Gli autori desiderano ringraziare il NINDS, FightSMA, e le famiglie di SMA per il sostegno finanziario. SEGL è supportato da una formazione NINDS concessione # 5T32NS077984-02.

Tutte le procedure elencate nel protocollo sono stati approvati Istituto per uso animale e del comitato Care (IACUC), della Ohio State University. 1. Preparazione del lavoro <ol><li> Raccogliere ghiaccio, per anestetizzare i cuccioli di topo, una gabbia vuota per separare diga dalla lettiera, un microscopio da dissezione, una fonte di luce che può essere posizionato in un angolo per l&#39;iniezione (uso di una sorgente di luce a 90 ° &#160; angolo rispetto al sito di iniezione oscura la vena), una superficie pulita per posizionare l&#39;animale per l&#39;iniezione, tamponi di cotone, 3/10 cc siringa da insulina con 3/8 &quot;30 ago G (uno per animale) e l&#39;1% Evans Blu Dye ( fatta con) una soluzione tampone fosfato salino (PBS) per la formazione. </li><li> Rimuovere la diga di una gabbia separata, mentre la manipolazione dei cuccioli. </li></ol> Procedura 2. Iniezione <ol><li> Posizionare un cucciolo direttamente sul ghiaccio umido per 30-60 secondi per anestetizzare l&#39;animale. Non lasciare tegli animali sul ghiaccio troppo a lungo a causa di un rischio di complicanze legate ipotermia, tra cui la fibrillazione ventricolare, ipossia tissutale e acidosi metabolica. NOTA: La nostra esperienza è che 30-60 secondi è sufficiente a rallentare i movimenti cucciolo per consentire l&#39;iniezione. Se è necessaria l&#39;anestesia profonda, inalanti, come 1-2% isoflurano può essere opportuno. </li><li> Mentre l&#39;animale è sul ghiaccio, caricare la siringa con 30 ml di Evans colorante blu. </li><li> Quando l&#39;animale è completamente anestetizzato, confermata dalla mancanza di movimento sul ghiaccio mentre ancora respirando, spostarlo al microscopio. Per un&#39;iniezione mano destra, di fronte il muso dell&#39;animale a destra. Posizionare il dito indice sinistro sul muso e la caudale dito medio sinistro per il cuscinetto auricolare in modo che il cuscinetto auricolare è tra l&#39;indice e il medio (Figura 1). </li><li> Esaminare solo anteriore per il cuscinetto auricolare per una capillare superficiale che si muove quando la pelle viene manipolato. Questa capillare non è l&#39;obiettivo, maidentificazione è importante per l&#39;identificazione della vena temporale. Quindi, individuare un buio, vena ombra inferiore alla capillare che rimane fissa a prescindere dalla posizione della pelle. La vena temporale appare in ombra, corre dorsale a ventrale, e alimenta la vena giugulare (Figura 1). </li><li> Inserisci la vena temporale con l&#39;ago smusso up. Se inserita correttamente, è possibile visualizzare le bisello dell&#39;ago riempiono di sangue attraverso la pelle. Quindi premere il pistone lentamente e nota pallore della vena lungo il lato del viso. </li><li> Lasciare l&#39;ago di rimanere all&#39;interno della vena per l&#39;aggiunta di un 10-15 secondi per impedire il riflusso del injectant. </li></ol> 3. Post-iniezione <ol><li> Dopo un&#39;iniezione adeguata, il cucciolo dovrebbe diventare blu quasi immediatamente. Rimuovere l&#39;ago e usare la forza gentile per applicare un tampone di cotone sul sito di iniezione fino a quando i coaguli di sangue. </li><li> Monitorare il cucciolo per segni di sofferenza. Lasciare il cucciolo 2-3 minuti per recuperare e riscaldare, recognize quando il cucciolo è cosciente, in posizione verticale e in movimento, prima di tornare in gabbia. Coppa dei cuccioli nelle mani guantate del ricercatore di fornire calore appropriato per aiutare nel recupero, se necessario. In alternativa, inserire una piastra elettrica sotto la gabbia a casa per facilitare il riscaldamento il cucciolo iniettato. In genere dopo l&#39;iniezione colorante blu Evans, eutanasia cuccioli. Non includere colorante quando si inietta materiale di prova. </li><li> Posizionare il cucciolo nella gabbia casa e garantire il cucciolo è rivestito con biancheria da letto e / o nestlet per garantire il reinserimento dalla diga. </li><li> Utilizzare una nuova siringa e un batuffolo di cotone per ogni cucciolo di mantenere la sterilità. </li></ol>

<ol><li>Foust, K. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Intravascular+AAV9+preferentially+targets+neonatal+neurons+and+adult+astrocytes%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Nature%22%5BJournal%5D)">Intravascular AAV9 preferentially targets neonatal neurons and adult astrocytes.</a> Nature. 27, 59-65 (2009).</li>
<li>Dominguez, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Intravenous+scAAV9+delivery+of+a+codon-optimized+SMN1+sequence+rescues+SMA+mice%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Human+molecular+genetics%22%5BJournal%5D)">Intravenous scAAV9 delivery of a codon-optimized SMN1 sequence rescues SMA mice.</a> Human molecular genetics. 20, 681-693 (2011).</li>
<li>Rahim, A. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Intravenous+administration+of+AAV2%2F9+to+the+fetal+and+neonatal+mouse+leads+to+differential+targeting+of+CNS+cell+types+and+extensive+transduction+of+the+nervous+system%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22FASEB+journal+%3A+official+publication+of+the+Federation+of+American+Societies+for+Experimental+Biology%22%5BJournal%5D)">Intravenous administration of AAV2/9 to the fetal and neonatal mouse leads to differential targeting of CNS cell types and extensive transduction of the nervous system.</a> FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology. 25, 3505-3518 (2011).</li>
<li>Foust, K. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Rescue+of+the+spinal+muscular+atrophy+phenotype+in+a+mouse+model+by+early+postnatal+delivery+of+SMN%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Nat+Biotechnol%22%5BJournal%5D)">Rescue of the spinal muscular atrophy phenotype in a mouse model by early postnatal delivery of SMN.</a> Nat Biotechnol. 28, 271-274 (2010).</li>
<li>Duque, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Intravenous+administration+of+self-complementary+AAV9+enables+transgene+delivery+to+adult+motor+neurons%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Mol+Ther%22%5BJournal%5D)">Intravenous administration of self-complementary AAV9 enables transgene delivery to adult motor neurons.</a> Mol Ther. 17, 1187-1196 (2009).</li>
<li>Bostick, B., Ghosh, A., Yue, Y., Long, C., Duan, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Systemic+AAV-9+transduction+in+mice+is+influenced+by+animal+age+but+not+by+the+route+of+administration%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Gene+Ther%22%5BJournal%5D)">Systemic AAV-9 transduction in mice is influenced by animal age but not by the route of administration.</a> Gene Ther. 14, 1605-1609 (2007).</li>
<li>Miyake, N., Miyake, K., Yamamoto, M., Hirai, Y., Shimada, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Global+gene+transfer+into+the+CNS+across+the+BBB+after+neonatal+systemic+delivery+of+single-stranded+AAV+vectors%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Brain+research%22%5BJournal%5D)">Global gene transfer into the CNS across the BBB after neonatal systemic delivery of single-stranded AAV vectors.</a> Brain research. 1389, 19-26 (2011).</li>
<li>Porensky, P. N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((A+single+administration+of+morpholino+antisense+oligomer+rescues+spinal+muscular+atrophy+in+mouse%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Human+molecular+genetics%22%5BJournal%5D)">A single administration of morpholino antisense oligomer rescues spinal muscular atrophy in mouse.</a> Human molecular genetics. 21, 1625-1638 (2012).</li>
<li>Hua, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Peripheral+SMN+restoration+is+essential+for+long-term+rescue+of+a+severe+spinal+muscular+atrophy+mouse+model%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Nature%22%5BJournal%5D)">Peripheral SMN restoration is essential for long-term rescue of a severe spinal muscular atrophy mouse model.</a> Nature. 478, 123-126 (2011).</li>
<li>Kienstra, K. A., Freysdottir, D., Gonzales, N. M., Hirschi, K. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Murine+neonatal+intravascular+injections%3A+modeling+newborn+disease%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Journal+of+the+American+Association+for+Laboratory+Animal+Science+%3A+JAALAS%22%5BJournal%5D)">Murine neonatal intravascular injections: modeling newborn disease.</a> Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science : JAALAS. 46, 50-54 (2007).</li>
<li>Glascock, J. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Delivery+of+therapeutic+agents+through+intracerebroventricular+%28ICV%29+and+intravenous+%28IV%29+injection+in+mice%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22J.+vis.+Exp%22%5BJournal%5D)">Delivery of therapeutic agents through intracerebroventricular (ICV) and intravenous (IV) injection in mice.</a> J. vis. Exp. (56), (2011).</li>
<li>Sands, M. S., Barker, J. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Percutaneous+intravenous+injection+in+neonatal+mice%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Laboratory+animal+science%22%5BJournal%5D)">Percutaneous intravenous injection in neonatal mice.</a> Laboratory animal science. 49, 328-330 (1999).</li>
<li>Bevan, A. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Early+heart+failure+in+the+SMNDelta7+model+of+spinal+muscular+atrophy+and+correction+by+postnatal+scAAV9-SMN+delivery%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Human+molecular+genetics%22%5BJournal%5D)">Early heart failure in the SMNDelta7 model of spinal muscular atrophy and correction by postnatal scAAV9-SMN delivery.</a> Human molecular genetics. 19, 3895-3905 (2010).</li>
<li>Valori, C. F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Systemic+delivery+of+scAAV9+expressing+SMN+prolongs+survival+in+a+model+of+spinal+muscular+atrophy%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Science+translational+medicine%22%5BJournal%5D)">Systemic delivery of scAAV9 expressing SMN prolongs survival in a model of spinal muscular atrophy.</a> Science translational medicine. 2, (2010).</li>
<li>Foust, K. D., Poirier, A., Pacak, C. A., Mandel, R. J., Flotte, T. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Neonatal+intraperitoneal+or+intravenous+injections+of+recombinant+adeno-associated+virus+type+8+transduce+dorsal+root+ganglia+and+lower+motor+neurons%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Hum+Gene+Ther%22%5BJournal%5D)">Neonatal intraperitoneal or intravenous injections of recombinant adeno-associated virus type 8 transduce dorsal root ganglia and lower motor neurons.</a> Hum Gene Ther. 19, 61-70 (2008).</li>
<li>Guggenbuhl, P., Grosbois, B., Chales, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Gaucher+disease%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Joint%2C+bone%2C+spine+%3A+revue+du+rhumatisme%22%5BJournal%5D)">Gaucher disease.</a> Joint, bone, spine : revue du rhumatisme. 75, 116-124 (2008).</li>
<li>Daly, T. M., Vogler, C., Levy, B., Haskins, M. E., Sands, M. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Neonatal+gene+transfer+leads+to+widespread+correction+of+pathology+in+a+murine+model+of+lysosomal+storage+disease%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Proc+Natl+Acad+Sci+U+S+A%22%5BJournal%5D)">Neonatal gene transfer leads to widespread correction of pathology in a murine model of lysosomal storage disease.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 96, 2296-2300 (1999).</li>
<li>Daly, T. M., Ohlemiller, K. K., Roberts, M. S., Vogler, C. A., Sands, M. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Prevention+of+systemic+clinical+disease+in+MPS+VII+mice+following+AAV-mediated+neonatal+gene+transfer%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Gene+Ther%22%5BJournal%5D)">Prevention of systemic clinical disease in MPS VII mice following AAV-mediated neonatal gene transfer.</a> Gene Ther. 8, 1291-1298 (2001).</li>
<li>Wang, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Juvenile+neuronal+ceroid+lipofuscinoses%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Advances+in+experimental+medicine+and+biology%22%5BJournal%5D)">Juvenile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses.</a> Advances in experimental medicine and biology. 724, 138-142 (2012).</li>
<li>Forsythe, E., Beales, P. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Bardet-Biedl+syndrome%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22European+journal+of+human+genetics%22%5BJournal%5D)">Bardet-Biedl syndrome.</a> European journal of human genetics. 21, 8-13 (2013).</li>
<li>Bevan, A. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Systemic+gene+delivery+in+large+species+for+targeting+spinal+cord%2C+brain%2C+and+peripheral+tissues+for+pediatric+disorders%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Mol+Ther%22%5BJournal%5D)">Systemic gene delivery in large species for targeting spinal cord, brain, and peripheral tissues for pediatric disorders.</a> Mol Ther. 19, 1971-1980 (2011).</li>
<li>Yardeni, T., Eckhaus, M., Morris, H. D., Huizing, M., Hoogstraten-Miller, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Retro-orbital+injections+in+mice%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Lab+animal%22%5BJournal%5D)">Retro-orbital injections in mice.</a> Lab animal. 40, 155-160 (2011).</li>
<li>Saunders, N. R., Joakim Ek, C., Dziegielewska, K. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((The+neonatal+blood-brain+barrier+is+functionally+effective%2C+and+immaturity+does+not+explain+differential+targeting+of+AAV9%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Nature+biotechnology%22%5BJournal%5D)">The neonatal blood-brain barrier is functionally effective, and immaturity does not explain differential targeting of AAV9.</a> Nature biotechnology. 27, 804-805 (2009).</li>
<li>Foust, K. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Therapeutic+AAV9-mediated+suppression+of+mutant+SOD1+slows+disease+progression+and+extends+survival+in+models+of+inherited+ALS%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Mol+Ther%22%5BJournal%5D)">Therapeutic AAV9-mediated suppression of mutant SOD1 slows disease progression and extends survival in models of inherited ALS.</a> Mol Ther. 21, 2148-2159 (2013).</li>
</ol>

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Consegna intravascolare di agenti al sistema nervoso centrale o in tutto il corpo è difficile in modelli murini di malattie neonatali. Il protocollo descritto è un modo rapido, relativamente non invasivo per somministrare per via endovenosa di soluzioni in topi neonati con requisiti di equipaggiamento minimo. Sebbene faccia temporale vena può essere visto ad occhio nudo, iniezioni possono avere una maggiore precisione con l&#39;uso del microscopio e sorgente di luce a fibre ottiche, in particolare per un iniettore in...

Consegna di terapie del sistema nervoso centrale (SNC) in modelli murini di malattia pediatrica rimane una sfida. I topi che modello patologie neonatali sono sottodimensionati e in maniera immatura, e quindi può essere difficile da iniettare direttamente in strutture adeguate all&#39;interno del sistema nervoso centrale. Iniezione intravascolare di agenti terapeutici è un non-invasiva, metodo ben tollerato per fornire cellule, droghe, o vettori virali per tutto il corpo, compreso il sistema nervoso centrale e della retina 1-5 3,5-9. Pubblicazioni precedenti descrivono temporale iniezione faccia vena utilizzando un transilluminatore 10,11, senza un microscopio dissezione 11,12, o che richiedono due individui a iniettare 10. La tecnica di iniezione descritto in questo protocollo è vantaggioso perché un singolo individuo può iniettare cuccioli, e la sorgente di luce per visualizzare la vena temporale non tocca il cucciolo, eliminando la necessità di nastro chirurgico o l&#39;attacco di un cucciolo di una superficie fissacome un transilluminatore 11. Consegna di adeno-associato vettore virale sierotipo 9 (AAV9) nei topi produce robusta espressione nei neuroni e astrociti in tutto il cervello e il midollo spinale (Figura 1). Consegna intravascolare di vettori virali nella superficiale vena facciale temporale è stato utilizzato in modo affidabile in vari studi in topi neonati per trattare il disturbo neuromuscolare pediatrica Atrofia Muscolare Spinale (SMA) 2,4,13,14 e, infine, ha aumentato la durata della vita dei topi trattati. Iniezione intravascolare di topi neonati anche gli obiettivi in modo efficace il sistema nervoso periferico e organi periferici (Figura 2). Dopo l&#39;iniezione di AAV, trasduzione dei gangli spinali, fegato, cuore, muscolo scheletrico, del polmone e del plesso mioenterico dell&#39;intestino è stato osservato 1,3,6,7,15. Trasduzione diffusa del SNC e della periferia rende questo metodo di iniezione ideale per le malattie che richiedono espressione globaleun transgene, come la malattia di 16 e di altre malattie da accumulo lisosomiale di Gaucher 17,18, la malattia di Batten e relativi lipofuscinoses ceroid neuronali, 19 e la sindrome di Bardet-Biedl, una malattia multisistemica genetico con insorgenza dei sintomi che si verificano nella prima infanzia 20. Iniezione intravascolare in topi neonatale dovrebbe essere considerato come un nuovo metodo di malattie pediatriche modellazione a livello di sistema. Questa tecnica è stato tradotto in modelli animali di maggiori dimensioni 5,21 e l&#39;iniezione intravascolare esiste già come un metodo clinicamente accettabile di fornire terapie. L&#39;attuale protocollo descrive un metodo semplice e efficace di diffondere agenti a topi neonati attraverso il volto superficiale vena temporale entro e non oltre postnatale giorno 2. iniezione può essere completato da un singolo, praticata individuale ed è ben tollerato sia dai cuccioli e le dighe. Pups sperimentano disagio minimo e recuperare rapidamente. ImportanTLY, iniezione di successo si tradurrà nella consegna globale dell&#39;agente somministrato. Questo protocollo è appropriato per la consegna di vettori virali, agenti farmaceutici o cellule di topi appena nati.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Thinpro insulin syringe</td><td>Terumo</td><td>SS30M3009</td><td>3/10 cc, 3/8&quot; needle, 30 G, 1 per mouse</td></tr><tr><td>Evans blue dye</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>E2129</td><td>Dilute to 1% with 1x Phosphate Buffered Saline</td></tr><tr><td>Cotton tipped applicators</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>23-400-101</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fiber optic light source</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>12-562-36</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dissecting microscope</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

intravenous injections in neonatal mice

L&#39;iniezione endovenosa è un modo clinicamente applicabile per fornire terapie. Per i roditori adulti e animali più grandi, iniezioni endovenose sono tecnicamente fattibili e di routine. Tuttavia, alcuni modelli di mouse possono avere insorgenza precoce della malattia, con una progressione rapida che rende la somministrazione di potenziali terapie difficile. La vena temporale (o facciale) è appena anteriore alla auricolare nei topi ed è chiaramente visibile per i primi due giorni dopo la nascita su entrambi i lati della testa utilizzando un microscopio da dissezione. In questa finestra, la vena temporale può essere iniettato con volumi fino a 50 microlitri. L&#39;iniezione è sicuro e ben tollerato sia dai cuccioli e le dighe. Una tipica procedura di iniezione è completata entro 1-2 minuti, dopo di che il cucciolo viene restituito alla gabbia a casa. Con il terzo giorno dopo la nascita la vena è difficile da visualizzare e la procedura di iniezione diventa tecnicamente inaffidabile. Questa tecnica è stata utilizzata per la consegna del virus adeno-associato (AAV) vectRUP, che a loro volta possono fornire, espressione del transgene stabile quasi scala corpo per la vita dell&#39;animale a seconda del sierotipo virale prescelto.

Durante una iniezione corretta, la vena deve momentaneamente girare chiaro, o sbollentare. Se l&#39;iniezione di tingere l&#39;intero cucciolo dovrebbe diventare blu in pochi secondi. Se si è verificato un iniezione improprio, vi è spesso un bolo sottocutaneo concentrato nella testa o al collo e injectant può fuoriuscire dal sito di iniezione. Iniezioni scorrette possono anche provocare la comparsa di lividi intorno alla gola. Cuccioli che ricevono iniezioni sottocutanee (cioè l&#39;iniezione non è stato c...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Intravenous Injections in Neonatal Mice at JoVE.com

Intravenous Injections in Neonatal Mice

Modelli animali di malattia pediatrica possono sperimentare insorgenza precoce e la progressione della malattia aggressiva. Erogazione di una terapia clinicamente rilevanti per modelli giovani del mouse può essere tecnicamente difficile. Questo protocollo descrive un metodo di iniezione endovenosa non invasivo per topi neonati entro i primi due giorni di vita postnatale.

Le iniezioni per via endovenosa nel topo neonatale

Intravenous injection is a clinically applicable manner to deliver therapeutics. For adult rodents and larger animals, intravenous injections are ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

58.4K Views.  Ohio State University.  Modelli animali di malattia pediatrica possono sperimentare insorgenza precoce e la progressione della malattia aggressiva. Erogazione di una terapia clinicamente rilevanti per modelli giovani del mouse può essere tecnicamente difficile. Questo protocollo descrive un metodo di iniezione endovenosa non invasivo per topi neonati entro i primi due giorni di vita postnatale. 

Video: Intravenous Injections in Neonatal Mice

Delivery of Therapeutic Agents Through Intracerebroventricular (ICV) and Intravenous (IV) Injection in Mice

Despite the protective role that blood brain barrier plays in shielding the brain, it limits the access to the central nervous system (CNS) which most often results in failure of potential therapeutics designed for neurodegenerative disorders 1,2. Neurodegenerative diseases such as Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA), in which the lower motor neurons are affected, can benefit greatly from introducing the therapeutic agents into the CNS. The purpose of this video is to demonstrate two different injection paradigms to deliver therapeutic materials into neonatal mice soon after birth. One of these methods is injecting directly into cerebral lateral ventricles (Intracerebroventricular) which results in delivery of materials into the CNS through the cerebrospinal fluid 3,4. The second method is a temporal vein injection (intravenous) that can introduce different therapeutics into the circulatory system, leading to systemic delivery including the CNS 5. Widespread transduction of the CNS is achievable if an appropriate viral vector and viral serotype is utilized. Visualization and utilization of the temporal vein for injection is feasible up to postnatal day 6. However, if the delivered material is intended to reach the CNS, these injections should take place while the blood brain barrier is more permeable due to its immature status, preferably prior to postnatal day 2. The fully developed blood brain barrier greatly limits the effectiveness of intravenous delivery. Both delivery systems are simple and effective once the surgical aptitude is achieved. They do not require any extensive surgical devices and can be performed by a single person. However, these techniques are not without challenges. The small size of postnatal day 2 pups and the subsequent small target areas can make the injections difficult to perform and initially challenging to replicate.

Delivery of Therapeutic Agents Through Intracerebroventricular ICV and Intravenous IV Injection in Mice

This article demonstrates two very different methods of injection: 1) into the brain (intracerebroventricular) and 2) systemic (intravenous) to introduce the therapeutic agents into the central nervous system of neonatal mice.

Consegna di agenti terapeutici attraverso intracerebroventricolare (ICV) e per via endovenosa (ev) nei topi

Despite the protective role that blood brain barrier plays in shielding the brain, it limits the access to the central nervous system (CNS) which most ...

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Medicina

Use of In vivo Imaging to Monitor the Progression of Experimental Mouse Cytomegalovirus Infection in Neonates

Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV or HHV-5) is a life-threatening pathogen in immune-compromised individuals. Upon congenital or neonatal infection, the virus can infect and replicate in the developing brain, which may induce severe neurological damage, including deafness and mental retardation. Despite the potential severity of the symptoms, the therapeutic options are limited by the unavailability of a vaccine and the absence of a specific antiviral therapy. Furthermore, a precise description of the molecular events occurring during infection of the central nervous system (CNS) is still lacking since observations mostly derive from the autopsy of infected children. Several animal models, such as rhesus macaque CMV, have been developed and provided important insights into CMV pathogenesis in the CNS. However, despite its evolutionary proximity with humans, this model was limited by the intracranial inoculation procedure used to infect the animals and consistently induce CNS infection. Furthermore, ethical considerations have promoted the development of alternative models, among which neonatal infection of newborn mice with mouse cytomegalovirus (MCMV) has recently led to significant advances. For instance, it was reported that intraperitoneal injection of MCMV to Balb/c neonates leads to infection of neurons and glial cells in specific areas of the brain. These findings suggested that experimental inoculation of mice might recapitulate the deficits induced by HCMV infection in children. Nevertheless, a dynamic analysis of MCMV infection of neonates is difficult to perform because classical methodology requires the sacrifice of a significant number of animals at different time points to analyze the viral burden and/or immune-related parameters. To circumvent this bottleneck and to enable future investigations of rare mutant animals, we applied in vivo imaging technology to perform a time-course analysis of the viral dissemination in the brain upon peripheral injection of a recombinant MCMV expressing luciferase to C57Bl/6 neonates.

Use of In vivo Imaging to Monitor the Progression of Experimental Mouse Cytomegalovirus Infection in Neonates

Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection of neonates represents an important cause of mental retardation, yet the molecular events leading to virus-induced pathogenesis are still poorly understood. To investigate the dynamics of brain infection, we adapted whole-animal in vivo imaging to perform time-course analysis of neonates infected with a luciferase-recombinant virus.

Uso di<em&gt; In vivo</em&gt; Imaging per monitorare la progressione della Sperimentale mouse infezione da citomegalovirus nei neonati

Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV or HHV-5) is a life-threatening  pathogen in immune-compromised individuals. Upon congenital or neonatal  infection, the virus ...

Immunologia e infezioni

Intravenous and Intra-amniotic In Utero Transplantation in the Murine Model

In utero transplantation (IUT) is a unique and versatile mode of therapy that can be used to introduce stem cells, viral vectors, or any other substances early in the gestation. The rationale behind IUT for therapeutic purposes is based on the small size of the fetus, the fetal immunologic immaturity, the accessibility and proliferative nature of the fetal stem or progenitor cells, and the potential to treat a disease or the onset of symptoms prior to birth. Taking advantage of these normal developmental properties of the fetus, the delivery of hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) via an IUT has the potential to treat congenital hematologic disorders such as sickle cell disease, without the required myeloablative or immunosuppressive conditioning required for postnatal HSC transplants. Similarly, the accessibility of progenitor cells in multiple organs during development potentially allows for a more efficient targeting of stem/progenitor cells following an IUT of viral vectors for gene therapy or genome editing. Additionally, IUT can be used to study normal developmental processes including, but not limited to, the development of immunologic tolerance. The murine model provides a valuable and affordable means to understanding the potential and limitations of IUT prior to pre-clinical large animal studies and an eventual clinical application. Here, we describe a protocol for performing an IUT in the murine fetus through intravenous and intra-amniotic routes. This protocol has been used successfully to elucidate the necessary conditions and mechanisms behind in utero hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, tolerance induction, and in utero gene therapy.

Intravenous and Intra-amniotic In Utero Transplantation in the Murine Model

We describe a protocol for performing an in utero transplantation (IUT) through intravenous and intra-amniotic routes of injection in the murine model. This protocol can be used to introduce cells, viral vectors, and other substances into the unique immune-tolerant fetal environment.

Endovenosa e Intra-amniotic nell'Utero trapianto nel modello murino

In utero transplantation (IUT) is a unique and versatile mode of therapy that can be used to introduce stem cells, viral vectors, or any other substances ...

Biologia dello sviluppo

Intracerebroventricular Viral Injection of the Neonatal Mouse Brain for Persistent and Widespread Neuronal Transduction

With the pace of scientific advancement accelerating rapidly, new methods are needed for experimental neuroscience to quickly and easily manipulate gene expression in the mouse brain. Here we describe a technique first introduced by Passini and Wolfe for direct intracranial delivery of virally-encoded transgenes into the neonatal mouse brain. In its most basic form, the procedure requires only an ice bucket and a microliter syringe. However, the protocol can also be adapted for use with stereotaxic frames to improve consistency for researchers new to the technique. The method relies on the ability of adeno-associated virus (AAV) to move freely from the cerebral ventricles into the brain parenchyma while the ependymal lining is still immature during the first 12-24 hr after birth. Intraventricular injection of AAV at this age results in widespread transduction of neurons throughout the brain. Expression begins within days of injection and persists for the lifetime of the animal. Viral titer can be adjusted to control the density of transduced neurons, while co-expression of a fluorescent protein provides a vital label of transduced cells. With the rising availability of viral core facilities to provide both off-the-shelf, pre-packaged reagents and custom viral preparation, this approach offers a timely method for manipulating gene expression in the mouse brain that is fast, easy, and far less expensive than traditional germline engineering.

Here we demonstrate a technique for widespread neuronal transduction by intraventricular injection of adeno-associated virus into the neonatal mouse brain. This method provides a rapid and easy way to attain lifelong expression of virally-delivered transgenes.

Intracerebroventricular Iniezione virale del cervello neonatale mouse per persistente e diffusa trasduzione neuronale

With the pace of scientific advancement accelerating rapidly, new methods are needed for experimental neuroscience to quickly and easily manipulate gene ...

Neuroscienze

Intracerebroventricular and Intravascular Injection of Viral Particles and Fluorescent Microbeads into the Neonatal Brain

In the study on the pathogenesis of viral encephalitis, the infection method is critical. The first of the two main infectious routes to the brain is the hematogenous route, which involves infection of the endothelial cells and pericytes of the brain. The second is the intracerebroventricular (ICV) route. Once within the central nervous system (CNS), viruses may spread to the subarachnoid space, meninges, and choroid plexus via the cerebrospinal fluid. In experimental models, the earliest stages of CNS viral distribution are not well characterized, and it is unclear whether only certain cells are initially infected. Here, we have analyzed the distribution of cytomegalovirus (CMV) particles during the acute phase of infection, termed primary viremia, following ICV or intravascular (IV) injection into the neonatal mouse brain. In the ICV injection model, 5 &#181;l of murine CMV (MCMV) or fluorescent microbeads were injected into the lateral ventricle at the midpoint between the ear and eye using a 10-&#181;l syringe with a 27 G needle. In the IV injection model, a 1-ml syringe with a 35 G needle was used. A transilluminator was used to visualize the superficial temporal (facial) vein of the neonatal mouse. We infused 50 &#181;l of MCMV or fluorescent microbeads into the superficial temporal vein. Brains were harvested at different time points post-injection. MCMV genomes were detected using the in situ hybridization method. Fluorescent microbeads or green fluorescent protein expressing recombinant MCMV particles were observed by fluorescent microscopy. These techniques can be applied to many other pathogens to investigate the pathogenesis of encephalitis.

Here, we describe a simple method of intracerebroventricular and intravascular injection of viral particles or fluorescent microbeads into the neonatal mouse brain. The localization pattern of the virus and nanoparticles could be detected by microscopic evaluation or by in situ hybridization.

Intracerebroventricular e intravascolare Iniezione di Viral particelle e fluorescenti microperle nel cervello neonatale

In the study on the pathogenesis of viral encephalitis, the infection method is critical. The first of the two main infectious routes to the brain is the ...

Esecuzione di iniezioni intracerebroventricolari nei topi utilizzando un approccio a mano libera

Free-Hand Intracerebroventricular Injections in Mice

The investigation of neuroendocrine systems often requires the delivery of drugs, viruses, or other experimental agents directly into the brains of mice. An intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection allows the widespread delivery of the experimental agent throughout the brain (particularly in the structures near the ventricles). Here, methods for making free-hand ICV injections in adult mice are described. By using visual and tactile landmarks on the heads of mice, injections into the lateral ventricles can be made rapidly and reliably. The injections are made with a glass syringe held in the experimenter&#39;s hand and placed at approximate distances from the landmarks. Thus, this technique does not require a stereotaxic frame. Furthermore, this technique requires only brief isoflurane anesthesia, which permits the subsequent assessment of mouse behavior and/or physiology in awake, freely behaving mice. Free-hand ICV injection is a powerful tool for the efficient delivery of experimental agents into the brains of living mice and can be combined with other techniques such as frequent blood sampling, neural circuit manipulation, or in vivo recording to investigate neuroendocrine processes.

Autore in primo piano: approfondimenti, innovazioni e strade future nel neurocontrollo riproduttivo 

Here, a simple and rapid approach for performing intracerebroventricular injections in mice using a free-hand approach (that is, without a stereotaxic device) is described.

Iniezioni intracerebroventricolari a mano libera nei topi

The investigation of neuroendocrine systems often requires the delivery of drugs, viruses, or other experimental agents directly into the brains of mice. ...

A Neonatal Rodent Model of Retroorbital Vein Injection

Intravenous (iv) injection is the most used route of drug administration in neonates in the clinical setting. Therefore, retroorbital vein injection is an important method for compound administration in research, where successful proof-of-concept studies can progress into much-needed neonatal clinical trials. Most intravenous studies in neonatal rodents use the superficial temporal/facial vein. However, retroorbital injection becomes unreliable in neonatal rodents older than 2 days after the skin darkens and the vein is no longer visible. In the present protocol, we describe the retroorbital injection of the venous sinus in both the neonatal mouse and rat at ages when the superficial temporal vein is no longer visible, but the eyes have not opened yet. Eye-opening facilitates retro-orbital injection by enabling the researcher to clearly see that they are not perforating the eye when inserting the needle. We demonstrate that this technique can be performed in a reliable and reproducible manner without adverse effects. Additionally, we show that it can be used in many studies, such as administering compounds to study neonatal brain injury.

This protocol aims to demonstrate a reproducible venous administration route that can be used in rats and mice throughout the neonatal period. This procedure is important for preclinical rodent studies that wish to mirror drug administration in neonatal care units primarily using intravenous administration.

Un modello di roditore neonatale di iniezione venosa retroorbitaria

Intravenous (iv) injection is the most used route of drug administration in neonates in the clinical setting. Therefore, retroorbital vein injection is an ...

Un protocollo completo per la somministrazione di iniezioni intratecali nei topi neonatali

Intrathecal Injection of Newborn Mouse for Genome Editing and Drug Delivery

Intrathecal injection is a commonly employed procedure in both pediatric and adult clinics, serving as an effective means to administer medications and treatments. By directly delivering medications and treatments into the cerebrospinal fluid of the central nervous system, this method achieves higher localized drug concentrations while reducing systemic side-effects compared to other routes such as intravenous, subcutaneous, or intramuscular injections. Its importance extends beyond clinical settings, as intrathecal injection plays a vital role in preclinical studies focused on treating neurogenetic disorders in rodents and other large animals, including non-human primates. However, despite its widespread application, intrathecal injection in young, particularly neonatal pups, poses significant technical challenges due to their small size and fragile nature. Successful and reliable administration of intrathecal injections in newborn mice requires meticulous attention to detail and careful consideration of various factors. Thus, there is a crucial need for a standardized protocol that not only provides instructions but also highlights key technical considerations and good laboratory practices to ensure procedural consistency, as well as the safety and welfare of the animals.
To address this unmet need, we present a detailed and comprehensive protocol for performing intrathecal injections specifically in newborn pups on postnatal day 1 (P1). By following the step-by-step instructions, researchers can confidently perform intrathecal injections in neonatal pups, enabling the accurate delivery of drugs, antisense oligos, and viruses for gene replacement or genome editing-based treatments. Furthermore, the importance of adhering to good laboratory practices is emphasized to maintain the well-being of animals and ensure reliable experimental outcomes. This protocol aims to address the technical challenges associated with intrathecal injections in neonatal mice, ultimately facilitating advances in the field of neurogenetic research that aims to develop potential therapeutic interventions.

Autore in primo piano: Iniezione intratecale: un metodo di somministrazione efficiente e affidabile per testare l'efficacia dell'editing genetico nel cervello di topo neonatale

The present protocol outlines step-by-step instructions for performing intrathecal injections in neonatal mice for gene editing and drug delivery.

Iniezione intratecale di topo neonato per l'editing del genoma e la somministrazione di farmaci

Intrathecal injection is a commonly employed procedure in both pediatric and adult clinics, serving as an effective means to administer medications and ...

Le iniezioni per via endovenosa nel topo neonatale

Riepilogo

Esplora Altri Video

Consegna di agenti terapeutici attraverso intracerebroventricolare (ICV) e per via endovenosa (ev) nei topi

Uso di

Endovenosa e Intra-amniotic nell'Utero trapianto nel modello murino

Intracerebroventricular Iniezione virale del cervello neonatale mouse per persistente e diffusa trasduzione neuronale

Intracerebroventricular e intravascolare Iniezione di Viral particelle e fluorescenti microperle nel cervello neonatale

Iniezioni intracerebroventricolari a mano libera nei topi

Iniezioni intracerebroventricolari a mano libera nei topi

Iniezioni intracerebroventricolari a mano libera nei topi

Un modello di roditore neonatale di iniezione venosa retroorbitaria

Iniezione intratecale di topo neonato per l'editing del genoma e la somministrazione di farmaci