Non-Invasive Compression-Induced Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) Injury and In Vivo Imaging of Protease Activity in Mice

Summary

Non-invasive ACL injury is a reliable and clinically relevant method for initiating post-traumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA) in mice. This injury method also allows for in vivo quantification of protease activity in the joint at early time points post-injury using protease-activatable near infrared probes and fluorescence reflectance imaging.

Abstract

Traumatic joint injuries such as anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture or meniscus tears commonly lead to post-traumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA) within 10-20 years following injury. Understanding the early biological processes initiated by joint injuries (e.g., inflammation, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), cathepsin proteases, bone resorption) is crucial for understanding the etiology of PTOA. However, there are few options for in vivo measurement of these biological processes, and the early biological responses may be confounded if invasive surgical techniques or injections are used to initiate OA. In our studies of PTOA, we have used commercially available near-infrared protease activatable probes combined with fluorescence reflectance imaging (FRI) to quantify protease activity in vivo following non-invasive compression-induced ACL injury in mice. This non-invasive ACL injury method closely recapitulates clinically relevant injury conditions and is completely aseptic since it does not involve disrupting the skin or the joint capsule. The combination of these injury and imaging methods allows us to study the time course of protease activity at multiple time points following a traumatic joint injury.

Introduction

Osteoarthritis is a pervasive health issue that affects millions of people in the United States¹. Post-traumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA) is a subset of OA that is initiated by a joint injury such as anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture, meniscus injury, or intra-articular fracture². The proportion of symptomatic OA patients that can be classified as PTOA is at least 12%³, and this etiology typically affects a younger population than idiopathic OA⁴. Mouse models of OA are crucial tools for investigating disease etiology and potential OA treatments on a much shorter timelin....

Protocol

All procedures described have been approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee at the University of California Davis. 3-month-old male C57BL/6J mice were used for the present study.

1. Non-invasive ACL injury

NOTE: ACL injury produced by an externally applied compressive load is a simple and reproducible method that closely recapitulates ACL injury conditions in humans. This protocol is written for a commercially available load frame i.......

Discussion

This protocol has established and rigorously described a reproducible, non-invasive method for inducing ACL injury in mice^20,21,24,33. This simple and efficient injury method can be performed in just a few minutes, which facilitates high-throughput studies of PTOA. This injury method also closely recapitulates injury conditions relevant to human ACL injury. Surgical methods used to induce OA in.......

Materials

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
10x Phosphate-Buffered Saline	Tissue Protech	PBS01-32R	or equivalent
Air Anesthetia System			Isoflurane vaporizor with induction chamber and nose cone
Buprenorphine			Analgesic post-injury
Depilatory Cream	Veet	B001KYPZ4G	or equivalent
Fixtures			Custom-made knee fixture, ankle fixture, and platform
IVIS Spectrum	Perkin Elmer	124262	Can also use comparable optical imaging system
Kimwipes	Kimberly-Clark Corporation	06-666	or equivalent
Living Image software	Perkin Elmer
Materials testing systems	TA Instruments		Electroforce 3200 or equivalent
ProSense680	Perkin Elmer	NEV10003	Can also use other probes such as OsteoSense, MMPSense, Cat K, AngioSense, etc.
Sterile Syringe with Needle	Spectrum Chemical Mfg. Corp.	550-82231-CS	Covidien 1 mL TB Syringe with 28 G x 1/2 in. Needle, Sterile or equivalent
Uniaxial load cell	TA Instruments		20 N capacity
Vortex-Genie 2	Scientific Industries, Inc.	SI-0236	or equivalent
WinTest software	TA Instruments		compatible with Electroforce 3200