Fonti di finanziamento: HL084087, HL089885, HL091475, S10RR027946, T32 GM07356

1. Preparazione per l&#39;imaging <ol><li> Iniziare da assicurare un mouse isoflurano anestetizzati ad un animale di gestione della piattaforma in posizione supina. Posizionare un cono sopra il naso dell&#39;animale e la bocca per fornire 0,5-1% isoflurano per mantenere l&#39;anestesia. </li><li> Fissare le zampe del mouse per gli elettrodi con gel conduttore. Garantire un&#39;adeguata ECG, la temperatura corporea a 37 ° C e controllare la frequenza respiratoria per la valutazione fisiologica durante l&#39;imaging. </li><li> Applicare la crema depilatoria al torace e all&#39;addome superiore del mouse. </li><li> Dopo 2 minuti, usare una garza umida per rimuovere la crema. </li></ol> 2. Vista da sinistra parasternale asse lungo <ol><li> Una volta che il mouse è stato preparato per l&#39;imaging, inclinare il lato sinistro della piattaforma per ruotare la piattaforma di trattamento degli animali di 30 gradi intorno all&#39;asse anterioposterior. </li><li> Orientare il trasduttore in posizione verticale e ruotare di 10 gradi in senso antiorario con la tacca rivolta verso la parte posteriore del mouse. </li><li> Quindi, mentre nella visualizzazione bidimensionale / video &quot;B-mode&quot;, abbassare il trasduttore sulla linea parasternale sinistra fino a quando il cuore entra in vista. Una volta che l&#39;arteria polmonare appare alla vista, di raccogliere le immagini e memorizzarle. </li><li> Sempre in B-mode, spostare il trasduttore sinistra oa destra fino a quando il flusso aortico e culmine entrare in vista. Alcuni rotazione della sonda può essere necessario per assicurare un corretto allineamento con l&#39;asse lungo del cuore. </li><li> Usa la cattura video per ottenere i dati per successive analisi. Ridurre al minimo il campo visivo per garantire il frame rate più elevato possibile a valle analisi ceppo regionale. Ogni volta che viene catturato un video, la prima 100 fotogrammi vengono salvati. </li><li> Passare alla modalità Color Doppler selezionando &quot;Color Doppler&quot;. Sebbene Color Doppler è disponibile da oltre 30 anni negli esseri umani, questa tecnologia solo recentemente è stato possibile in ecografia roditori. </li><li> Per monitorare rapidamente la direzione e la velocità del flusso sanguigno, la sovrapposizione finestra Doppler digitalizza il flusso dal rosso, che indica il flusso verso la sonda, al blu, che indica il flusso di distanza dalla sonda. Acquisire le immagini necessarie per la cattura delle immagini. </li><li> Una volta che tutti Color Doppler dati sono stati ottenuti, spegnere lo strumento di Pulse-Doppler a onda Mode, la visione unidimensionale utilizzati per valutare digitale direzione del flusso sanguigno e la velocità nel tempo. </li><li> Spostare la sonda leggermente verso la testa del mouse fino a quando l&#39;arteria polmonare entra in vista. Nel contesto di insufficienza cardiaca, PW / Colore misurazioni Doppler dell&#39;arteria polmonare può essere utilizzato come un surrogato per la funzione cardiaca destra. Catturare le immagini nel modo desiderato. </li></ol> 3. Sinistra metà papillare asse corto <ol><li> Asse corto ecocardiografia consente di visualizzare l&#39;intero ventricolo sinistro contrarre in maniera concentrica, e permette per un accurato B e M-mode valutazione in base della funzione cardiaca e morfometria. </li><li> In B-mode, dal punto di vista parasternale asse lungo, ruotare il trasduttore ortogonale a sinistra vista parasternale asse lungo a livello del muscolo papillare. </li><li> Garantire posizione corretta per tutta la lunghezza del ventricolo sinistro. Entrambi i muscoli papillari devono essere chiaramente visibili e separati, dando un orizzontale vista in sezione trasversale. </li><li> Con l&#39;M-mode, collocare il volume del campione attraverso il centro del ventricolo e acquisire i dati. </li><li> Se lo si desidera, allegare, avviare e utilizzare il 3-dimensionale motore per ottenere le immagini necessarie per la completa ricostruzione 3-dimensionale. </li><li> Le impostazioni di Fisiologia, tra cui frequenza respiratoria e ECG, sono fissati per l&#39;acquisizione di immagini 3D gate in telediastole </li><li> Il motore 3D imaging è iniziata per la cattura delle immagini in telediastole. </li><li> Una volta che il telediastole capture 3D è completo, le impostazioni per la fisiologia della frequenza respiratoria e l&#39;ECG sono fissati per il controllo dei cattura di immagini 3D in fine sistole </li><li> Il motore 3D imaging è iniziata per la cattura delle immagini in fine sistole. </li></ol> 4. Sottocostale (quattro camere) vista <ol><li> La vista sottocostale è l&#39;approccio migliore per misurare la competenza e gradienti di pressione attraverso la valvola mitrale. </li><li> Inclinare l&#39;angolo superiore sinistro della piattaforma fino in fondo. Orientare il trasduttore verso la spalla destra del mouse, mantenere la rotazione breve asse della sonda. </li><li> In B-mode, abbassare il trasduttore sopra l&#39;addome superiore in modo che resti al di sotto del diaframma. Visualizza la valvola mitrale con color Doppler, come descritto in precedenza. </li></ol> 5. Aortica vista <ol><li> Ruotare l&#39;animale di gestione della piattaforma in decubito laterale sinistro. Il lato sinistro della piattaforma deve essere inclinato per quanto possibile. Quindi, orientare il trasduttore, inclinato per quanto in alto possibile, per tutta la lunghezza del mouse a livello delscapola. </li><li> Abbassare il trasduttore inferiore alla spalla destra lungo la linea ascellare anteriore. Visualizza l&#39;arco aortico, e acquisire le immagini. </li><li> Alza la testa del topo, e abbassare il trasduttore nella soprasternale del mouse. Visualizzare il flusso di sangue con color Doppler, e di acquisire le immagini. </li></ol> 6. Rappresentante Risultati <ol><li> Si tratta di un asse lungo del cuore in B-mode che mostra sia il ventricolo sinistro e una piccola porzione del ventricolo destro. </li><li> Qui, vista sinistra asse corto di un altro cuore è stata presa in M-mode. L&#39;immagine in alto mostra la posizione della linea campione di volume in giallo attraverso il centro della camera. L&#39;immagine in basso è una traccia dimensionale della linea di cui sopra nel corso del tempo e calcoli di morfometria nei colori ciano </li><li> Questa è una visione dell&#39;arco aortico in B-mode. La valvola aortica chiusa si può vedere sulla sinistra ed i vasi sanguigni che irrorano la testa e gli arti superiori del mouse si può vedere sulla destra. </li><li> Analisi di deformazione radiale è stata effettuata su un topo prima di sviluppare una disfunzione cardiaca, mostrato nell&#39;immagine in alto, e un mouse con ipocinesia globale e dissincronia regionale, mostrato nell&#39;immagine in basso. Entrambi i fenotipi sono state indotte attraverso la costrizione aortica trasversali, un modello murino di aumento del postcarico. </li><li> Nella figura, il tempo viene visualizzato l&#39;asse x e la tensione radiale, in percentuale, viene visualizzato l&#39;asse y. Analisi ceppo permette di valutazione regionale della funzione cardiaca che potrebbero altrimenti passare inosservati in tecniche convenzionali come M-mode, che solo direttamente atti funzione della parete anteriore libero e la parete posteriore. </li><li> La parete anteriore libero è evidenziato in verde. La linea rosa indica la parete laterale è mostrata in rosa. La parete posteriore è mostrato in ciano. La parete inferiore libero è mostrato in blu. La parete posteriore del setto è evidenziata in giallo. Il setto anteriore è mostrato in magenta, e la media appare in bianco. </li></ol><img src="/files/ftp_upload/2100/2100fig1.jpg" alt="Figura 1" /> Figura 1. Parasternale sinistra vista lungo l&#39;asse in B-mode. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2100/2100fig2.jpg" alt="Figura 2" /> Figura 2. Vista da sinistra asse corto in M-mode. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2100/2100fig3.jpg" alt="Figura 3" /> Figura 3. Visualizza dell&#39;arco aortico in B-mode. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2100/2100fig4.jpg" alt="Figura 4" /> Figura 4. Analisi di deformazione radiale di due topi 12 settimane post-TAC. Verde = formica. parete libera. Rosa = parete laterale. Ciano = parete posteriore. Blu = inf. parete libera. Giallo = post. parete del setto. Magenta = setto anteriore. Nero = media A) Mouse con funzione preservata. B) Mouse con ipocinesia globale e dissincronia regionale.

<ol>
	<li>Patten, R. D., Hall-Porter, M. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Small+animal+models+of+heart+failure:+development+of+novel+therapies,+past+and+present.">Small animal models of heart failure: development of novel therapies, past and present.</a> Circ Heart Fail. 2, 138-144 (2009).</li><li>Li, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantification+and+MRI+Validation+of+Regional+Contractile+Dysfunction+in+Mice+Post+Myocardial+Infarction+Using+High+Resolution+Ultrasound.">Quantification and MRI Validation of Regional Contractile Dysfunction in Mice Post Myocardial Infarction Using High Resolution Ultrasound.</a> Ultrasound in Medicine &#38; Biology. 33, 894-904 (2007).</li><li>Gardin, J. M., Siri, F. M., Kitsis, R. N., Edwards, J. G., Leinwand, L. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Echocardiographic+Assessment+of+Left+Ventricular+Mass+and+Systolic+Function+in+Mice.">Echocardiographic Assessment of Left Ventricular Mass and Systolic Function in Mice.</a> Circ Res. 76, 907-914 (1995).</li><li>JG, S. t. e. v. e. n. s. o. n., Weiler, T. B. M., EA, H. o. w. a. r. d., Eyer, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Digital+multigate+Doppler+with+color+echo+and+Doppler+display+-+Diagnosis+of+atrial+and+ventricular+septal+defects.">Digital multigate Doppler with color echo and Doppler display - Diagnosis of atrial and ventricular septal defects.</a> Circulation. 60, (1979).</li><li>Patten, R. D., Aronovitz, M. J., Bridgman, P., Pandian, N. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Use+of+pulse+wave+and+color+flow+Doppler+echocardiography+in+mouse+models+of+human+disease.">Use of pulse wave and color flow Doppler echocardiography in mouse models of human disease.</a> J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 15, 708-714 (2002).</li><li>Hoit, B. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Echocardiographic+characterization+of+the+cardiovascular+phenotype+in+rodent+models.">Echocardiographic characterization of the cardiovascular phenotype in rodent models.</a> Toxicol Pathol. 34, 105-110 (2006).</li></ol>

Pistner, Belmonte, Blaxall: Nulla di rivelare Coulthard è un dipendente a tempo pieno di Visualsonics.

Ecocardiografia seriale ad alta frequenza è emersa come un potente strumento per non invasiva, ad alta risoluzione valutazione della morfologia cardiaca e funzione, in particolare nei modelli murini di malattie cardiache. Mantenimento della temperatura fisiologica del corpo e della frequenza cardiaca comparabili tra topi, regolando il livello di anestesia prima di acquisizione delle immagini, è fondamentale per il successo di questo metodo. Tutte le immagini devono essere ottenuti con il biomarker stesso (ad esempio i...

A correction was made to <a href="http://www.jove.com/index/details.stp?id=2100">Murine echocardiography and ultrasound imaging</a>. There was an error in the author, Burns Blaxalls', name and the article title. The authors name has been corrected to:
Burns C. Blaxall
instead of:
Burns Blaxall
The article title was changed to:
Murine Echocardiography and Ultrasound Imaging
instead of:
Murine echocardiography and ultrasound imaging

A correction to an author's name and the article title has been made for the article Murine echocardiography and ultrasound imaging.

Erratum: Murine echocardiography and ultrasound imaging

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<td>Vevo 2100 Imaging System (120V)</td>
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murine echocardiography and ultrasound imaging

Modelli di roditori della fisiopatologia cardiaca rappresenta un prezioso strumento di ricerca per studiare meccanismo della malattia e testare nuove terapie 1. Ecocardiografia fornisce un potente strumento non invasivo per valutare in serie morfometria cardiaco e funzione in un animale vivo. 2 Tuttavia, utilizzando questa tecnica sui topi pone sfide uniche a causa delle piccole dimensioni e la frequenza cardiaca rapida di questi animali. 3 Fino a poco tempo, sistemi a ultrasuoni pochi erano in grado di eseguire l&#39;ecocardiografia qualità sui topi, e quelli generalmente mancava la risoluzione dell&#39;immagine e il frame rate necessarie per ottenere misurazioni quantitative veramente . Sistemi appena rilasciata come il Vevo2100 VisualSonics fornire nuovi strumenti ai ricercatori di indagare con attenzione e in modo non invasivo la funzione cardiaca nei topi. Questo sistema genera immagini ad alta risoluzione e fornisce funzionalità di analisi simili a quelli usati con i pazienti umani. Sebbene color Doppler è disponibile da oltre 30 anni negli esseri umani, questa preziosa tecnologia solo recentemente è stato possibile in ecografia roditori. 4,5 Color Doppler ha ampie applicazioni per l&#39;ecocardiografia, tra cui la possibilità di valutare rapidamente la direzionalità del flusso nei vasi e attraverso le valvole, e di individuare rapidamente il rigurgito della valvola. Analisi ceppo è un passo avanti fondamentale che viene utilizzato per misurare quantitativamente regionale funzione miocardica. 6 Questa tecnica ha il potenziale per rilevare i cambiamenti nella patologia, o la risoluzione della patologia, in anticipo rispetto alle tecniche convenzionali. Accoppiato con l&#39;aggiunta di ricostruzione tridimensionale delle immagini, la valutazione volumetrica di interi organi è possibile, compresa la visualizzazione e la valutazione delle strutture cardiache e vascolari. Murino-compatibile di imaging contrasto può anche permettere per misurazioni volumetriche e la valutazione della perfusione tessutale.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Murine Echocardiography and Ultrasound Imaging at JoVE.com

Murine Echocardiography and Ultrasound Imaging

Questo video dimostra l&#39;uso di un rotaie ad alta frequenza sonda ad ultrasuoni per eseguire ecocardiografia di un mouse anestetizzato. I metodi di descrivere sia le misure convenzionali bidimensionale e M-mode della funzione cardiaca, oltre alle nuove, gli strumenti più potenti come il color Doppler, analisi ceppo, così come l&#39;imaging contrasto generale e mirata.

L&#39;ecocardiografia murini e imaging a ultrasuoni

Rodent models of cardiac pathophysiology represent a valuable research tool to investigate mechanism of disease as well as test new therapeutics.1  ...

murine-echocardiography-and-ultrasound-imaging

Research

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Medicine

35.2K Views.  University of Rochester. Questo video dimostra l'uso di un rotaie ad alta frequenza sonda ad ultrasuoni per eseguire ecocardiografia di un mouse anestetizzato. I metodi di descrivere sia le misure convenzionali bidimensionale e M-mode della funzione cardiaca, oltre alle nuove, gli strumenti più potenti come il color Doppler, analisi ceppo, così come l'imaging contrasto generale e mirata.

Video: Murine Echocardiography and Ultrasound Imaging

Transthoracic Echocardiography in Mice

In recent years, murine models have become the primary avenue for studying the molecular mechanisms of cardiac dysfunction resulting from changes in gene expression. Transgenic and gene targeting methods can be used to generate mice with altered cardiac size and function,1-3 and as a result, in vivo techniques are needed to evaluate their cardiac phenotype. Transthoracic echocardiography, pulse wave Doppler (PWD), and tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) can be used to provide dimensional measurements of the mouse heart and to quantify the degree of cardiac systolic and diastolic performance. Two-dimensional imaging is used to detect abnormal anatomy or movements of the left ventricle, whereas M-mode echo is used for quantification of cardiac dimensions and contractility.4,5 In addition, PWD is used to quantify localized velocity of turbulent flow,6 whereas TDI is used to measure the velocity of myocardial motion.7 Thus, transthoracic echocardiography offers a comprehensive method for the noninvasive evaluation of cardiac function in mice.

Transthoracic echocardiography offers a noninvasive method for the evaluation of cardiac function in mice. A combination of ultrasound and Doppler imaging modalities can be used to obtain dimensional measurements of the heart and intracardiac blood flow, which together provide an assessment of cardiac systolic and diastolic performance.

L&#39;ecocardiografia transtoracica in topi

In recent years, murine models have become the primary avenue for studying the molecular mechanisms of cardiac dysfunction resulting from changes in gene ...

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Medicina

Murine Fetal Echocardiography

Transgenic mice displaying abnormalities in cardiac development and function represent a powerful tool for the understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying both normal cardiovascular function and the pathophysiological basis of human cardiovascular disease. Fetal and perinatal death is a common feature when studying genetic alterations affecting cardiac development 1-3. In order to study the role of genetic or pharmacologic alterations in the early development of cardiac function, ultrasound imaging of the live fetus has become an important tool for early recognition of abnormalities and longitudinal follow-up. Noninvasive ultrasound imaging is an ideal method for detecting and studying congenital malformations and the impact on cardiac function prior to death 4. It allows early recognition of abnormalities in the living fetus and the progression of disease can be followed in utero with longitudinal studies 5,6. Until recently, imaging of fetal mouse hearts frequently involved invasive methods. The fetus had to be sacrificed to perform magnetic resonance microscopy and electron microscopy or surgically delivered for transillumination microscopy. An application of high-frequency probes with conventional 2-D and pulsed-wave Doppler imaging has been shown to provide measurements of cardiac contraction and heart rates during embryonic development with databases of normal developmental changes now available 6-10. M-mode imaging further provides important functional data, although, the proper imaging planes are often difficult to obtain. High-frequency ultrasound imaging of the fetus has improved 2-D resolution and can provide excellent information on the early development of cardiac structures 11.

Fetal and perinatal death is a common feature when studying genetic alterations affecting cardiac development. High-frequency ultrasound imaging has improved 2-D resolution and can provide excellent information on early cardiac development and is an ideal method to detect the impact on cardiac structure and function prior to death.

Murine ecocardiografia fetale

Transgenic mice displaying abnormalities in  cardiac development and function represent a powerful tool for the understanding  the molecular mechanisms ...

Fetal Echocardiography and Pulsed-wave Doppler Ultrasound in a Rabbit Model of Intrauterine Growth Restriction

Fetal intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) results in abnormal cardiac function that is apparent antenatally due to advances in fetoplacental Doppler ultrasound and fetal echocardiography. Increasingly, these imaging modalities are being employed clinically to examine cardiac function and assess wellbeing in utero, thereby guiding timing of birth decisions. Here, we used a rabbit model of IUGR that allows analysis of cardiac function in a clinically relevant way. Using isoflurane induced anesthesia, IUGR is surgically created at gestational age day 25 by performing a laparotomy, exposing the bicornuate uterus and then ligating 40-50% of uteroplacental vessels supplying each gestational sac in a single uterine horn. The other horn in the rabbit bicornuate uterus serves as internal control fetuses. Then, after recovery at gestational age day 30 (full term), the same rabbit undergoes examination of fetal cardiac function. Anesthesia is induced with ketamine and xylazine intramuscularly, then maintained by a continuous intravenous infusion of ketamine and xylazine to minimize iatrogenic effects on fetal cardiac function. A repeat laparotomy is performed to expose each gestational sac and a microultrasound examination (VisualSonics VEVO 2100) of fetal cardiac function is performed. Placental insufficiency is evident by a raised pulsatility index or an absent or reversed end diastolic flow of the umbilical artery Doppler waveform. The ductus venosus and middle cerebral artery Doppler is then examined. Fetal echocardiography is performed by recording B mode, M mode and flow velocity waveforms in lateral and apical views. Offline calculations determine standard M-mode cardiac variables, tricuspid and mitral annular plane systolic excursion, speckle tracking and strain analysis, modified myocardial performance index and vascular flow velocity waveforms of interest. This small animal model of IUGR therefore affords examination of in utero cardiac function that is consistent with current clinical practice and is therefore useful in a translational research setting.

We describe examination of fetal cardiac function with contemporary functional fetal echocardiography and fetoplacental Doppler ultrasound using the VisualSonics VEVO 2100 microultrasound in a surgically induced model of intrauterine fetal growth restriction in a rabbit.

L&#39;ecocardiografia fetale e Pulsed-Doppler ad ultrasuoni in un modello di coniglio di ritardo di crescita intrauterino

Fetal intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) results in abnormal cardiac function that is apparent antenatally due to advances in fetoplacental Doppler ...

A Novel Application of Musculoskeletal Ultrasound Imaging

Ultrasound is an attractive modality for imaging muscle and tendon motion during dynamic tasks and can provide a complementary methodological approach for biomechanical studies in a clinical or laboratory setting. Towards this goal, methods for quantification of muscle kinematics from ultrasound imagery are being developed based on image processing. The temporal resolution of these methods is typically not sufficient for highly dynamic tasks, such as drop-landing. We propose a new approach that utilizes a Doppler method for quantifying muscle kinematics. We have developed a novel vector tissue Doppler imaging (vTDI) technique that can be used to measure musculoskeletal contraction velocity, strain and strain rate with sub-millisecond temporal resolution during dynamic activities using ultrasound. The goal of this preliminary study was to investigate the repeatability and potential applicability of the vTDI technique in measuring musculoskeletal velocities during a drop-landing task, in healthy subjects. The vTDI measurements can be performed concurrently with other biomechanical techniques, such as 3D motion capture for joint kinematics and kinetics, electromyography for timing of muscle activation and force plates for ground reaction force. Integration of these complementary techniques could lead to a better understanding of dynamic muscle function and dysfunction underlying the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of musculoskeletal disorders.

We describe a new ultrasound-based vector tissue Doppler imaging technique to measure muscle contraction velocity, strain and strain rate with sub-millisecond temporal resolution during dynamic activities. This approach provides complementary measurements of dynamic muscle function and could lead to a better understanding of mechanisms underlying musculoskeletal disorders.

Una applicazione Novel di muscoloscheletrico Ultrasound Imaging

Ultrasound is an attractive modality for imaging muscle and tendon  motion during dynamic tasks and can provide a complementary methodological  approach ...

Diagnostic Ultrasound Imaging of Mouse Diaphragm Function

Function analysis of rodent respiratory skeletal muscles, particularly the diaphragm, is commonly performed by isolating muscle strips using invasive surgical procedures. Although this is an effective method of assessing in vitro diaphragm activity, it involves non-survival surgery. The application of non-invasive ultrasound imaging as an in vivo procedure is beneficial since it not only reduces the number of animals sacrificed, but is also suitable for monitoring disease progression in live mice. Thus, our ultrasound imaging method may likely assist in the development of novel therapies that alleviate muscle injury induced by various respiratory diseases. Particularly, in clinical diagnoses of obstructive lung diseases, ultrasound imaging has the potential to be used in conjunction with other standard tests to detect the early onset of diaphragm muscle fatigue. In the current protocol, we describe how to accurately evaluate diaphragm contractility in a mouse model using a diagnostic ultrasound imaging technique.

Diagnostic ultrasound imaging has proven to be effective in diagnosing various respiratory diseases in human and animal subjects. We demonstrate a comprehensive ultrasound protocol utilized by Dr. Zuo's lab to analyze diaphragm kinetics specifically in mouse models. This is also a non-invasive research technique which can provide quantitative information on mouse respiratory muscle function.

Diagnostic Ultrasound Imaging di funzione mouse Diaframma

Function analysis of rodent respiratory skeletal muscles, particularly the diaphragm, is commonly performed by isolating muscle strips using invasive ...

High-frequency Ultrasound Imaging of Mouse Cervical Lymph Nodes

High-frequency ultrasound (HFUS) is widely employed as a non-invasive method for imaging internal anatomic structures in experimental small animal systems. HFUS has the ability to detect structures as small as 30 &#181;m, a property that has been utilized for visualizing superficial lymph nodes in rodents in brightness (B)-mode. Combining power Doppler with B-mode imaging allows for measuring circulatory blood flow within lymph nodes and other organs. While HFUS has been utilized for lymph node imaging in a number of mouse&#160; model systems, a detailed protocol describing HFUS imaging and characterization of the cervical lymph nodes in mice has not been reported. Here, we show that HFUS can be adapted to detect and characterize cervical lymph nodes in mice. Combined B-mode and power Doppler imaging can be used to detect increases in blood flow in immunologically-enlarged cervical nodes. We also describe the use of B-mode imaging to conduct fine needle biopsies of cervical lymph nodes to retrieve lymph tissue for histological&#160; analysis. Finally, software-aided steps are described to calculate changes in lymph node volume and to visualize changes in lymph node morphology following image reconstruction. The ability to visually monitor changes in cervical lymph node biology over time provides a simple and powerful technique for the non-invasive monitoring of cervical lymph node alterations in preclinical mouse models of oral cavity disease.

This protocol describes the application of high-frequency ultrasound (HFUS) for imaging mouse cervical lymph nodes. This technique optimizes visualization and quantification of cervical lymph node morphology, volume and blood flow. Image-guided biopsy of cervical lymph nodes and processing of lymph tissue for histological evaluation is also demonstrated.

Ad alta frequenza di Ecografia del mouse cervicali Linfonodi

High-frequency ultrasound (HFUS) is widely employed as a non-invasive method for imaging internal anatomic structures in experimental small animal ...

Murine Echocardiography of Left Atrium, Aorta, and Pulmonary Artery

The present methodology teaches the investigator how to measure and use the LAV as a surrogate of chronic elevations in Left Ventricular diastolic pressure through echocardiography, as well as to obtain measurements of the Aorta and PA diameter in mice.
Mice older than 10 d of age can be analyzed using the present technique. The technique is composed of 3 main steps: set-up, image acquisition, and image analysis. The set-up step consists of getting the mouse anesthetized with 1% isoflurane, shaving it, and taping it in a supine position to a heated EKG board where the image acquisition will take place. The image acquisition step consists of learning to identify the cardiac structures and obtaining all the required images with its correspondent probe and axis in order to be able to calculate volumes and diameters. The image analysis step consists of measuring the previously acquired images with the aid of computer software.
Advantages of the proposed technique include a fast (15 min) procedure that would allow the researcher to evaluate interventions in a non-invasive, non-terminal approach and therefore follow the same mouse over time; each mouse can be used as its own control. This fact plus having the same operator perform all the acquisition and analysis for the entire experiment minimizes the limitation of operator-dependency. The present methodology is useful for mouse researchers in cardiovascular and pulmonary medicine.

The following protocol describes the methodology for the acquisition and analysis of echocardiographic images used to obtain the Left Atrial Volume (LAV), Aorta (Ao) diameter, and Pulmonary Artery (PA) diameter in mice. This technique is a non-invasive, non-terminal procedure that allows assessment of the cardiopulmonary function.

Murine ecocardiografia di Sinistra Atrium, Aorta, e l&#39;arteria polmonare

The present methodology teaches the investigator how to measure and use the LAV as a surrogate of chronic elevations in Left Ventricular diastolic ...

3D Ultrasound Imaging: Fast and Cost-effective Morphometry of Musculoskeletal Tissue

The developmental goal of 3D ultrasound imaging (3DUS) is to engineer a modality to perform 3D morphological ultrasound analysis of human muscles. 3DUS images are constructed from calibrated freehand 2D B-mode ultrasound images, which are positioned into a voxel array. Ultrasound (US) imaging allows quantification of muscle size, fascicle length, and angle of pennation. These morphological variables are important determinants of muscle force and length range of force exertion. The presented protocol describes an approach to determine volume and fascicle length of m.&#160;vastus lateralis and m.&#160;gastrocnemius medialis. 3DUS facilitates standardization using 3D anatomical references. This approach provides a fast and cost-effective approach for quantifying 3D morphology in skeletal muscles. In healthcare and sports, information on the morphometry of muscles is very valuable in diagnostics and/or follow-up evaluations after treatment or training.

3D ultrasound imaging (3DUS) allows fast and cost-effective morphometry of musculoskeletal tissues. We present a protocol to measure muscle volume and fascicle length using 3DUS.

Ecografia 3D: veloce e conveniente morfometria del tessuto muscolo-scheletrico

The developmental goal of 3D ultrasound imaging (3DUS) is to engineer a modality to perform 3D morphological ultrasound analysis of human muscles. 3DUS ...

Providing Visual Biofeedback Using Brightness Mode Ultrasound During a Golf Swing

Using ultrasound biofeedback in conjunction with verbal cueing can increase muscle thickness more than verbal cueing alone and may augment traditional rehabilitation techniques in an athletic, physically active population. Brightness mode (B-mode) ultrasound can be applied using frame-by-frame analysis synchronized with video to understand muscle thickness changes during these dynamic tasks. Visual biofeedback with ultrasound has been established in static positions for the muscles of the lateral abdominal wall. However, by securing the transducer to the abdomen using an elastic belt and foam block, biofeedback can be applied during more specific tasks prevalent in lifetime sports, such as golf. To analyze muscle activity during a golf swing, muscle thickness changes can be compared. The thickness must increase throughout the task, indicating that the muscle is more active. This methodology allows clinicians to immediately replay ultrasound videos for patients as a visual tool to instruct proper activity of the muscles of interest. For example, ultrasound can be used to target the external and internal obliques, which play an important role in swinging a golf club or any other rotational sport or activity. This methodology aims to increase oblique muscle thickness during the golf swing. Additionally, the timing of muscle contraction can be targeted by instructing the patient to contract the abdominal muscles at specific time points, such as the beginning of the downswing, with the goal of improving muscle firing patterns during tasks.

Brightness mode ultrasound can be used to provide visual biofeedback of the muscles of the lateral abdominal wall during a golf swing. Post-swing visual and verbal instruction can increase the muscle activation and timing of the external and internal obliques.

Fornire biofeedback visivo utilizzando gli ultrasuoni in modalità luminosità durante uno swing da golf

Using ultrasound biofeedback in conjunction with verbal cueing can increase muscle thickness more than verbal cueing alone and may augment traditional ...

Muscle Function Obtained with Motion Mode Ultrasound and Surface Electromyography during Core Endurance Exercise

Motion mode (M-mode) ultrasound allows researchers and clinicians to measure the change of muscle thickness across time. Muscle thickness can be measured between fascial borders at a given time point during an exercise. This selected time point produces a one-dimensional image resulting in real-time, live observation of anatomy. Ultrasound used during functional movement can be referred to as dynamic ultrasound; this is feasible and reliable with the use of a linear transducer, elastic belt, and foam block to secure consistent transducer placement. The lateral abdominal wall is commonly investigated using ultrasound due to the overlapping nature of the muscles. Surface electromyography (sEMG) can complement M-mode ultrasound imaging because it measures the electrical representation of muscle activation. There is minimal evidence using M-mode ultrasound and sEMG simultaneously during core exercise. Exercises that challenge the core musculature involve both isometric holds (e.g., side plank), as well as oscillatory extremity movements (e.g., dead bug). In this study, both instruments will be used simultaneously to measure core muscle function during exercise. Ultrasound measurements will be obtained using a linear transducer and ultrasound unit, and sEMG measurements will be acquired from a wireless sEMG system. To make comparisons between participants and exercises, normalization methods using static, exercise starting positions for both instruments will be used. An activation ratio will be used for ultrasound and calculated by dividing the contracted thickness (thickness during a time point of exercise) by the rested (starting position) thickness. Muscle thickness will be measured in centimeters from the superior inferior fascial border to inferior superior fascial border. These methods aim to offer an innovative and practical measurement of muscle function with M-mode ultrasound and sEMG during core endurance exercises.

This protocol uses motion mode ultrasound and surface electromyography simultaneously to measure muscle function of the core. Muscle thickness and activation of the local stabilizers (e.g., transverse abdominis, internal oblique) and global movers (e.g., external oblique) is achievable during specific time points of the side plank and dead bug exercises.

Funzione muscolare ottenuta con ultrasuoni in modalità movimento ed elettromiografia di superficie durante l'esercizio di resistenza al core

Motion mode (M-mode) ultrasound allows researchers and clinicians to measure the change of muscle thickness across time. Muscle thickness can be measured ...

L'ecocardiografia murini e imaging a ultrasuoni

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