철갑 상어 (Acipenseridae) 인구 인한 서식지 감소, 인구 조각을 포함 영향에 한 세기 이상 동안 감소하고, 많은 인구가 주 및 연방 법률 1, 2에 의해 보호되도록 남획되고있다. 미국과 전 세계에 걸쳐 관리 기관은 복원 및 복구 1 목표 종으로 철갑 상어를 확인했다. 대부분의 철갑 상어 인구의 인구 특성 (성장, 모집, 다이어트는) 더 기본적인 생물학 및 생명의 역사 특성 (1)을 이해하기 위해 연구되고있다. 대부분의 철갑 상어 개체군의 보호 상태로 인해, 연령 평가는 개인에게 어떤 희생이나 피해는 보증하지 않습니다 작은 위협 인구 어렵다. 나이 추정 및 성장 분석의 목적을 위해 뼈 구조의 추출은 스터 에이지를 결정 핀 선 부분의 일반적인 기술 3 국지적 이용했다에 실용적인 치명적 방법이되었다, 그러나 기술의 검증은 제한되어 있으며, 나이가 나이 개인 (&gt; 15 년)에서 해독하기가 매우 어려울 수있다 4. 걸프 철갑 상어 (인 Acipenser oxyrinchus의 desoti) 5, 대서양 철갑 상어 (A. 오. oxyrinchus) 6, 화이트 철갑 상어 (A.의 transmontanus) 7, 호수 철갑 상어의 나이를 확인하는 자신의 사용을위한 철갑 상어의 여러 뼈 구조의 사용을 평가 연구원 8 첫 번째 한계 가슴 지느러미 광선이 가장 정확한 연령을 제공하지만, 더 큰 개인에게 해로운 일이 침략 절차를 종결 결론을 내렸다 (A.이 fluvescens). 현재 성공 (9)의 매우 높은 속도와 북아메리카 철갑 종 구별 이석 형상 측정을 사용하는 현상이있다. 두개골의 기지 등쪽 횡 절개 이석을 제거하는 공정에 대한 세부 사항은 공통 이석 여분 인ction 방법은 문헌에 걸쳐 발견하고 명확하게 Secor 등의 알에 의해 설명. (1991) 10. 그러나이 방법은 작고 섬세하고 휴식하는 경향 이석 매우 두꺼운 두개골이 철갑 상어에 구현하기가 어렵다. 문헌의 추가 검토가 철갑 상어의 이석 제거 프로세스의 다른 상세한 방법을 보여줍니다. 본 논문의 목적은 세부 사항에 복부 측면에서 뇌 캐비티를 입력하여 철갑 상어에서 이석을 추출하는 다른 방법이었다.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Measuring Board</td><td></td><td></td><td>Metric meter stick is preferred</td></tr><tr><td>Weighing scale</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Filleting Knife</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Scalpel</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Forceps</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sample vials</td><td></td><td></td><td>25 ml scintillation vials work well</td></tr></tbody></table>

alternative method of removing otoliths from sturgeon

어렵고 많은 시간이 소요 될 수 있습니다 매우 두꺼운 두개골이 물고기의 이석 (귀 뼈)을 추출. 제대로 수행되지 경우 이석이 손상 될 수 있습니다 손이나 전기 톱으로 두개골의 상단에 가로 세로 절개를 만드는 일반적인 방법. 철갑 상어 (Acipenseridae)는 매우 크고 두꺼운 두개골이 특히 한 가족입니다. 이석을 노출 물고기의 복부 측면으로부터 뇌 공동을 입력하는 새로운 실험 방법은하기 문헌에서 찾을 이석 다른 추출 방법보다 쉬웠다. 문헌 평가 방법 필드 설​​계된 신속 물고기 대량 처리를 더 효율적으로된다. 시간이 가압되지 않고, 각각의 시료로부터 성공적으로 추출이 중요한 경우에는,이 새로운 기술은 실험실 환경에 더 적합하도록 설계되었다. 발견하고이 기​​술을 사용하여 제거 이석의 성공은 매우 높고 (S)을 손상하지 않는다어떤 방식으로 tructure. 이 대안 기술은 이석을 추출하는 다른 유사한 물고기 종에 적용 할 수있다.

전세계 철갑 상어의 성인 크기는 매우 다양하지만 이석의 위치가 일치한다. 날카로운 필렛 나이프의 사용은 용이도 1d에 도시 된 구강 연조직을 제거하는 것으로 밝혀졌다. 전기 뼈 톱 그림 1E의 뇌 구멍을 노출하는 횡 절개를 선호 도구입니다. 그러나, 두개골의 정중선을 이등분하는 관심 그렇지 이석이 과정에서 분쇄 할 수있다 필요하다. 이 프?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Alternative Method of Removing Otoliths from Sturgeon at JoVE.com

Alternative Method of Removing Otoliths from Sturgeon

The goal of the protocol is to show an effective method to extract the otoliths from sturgeon carcasses.

철갑 상어에서 이석 제거의 다른 방법

Extracting the otoliths (ear bones) from fish that have very thick skulls can be difficult and very time consuming. The common practice of making a ...

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8.4K 조회수.  Great Lakes Science Center. The goal of the protocol is to show an effective method to extract the otoliths from sturgeon carcasses. 

비디오: Alternative Method of Removing Otoliths from Sturgeon

A Time Differential Staining Technique Coupled with Full Bilateral Gill Denervation to Study Ionocytes in Fish

Branchial ionocytes (ICs) are the functional units for ionic regulation in fish. In adults, they are found on the filamental and lamellar epithelia of the gill where they transport ions such as Na+, Cl- and Ca2+ via a variety of ion channels, pumps and exchangers. The teleost gill is extrinsically innervated by the facial (VI), glossopharyngeal (IX) and vagus (X) nerves. The IX and X nerves are also the extrinsic source of branchial IC innervation. Here, two techniques used to study the innervation, proliferation and distribution of ICs are described: a time differential staining technique and a full bilateral gill denervation technique. Briefly, goldfish are exposed to a vital mitochondrion-specific dye (e.g., MitoTracker Red) which labels (red fluorescence) pre-existing ICs. Fish were either allowed to recover for 3 - 5 days or immediately underwent a full bilateral gill denervation. After 3 - 5 days of recovery, the gills are harvested and fixed for immunohistochemistry. The tissue is then stained with an &#945;-5 primary antibody (targets Na+/K+ ATPase containing cells) in conjunction with a secondary antibody that labels all (both new and pre-existing) ICs green. Using confocal imaging, it was demonstrated that pre-existing ICs appear yellow (labelled with both a viable mitochondrion-specific dye and &#945;-5) and new ICs appear green (labelled with &#945;-5 only). Both techniques used in tandem can be applied to study the innervation, proliferation and distribution of ICs on the gill filament when fish are exposed to environmental challenges.

This manuscript describes a protocol to track the re-distribution of branchial ionocytes and their innervation using a time differential staining technique coupled with full bilateral gill denervation.

전체 양자 간 길 탈 신경과 결합 시간 차등 염색 기술은 물고기에 Ionocytes을 연구하기 위해

Branchial ionocytes (ICs) are the functional units for ionic regulation in fish. In adults, they are found on the filamental and lamellar epithelia of the ...

연구

발생학

A Flow-through Exposure System for Evaluating Suspended Sediments Effects on Aquatic Life

This paper describes the Fish Larvae and Egg Exposure System (FLEES). The flow-through exposure system is used to investigate the effects of suspended sediment on various aquatic species and life stages in the laboratory by using pumps and automating delivery of sediment and water to simulate suspension of sediment. FLEES data are used to develop exposure-response curves between the effects on aquatic organisms and suspended sediment concentrations at the desired exposure duration. The effects data are used to evaluate management practices used to reduce the interactions between aquatic organisms and anthropogenic causes of suspended sediments. The FLEES is capable of generating total suspended solids (TSS) concentrations as low as 30 to as high as 800 mg/L, making this system an ideal choice for evaluating the effects of TSS resulting from many activities including simulating low ambient levels of TSS to evaluating sources of suspended sediments from dredging operations, vessel traffic, freshets, and storms.

A robust and flexible flow-through exposure system designed to maintain sediment in suspension is presented. The system is used to investigate the effects of suspended sediment on various aquatic species and life stages in the laboratory.

수산 생명에 일시 중지를 평가하면 퇴적물 효과에 대한 플로우를 통해 노출 시스템

This paper describes the Fish Larvae and Egg Exposure System (FLEES). The flow-through exposure system is used to investigate the effects of suspended ...

환경과학

Necropsy-based Wild Fish Health Assessment

Anthropogenic influences from increased nutrients and chemical contaminants, to habitat alterations and climate change, can have significant effects on fish populations. Adverse effects monitoring, utilizing biomarkers from the organismal to the molecular level, can be used to assess the cumulative effects on fishes and other organisms. Fish health has been used worldwide as an indicator of aquatic ecosystem health. The necropsy-based fish health assessment provides data on visible abnormalities and lesions, parasites, condition and organosomatic indices. These can be compared by site, season and sex, as well as temporally, to document change over time. Severity ratings can be assigned to various observations to calculate a fish health index for more quantitative assessment. A drawback of the necropsy-based assessment is that it is based on visual observations and condition factors, which are not as sensitive as tissue and subcellular biomarkers for sublethal effects. Additionally, it is rarely possible to identify causes or risk factors associated with observed abnormalities. So, for instance a raised lesion or "tumor" on the fins, lips or body surface may be a neoplasm. However, it could also be a response to a parasite, chronic inflammation or hyperplasia of normal cells in response to an irritant. Conversely, neoplasms, certain parasites, other infectious agents and many tissue changes are not visible and so may be underestimated. However, during the necropsy-based assessment, blood (plasma), tissues for histopathology (microscopic pathology), genomics and other molecular analyses, and otoliths for aging can be collected. These downstream analyses, together with geospatial analyses, habitat assessments, water quality and contaminant analyses can all be important in comprehensive ecosystem evaluations.

The health of wild fishes can be used as an indicator of aquatic ecosystem health. Necropsy-based fish health assessments provide documentation of visible lesions or abnormalities, data used to calculate condition indices as well as the opportunity to collect tissues for microscopic evaluation, gene expression and other more in-depth analyses.

검 시 기반 야생 물고기 건강 평가

Anthropogenic influences from increased nutrients and chemical contaminants, to habitat alterations and climate change, can have significant effects on ...

Modeling the Size Spectrum for Macroinvertebrates and Fishes in Stream Ecosystems

The size spectrum is an inverse, allometric scaling relationship between average body mass (M) and the density (D) of individuals within an ecological community or food web. Importantly, the size spectrum assumes that individual size, rather than species&#8217; behavioral or life history characteristics, is the primary determinant of abundance within an ecosystem. Thus, unlike traditional allometric relationships that focus on species-level data (e.g., mean species&#8217; body size vs. population density), size spectra analyses are &#8216;ataxic&#8217; &#8211; individual specimens are identified only by their size, without consideration of taxonomic identity. Size spectra models are efficient representations of traditional, complex food webs and can be used in descriptive as well as predictive contexts (e.g., predicting responses of large consumers to changes in basal resources). Empirical studies from diverse aquatic ecosystems have also reported moderate to high levels of similarity in size spectra slopes, suggesting that common processes may regulate the abundances of small and large organisms in very different settings. This is a protocol to model the community-level size spectrum in wadable streams. The protocol consists of three main steps. First, collect quantitative benthic fish and invertebrate samples that can be used to estimate local densities. Second, standardize the fish and invertebrate data by converting all individuals to ataxic units (i.e., individuals identified by size, irrespective of taxonomic identity), and summing individuals within log2 size bins. Third, use linear regression to model the relationship between ataxic M and D estimates. Detailed instructions are provided herein to complete each of these steps, including custom software to facilitate D estimation and size spectra modeling.

This is a protocol to model the size spectrum (scaling relationship between individual mass and population density) for combined fish and invertebrate data from wadable streams and rivers. Methods include: field techniques to collect quantitative fish and invertebrate samples; lab methods to standardize the field data; and statistical data analysis.

스트림 생태계에서 거대 척추 동물 및 물고기의 크기 스펙트럼 모델링

The size spectrum is an inverse, allometric scaling relationship between average body mass (M) and the density (D) of individuals within an ecological ...

Cortisol Extraction from Sturgeon Fin and Jawbone Matrices

The aims of this study were to develop a technique for the extraction of cortisol from sturgeon fins using two washing solvents (water and isopropanol) and quantify any differences in fin cortisol levels among three main sturgeon species. Fins were harvested from 19 sacrificed sturgeons including seven beluga (Huso huso), seven Siberian (Acipenser baerii), and five sevruga (A. stellatus). The sturgeons were raised in Iranian farms for 2 years (2017-2018), and cortisol extraction analysis was conducted in South Korea (January-February 2019). Jawbones from five H. huso were also used for cortisol extraction. Data were analyzed using the general linear model (GLM) procedure in the SAS environment. The intra- and inter-assay coefficients of variation were 14.15 and 7.70, respectively. Briefly, the cortisol extraction technique involved washing the samples (300 &#177; 10 mg) with 3 mL of solvent (ultrapure water and isopropanol) twice, rotation at 80&#160;rpm for 2.5 min, air-drying the washed samples at room temperature (22-28 &#176;C) for 7 days, further drying the samples using a bead beater at 50 Hz for 32 min and grinding them into powder, applying 1.5 mL methanol to the dried powder (75 &#177; 5 mg), and slow rotation (40 rpm) for 18 h at room temperature with continuous mixing. Following extraction, samples were centrifuged (9,500 x g for 10 min), and 1 mL supernatant was transferred into a new microcentrifuge tube (1.5 mL), incubated at 38 &#176;C to evaporate the methanol, and analyzed via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). No differences were observed in fin cortisol levels among species or in fin and jawbone cortisol levels between washing solvents. The results of this study demonstrate that the sturgeon jawbone matrix is a promising alternative stress indicator to solid matrices.

In this study, we present a protocol for cortisol extraction from the fin and jawbone of sturgeon species. Fin and jawbone cortisol levels were further examined by comparing two washing solvents followed by ELISA assays. This study piloted the feasibility of jawbone cortisol as a novel stress indicator.

철갑상어 지느러미와 턱뼈 매트릭스에서 코티솔 추출

The aims of this study were to develop a technique for the extraction of cortisol from sturgeon fins using two washing solvents (water and isopropanol) ...

Streamlined Sampling and Cultivation of the Pelagic Cosmopolitan Larvacean, Oikopleura dioica

Oikopleura dioica is a planktonic chordate with exceptional filter-feeding ability, rapid generation time, conserved early development, and a compact genome. For these reasons, it is considered a useful model organism for marine ecological studies, evolutionary developmental biology, and genomics. As research often requires a steady supply of animal resources, it is useful to establish a reliable, low-maintenance culture system. Here we describe a step-by-step method for establishing an O. dioica culture. We describe how to select potential sampling sites, collection methods, target animal identification, and the set-up of the culturing system. We provide troubleshooting advice based on our own experiences. We also highlight critical factors that help sustain a robust culture system. Although the culture protocol provided here is optimized for O. dioica, we hope our sampling technique and culture setup will inspire new ideas for maintaining other fragile pelagic invertebrates.

Streamlined Sampling and Cultivation of the Pelagic Cosmopolitan Larvacean, Oikopleura dioica

Oikopleura dioica is a tunicate model organism in various fields of biology. We describe sampling methods, species identification, culturing setup, and culturing protocols for the animals and algal feed. We highlight key factors that helped strengthen the culture system and discuss the possible problems and resolutions.

펠라곤 코스모폴리탄 라르바천, 오이코플레우라 디오이카의 간소화된 샘플링 및 재배

Oikopleura dioica is a planktonic chordate with exceptional filter-feeding ability, rapid generation time, conserved early development, and a compact ...

Patch Clamp Recordings in Inner Ear Hair Cells Isolated from Zebrafish

Patch clamp analyses of the voltage-gated channels in sensory hair cells isolated from a variety of species have been described previously1-4 but this video represents the first application of those techniques to hair cells from zebrafish. Here we demonstrate a method to isolate healthy, intact hair cells from all of the inner ear end-organs: saccule, lagena, utricle and semicircular canals. Further, we demonstrate the diversity in hair cell size and morphology and give an example of the kinds of patch clamp recordings that can be obtained. The advantage of the use of this zebrafish model system over others stems from the availability of zebrafish mutants that affect both hearing and balance. In combination with the use of transgenic lines and other techniques that utilize genetic analysis and manipulation, the cell isolation and electrophysiological methods introduced here should facilitate greater insight into the roles hair cells play in mediating these sensory modalities.

The purpose of this video is to demonstrate procedures for obtaining healthy, intact hair cells from the inner ear organs of adult zebrafish and then using them for patch clamp studies aimed at characterizing the biophysical properties of their voltage-gated channels.

귀에 세포의 패치 클램프 녹음 절연 Zebrafish에서

Patch  clamp analyses of the voltage-gated channels in sensory hair cells isolated  from a variety of species have been described previously1-4 but this  ...

신경과학

Quantifying Fish Swimming Behavior in Response to Acute Exposure of Aqueous Copper Using Computer Assisted Video and Digital Image Analysis

Behavioral responses of aquatic organisms to environmental contaminants can be precursors of other effects such as survival, growth, or reproduction. However, these responses may be subtle, and measurement can be challenging. Using juvenile white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) with copper exposures, this paper illustrates techniques used for quantifying behavioral responses using computer assisted video and digital image analysis. In previous studies severe impairments in swimming behavior were observed among early life stage white sturgeon during acute and chronic exposures to copper. Sturgeon behavior was rapidly impaired and to the extent that survival in the field would be jeopardized, as fish would be swept downstream, or readily captured by predators. The objectives of this investigation were to illustrate protocols to quantify swimming activity during a series of acute copper exposures to determine time to effect during early lifestage development, and to understand the significance of these responses relative to survival of these vulnerable early lifestage fish. With mortality being on a time continuum, determining when copper first affects swimming ability helps us to understand the implications for population level effects. The techniques used are readily adaptable to experimental designs with other organisms and stressors.

Measuring the impacts of environmental contaminants on fish behavior is often subjective and challenging particularly when dealing with sublethal endpoints. We describe methods including video technology to quantify swimming behavior of early life stage white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) during and after 96 hr acute exposures to various concentrations of copper.

컴퓨터 원호 비디오 및 디지털 이미지 분석을 사용하여 수성 구리의 급성 노출에 대한 응답에 물고기가 수영 동작을 정량화

Behavioral responses of aquatic organisms to environmental contaminants can be precursors of other effects such as survival, growth, or reproduction.  ...

Physiological Preparation of Hair Cells from the Sacculus of the American Bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana)

The study of hearing and balance rests upon insights drawn from biophysical studies of model systems. One such model, the sacculus of the American bullfrog, has become a mainstay of auditory and vestibular research. Studies of this organ have revealed how sensory cells hair can actively detect signals from the environment. Because of these studies, we now better understand the mechanical gating and localization of a hair cell&#39;s transduction channels, calcium&#39;s role in mechanical adaptation, and the identity of hair cell currents. This highly accessible organ continues to provide insight into the workings of hair cells. Here we describe the preparation of the bullfrog&#39;s sacculus for biophysical studies on its hair cells. We include the complete dissection procedure and provide specific protocols for the preparation of the sacculus in specific contexts. We additionally include representative results using this preparation, including the calculation of a hair bundle&#39;s instantaneous force-displacement relation and measurement of a bundle&#39;s spontaneous oscillation.

Physiological Preparation of Hair Cells from the Sacculus of the American Bullfrog Rana catesbeiana

The American bullfrog&#39;s (Rana catesbeiana) sacculus permits direct examination of hair-cell physiology. Here the dissection and preparation of the bullfrog&#39;s sacculus for biophysical studies is described. We show representative experiments from these hair cells, including the calculation of a bundle&#39;s force-displacement relation and measurement of its unforced motion.

미국 황소 개구리의 Sacculus (헤어 세포의 생리 준비<em&gt; 모이 catesbeiana</em&gt;)

The study of hearing and balance rests upon insights drawn from biophysical studies of model systems. One such model, the sacculus of the American ...

Dissection and Flat-mounting of the Threespine Stickleback Branchial Skeleton

The posterior pharyngeal segments of the vertebrate head give rise to the branchial skeleton, the primary site of food processing in fish. The morphology of the fish branchial skeleton is matched to a species' diet. Threespine stickleback fish (Gasterosteus aculeatus) have emerged as a model system to study the genetic and developmental basis of evolved differences in a variety of traits. Marine populations of sticklebacks have repeatedly colonized countless new freshwater lakes and creeks. Adaptation to the new diet in these freshwater environments likely underlies a series of craniofacial changes that have evolved repeatedly in independently derived freshwater populations. These include three major patterning changes to the branchial skeleton: reductions in the number and length of gill raker bones, increases in pharyngeal tooth number, and increased branchial bone lengths. Here we describe a detailed protocol to dissect and flat-mount the internal branchial skeleton in threespine stickleback fish. Dissection of the entire three-dimensional branchial skeleton and mounting it flat into a largely two-dimensional prep allows for the easy visualization and quantification of branchial skeleton morphology. This dissection method is inexpensive, fast, relatively easy, and applicable to a wide variety of fish species. In sticklebacks, this efficient method allows the quantification of skeletal morphology in genetic crosses to map genomic regions controlling craniofacial patterning.

The branchial skeleton, including gill rakers, pharyngeal teeth, and branchial bones, serves as the primary site of food processing in most fish. Here we describe a protocol to dissect and flat-mount this internal skeleton in threespine sticklebacks. This method is also applicable to a variety of other fish species.

해부와 큰가시 고기 아가미 해골의 평면 장착

The posterior pharyngeal segments of the vertebrate head give rise to the branchial skeleton, the primary site of food processing in fish. The morphology ...