Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (Associazione tedesca di ricerca; PER 2240 "L'angiogenesi (linfa) e l'immunità cellulare nelle malattie infiammatorie dell'occhio" di LMH; Egli 6743/2-1 e lui 6743/3-1 a LMH), programma GEROK dell'Università di Colonia a KRK e LMH. La nostra gratitudine va al Dr. Kühner per il supporto tecnico.

per questa procedura, il consenso informato è necessario ed è stato ottenuto per ogni paziente che ha subito la chirurgia in dipartimento di oftalmologia, Università di Colonia, Colonia, Germania. Tutti gli esami e gli interventi chirurgici sono stati eseguiti in conformità con le leggi nazionali e la dichiarazione di Helsinki dal 1975 nella sua attuale versione.
 Nota: salvo diversa indicazione, le istruzioni riguarderanno sempre solo il lato su cui viene eseguita la procedura. Utilizzare attrezzature sterilizzate.
 1. paziente preparazione <ol><li>eseguire un approfondito esame oftalmico (con particolare attenzione alle palpebre, punctum superiore ed inferiore ed il drenaggio di lacrima) compreso di irrigazione e di sondaggio per verificare PANDO 10 .
	<ol><li>Per irrigazione standardizzati, inserire una sonda Bangerter superiore e, successivamente, più bassi punctum. Iniziare inserendo verticalmente, quindi inclinarlo verso il tempio in posizione orizzontale per seguire la formazione fisiologica del canaliculus. Quando la sonda è in posizione, attentamente iniettare soluzione fisiologica per verificare l'ostruzione del condotto lacrimale. 
		Nota: In infrasaccal PANDO, la cannula Bangerter potranno raggiungere facilmente la parete nasale laterale senza una resistenza rimbalzante (&#34; finecorsa &#34;). Cercando di irrigare si tradurrà in controlaterale riflusso attraverso il punctum opposto senza qualsiasi fluido raggiungendo il paziente &#39; s faringe 10.</li>
	</ol></li> <li>Regola fuori le infezioni acute, tumori del sistema di drenaggio strappo anche come traumatica, congenita o ostruzione presaccal.
	<ol><li>Per escludere infezioni acute, senti per arrossamento doloroso, scarico purulento o gonfiore del drenaggio della lacrima. Per escludere tumori, cercare di gonfiore indolente, ulcerazione o pigmentazione. L'ostruzione Presaccal si traduce in una resistenza rimbalzante quando cercando di far avanzare la sonda Bangerter nel sac lacrimale (&#34; arresto graduale &#34;). Ostruzione congenita e traumatico può essere esclusa da assunzione di storia paziente 10 , 19 , 20.</li>
	</ol></li> <li>Scartare patologie rinologici intranasale, deviazione del setto per esempio grave. Questo dovrebbe essere fatto prendendo il paziente &#39; storia di s in combinazione con una rinologici ispezione della cavità nasale 21.</li>
	<li>Mettere il paziente in anestesia generale, ad es. iniezione endovenosa di propofol e remifentanil atracurium per induzione e inalazione di remifentanil desfluran plus endovenoso per manutenzione, utilizzando standard di dosaggio Peso-adattato 10. l'intubazione deve essere eseguita, ma è anche possibile utilizzare una maschera laringe. 
	Nota: Anestetici, come pure i dosaggi possono variare tra le cliniche. Nessun protocollo di anestesia specifico è richiesto per laser-assistita DCR.</li>
</ol> 2. Laser-assistita DCR <ol><li>inserto l'endoscopio video-assistita in nasale cavità avanzando con attenzione attraverso la narice. Visualizzare il margine anteriore del turbinate inclinando leggermente l'endoscopio verso la parete nasale laterale.</li>
	<li>Impostare le apparecchiature laser e laser impostazioni con i valori corretti. Indossare occhiali protettivi.
	<ol><li>Connetti il laser fibra ottica (diametro 400 µm) per il laser a diodi (lunghezza d'onda 810 nm). Impostare il diodo laser impostazioni per 6-8 W, durata di impulso di 200 ms, 100 ms esposizione pausa.</li>
		<li>Fit la fibra ottica laser in mano-pezzo per il manovramento e attraverso una cannula smussa. Lasciare 2-3 mm della fibra sporgono sulla punta della cannula.</li>
		<li>Eseguire carbonizzazione della punta della fibra laser tenendolo su una spatola di legno e applicando energia del laser per pochi secondi fino a quando la punta è sufficientemente annerita. 
		Nota: Questo limiterà la distribuzione indesiderata energia al tessuto del sac lacrimale.</li>
	</ol></li> <li>Posizionare correttamente la fibra laser presso la parete nasale laterale.
	<ol><li>Uso un lacrimale sonda per dilatare il punctum inferiore ( Figura 2a). Inserire la sonda in posizione verticale in un primo momento e poi mettono in un orientamento orizzontale prima ulteriormente facendolo avanzare verso il sac lacrimale. Ciò consentirà la fibra laser da inserire senza problemi nel passaggio successivo.</li>
		<li>Inserire la fibra laser nel canaliculus inferiore ( Figura 2b , 2C). Iniziare inserendo verticalmente, quindi inclinarlo verso il tempio in posizione orizzontale per seguire la formazione fisiologica del canaliculus inferiore.</li>
		<li>Far avanzare con cautela la fibra laser nel sac lacrimale fino a toccare la parete nasale laterale, cioè la parete mediale saccal lacrimale. Lì, dirigere la punta in senso antero-inferiore in modo che punti al margine anteriore del turbinate.</li>
		<li>Verificare il corretto posizionamento endoscopico di monitoraggio transluminescenza del fascio che mirando all'altezza del margine anteriore del turbinate ( figura 2d).</li>
	</ol></li> <li>Crea un sufficiente nasolacrimal di esclusione dall'applicazione di energia laser pulsata alla parete nasale.
	<ol><li>Applica energia laser (utilizzando i parametri impostati sopra), mantenendo un costante contatto alla parete senza pressione, con l'obiettivo per il margine anteriore del turbinate centrale. Il laser si vaporizza il tessuto direttamente di fronte ad essa, creazione di un bypass nasolacrimal ( figura 2d , 2e). 
		Nota: L'energia totale necessaria è compresa tra 0,9 - 1,8 kJ e tende a variare tra pazienti.</li>
		<li>Assicurarsi che la punta della fibra non è attivamente premuta contro il muro. Fare attenzione a non lasciare che lo slittamento di punta nuovamente dentro la cannula metallica ciò causerebbe lesioni termiche dovute al riscaldamento del metallo. Anche evitare movimenti laterali come la punta può rompere off.</li>
		<li>Su penetrano la parete nasale laterale, tirare la fibra laser indietro un po' e ingrandire il ostium di vaporizzazione attentamente i margini in modo circolare. Tenta di creare grande quanto un bypass come possibile ( Figura 2f).</li>
		<li>Obiettivo per un diametro totale di 5 mm per il ostium.</li>
		<li>Interrompere l'applicazione di energia e rimuovere la fibra laser insieme con il manipolo e la cannula ritraendo accuratamente l'attrezzatura.</li>
	</ol></li> <li>Verificare la pervietà del ostium di irrigazione con soluzione fisiologica utilizzando una sonda Bangerter come descritto al punto 1.1.1. Se è stato creato un brevetto ostium, irrigazione successo dovrebbe essere visibile endoscopicamente.</li>
	<li>Rimuovere la sonda Bangerter.</li>
	<li>Posto il tubo di silicone ( Figura 2 g).
	<ol><li>Attraverso il punctum inferiore, inserire un tubo di silicone di monocanalicular e farlo avanzare con attenzione fino a quando la punta di metallo leader passa il ostium ossuto e sporge nella cavità nasale.</li>
		<li>Uso Blakesley pinze per afferrare la punta all'interno della cavità nasale e tirare il tubo di silicone dal naso e in posizione ( Figura 2 h).</li>
		<li>Utilizzare un paio di forbici per accorciare il tubo in silicone. Alla fine non dovrebbe essere attaccando fuori dal naso.</li>
		<li>Eseguire l'intubazione di silicio attraverso il canalicolo superiore pure (segue 2.7.1 attraverso 2.7.3) ( Figura 2 h).</li>
	</ol></li> <li>Rimuovere l'endoscopio nasale.</li></ol>
 3. post-op cura e follow-up <ol><li>dopo la chirurgia, iniziare il trattamento con antibiotico eye gocce (ad es. ofloxacin), decongestionante collirio (es. xylometazolin) e colliri steroidei (ad es. acetato di prednisolone). Gli antibiotici possono essere interrotto dopo una settimana, mentre steroidei e decongestionante collirio dovrebbe essere svezzato lentamente fuori nel corso di un mese.</li>
	<li>Follow-up a sei settimane e tre mesi dopo la chirurgia. Guardare per la risoluzione dei sintomi, prolasso del tubo di silicone, infezione e secrezione.</li>
	<li>Rimuovere i tubicini di silicone a tre mesi dopo la chirurgia semplicemente afferrando l'estremità a forma di T all'altezza dei puncta e attentamente tirarle fuori.</li>
</ol>

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Transcanalicular laser-assistita DCR come descritto sopra è un modo abbastanza veloce, minimamente invasivo per il trattamento di assoluta infrasaccal ostruzione del dotto in modo efficace senza la necessità di incisione della pelle, risparmiando così non solo la pelle, ma anche mediale tendine canthal e il meccanismo fisiologico della pompa canalicolare. Mentre la procedura è adatta per i pazienti con ostruzione del dotto nasolacrimale acquisita primaria, patologie diverse da stenosi idiopatica non si qualificano pe...

Infrasaccal l'ostruzione del condotto nasolacrimal acquistata primaria (PANDO) è un disordine comune in pazienti di mezza età e anziani che conducono al epiphora cronico e blefarite, nonché dacryocystitis ricorrente o cronica. Più comunemente, i pazienti sviluppano un'ostruzione infrasaccal dei condotti nasolacrimal uno o di entrambi, con conseguente drenaggio insufficiente lacrima.
Nel trattamento di PANDO, esterno dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR) è ancora considerato il gold standard, anche se questa procedura storicamente risale oltre un centinaio di anni da quando è stato eseguito prima1. Dopo incisione della pelle e la preparazione della parete nasale del sac lacrimale, un trapano viene utilizzato per creare un ostium ossuto che conduce alla cavità nasale, aggirando così il dotto ostruito. Tassi di successo funzionale sopra l'85% sono stati segnalati per questo metodo2,3. Questi risultati, tuttavia, vengono al costo di esecuzione di una procedura relativamente invasiva che mette a rischio le strutture mediale della palpebra compreso la pompa canalicolare fisiologico meccanismo4,5 e può lasciare i pazienti con un spiacevole, cicatrice, sebbene incisioni cutanee nasojugal moderni hanno migliorato i risultati. Questi rischi sono potenzialmente evitabili eseguendo le tecniche meno invasive o scegliendo un metodo endonasal.
Al fine di eludere la chirurgia invasiva, molto lavoro è stato fatto nel campo della ricanalizzazione drenaggio lacrima minimamente invasiva. Due metodi, in particolare, sono stati stabiliti come potenziale primo passo procedure: microdrill dacryoplasty e dacryoplasty laser-assistita. Queste procedure sono basate sull'endoscopia transcanalicular della rete di fognatura lacrima e possono essere eseguite per trattare per bicchierino-segmento membranose stenosi del dotto nasolacrimale. Anche se solo minimamente invasiva e caratterizzata da rapida reconvalescence, un inconveniente comune di questi recanalizing tecniche sono i tassi di successo funzionale relativamente basso in relazione a lungo termine dei risultati6,7, 8 , 9.
Nel tentativo di colmare il vuoto tra queste procedure in una prima fase e DCR esterna come un trattamento definitivo, si sono recentemente sviluppati nuovi approcci. Il più promettente dei quali è DCR laser-assistita per il trattamento di assoluta infrasaccal PANDO. Come con tutti gli approcci di cui sopra, i pazienti si raccomanda di essere messi sotto anestesia generale per questa procedura. Una fibra laser a diodi è inserita tramite entrambi canalicolo e quindi è avanzata nel sac lacrimale. Successivamente, l'energia del laser viene applicato alla parete nasale laterale fino a quando viene creato un ostium ossuto, collegamento alla cavità nasale all'altezza del margine anteriore10,11 di turbinate centrale. Nel frattempo, è mantenuto costante controllo visivo utilizzando l'endoscopia endonasale. L'anastomosi neonata serve come un bypass per il drenaggio di lacrima. Dopo successo irrigazione, l'intubazione bicanalicular silicio viene eseguita per evitare cicatrici all'inizio dell'ostium neonato. Trattamento postoperatorio è costituito da decongestionante, steroidei e collirio antibiotico per evitare gonfiore, infiammazione e infezione, rispettivamente.
La durata della chirurgia così come reconvalescence è generalmente più breve con DCR esterna (10-25 min in DCR laser-assistita vs 35-75 min in DCR esterna). Tassi di complicanze sono relativamente bassi, il più comune è discreto gonfiore delle palpebre e prolasso del tubo di silicone. Infezione canalicolare e lesione termica sono eventi rari10. Un anno successo funzionale tassi di 74-88% sono stati segnalati10,11,12,13,14,15,16, 17,18, così che vanno strettamente dietro quelle dei DCR esterni senza subire gli svantaggi dell'approccio chirurgico esterno. Tuttavia, i risultati a lungo termine rimangono ancora per essere fornito. Inoltre, anche dopo il fallimento del DCR laser-assistita, DCR esterno secondario può ancora essere eseguita senza difficoltà. Di conseguenza, DCR laser-assistita si qualifica come una procedura secondo fasi vitale che dovrebbe essere eseguita in modo ottimale dopo il fallimento dell'intervento di ricanalizzazione e prima DCR esterna.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="812">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">C1.multi</td>
			<td style="width:281px;">LUT</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">05.0082h.1</td>
			<td style="width:196px;">Endoscope camera</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">HL 250</td>
			<td style="width:281px;">LUT</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">95.2048n</td>
			<td>Endoscope light source</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">MD-19E</td>
			<td style="width:281px;">ACL GmbH</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1119</td>
			<td>Endoscope screen</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">FOX (laser)</td>
			<td style="width:281px;">A.R.C. Laser GmBH, N&#252;rnberg, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">n/a</td>
			<td>Diode laser</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Laser fiber</td>
			<td style="width:281px;">A.R.C. Laser GmBH, N&#252;rnberg, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">LL13001s</td>
			<td>Laser fiber</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;">Laser handpiece</td>
			<td style="width:281px;">A.R.C. Laser GmBH, N&#252;rnberg, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">n/a</td>
			<td>Handpiece</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Wide Collarette Monoka</td>
			<td style="width:281px;">Fa. FCL, Paris, France</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">S1.1630</td>
			<td>monocanalicular silicon tube</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Suction elevatorium</td>
			<td style="width:281px;">Storz</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">474015</td>
			<td>For intranasal use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Forceps (Gr&#252;nwald)</td>
			<td style="width:281px;">Storz</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">426620</td>
			<td>For intranasal use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Forceps (Blakesley-Wilde)</td>
			<td style="width:281px;">Storz</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">456502</td>
			<td>To grab the silicon tube</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Lacrimal canula</td>
			<td style="width:281px;">Storz</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">81071</td>
			<td>Blunt cannula</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Bangerter probe cannula</td>
			<td style="width:281px;">Storz</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">81055</td>
			<td>Bangerter probe cannula</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Wooden spatula</td>
			<td style="width:281px;">any</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">n/a</td>
			<td>Wooden spatula</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Xylometazolin 0.05% eye drops</td>
			<td>GlaxoSmithKline Consumer Healthcare</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">n/a</td>
			<td>Decongestant eye drops</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Dexapos comod eye drops</td>
			<td style="width:281px;">Ursapharm</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">n/a</td>
			<td>steroid eye drops</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Floxal eye drops</td>
			<td style="width:281px;">Dr. Gerhard Mann</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">n/a</td>
			<td>antibiotic eye drops</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

transcanalicular diode laser-assisted dacryocystorhinostomy for the treatment of primary acquired nasolacrimal duct obstruction

Gold standard odierno nel trattamento dell'ostruzione del dotto nasolacrimale acquisita primaria infrasaccal (PANDO) è esterno dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR), una procedura relativamente invasiva che può essere eseguita dopo il fallimento della recanalizing trattamenti. Tuttavia, con il progresso nel campo della tecnologia laser a diodi, sono emersi nuovi approcci. Laser-assistita transcanalicular DCR con l'intubazione bicanalicular successive silicio è una nuova opzione mostrando la grande promessa come una valida procedura minimamente invasiva. Sotto controllo visivo endoscopico permanente dalla cavità nasale, una fibra laser a diodi è inserita nel sac lacrimale e l'energia del laser viene applicata per creare un ostium ossuto fra il sac lacrimale e la cavità nasale. Poiché nessuna incisione cutanea deve essere reso, i vantaggi di questo metodo comprendono il risparmio della pelle così come le strutture palpebrale mediale e il meccanismo a pompa palpebrale-canalicular fisiologico. La durata della chirurgia così come reconvalescence è generalmente più breve con DCR esterna. Le complicazioni comprendono il prolasso del tubo di silicone, lieve gonfiore e, raramente, l'infezione canalicolare e lesioni termiche. Tassi di successo funzionale di un anno, definiti come risoluzione completa dei sintomi e la pervietà del ostium, sono alti, eppure ancora gamma dietro quelle dei DCR esterna. Tuttavia, DCR secondario esterno dopo il fallimento della DCR laser-assistita può essere eseguita senza difficoltà. Così, transcanalicular laser-assistita DCR è una valida opzione che dovrebbe essere considerata come una procedura secondo passo dopo il fallimento delle procedure di ricanalizzazione e prima DCR esterna.

Risultato ottimale:
La procedura come sopra descritto dura circa 10-25 min e generalmente è tollerata molto bene. Dopo l'esame il giorno successivo, un piccolo gonfiore della palpebra possa essere presente in circa il 60% dei casi. Questo piccolo gonfiore sempre si risolve completamente entro un massimo di tre giorni. I pazienti non si lamentano dolore, prolasso di silicio o segni di lesioni o infezioni. Tuttavia, a causa di intub...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Transcanalicular Diode Laser-assisted Dacryocystorhinostomy for the Treatment of Primary Acquired Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction at JoVE.com

Transcanalicular Diode Laser-assisted Dacryocystorhinostomy for the Treatment of Primary Acquired Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction

L'obiettivo del presente protocollo è quello di presentare transcanalicular laser-assistita dacryocystorhinostomy come un approccio mini-invasivo nel trattamento dell'ostruzione del condotto nasolacrimal acquistata primaria.

Transcanalicular diodo Laser-assistita Dacryocystorhinostomy per il trattamento di primaria acquisita l'ostruzione del condotto Nasolacrimal

Today&#39;s gold standard in the treatment of infrasaccal primary acquired nasolacrimal duct obstruction (PANDO) is external dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR), ...

transcanalicular-diode-laser-assisted-dacryocystorhinostomy-for

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

10.9K Views.  University of Cologne. L'obiettivo del presente protocollo è quello di presentare transcanalicular laser-assistita dacryocystorhinostomy come un approccio mini-invasivo nel trattamento dell'ostruzione del condotto nasolacrimal acquistata primaria.

Video: Transcanalicular Diode Laser-assisted Dacryocystorhinostomy for the Treatment of Primary Acquired Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction

Thermal Ablation for the Treatment of Abdominal Tumors

Percutaneous thermal ablation is an emerging treatment option for many tumors of the abdomen not amenable to conventional treatments. During a thermal ablation procedure, a thin applicator is guided into the target tumor under imaging guidance. Energy is then applied to the tissue until temperatures rise to cytotoxic levels (50-60 &deg;C). Various energy sources are available to heat biological tissues, including radiofrequency (RF) electrical current, microwaves, laser light and ultrasonic waves. Of these, RF and microwave ablation are most commonly used worldwide.
During RF ablation, alternating electrical current (~500 kHz) produces resistive heating around the interstitial electrode. Skin surface electrodes (ground pads) are used to complete the electrical circuit. RF ablation has been in use for nearly 20 years, with good results for local tumor control, extended survival and low complication rates1,2. Recent studies suggest RF ablation may be a first-line treatment option for small hepatocellular carcinoma and renal-cell carcinoma3-5. However, RF heating is hampered by local blood flow and high electrical impedance tissues (eg, lung, bone, desiccated or charred tissue)6,7. Microwaves may alleviate some of these problems by producing faster, volumetric heating8-10. To create larger or conformal ablations, multiple microwave antennas can be used simultaneously while RF electrodes require sequential operation, which limits their efficiency. Early experiences with microwave systems suggest efficacy and safety similar to, or better than RF devices11-13.
Alternatively, cryoablation freezes the target tissues to lethal levels (-20 to -40 &deg;C). Percutaneous cryoablation has been shown to be effective against RCC and many metastatic tumors, particularly colorectal cancer, in the liver14-16. Cryoablation may also be associated with less post-procedure pain and faster recovery for some indications17. Cryoablation is often contraindicated for primary liver cancer due to underlying coagulopathy and associated bleeding risks frequently seen in cirrhotic patients. In addition, sudden release of tumor cellular contents when the frozen tissue thaws can lead to a potentially serious condition known as cryoshock 16.
Thermal tumor ablation can be performed at open surgery, laparoscopy or using a percutaneous approach. When performed percutaneously, the ablation procedure relies on imaging for diagnosis, planning, applicator guidance, treatment monitoring and follow-up. Ultrasound is the most popular modality for guidance and treatment monitoring worldwide, but computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are commonly used as well. Contrast-enhanced CT or MRI are typically employed for diagnosis and follow-up imaging.

A thermal tumor ablation procedure is described. The entire procedure is detailed, including pretreatment planning and imaging studies, anesthesia, adjuvant techniques to facilitate a percutaneous approach, imaging guidance of the ablation device to the tumor, thermal treatment, post-treatment care and follow-up.

Ablazione termica nel trattamento dei tumori addominali

Percutaneous thermal ablation is an emerging treatment option for many tumors of the abdomen not amenable to conventional treatments. During a thermal ...

Ricerca

Medicina

Cannulation of the Mouse Submandibular Salivary Gland via the Wharton's Duct

Severe salivary gland hypofunction is frequently found in patients with Sj&ouml;gren's syndrome and those who receiving therapeutic 
irradiation in their head and neck regions for cancer treatment. Both groups of patients experience symptoms such as xerostomia (dry mouth), dysphagia 
(impaired chewing and swallowing), severe dental caries, altered taste, oro-pharyngeal infections (candidiasis), mucositis, pain and discomfort.
One innovative approach of regenerative medicine for the treatment of salivary gland hypo-function is speculated in RS Redman, E Mezey 
et al. 2009: stem cells can be directly deposited by cannulation into the gland as a potent method in reviving the functions of the impaired organ. Presumably, 
the migrated foreign stem cells will differentiate into glandular cells to function as part of the host salivary gland. Also, this cannulation technique is an 
expedient and effective delivery method for clinical gene transfer application.
Here we illustrate the steps involved in performing the cannulation procedure on the mouse submandibular salivary gland via the Wharton's duct 
(Fig 1). C3H mice (Charles River, Montreal, QC, Canada) are used for this experiment, which have been kept under clean conventional conditions at 
the McGill University animal resource center. All experiments have been approved by the University Animal Care Committee and were in accordance with the 
guidelines of the Canadian Council on Animal Care.
For this experiment, a trypan blue solution is infused into the gland through the opening of the Wharton's duct using a 
insulin syringe with a 29-gauge needle encased inside a polyethylene tube. Subsequently, the mouse is dissected to show that the infusions migrated 
into the gland successfully.

A protocol for the cannulation of the mouse submandibular salivary gland via the Wharton's duct is described. For this experiment, the trypan blue solution is used as a dyer to demonstrate how this technique effectively delivers infusions into the targeted gland, and to suggest the reliability of this new approach as a potential clinical drug/cell therapy for the regeneration of salivary glands.

Incannulazione della ghiandola salivare sottomandibolare del mouse tramite il Duct Wharton

Severe salivary gland hypofunction is frequently found in patients with Sj&ouml;gren's syndrome and those who receiving therapeutic 
irradiation in their ...

The Measurement and Treatment of Suppression in Amblyopia

Amblyopia, a developmental disorder of the visual cortex, is one of the leading causes of visual dysfunction in the working age population. Current estimates put the prevalence of amblyopia at approximately 1-3%1-3, the majority of cases being monocular2. Amblyopia is most frequently caused by ocular misalignment (strabismus), blur induced by unequal refractive error (anisometropia), and in some cases by form deprivation.
Although amblyopia is initially caused by abnormal visual input in infancy, once established, the visual deficit often remains when normal visual input has been restored using surgery and/or refractive correction. This is because amblyopia is the result of abnormal visual cortex development rather than a problem with the amblyopic eye itself4,5 . Amblyopia is characterized by both monocular and binocular deficits6,7 which include impaired visual acuity and poor or absent stereopsis respectively. The visual dysfunction in amblyopia is often associated with a strong suppression of the inputs from the amblyopic eye under binocular viewing conditions8. Recent work has indicated that suppression may play a central role in both the monocular and binocular deficits associated with amblyopia9,10 .
Current clinical tests for suppression tend to verify the presence or absence of suppression rather than giving a quantitative measurement of the degree of suppression. Here we describe a technique for measuring amblyopic suppression with a compact, portable device11,12 . The device consists of a laptop computer connected to a pair of virtual reality goggles. The novelty of the technique lies in the way we present visual stimuli to measure suppression. Stimuli are shown to the amblyopic eye at high contrast while the contrast of the stimuli shown to the non-amblyopic eye are varied. Patients perform a simple signal/noise task that allows for a precise measurement of the strength of excitatory binocular interactions. The contrast offset at which neither eye has a performance advantage is a measure of the "balance point" and is a direct measure of suppression. This technique has been validated psychophysically both in control13,14 and patient6,9,11 populations.
In addition to measuring suppression this technique also forms the basis of a novel form of treatment to decrease suppression over time and improve binocular and often monocular function in adult patients with amblyopia12,15,16 . This new treatment approach can be deployed either on the goggle system described above or on a specially modified iPod touch device15.

Amblyopia is a developmental disorder of the visual cortex that is often accompanied by strong suppression of one eye. We present a new technique for measuring and treating interocular suppression in patients with amblyopia that can be deployed using virtual reality goggles or a portable iPod Touch device.

La misurazione e trattamento di soppressione in Ambliopia

Amblyopia, a developmental disorder of the visual cortex, is one of the leading causes of visual dysfunction in the working age population. Current ...

The Goeckerman Regimen for the Treatment of Moderate to Severe Psoriasis

Psoriasis is a chronic, immune-mediated inflammatory skin disease affecting approximately 2-3% of the population. The Goeckerman regimen consists of exposure to ultraviolet B (UVB) light and application of crude coal tar (CCT). Goeckerman therapy is extremely effective and relatively safe for the treatment of psoriasis and for improving a patient's quality of life. In the following article, we present our protocol for the Goeckerman therapy that is utilized specifically at the University of California, San Francisco. This protocol details the preparation of supplies, administration of phototherapy and application of topical tar. This protocol also describes how to assess the patient daily, monitor for adverse effects (including pruritus and burning), and adjust the treatment based on the patient's response. Though it is one of the oldest therapies available for psoriasis, there is an absence of any published videos demonstrating the process in detail. The video is beneficial for healthcare providers who want to administer the therapy, for trainees who want to learn more about the process, and for prospective patients who want to undergo treatment for their cutaneous disease.

Psoriasis is a chronic, immune-mediated inflammatory skin disease. The Goeckerman regimen, formulated for the treatment of psoriasis, consists of exposure to ultraviolet B (UVB) light and application of crude coal tar (CCT). The following protocol is for the administration of Goeckerman therapy for the treatment of moderate-to-severe psoriasis.

Il Regimen Goeckerman per il trattamento di moderata a grave psoriasi

Psoriasis is a  chronic, immune-mediated inflammatory skin disease affecting approximately 2-3%  of the population. The Goeckerman regimen consists of ...

Network Analysis of Foramen Ovale Electrode Recordings in Drug-resistant Temporal Lobe Epilepsy Patients

Approximately 30% of epilepsy patients are refractory to antiepileptic drugs. In these cases, surgery is the only alternative to eliminate/control seizures. However, a significant minority of patients continues to exhibit post-operative seizures, even in those cases in which the suspected source of seizures has been correctly localized and resected. The protocol presented here combines a clinical procedure routinely employed during the pre-operative evaluation of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) patients with a novel technique for network analysis. The method allows for the evaluation of the temporal evolution of mesial network parameters. The bilateral insertion of foramen ovale electrodes (FOE) into the ambient cistern simultaneously records electrocortical activity at several mesial areas in the temporal lobe. Furthermore, network methodology applied to the recorded time series tracks the temporal evolution of the mesial networks both interictally and during the seizures. In this way, the presented protocol offers a unique way to visualize and quantify measures that considers the relationships between several mesial areas instead of a single area.

This protocol describes a procedure to track the evolution of mesial network measures in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) patients. It is based on the combination of intracranial recordings with a novel numerical technique for data analysis. Specifically, we present a protocol for network analyses of foramen ovale recordings.

Network Analysis di forame ovale elettrodi Recordings in farmaco-resistenti epilessia del lobo temporale pazienti

Approximately 30% of epilepsy patients are refractory to antiepileptic drugs. In these cases, surgery is the only alternative to eliminate/control ...

Nerve-sparing Mid-urethral Obstruction (NeMO) in Female Small Rodents

Partial bladder outlet obstruction (pBOO) has a high prevalence, causes significant patient burden, and immense health care costs. The most common animal model to investigate bladder remodeling in pBOO are female rodents undergoing partial obstruction at the proximal urethra. Variability in the degree of obstruction and animal mortality are major concerns with proximal obstruction. Furthermore, dissecting around the proximal urethra and bladder neck jeopardizes bladder innervation.
We developed a nerve-sparing mid-urethral obstruction (NeMO) model for pBOO avoiding the disadvantages of the traditional model. We approached the urethra just inferior to the pubic symphysis, which obviated the need for laparotomy as well as for dissection in this area; also, the striated urethral sphincter remained untouched. We performed NeMO in female Sprague-Dawley rats (12 obstructions, 6 sham animals) as well as in female C57/bl6 mice (20 obstructions, 18 sham animals). After two weeks, we evaluated bladder function, bladder mass, and body mass.
We had no mortalities among obstructed- or sham-operated female rats; as described for the traditional proximal pBOO-method, we tied the suture around the proximal urethra and a temporarily placed 0.9 mm metal rod. NeMO induced an 85% increase in bladder mass after two weeks, average residual urine volume was 0.4 mL in partially obstructed rats while only 0.03 mL in sham animals. In mice, we tested 3 sizes of cannulas that we placed along the urethra when tying the suture. We found that using a 27-gauge cannula resulted in over 50% animal mortality; placing the 25-gauge cannula did not yield the desired response in increasing bladder mass; utilizing a 26-gauge cannula yielded favorable results with minimal animal mortality (1/8) yet a significant 2-fold increase in bladder mass.

Nerve-sparing Mid-urethral Obstruction NeMO in Female Small Rodents

Traditional modeling of partial bladder outlet obstruction in rodents is fraught with animal mortality. A denervation injury from dissection around the proximal urethra and bladder neck is also of major concern. We developed and evaluated a safe and reliable mid-urethral obstruction model, avoiding the shortcomings of the traditional model.

Nerve-sparing Mid-ostruzione uretrale (Nemo) nel femminile piccoli roditori

Partial bladder outlet obstruction (pBOO) has a high prevalence, causes significant patient burden, and immense health care costs. The most common animal ...

Trans-Tympanic Drug Delivery for the Treatment of Ototoxicity

The systemic administration of protective agents to treat drug-induced ototoxicity is limited by the possibility that these protective agents could interfere with the chemotherapeutic efficacy of the primary drugs. This is especially true for the drug cisplatin, whose anticancer actions are attenuated by antioxidants which provide adequate protection against hearing loss. Other current or potential otoprotective agents could pose a similar problem, if administered systemically. The application of various biologicals or protective agents directly to the cochlea would allow for high levels of these agents locally with limited systemic side effects. In this report, we demonstrate a trans-tympanic method of delivery of various drugs or biological reagents to the cochlea, which should enhance basic science research on the cochlea and provide a simple way of directing the use of otoprotective agents in the clinics. This report details a method of trans-tympanic drug delivery and provides examples of how this technique has been used successfully in experimental animals to treat cisplatin ototoxicity.

We present a technique for localized administration of drugs through the trans-tympanic route into the cochlea. Drug delivery through this route would not interfere with the anti-cancer efficacy of the chemotherapeutic drugs such as cisplatin.

Veicolazione Trans-timpanico per il trattamento dell'ototossicità

The systemic administration of protective agents to treat drug-induced ototoxicity is limited by the possibility that these protective agents could ...

Enucleation of the Prostate for the Treatment of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Using a 980 nm Diode Laser

In the aging male population, the occurrence of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) caused by benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a common problem. Here, we introduce a new technique called 980 nm diode laser enucleation (DiLEP) to treat BPH1. Diode lasers can absorb both water and hemoglobin at the same time, so they are good for cutting and hemostasis2. The diode laser was approved by the FDA in 2007, and has been used in the treatment of BPH because of its effective cutting and hemostasis effect3. DiLEP presents several advantages over other techniques, such as TURP, HoLEP, and PVP. During the procedure, we define the boundary of a high-volume prostate and separate it into three lobes with a diode laser by burning two rings and one groove (like a Cupid&#39;s arrow). Compared to other procedures, mDiLEP has fewer intraoperative complications, a shorter learning curve, and achieves more tissue resection.

Here, we present a protocol for modified 980 nm diode laser enucleation to treat large volume benign prostatic hyperplasia.

Enucleazione della prostata per il trattamento dell'iperplasia prostatica benigna mediante laser a diodi da 980 nm

In the aging male population, the occurrence of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) caused by benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a common problem. ...

Development of a Noninvasive, Laser-Assisted Experimental Model of Corneal Endothelial Cell Loss

Nd:YAG lasers have been used to perform noninvasive intraocular surgery, such as capsulotomy for several decades now. The incisive effect relies on the optical breakdown at the laser focus. Acoustic shock waves and cavitation bubbles are generated, causing tissue rupture. Bubble sizes and pressure amplitudes vary with pulse energy and position of the focal point. In this study, enucleated porcine eyes were positioned in front of a commercially available Nd:YAG laser. Variable pulse energies as well as different positions of the focal spots posterior to the cornea were tested. Resulting lesions were evaluated by two-photon microscopy and histology to determine the best parameters for an exclusive detachment of corneal endothelial cells (CEC) with minimum collateral damage. The advantages of this method are the precise ablation of CEC, reduced collateral damage, and above all, the non-contact treatment.

Here, we present a protocol to detach corneal endothelial cells (CEC) from Descemet&#8217;s membrane (DM) using a neodymium:YAG (Nd:YAG) laser as an ex vivo disease model for bullous keratopathy (BK).

Sviluppo di un modello sperimentale non invasivo e assistito dal laser della perdita di cellule endoteliali corneale

Nd:YAG lasers have been used to perform noninvasive intraocular surgery, such as capsulotomy for several decades now. The incisive effect relies on the ...

Establishment of a Mouse Severe Acute Pancreatitis Model using Retrograde Injection of Sodium Taurocholate into the Biliopancreatic Duct

The prevalence of acute pancreatitis (AP), especially severe acute pancreatitis (SAP), is increasing in younger age groups annually. However, there is a lack of effective treatments in the current clinical practice. With the easy accessibility of transgenic and knockout strains and their small size, which allows minimal doses of drugs required for in vivo evaluation, a well-established experimental model in mice is preferred for AP research. Moreover, SAP induced through sodium taurocholate (TC) is currently one of the most widely used and best characterized models. This model has been investigated for novel therapies and possible molecular events during the process of AP. Here, we present the generation of an AP mouse model using sodium taurocholate and a simple homemade microsyringe. Moreover, we also provide the methodology for the subsequent histology and serological testing.

A mouse model of severe acute pancreatitis is described herein. The procedure presented here is very rapid, simple, and accessible, thereby potentially allowing the study of the molecular mechanisms and different therapeutic interventions in acute pancreatitis in a convenient way.

Creazione di un modello di pancreatite acuta grave del topo mediante iniezione retrograda di taurocolato di sodio nel dotto biliopancreatico

The prevalence of acute pancreatitis (AP), especially severe acute pancreatitis (SAP), is increasing in younger age groups annually. However, there is a ...