Gli autori desiderano ringraziare il NINDS, FightSMA, e le famiglie di SMA per il sostegno finanziario. SEGL è supportato da una formazione NINDS concessione # 5T32NS077984-02.

Tutte le procedure elencate nel protocollo sono stati approvati Istituto per uso animale e del comitato Care (IACUC), della Ohio State University. 1. Preparazione del lavoro <ol><li> Raccogliere ghiaccio, per anestetizzare i cuccioli di topo, una gabbia vuota per separare diga dalla lettiera, un microscopio da dissezione, una fonte di luce che può essere posizionato in un angolo per l&#39;iniezione (uso di una sorgente di luce a 90 ° &#160; angolo rispetto al sito di iniezione oscura la vena), una superficie pulita per posizionare l&#39;animale per l&#39;iniezione, tamponi di cotone, 3/10 cc siringa da insulina con 3/8 &quot;30 ago G (uno per animale) e l&#39;1% Evans Blu Dye ( fatta con) una soluzione tampone fosfato salino (PBS) per la formazione. </li><li> Rimuovere la diga di una gabbia separata, mentre la manipolazione dei cuccioli. </li></ol> Procedura 2. Iniezione <ol><li> Posizionare un cucciolo direttamente sul ghiaccio umido per 30-60 secondi per anestetizzare l&#39;animale. Non lasciare tegli animali sul ghiaccio troppo a lungo a causa di un rischio di complicanze legate ipotermia, tra cui la fibrillazione ventricolare, ipossia tissutale e acidosi metabolica. NOTA: La nostra esperienza è che 30-60 secondi è sufficiente a rallentare i movimenti cucciolo per consentire l&#39;iniezione. Se è necessaria l&#39;anestesia profonda, inalanti, come 1-2% isoflurano può essere opportuno. </li><li> Mentre l&#39;animale è sul ghiaccio, caricare la siringa con 30 ml di Evans colorante blu. </li><li> Quando l&#39;animale è completamente anestetizzato, confermata dalla mancanza di movimento sul ghiaccio mentre ancora respirando, spostarlo al microscopio. Per un&#39;iniezione mano destra, di fronte il muso dell&#39;animale a destra. Posizionare il dito indice sinistro sul muso e la caudale dito medio sinistro per il cuscinetto auricolare in modo che il cuscinetto auricolare è tra l&#39;indice e il medio (Figura 1). </li><li> Esaminare solo anteriore per il cuscinetto auricolare per una capillare superficiale che si muove quando la pelle viene manipolato. Questa capillare non è l&#39;obiettivo, maidentificazione è importante per l&#39;identificazione della vena temporale. Quindi, individuare un buio, vena ombra inferiore alla capillare che rimane fissa a prescindere dalla posizione della pelle. La vena temporale appare in ombra, corre dorsale a ventrale, e alimenta la vena giugulare (Figura 1). </li><li> Inserisci la vena temporale con l&#39;ago smusso up. Se inserita correttamente, è possibile visualizzare le bisello dell&#39;ago riempiono di sangue attraverso la pelle. Quindi premere il pistone lentamente e nota pallore della vena lungo il lato del viso. </li><li> Lasciare l&#39;ago di rimanere all&#39;interno della vena per l&#39;aggiunta di un 10-15 secondi per impedire il riflusso del injectant. </li></ol> 3. Post-iniezione <ol><li> Dopo un&#39;iniezione adeguata, il cucciolo dovrebbe diventare blu quasi immediatamente. Rimuovere l&#39;ago e usare la forza gentile per applicare un tampone di cotone sul sito di iniezione fino a quando i coaguli di sangue. </li><li> Monitorare il cucciolo per segni di sofferenza. Lasciare il cucciolo 2-3 minuti per recuperare e riscaldare, recognize quando il cucciolo è cosciente, in posizione verticale e in movimento, prima di tornare in gabbia. Coppa dei cuccioli nelle mani guantate del ricercatore di fornire calore appropriato per aiutare nel recupero, se necessario. In alternativa, inserire una piastra elettrica sotto la gabbia a casa per facilitare il riscaldamento il cucciolo iniettato. In genere dopo l&#39;iniezione colorante blu Evans, eutanasia cuccioli. Non includere colorante quando si inietta materiale di prova. </li><li> Posizionare il cucciolo nella gabbia casa e garantire il cucciolo è rivestito con biancheria da letto e / o nestlet per garantire il reinserimento dalla diga. </li><li> Utilizzare una nuova siringa e un batuffolo di cotone per ogni cucciolo di mantenere la sterilità. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Foust, K. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intravascular+AAV9+preferentially+targets+neonatal+neurons+and+adult+astrocytes.">Intravascular AAV9 preferentially targets neonatal neurons and adult astrocytes.</a> Nature. 27, 59-65 (2009).</li><li>Dominguez, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intravenous+scAAV9+delivery+of+a+codon-optimized+SMN1+sequence+rescues+SMA+mice.">Intravenous scAAV9 delivery of a codon-optimized SMN1 sequence rescues SMA mice.</a> Human molecular genetics. 20, 681-693 (2011).</li><li>Rahim, A. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intravenous+administration+of+AAV2/9+to+the+fetal+and+neonatal+mouse+leads+to+differential+targeting+of+CNS+cell+types+and+extensive+transduction+of+the+nervous+system.">Intravenous administration of AAV2/9 to the fetal and neonatal mouse leads to differential targeting of CNS cell types and extensive transduction of the nervous system.</a> FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology. 25, 3505-3518 (2011).</li><li>Foust, K. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rescue+of+the+spinal+muscular+atrophy+phenotype+in+a+mouse+model+by+early+postnatal+delivery+of+SMN.">Rescue of the spinal muscular atrophy phenotype in a mouse model by early postnatal delivery of SMN.</a> Nat Biotechnol. 28, 271-274 (2010).</li><li>Duque, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intravenous+administration+of+self-complementary+AAV9+enables+transgene+delivery+to+adult+motor+neurons.">Intravenous administration of self-complementary AAV9 enables transgene delivery to adult motor neurons.</a> Mol Ther. 17, 1187-1196 (2009).</li><li>Bostick, B., Ghosh, A., Yue, Y., Long, C., Duan, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Systemic+AAV-9+transduction+in+mice+is+influenced+by+animal+age+but+not+by+the+route+of+administration.">Systemic AAV-9 transduction in mice is influenced by animal age but not by the route of administration.</a> Gene Ther. 14, 1605-1609 (2007).</li><li>Miyake, N., Miyake, K., Yamamoto, M., Hirai, Y., Shimada, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Global+gene+transfer+into+the+CNS+across+the+BBB+after+neonatal+systemic+delivery+of+single-stranded+AAV+vectors.">Global gene transfer into the CNS across the BBB after neonatal systemic delivery of single-stranded AAV vectors.</a> Brain research. 1389, 19-26 (2011).</li><li>Porensky, P. 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E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Percutaneous+intravenous+injection+in+neonatal+mice.">Percutaneous intravenous injection in neonatal mice.</a> Laboratory animal science. 49, 328-330 (1999).</li><li>Bevan, A. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Early+heart+failure+in+the+SMNDelta7+model+of+spinal+muscular+atrophy+and+correction+by+postnatal+scAAV9-SMN+delivery.">Early heart failure in the SMNDelta7 model of spinal muscular atrophy and correction by postnatal scAAV9-SMN delivery.</a> Human molecular genetics. 19, 3895-3905 (2010).</li><li>Valori, C. F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Systemic+delivery+of+scAAV9+expressing+SMN+prolongs+survival+in+a+model+of+spinal+muscular+atrophy.">Systemic delivery of scAAV9 expressing SMN prolongs survival in a model of spinal muscular atrophy.</a> Science translational medicine. 2, (2010).</li><li>Foust, K. D., Poirier, A., Pacak, C. A., Mandel, R. J., Flotte, T. 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Consegna intravascolare di agenti al sistema nervoso centrale o in tutto il corpo è difficile in modelli murini di malattie neonatali. Il protocollo descritto è un modo rapido, relativamente non invasivo per somministrare per via endovenosa di soluzioni in topi neonati con requisiti di equipaggiamento minimo. Sebbene faccia temporale vena può essere visto ad occhio nudo, iniezioni possono avere una maggiore precisione con l&#39;uso del microscopio e sorgente di luce a fibre ottiche, in particolare per un iniettore in...

Consegna di terapie del sistema nervoso centrale (SNC) in modelli murini di malattia pediatrica rimane una sfida. I topi che modello patologie neonatali sono sottodimensionati e in maniera immatura, e quindi può essere difficile da iniettare direttamente in strutture adeguate all&#39;interno del sistema nervoso centrale. Iniezione intravascolare di agenti terapeutici è un non-invasiva, metodo ben tollerato per fornire cellule, droghe, o vettori virali per tutto il corpo, compreso il sistema nervoso centrale e della retina 1-5 3,5-9. Pubblicazioni precedenti descrivono temporale iniezione faccia vena utilizzando un transilluminatore 10,11, senza un microscopio dissezione 11,12, o che richiedono due individui a iniettare 10. La tecnica di iniezione descritto in questo protocollo è vantaggioso perché un singolo individuo può iniettare cuccioli, e la sorgente di luce per visualizzare la vena temporale non tocca il cucciolo, eliminando la necessità di nastro chirurgico o l&#39;attacco di un cucciolo di una superficie fissacome un transilluminatore 11. Consegna di adeno-associato vettore virale sierotipo 9 (AAV9) nei topi produce robusta espressione nei neuroni e astrociti in tutto il cervello e il midollo spinale (Figura 1). Consegna intravascolare di vettori virali nella superficiale vena facciale temporale è stato utilizzato in modo affidabile in vari studi in topi neonati per trattare il disturbo neuromuscolare pediatrica Atrofia Muscolare Spinale (SMA) 2,4,13,14 e, infine, ha aumentato la durata della vita dei topi trattati. Iniezione intravascolare di topi neonati anche gli obiettivi in modo efficace il sistema nervoso periferico e organi periferici (Figura 2). Dopo l&#39;iniezione di AAV, trasduzione dei gangli spinali, fegato, cuore, muscolo scheletrico, del polmone e del plesso mioenterico dell&#39;intestino è stato osservato 1,3,6,7,15. Trasduzione diffusa del SNC e della periferia rende questo metodo di iniezione ideale per le malattie che richiedono espressione globaleun transgene, come la malattia di 16 e di altre malattie da accumulo lisosomiale di Gaucher 17,18, la malattia di Batten e relativi lipofuscinoses ceroid neuronali, 19 e la sindrome di Bardet-Biedl, una malattia multisistemica genetico con insorgenza dei sintomi che si verificano nella prima infanzia 20. Iniezione intravascolare in topi neonatale dovrebbe essere considerato come un nuovo metodo di malattie pediatriche modellazione a livello di sistema. Questa tecnica è stato tradotto in modelli animali di maggiori dimensioni 5,21 e l&#39;iniezione intravascolare esiste già come un metodo clinicamente accettabile di fornire terapie. L&#39;attuale protocollo descrive un metodo semplice e efficace di diffondere agenti a topi neonati attraverso il volto superficiale vena temporale entro e non oltre postnatale giorno 2. iniezione può essere completato da un singolo, praticata individuale ed è ben tollerato sia dai cuccioli e le dighe. Pups sperimentano disagio minimo e recuperare rapidamente. ImportanTLY, iniezione di successo si tradurrà nella consegna globale dell&#39;agente somministrato. Questo protocollo è appropriato per la consegna di vettori virali, agenti farmaceutici o cellule di topi appena nati.

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			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Name of Material/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Thinpro Insulin Syringe</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">Terumo</td>
			<td>SS30M3009</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">3/10cc, 3/8&#34; needle, 30G, 1 per mouse</td>
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		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Evans Blue Dye</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">E2129</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">Dilute to 1% with 1X Phosphate Buffered Saline&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Cotton Tipped Applicators</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">Fisher Scientific&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">23-400-101</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Fiber Optic Light Source&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">Fisher Scientific&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">12-562-36</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Dissecting Microscope</td>
			<td style="width:103px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
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intravenous injections in neonatal mice

L&#39;iniezione endovenosa è un modo clinicamente applicabile per fornire terapie. Per i roditori adulti e animali più grandi, iniezioni endovenose sono tecnicamente fattibili e di routine. Tuttavia, alcuni modelli di mouse possono avere insorgenza precoce della malattia, con una progressione rapida che rende la somministrazione di potenziali terapie difficile. La vena temporale (o facciale) è appena anteriore alla auricolare nei topi ed è chiaramente visibile per i primi due giorni dopo la nascita su entrambi i lati della testa utilizzando un microscopio da dissezione. In questa finestra, la vena temporale può essere iniettato con volumi fino a 50 microlitri. L&#39;iniezione è sicuro e ben tollerato sia dai cuccioli e le dighe. Una tipica procedura di iniezione è completata entro 1-2 minuti, dopo di che il cucciolo viene restituito alla gabbia a casa. Con il terzo giorno dopo la nascita la vena è difficile da visualizzare e la procedura di iniezione diventa tecnicamente inaffidabile. Questa tecnica è stata utilizzata per la consegna del virus adeno-associato (AAV) vectRUP, che a loro volta possono fornire, espressione del transgene stabile quasi scala corpo per la vita dell&#39;animale a seconda del sierotipo virale prescelto.

Durante una iniezione corretta, la vena deve momentaneamente girare chiaro, o sbollentare. Se l&#39;iniezione di tingere l&#39;intero cucciolo dovrebbe diventare blu in pochi secondi. Se si è verificato un iniezione improprio, vi è spesso un bolo sottocutaneo concentrato nella testa o al collo e injectant può fuoriuscire dal sito di iniezione. Iniezioni scorrette possono anche provocare la comparsa di lividi intorno alla gola. Cuccioli che ricevono iniezioni sottocutanee (cioè l&#39;iniezione non è stato c...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Intravenous Injections in Neonatal Mice at JoVE.com

Intravenous Injections in Neonatal Mice

Modelli animali di malattia pediatrica possono sperimentare insorgenza precoce e la progressione della malattia aggressiva. Erogazione di una terapia clinicamente rilevanti per modelli giovani del mouse può essere tecnicamente difficile. Questo protocollo descrive un metodo di iniezione endovenosa non invasivo per topi neonati entro i primi due giorni di vita postnatale.

Le iniezioni per via endovenosa nel topo neonatale

Intravenous injection is a clinically applicable manner to deliver therapeutics. For adult rodents and larger animals, intravenous injections are ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

57.8K Views.  Ohio State University.  Modelli animali di malattia pediatrica possono sperimentare insorgenza precoce e la progressione della malattia aggressiva. Erogazione di una terapia clinicamente rilevanti per modelli giovani del mouse può essere tecnicamente difficile. Questo protocollo descrive un metodo di iniezione endovenosa non invasivo per topi neonati entro i primi due giorni di vita postnatale. 

Video: Intravenous Injections in Neonatal Mice

Heterotopic Heart Transplantation in Mice

The mouse heterotopic heart transplantation has been used widely since it was introduced by Drs. Corry and Russell in 1973. It is particularly valuable for studying rejection and immune response now that newer transgenic and gene knockout mice are available, and a large number of immunologic reagents have been developed. The heart transplant model is less stringent than the skin transplant models, although technically more challenging. We have developed a modified technique and have completed over 1000 successful cases of heterotopic heart transplantation in mice. When making anastomosis of the ascending aorta and abdominal aorta, two stay sutures are placed at the proximal and distal apexes of recipient abdominal aorta with the donor s ascending aorta, then using 11-0 suture for anastomosis on both side of aorta with continuing sutures. The stay sutures make the anastomosis easier and 11-0 is an ideal suture size to avoid bleeding and thrombosis.
When making anastomosis of pulmonary artery and inferior vena cava, two stay sutures are made at the proximal apex and distal apex of the recipient s inferior vena cava with the donor s pulmonary artery. The left wall of the inferior vena cava and donor s pulmonary artery is closed with continuing sutures in the inside of the inferior vena cava after, one knot with the proximal apex stay suture the right wall of the inferior vena cava and the donor s pulmonary artery are closed with continuing sutures outside the inferior vena cave with 10-0 sutures. This method is easier to perform because anastomosis is made just on the one side of the inferior vena cava and 10-0 sutures is the right size to avoid bleeding and thrombosis. In this article, we provide details of the technique to supplement the video.

The mouse heterotopic heart transplantation model has been proven by many investigators to be an important method for studying mechanisms of rejection and immune response. However, the techniques involved are still challenging. By modifying standard techniques we have had success with more than 1000 transplants.

Il trapianto cardiaco eterotopico nel Mice

The mouse heterotopic heart transplantation has been used widely since it was introduced by Drs. Corry and Russell in 1973. It is particularly valuable ...

Ricerca

Biologia

Small Bowel Transplantation In Mice

Since 1990, the development of tacrolimus-based immunosuppression and improved surgical techniques, the increased array of potent immunosuppressive medications, infection prophylaxis, and suitable patient selection helped improve actuarial graft and patient survival rates for all types of intestine transplantation. Patients with irreversible intestinal failure and complications of parenteral nutrition should now be routinely considered for small intestine transplantation. However, Survival rates for small intestinal transplantation have been slow to improve compares increasingly favorably with renal, liver, heart and lung. The small bowel transplantation is still unsatisfactory compared with other organs. Further progress may depend on better understanding of immunology and physiology of the graft and can be greatly facilitated by animal models. A wider use of mouse small bowel transplantation model is needed in the study of immunology and physiology of the transplantation gut as well as efficient methods in diagnosing early rejection. However, this model is limited to use because the techniques involved is an extremely technically challenging. We have developed a modified technique. When making anastomosis of portal vein and inferior vena cava, two stay sutures are made at the proximal apex and distal apex of the recipient s inferior vena cava with the donor s portal vein. The left wall of the inferior vena cava and donor s portal vein is closed with continuing sutures in the inside of the inferior vena cava after, after one knot with the proximal apex stay suture the right wall of the inferior vena cava and the donor s portal vein are closed with continuing sutures outside the inferior vena cave with 10-0 sutures. This method is easier to perform because anastomosis is made just on the one side of the inferior vena cava and 10-0 sutures is the right size to avoid bleeding and thrombosis.  In this article, we provide details of the technique to supplement the video.

The mouse small bowel transplantation model has been recognized as an important tool to study mechanismes of immune rejection and screen new immunosuppressive drugs. However, this model is limited to use because the techniques involved is an extremely technically challenge. Now we introduce the modified technique.

Trapianto di intestino piccolo Nei topi

Since 1990, the development of tacrolimus-based immunosuppression and improved surgical techniques, the increased array of potent immunosuppressive ...

Transverse Aortic Constriction in Mice

Transverse aortic constriction (TAC) in the mouse is a commonly used experimental model for pressure overload-induced cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure.1 TAC initially leads to compensated hypertrophy of the heart, which often is associated with a temporary enhancement of cardiac contractility. Over time, however, the response to the chronic hemodynamic overload becomes maladaptive, resulting in cardiac dilatation and heart failure.2 The murine TAC model was first validated by Rockman et al.1, and has since been extensively used as a valuable tool to mimic human cardiovascular diseases and elucidate fundamental signaling processes involved in the cardiac hypertrophic response and heart failure development. When compared to other experimental models of heart failure, such as complete occlusion of the left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery, TAC provides a more reproducible model of cardiac hypertrophy and a more gradual time course in the development of heart failure. Here, we describe a step-by-step procedure to perform surgical TAC in mice. To determine the level of pressure overload produced by the aortic ligation, a high frequency Doppler probe is used to measure the ratio between blood flow velocities in the right and left carotid arteries.3, 4 With surgical survival rates of 80-90%, transverse aortic banding is an effective technique of inducing left ventricular hypertrophy and heart failure in mice.

Transverse aortic constriction (TAC) in the mouse is a commonly used experimental model to study mechanisms underlying cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure development. Here, we describe procedures to constrict the aorta to create a reproducible degree of cardiac hypertrophy in mice.

Aortica costrizione trasversale nei topi

Transverse aortic constriction (TAC) in the mouse is a commonly used experimental model for pressure overload-induced cardiac hypertrophy and heart ...

Ambulatory ECG Recording in Mice

Telemetric ECG recording in mice is essential to understanding the mechanisms behind arrhythmias, conduction disorders, and sudden cardiac death. Although the surface ECG is utilized for short-term measurements of waveform intervals, it is not practical for long-term studies of heart rate variability or the capture of rare episodes of arrhythmias. Implantable ECG telemeters offer the advantages of simple surgical implantation, long-term recording of electrograms in ambulatory mice, and scalability with simultaneous recordings of multiple animals. Here, we present a step-by-step guide to the implantation of telemeters for ambulatory ECG recording in mice. Careful adherence to aseptic technique is required for favorable survival results with the possibility of implantation and recording from weeks to months. Thus, implantable ECG telemetry is a valuable tool for detection of critical information on cardiac electrophysiology in ambulatory animal models such as the mouse. 

Telemetric ECG has emerged as an essential tool in evaluating animal models for cardiac arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death. Here, we present a stepwise guide to telemetric ECG recordings for application in long-term ambulatory ECG monitoring in mice.

La registrazione ECG ambulatoriale nei topi

Telemetric ECG recording in mice is essential to understanding the mechanisms behind arrhythmias, conduction disorders, and sudden cardiac death. Although ...

Intravenous Microinjections of Zebrafish Larvae to Study Acute Kidney Injury

In this video article we describe a zebrafish model of AKI using gentamicin as the nephrotoxicant.  The technique consists of intravenous microinjections on 2 dpf zebrafish. This technique represents an efficient and rapid method to deliver soluble substances into the bloodstream of zebrafish larvae, allowing for the injection of 15-20 fish per hour. In addition to AKI studies, this microinjection technique can also be used for other types of experimental studies such as angiography.  We provide a detailed protocol of the technique from equipment required to visual measures of decreased kidney function. In addition, we also demonstrate the process of fixation, whole mount immunohistochemistry with a kidney tubule marker, plastic embedding and sectioning of the larval zebrafish. We demonstrate that zebrafish larvae injected with gentamicin show morphological features consistent with AKI: edema, loss of cell polarity in proximal tubular epithelial cells, and morphological disruption of the tubule.

We describe a technique of microinjecting the aminoglycoside, gentamicin, into 2 days post-fetilization (dpf) zebrafish larvae to induce acute kidney injury (AKI). We also describe a method for whole mount immunohistochemistry, plastic embedding and sectioning of zebrafish larvae to visualize the AKI mediated damage.

Microiniezioni endovenosa di larve Zebrafish allo Studio danno renale acuto

In this video article we describe a zebrafish model of AKI using gentamicin as the nephrotoxicant.  The technique consists of intravenous microinjections ...

Isolation and Culture of Pulmonary Endothelial Cells from Neonatal Mice

Endothelial cells provide a useful research model in many areas of vascular biology. Since its first isolation 1, human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) have shown to be convenient, easy to obtain and culture, and thus are the most widely studied endothelial cells. However, for research focused on processes like angiogenesis, permeability or many others, microvascular endothelial cells (ECs) are a much more physiologically relevant model to study 2. Furthermore, ECs isolated from knockout mice provide a useful tool for analysis of protein function ex vivo. Several approaches to isolate and culture microvascular ECs of different origin have been reported to date 3-7, but consistent isolation and culture of pure ECs is still a major technical problem in many laboratories. Here, we provide a step-by-step protocol on a reliable and relatively simple method of isolating and culturing mouse lung endothelial cells (MLECs). In this approach, lung tissue obtained from 6- to 8-day old pups is first cut into pieces, digested with collagenase/dispase (C/D) solution and dispersed mechanically into single-cell suspension. MLECS are purified from cell suspension using positive selection with anti-PECAM-1 antibody conjugated to Dynabeads using a Magnetic Particle Concentrator (MPC). Such purified cells are cultured on gelatin-coated tissue culture (TC) dishes until they become confluent. At that point, cells are further purified using Dynabeads coupled to anti-ICAM-2 antibody. MLECs obtained with this protocol exhibit a cobblestone phenotype, as visualized by phase-contrast light microscopy, and their endothelial phenotype has been confirmed using FACS analysis with anti-VE-cadherin 8 and anti-VEGFR2 9 antibodies and immunofluorescent staining of VE-cadherin. In our hands, this two-step isolation procedure consistently and reliably yields a pure population of MLECs, which can be further cultured. This method will enable researchers to take advantage of the growing number of knockout and transgenic mice to directly correlate in vivo studies with results of in vitro experiments performed on isolated MLECs and thus help to reveal molecular mechanisms of vascular phenotypes observed in vivo.

Here, we describe a protocol for isolation and culture of murine pulmonary endothelial cells. This method comprises mechanic and enzymatic lung tissue dissociation as well as a 2-step purification process using anti-PECAM-1 and anti-ICAM-2 antibodies conjugated to magnetic beads, which produces a pure endothelial cell population of mostly microvascular origin.

Isolamento e la coltura di cellule endoteliali polmonari da topi neonati

Endothelial cells provide a useful research model in many areas of vascular biology. Since its first isolation 1, human umbilical vein endothelial cells ...

Isolation and Culture of Neonatal Mouse Cardiomyocytes

Cultured neonatal cardiomyocytes have long been used to study myofibrillogenesis and myofibrillar functions. Cultured cardiomyocytes allow for easy investigation and manipulation of biochemical pathways, and their effect on the biomechanical properties of spontaneously beating cardiomyocytes.	
The following 2-day protocol describes the isolation and culture of neonatal mouse cardiomyocytes. We show how to easily dissect hearts from neonates, dissociate the cardiac tissue and enrich cardiomyocytes from the cardiac cell-population. We discuss the usage of different enzyme mixes for cell-dissociation, and their effects on cell-viability. The isolated cardiomyocytes can be subsequently used for a variety of morphological, electrophysiological, biochemical, cell-biological or biomechanical assays. We optimized the protocol for robustness and reproducibility, by using only commercially available solutions and enzyme mixes that show little lot-to-lot variability. We also address common problems associated with the isolation and culture of cardiomyocytes, and offer a variety of options for the optimization of isolation and culture conditions.

Primary mouse cardiomyocyte cultures are one of the pivotal tools for the investigation of myofibrillar organization and function. The following protocol describes the isolation and culture of primary cardiomyocytes from neonatal mouse hearts. The resulting cardiomyocyte cultures may be subsequently used for a variety of biomechanical, biochemical and cell-biological assays.

Isolamento e Cultura della neonatali mouse Cardiomyocytes

Cultured neonatal cardiomyocytes have long been used to study  myofibrillogenesis and myofibrillar functions. Cultured cardiomyocytes allow  for easy ...

Isolation of Pulmonary Artery Smooth Muscle Cells from Neonatal Mice

Pulmonary hypertension is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in infants. Historically, there has been significant study of the signaling pathways involved in vascular smooth muscle contraction in PASMC from fetal sheep. While sheep make an excellent model of term pulmonary hypertension, they are very expensive and lack the advantage of genetic manipulation found in mice. Conversely, the inability to isolate PASMC from mice was a significant limitation of that system. Here we described the isolation of primary cultures of mouse PASMC from P7, P14, and P21 mice using a variation of the previously described technique of Marshall et al.26 that was previously used to isolate rat PASMC. These murine PASMC represent a novel tool for the study of signaling pathways in the neonatal period. Briefly, a slurry of 0.5% (w/v) agarose + 0.5% iron particles in M199 media is infused into the pulmonary vascular bed via the right ventricle (RV). The iron particles are 0.2 &#956;M in diameter and cannot pass through the pulmonary capillary bed. Thus, the iron lodges in the small pulmonary arteries (PA). The lungs are inflated with agarose, removed and dissociated. The iron-containing vessels are pulled down with a magnet. After collagenase (80 U/ml) treatment and further dissociation, the vessels are put into a tissue culture dish in M199 media containing 20% fetal bovine serum (FBS), and antibiotics (M199 complete media) to allow cell migration onto the culture dish. This initial plate of cells is a 50-50 mixture of fibroblasts and PASMC. Thus, the pull down procedure is repeated multiple times to achieve a more pure PASMC population and remove any residual iron. Smooth muscle cell identity is confirmed by immunostaining for smooth muscle myosin and desmin.

We have developed a novel and reproducible technique to isolate primary cultures of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMC) from mice as young as P7, thereby allowing better study of the signaling pathways involved in neonatal smooth muscle cell contraction and relaxation.

Isolamento di polmonare cellule muscolari lisce di topi neonati

Pulmonary hypertension is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in infants. Historically, there has been significant study of the signaling ...

In Vivo SiRNA Transfection and Gene Knockdown in Spinal Cord via Rapid Noninvasive Lumbar Intrathecal Injections in Mice

This report describes a step-by-step guide to the technique of acute intrathecal needle injections in a noninvasive manner, i.e. independent of catheter implantation. The technical limitation of this surgical technique lies in the finesse of the hands. The injection is rapid, especially for a trained experimenter, and since tissue disruption with this technique is minimal, repeated injections are possible; moreover immune reaction to foreign tools (e.g. catheter) does not occur, thereby giving a better and more specific read out of spinal cord modulation. Since the application of the substance is largely limited to the target region of the spinal cord, drugs do not need to be applied in large dosages, and more importantly unwanted effects on other tissue, as observed with a systemic delivery, could be circumvented1,2. Moreover, we combine this technique with in vivo transfection of nucleic acid with the help of polyethylenimine (PEI) reagent3, which provides tremendous versatility for studying spinal functions via delivery of pharmacological agents as well as gene, RNA, and protein modulators.

In Vivo SiRNA Transfection and Gene Knockdown in Spinal Cord via Rapid Noninvasive Lumbar Intrathecal Injections in Mice

This report describes a simple and rapid technique of intrathecal needle puncture for a localized transfection of siRNA in the lumbar spinal cord in mouse under short lasting light anesthesia.

In Vivo trasfezione di siRNA e Gene Knockdown in Spinal Cord via rapida non invasiva lombare spinale iniezioni nei topi

This report describes a step-by-step guide to the technique of acute intrathecal needle injections in a noninvasive manner, i.e. independent of catheter ...

Isolation of Neonatal Extrahepatic Cholangiocytes

The intra and extrahepatic bile ducts of the liver are developmentally distinct, and may be differentially affected by certain diseases. However, differences between intra and extrahepatic cholangiocytes, and between neonatal and adult cells, are not well understood.
Methods for the isolation of cholangiocytes from intrahepatic bile ducts are well established1-4. Isolation of extrahepatic ductal cells, especially from the neonate, has not yet been described, although this would be of great benefit in understanding the differences between distinct cholangiocyte populations and in studying diseases such as biliary atresia that appear to target the extrahepatic ducts. Described here is an optimized technique to isolate both neonatal and adult mouse extrahepatic bile duct cells. This technique yields a pure cell population with minimal contamination from mesenchymal cells like fibroblasts.
This method is based on the removal of the extrahepatic ducts and gallbladder, followed by meticulous dissection and scraping to remove fat and fibroblast layers. Structures are embedded in thick layers of collagen and cultured for approximately 3 weeks to allow outgrowth of cholangiocytes in monolayers, which can then be trypsinized and re plated for experimental use.

A technique to isolate cholangiocytes from the extrahepatic bile ducts of neonatal mice is described. The ducts are meticulously dissected, and then cells are isolated by outgrowth in thick collagen gels. This method provides a useful tool for studying extrahepatic bile duct development and pathology.