Questo lavoro è stato sostenuto dai National Institutes of Health [R01GM121847]; il Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) Support Grant/Core Grant (P30 CA008748); e MSKCC Functional Genomics Initiative.

Gli autori non hanno nulla da rivelare.

Rispetto ai tipici esperimenti tirf a singola molecola in vitro, l'imaging a singola molecola con il saggio qui descritto è inoltre complesso a causa dell'uso di estratto cellulare e di un'alta concentrazione di anticorpi etichettati fluorescentmente. Rispetto alla pratica più comune di un ciclo di PEGylation superficiale, un secondo ciclo di PEGylation (fase 2) riduce notevolmente il legame anticorpale non specifico alla superficiedi rilevamento 15. L'alta concentrazione di anticorpi f...

La traduzione nei sistemi eucarioti avviene prevalentemente attraverso vie 7-metilguanosina (m7G) cap-dipendenti1. Gli studi indicano che la fase di iniziazione della traduzione eucariota è la limitazione del tasso e un obiettivo comune perla regolamentazione 2,3,4. I meccanismi di traduzione dipendente dal tappo sono stati ampiamente studiatiutilizzando approcci genetici 5,biochimici 6,7,8,strutturali 9e genomici a 10 rinfuse. Sebbene questi metodi abbiano identificato diversi meccanismi che regolano l'iniziazione dipendente dal limite, la loro risoluzione li limita alla media dei segnali provenienti da eventi di iniziazione eterogenei e asincroni. Più recentemente, singoli eventi di traduzione in vivo sono stati visualizzati con metodi che misurano il legame degli anticorpi fluorescenti agli epitopi sui polipeptidinascenti 11,12,13,14. Tuttavia, questi nuovi approcci sono anche limitati nella loro capacità di risolvere singoli eventi di iniziazione perché più anticorpi fluorescenti devono legare un peptide nascente per consentire a singoli eventi di traduzione di essere risolti da un alto sfondo di fluorescenza intracellulare. In molte interazioni biologiche, i singoli eventi cinetici risolti hanno fornito approfondimenti critici sulla comprensione di complessi processi biologici multistep e ripetitivi che non sono possibili sincronizzare a livello molecolare. Sono necessari nuovi metodi in grado di tenere traccia delle dinamiche dei singoli eventi di traduzione per una migliore comprensione dell'avvio e della regolazione dipendenti dal limite.
Recentemente abbiamo sviluppato un saggio in vitro che misura la cinetica di iniziazione dipendente dal tappo con risoluzione a singola molecola15. Considerando il gran numero di fattori proteici noti e sconosciuti coinvolti in questa viadi iniziazione 3,16, il saggio a singola molecola è stato sviluppato per essere compatibile con i sistemi di traduzione in vitro esistenti per beneficiare della loro conservazione dei fattori cellulari e della robusta attività ditraduzione 17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25. Inoltre, l'uso di sistemi di traduzione senza cellule consente confronti più compatibili tra osservazioni a singola molecola e risultati di massa precedenti. Questo approccio fornisce un'integrazione diretta di nuove intuizioni cinetiche a singola molecola nel quadro meccanicistico esistente di iniziazione dipendente dal tappo. Per stabilire il saggio a singola molecola, il tradizionale sistema di traduzione senza cellule viene modificato in tre modi: una sequenza di codifica epitopica viene inserita all'inizio del frame di lettura aperto (ORF) di un mRNA reporter; l'estremità 3′ dell'mRNA reporter è biotinilata per facilitare il end-tethering dell'mRNA alla superficie di rilevamento a singola molecola; e gli anticorpi con etichetta fluorescente sono integrati nell'estratto di traduzione. Queste modifiche richiedono solo tecniche di biologia molecolare di base e reagenti comunemente disponibili. Inoltre, queste modifiche e le condizioni di imaging a singola molecola preservano la cinetica di traduzione delle reazioni di traduzione senza cellule sfuse15.
In questo saggio (Figura 1), l'mRNA del reporter biotinilato 5′-end limitato e 3′-end è immobilizzato su una superficie di rilevamento rivestita di streptavidina in una camera di flusso. La camera di flusso viene quindi riempita con una miscela di traslazione priva di cellule integrata con anticorpi etichettati fluorescentmente. Dopo che la traduzione dell'mRNA si è verificata per circa 30-40 codoni a valle della sequenza epitopica26,27, l'epitopo emerge dal tunnel di uscita ribosoma e diventa accessibile per interagire con anticorpi etichettati fluorescentmente. Questa interazione è rapida e il suo rilevamento da parte di tecniche di imaging a fluorescenza a singola molecola consente il tracciamento della cinetica di traslazione con risoluzione a singola molecola durante la traduzione attiva senza cellule. Questo saggio dovrebbe ampiamente giovare agli studi in vitro sulla cinetica traslazione dipendente dal tappo e sulla sua regolazione, in particolare per i sistemi con una massa di lavoro in test in vitro.
Un prerequisito per stabilire questo saggio a singola molecola è un saggio di traduzione senza cellule sfuse funzionante, che può essere ottenuto utilizzando estratto di traduzione disponibile in commercio o preparato seguendo i metodiprecedentemente descritti 28. L'estratto di traduzione eucariotica può essere ottenuto da diverse cellule, tra cui fungino, mammifero e pianta28. Per l'imaging, questo test richiede un microscopio TIRF dotato di intensità laser tonnibile e angolo incidente, uno stadio campione motorizzato, un sistema di fluidic motorizzato e un dispositivo di controllo della temperatura del campione. Tali requisiti sono generici per i moderni esperimenti TIRF a singola molecola in vitro e possono essere raggiunti in modo diverso. L'esperimento qui presentato utilizza un sistema TIRF di tipo oggettivo composto da microscopio, software e accessori disponibili in commercio tutti elencati nella Tabella dei Materiali.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>100X oil objective, N.A. 1.49</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>UAPON 100XOTIRF</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Acryamide/bis (40%, 19:1)</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>161-0144</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alkaline liquid detergent</td>
			<td>Decon</td>
			<td>5332</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Aminosilane (N-(2-Aminoethyl)-3-Aminopropyltrimethoxysilane)</td>
			<td>UCT Specialties, LLC</td>
			<td>A0700</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Andor ixon Ultra DU 897V EMCCD</td>
			<td>Andor</td>
			<td>DU-897U-CSO-#BV</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Andor Solis software</td>
			<td>Andor</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>For controlling the Andor EMCCD</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Band-pass filter</td>
			<td>Chroma</td>
			<td>532/640/25</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Band-pass filter</td>
			<td>Chroma</td>
			<td>NF03-405/488/532/635E-25</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Biotin-PEG-SVA</td>
			<td>Laysan Bio Inc</td>
			<td>Biotin-PEG-SVA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Coenzyme A free acid</td>
			<td>Prolume</td>
			<td>309-250</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Coolterm software</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>For controlling the syringe pump</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Desktop computer</td>
			<td>Dell</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>For controlling the microscope, camera, stage, and pump.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dichroic mirror</td>
			<td>Semrock</td>
			<td>R405/488/532/635</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Direct-zol RNA microprep 50RNX</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>NC1139450</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dual-Luciferase Reporter Assay System</td>
			<td>Promega</td>
			<td>E1910</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Epoxy</td>
			<td>Devcon</td>
			<td>14250</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Firefly luciferin D-Luciferin free acid</td>
			<td>Prolume</td>
			<td>306-250</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glacial acetic acid</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP1185500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hydrogen perioxide</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>216763-500ML</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Immersion oil</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>Z-81226A</td>
			<td>Low auto-fluorescence</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Luciferase Assay System</td>
			<td>Promega</td>
			<td>E1500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MEGASCRIPT T7 Transcription Kit</td>
			<td>Thermo fisher</td>
			<td>AM1334</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Methanol</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>MMX04751</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microscope</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>IX83</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microscope slide</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>3048</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Monoclonal anti-FLAG M2-Cy3</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>A9594</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>mPEG-SVA</td>
			<td>Laysan Bio Inc</td>
			<td>mPEG-SVA-5000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MS(PEG)4</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>22341</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaCl (5M)</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>AM9760G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>No 1.5 microscope Cover glass</td>
			<td>Fisherband</td>
			<td>12-544-C</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Olympus Laser, 532nm 100mM</td>
			<td>Olympus digital Laser system</td>
			<td>CMR-LAS 532nm 100mW</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Olympus TirfCtrl software</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>For controlling the laser intensity and incident angle</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Optical table</td>
			<td>TMC vibration control</td>
			<td>63-563</td>
			<td>With vibration isolation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phenol chloroform isoamyl alcohol mix</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>77617-100ml</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pierce RNA 3&#39; End Biotinylation Kit</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>20160</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium hydroxide pellets</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P1767-500G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Prior motorized XY translation stage</td>
			<td>Prior</td>
			<td>PS3J100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Prior PriorTest software</td>
			<td>Prior</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>For controlling the Prior motorized stage</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Recombinant RNasin RNase Inhibitor</td>
			<td>Promega</td>
			<td>N2515</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stage top Incubator</td>
			<td>In vivo scientific (world precision Instruments)</td>
			<td>98710-1</td>
			<td>With a custom built acrylic cage</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Staining jar</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>08-817</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Streptavidin</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>43-4301</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sulfuric acid</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>A300212</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SYBR green II</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>S7564</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Syringe</td>
			<td>Hamilton</td>
			<td>1725RN</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Syringe pump</td>
			<td>Harvard apparatus</td>
			<td>55-3333</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tris (1M), pH = 7.0</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>AM9850G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ultrasonic Bath</td>
			<td>Branson</td>
			<td>CPX1800H</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Urea</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>U5378-500G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vaccinia Capping system</td>
			<td>New England Biolabs</td>
			<td>M2080S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Zymo-Spin IC Columns</td>
			<td>Zymo Research</td>
			<td>C1004</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

an in vitro single-molecule imaging assay for the analysis of cap-dependent translation kinetics

La sintesi proteica cap-dipendente è la via di traduzione predominante nelle cellule eucariotiche. Mentre vari approcci biochimici e genetici hanno permesso studi approfonditi sulla traduzione dipendente dal tappo e sulla sua regolazione, manca ancora la caratterizzazione cinetica ad alta risoluzione di questo percorso di traduzione. Recentemente, abbiamo sviluppato un saggio in vitro per misurare la cinetica di traduzione dipendente dal tappo con risoluzione a singola molecola. Il saggio si basa sul legame anticorpale etichettato fluorescentmente al polipeptide nascente con tag epitopo. Imaging del legame e della dissociazione degli anticorpi da e verso i nascenti complessi peptidico-ribosoma-mRNA, è possibile tracciare la progressione di traslazione sui singoli mRNA. Qui, presentiamo un protocollo per stabilire questo saggio, tra cui mRNA e preparati di scorrimento PEGylated, imaging in tempo reale della traduzione e analisi delle traiettorie di singole molecole. Questo saggio consente il monitoraggio dei singoli eventi di traduzione dipendenti dal tappo e risolve la cinetica di traduzione chiave, come i tassi di iniziazione e allungamento. Il saggio può essere ampiamente applicato a sistemi di traduzione distinti e dovrebbe ampiamente beneficiare di studi in vitro di cinetica di traduzione cap-dependent e meccanismi di controllo traslizionale.

Seguendo il protocollo descritto si consente l'imaging di singole interazioni anticorpali con i nascenti polipeptidi con tag N-terminale con risoluzione a singola molecola durante la traduzione attiva senza cellule dell'mRNA reporter con reticolo finale 3' (Figura 1). Un esperimento dimostrativo minimo è riportato con l'uso di tre mRNA sintetici: LUC (codifica luciferasi non taggata), LUCFLAG (codifica 3xFLAG-tagged luciferase) e hp-LUC</em...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about An In Vitro Single-Molecule Imaging Assay for the Analysis of Cap-Dependent Translation Kinetics at JoVE.com

An In Vitro Single-Molecule Imaging Assay for the Analysis of Cap-Dependent Translation Kinetics

Il monitoraggio dei singoli eventi di traduzione consente studi cinetici ad alta risoluzione sui meccanismi di traduzione dipendenti dal cappuccio. Qui dimostriamo un saggio a singola molecola in vitro basato sulle interazioni di imaging tra anticorpi etichettati fluorescentmente e peptidi nascenti etichettati epitopi. Questo metodo consente la caratterizzazione a singola molecola della cinetica di iniziazione e allungamento peptidico durante la traduzione attiva in vitro dipendente dal cappuccio.

Un saggio di imaging a singola molecola in vitro per l'analisi della cinetica di traduzione dipendente dal cappuccio

Cap-dependent protein synthesis is the predominant translation pathway in eukaryotic cells. While various biochemical and genetic approaches have allowed ...

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Research

JoVE Journal

Biochemistry

An In Vitro Single-Molecule Imaging Assay for the Analysis of Cap-Dependent Translation Kinetics

3.0K Views.  Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center. Il monitoraggio dei singoli eventi di traduzione consente studi cinetici ad alta risoluzione sui meccanismi di traduzione dipendenti dal cappuccio. Qui dimostriamo un saggio a singola molecola in vitro basato sulle interazioni di imaging tra anticorpi etichettati fluorescentmente e peptidi nascenti etichettati epitopi. Questo metodo consente la caratterizzazione a singola molecola della cinetica di iniziazione e allungamento peptidico durante la traduzione at...

Video: An In Vitro Single-Molecule Imaging Assay for the Analysis of Cap-Dependent Translation Kinetics

Single-molecule Super-resolution Imaging of Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate in the Plasma Membrane with Novel Fluorescent Probes

Phosphoinositides in the cell membrane are signaling lipids with multiple cellular functions. Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PI(4,5)P2) is a determinant phosphoinositide of the plasma membrane (PM), and it is required to modulate ion channels, actin dynamics, exocytosis, endocytosis, intracellular signaling, and many other cellular processes. However, the spatial organization of PI(4,5)P2 in the PM is controversial, and its nanoscale distribution is poorly understood due to the technical limitations of research approaches. Here by utilizing single molecule localization microscopy and the Pleckstrin Homology (PH) domain based dual color fluorescent probes, we describe a novel method to visualize the nanoscale distribution of PI(4,5)P2 in the PM in fixed membrane sheets as well as live cells.

PI(4,5)P2 regulates various cellular functions, but its nanoscale organization in the cell plasma membrane is poorly understood. By labeling PI(4,5)P2 with a dual-color fluorescent probe fused to the Pleckstrin Homology domain, we describe a novel approach to study the PI(4,5)P2 spatial distribution in the plasma membrane at the nanometer scale.

Singolo-molecola di Super-Resolution Imaging di fosfatidilinositolo 4,5-bifosfato nella membrana plasmatica con il romanzo fluorescenti Sonde

Phosphoinositides in the cell membrane are signaling lipids with multiple cellular functions. Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PI(4,5)P2) is a ...

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Biochimica

Toeprinting Analysis of Translation Initiation Complex Formation on Mammalian mRNAs

Translation initiation is the rate-limiting step of protein synthesis and represents a key point at which cells regulate their protein output. Regulation of protein synthesis is the key to cellular stress-response, and dysregulation is central to many disease states, such as cancer. For instance, although cellular stress leads to the inhibition of global translation by attenuating cap-dependent initiation, certain stress-response proteins are selectively translated in a cap-independent manner. Discreet RNA regulatory elements, such as cellular internal ribosome entry sites (IRESes), allow for the translation of these specific mRNAs. Identification of such mRNAs, and the characterization of their regulatory mechanisms, have been a key area in molecular biology. Toeprinting is a method for the study of RNA structure and function as it pertains to translation initiation. The goal of toeprinting is to assess the ability of in vitro transcribed RNA to form stable complexes with ribosomes under a variety of conditions, in order to determine which sequences, structural elements, or accessory factors are involved in ribosome binding&#8212;a pre-cursor for efficient translation initiation. Alongside other techniques, such as western analysis and polysome profiling, toeprinting allows for a robust characterization of mechanisms for the regulation of translation initiation.

Toeprinting aims to measure the ability of in vitro transcribed RNA to form translation initiation complexes with ribosomes under a variety of conditions. This protocol describes a method for toeprinting mammalian RNA and can be used to study both cap-dependent and IRES-driven translation.

Toeprinting analisi di traduzione Iniziazione formazione complessa su mRNAs mammiferi

Translation initiation is the rate-limiting step of protein synthesis and represents a key point at which cells regulate their protein output. Regulation ...

Covalent Immobilization of Proteins for the Single Molecule Force Spectroscopy

In recent years, atomic force microscopy (AFM) based single molecule force spectroscopy (SMFS) extended our understanding of molecular properties and functions. It gave us the opportunity to explore a multiplicity of biophysical mechanisms, e.g., how bacterial adhesins bind to host surface receptors in more detail. Among other factors, the success of SMFS experiments depends on the functional and native immobilization of the biomolecules of interest on solid surfaces and AFM tips. Here, we describe a straightforward protocol for the covalent coupling of proteins to silicon surfaces using silane-PEG-carboxyls and the well-established N-hydroxysuccinimid/1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethyl-aminopropyl)carbodiimid (EDC/NHS) chemistry in order to explore the interaction of pilus-1 adhesin RrgA from the Gram-positive bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae (S. pneumoniae) with the extracellular matrix protein fibronectin (Fn). Our results show that the surface functionalization leads to a homogenous distribution of Fn on the glass surface and to an appropriate concentration of RrgA on the AFM cantilever tip, apparent by the target value of up to 20% of interaction events during SMFS measurements and revealed that RrgA binds to Fn with a mean force of 52 pN. The protocol can be adjusted to couple via site specific free thiol groups. This results in a predefined protein or molecule orientation and is suitable for other biophysical applications besides the SMFS.

This protocol describes the covalent immobilization of proteins with a heterobifunctional silane coupling agent to silicon-oxide surfaces designed for the atomic force microscopy based single molecule force spectroscopy which is exemplified by the interaction of RrgA (pilus-1 tip adhesin of S. pneumoniae) with fibronectin.

Immobilizzazione covalente di proteine per la spettroscopia di forza di singola molecola

In recent years, atomic force microscopy (AFM) based single molecule force spectroscopy (SMFS) extended our understanding of molecular properties and ...

Proteome-wide Quantification of Labeling Homogeneity at the Single Molecule Level

Cell proteomes are often characterized using electrophoresis assays, where all species of proteins in the cells are non-specifically labeled with a fluorescent dye and are spotted by a photodetector following their separation. Single molecule fluorescence imaging can provide ultrasensitive protein detection with its ability for visualizing individual fluorescent molecules. However, the application of this powerful imaging method to electrophoresis assays is hampered by the lack of ways to characterize the homogeneity of fluorescent labeling of each protein species across the proteome. Here, we developed a method to evaluate the labeling homogeneity across the proteome based on a single molecule fluorescence imaging assay. In our measurement using a HeLa cell sample, the proportion of proteins labeled with at least one dye, which we termed &#8216;labeling occupancy&#8217; (LO), was determined to range from 50% to 90%, supporting the high potential of the application of single molecule imaging to sensitive and precise proteome analysis.

Here, we present a protocol to assess the labeling homogeneity for each protein species in a complex protein sample at the single molecule level.

Quantificazione di tutto il proteoma di etichettatura omogeneità a livello di singola molecola

Cell proteomes are often characterized using electrophoresis assays, where all species of proteins in the cells are non-specifically labeled with a ...

Production of Dynein and Kinesin Motor Ensembles on DNA Origami Nanostructures for Single Molecule Observation

Cytoskeletal motors are responsible for a wide variety of functions in eukaryotic cells, including mitosis, cargo transport, cellular motility, and others. Many of these functions require motors to operate in ensembles. Despite a wealth of knowledge about the mechanisms of individual cytoskeletal motors, comparatively less is known about the mechanisms and emergent behaviors of motor ensembles, examples of which include changes to ensemble processivity and velocity with changing motor number, location, and configuration. Structural DNA nanotechnology, and the specific technique of DNA origami, enables the molecular construction of well-defined architectures of motor ensembles. The shape of cargo structures as well as the type, number and placement of motors on the structure can all be controlled. Here, we provide detailed protocols for producing these ensembles and observing them using total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy. Although these techniques have been specifically applied for cytoskeletal motors, the methods are generalizable to other proteins that assemble in complexes to accomplish their tasks. Overall, the DNA origami method for creating well-defined ensembles of motor proteins provides a powerful tool for dissecting the mechanisms that lead to emergent motile behavior.

The goal of this protocol is to form ensembles of molecular motors on DNA origami nanostructures and observe the ensemble motility using total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy.

Produzione di Dynein e Kinesin Motor Ensemble su nanostrutture DNA Origami per l'osservazione a singola molecola

Cytoskeletal motors are responsible for a wide variety of functions in eukaryotic cells, including mitosis, cargo transport, cellular motility, and ...

Single Cell Analysis Of Transcriptionally Active Alleles By Single Molecule FISH

Gene transcription is an essential process in cell biology, and allows cells to interpret and respond to internal and external cues. Traditional bulk population methods (Northern blot, PCR, and RNAseq) that measure mRNA levels lack the ability to provide information on cell-to-cell variation in responses. Precise single cell and allelic visualization and quantification is possible via single molecule RNA fluorescence in situ hybridization (smFISH). RNA-FISH is performed by hybridizing target RNAs with labeled oligonucleotide probes. These can be imaged in medium/high throughput modalities, and, through image analysis pipelines, provide quantitative data on both mature and nascent RNAs, all at the single cell level. The fixation, permeabilization, hybridization and imaging steps have been optimized in the lab over many years using the model system described herein, which results in successful and robust single cell analysis of smFISH labeling. The main goal with sample preparation and processing is to produce high quality images characterized by a high signal-to-noise ratio to reduce false positives and provide data that are more accurate. Here, we present a protocol describing the pipeline from sample preparation to data analysis in conjunction with suggestions and optimization steps to tailor to specific samples.&#160;

Single molecule RNA fluorescence in situ hybridization (smFISH) is a method to accurately quantify levels and localization of specific RNAs at the single cell level. Here, we report our validated lab protocols for wet-bench processing, imaging and image analysis for single cell quantification of specific RNAs.

Analisi a singola cellula di alleli trascrizionalmente attivi mediante FISH a singola molecola

Gene transcription is an essential process in cell biology, and allows cells to interpret and respond to internal and external cues. Traditional bulk ...

Single-Molecule Imaging of EWS-FLI1 Condensates Assembling on DNA

The fusion genes resulting from chromosomal translocation have been found in many solid tumors or leukemia. EWS-FLI1, which belongs to the FUS/EWS/TAF15 (FET) family of fusion oncoproteins, is one of the most frequently involved fusion genes in Ewing sarcoma. These FET family fusion proteins typically harbor a low-complexity domain (LCD) of FET protein at their N-terminus and a DNA-binding domain (DBD) at their C-terminus. EWS-FLI1 has been confirmed to form biomolecular condensates at its target binding loci due to LCD-LCD and LCD-DBD interactions, and these condensates can recruit RNA polymerase II to enhance gene transcription. However, how these condensates are assembled at their binding sites remains unclear. Recently, a single-molecule biophysics method-DNA Curtains-was applied to visualize these assembling processes of EWS-FLI1 condensates. Here, the detailed experimental protocol and data analysis approaches are discussed for the application of DNA Curtains in studying the biomolecular condensates assembling on target DNA.

Here, we describe the use of the single-molecule imaging method, DNA Curtains, to study the biophysical mechanism of EWS-FLI1 condensates assembling on DNA.

Imaging a singola molecola dell'assemblaggio di condensati EWS-FLI1 sul DNA

The fusion genes resulting from chromosomal translocation have been found in many solid tumors or leukemia. EWS-FLI1, which belongs to the FUS/EWS/TAF15 ...

An Optimized Single-Molecule Pull-Down Assay for Quantification of Protein Phosphorylation

Phosphorylation is a necessary posttranslational modification that regulates protein function and directs cell signaling outcomes. Current methods to measure protein phosphorylation cannot preserve the heterogeneity in phosphorylation across individual proteins. The single-molecule pull-down (SiMPull) assay was developed to investigate the composition of macromolecular complexes via immunoprecipitation of proteins on a glass coverslip followed by single-molecule imaging. The current technique is an adaptation of SiMPull that provides robust quantification of the phosphorylation state of full-length membrane receptors at the single-molecule level. Imaging thousands of individual receptors in this way allows for quantifying protein phosphorylation patterns. The present protocol details the optimized SiMPull procedure, from sample preparation to imaging. Optimization of glass preparation and antibody fixation protocols further enhances data quality. The current protocol provides code for the single-molecule data analysis that calculates the fraction of receptors phosphorylated within a sample. While this work focuses on phosphorylation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), the protocol can be generalized to other membrane receptors and cytosolic signaling molecules.

The present protocol describes sample preparation and data analysis to quantify protein phosphorylation using an improved single-molecule pull-down (SiMPull) assay.

Un test di pull-down a singola molecola ottimizzato per la quantificazione della fosforilazione delle proteine

Phosphorylation is a necessary posttranslational modification that regulates protein function and directs cell signaling outcomes. Current methods to ...

Imaging del movimento di Cdc45/Mcm2-7/GINS, completamente ricostituito (CMG)

Hybrid Ensemble and Single-molecule Assay to Image the Motion of Fully Reconstituted CMG

Eukaryotes have one replicative helicase known as CMG, which centrally organizes and drives the replisome, and leads the way at the front of replication forks. Obtaining a deep mechanistic understanding of the dynamics of CMG is critical to elucidating how cells achieve the enormous task of efficiently and accurately replicating their entire genome once per cell cycle. Single-molecule techniques are uniquely suited to quantify the dynamics of CMG due to their unparalleled temporal and spatial resolution. Nevertheless, single-molecule studies of CMG motion have thus far relied on pre-formed CMG purified from cells as a complex, which precludes the study of the steps leading up to its activation. Here, we describe a hybrid ensemble and single-molecule assay that allowed imaging at the single-molecule level of the motion of fluorescently labeled CMG after fully reconstituting its assembly and activation from 36 different purified S. cerevisiae polypeptides. This assay relies on the double functionalization of the ends of a linear DNA substrate with two orthogonal attachment moieties, and can be adapted to study similarly complex DNA-processing mechanisms at the single-molecule level.

Autore in primo piano: Indagine sulla dinamica del movimento dei componenti del replosoma eucariotico a livello di singola molecola

We report a hybrid ensemble and single-molecule assay to directly image and quantify the motion of fluorescently labeled, fully reconstituted Cdc45/Mcm2-7/GINS (CMG) helicase on linear DNA molecules held in place in an optical trap.

Saggio ibrido di ensemble e singola molecola per l'imaging del movimento di CMG completamente ricostituito

Eukaryotes have one replicative helicase known as CMG, which centrally organizes and drives the replisome, and leads the way at the front of replication ...