Fontes de financiamento: HL084087, HL089885, HL091475, S10RR027946, T32 GM07356

1. Preparação para geração de imagens <ol><li> Começar por assegurar um mouse isoflurano anestesiados para uma plataforma de tratamento de animais em decúbito dorsal. Coloque um cone de nariz sobre o nariz ea boca para entregar 0,5-1% isoflurano para manter a anestesia. </li><li> Segura as patas do rato para as pastilhas de eletrodo com gel condutor. Assegurar apropriados ECG, temperatura corporal a 37 ° C e verificar a freqüência respiratória para avaliação fisiológica durante o exame. </li><li> Aplique o creme depilatório para o tórax e abdômen superior do mouse. </li><li> Após dois minutos, use uma gaze molhada remover para o creme. </li></ol> 2. Vista eixo longo paraesternal esquerda <ol><li> Uma vez que o mouse foi preparado para a imagem latente, a inclinação do lado esquerdo da plataforma para girar a plataforma de manipulação de animais de 30 graus sobre o eixo anterioposterior. </li><li> Orientar o transdutor na posição vertical e gire 10 graus sentido anti-horário com o entalhe apontou para a parte posterior da mouse. </li><li> Em seguida, enquanto que no bidimensional visualização / vídeo &quot;B-mode&quot;, abaixe o transdutor sobre a linha paraesternal esquerda até que o coração vem na vista. Uma vez que a artéria pulmonar vem na vista, recolher imagens e armazená-los. </li><li> Ainda em modo-B, mover a esquerda ou direita do transdutor até a saída aórtica eo ápice entram em vista. Alguma rotação da sonda pode ser necessário para garantir o alinhamento correcto com o longo eixo do coração. </li><li> Use captura de vídeo para obter dados para posterior análise. Minimizar o campo de visão para garantir a taxa de quadros mais alta possível para jusante análises tensão regional. Cada vez que um vídeo é capturado, o antes 100 frames são guardadas. </li><li> Mude para o modo Color Doppler, selecionando &quot;Color Doppler.&quot; Embora Doppler colorido tem sido disponível para mais de 30 anos em humanos, essa tecnologia só recentemente foi possível em ultra-som de roedores. </li><li> Rapidamente monitorar a direção e velocidade do fluxo sanguíneo, a sobreposição janela Doppler digitaliza o fluxo de vermelho, indicando o fluxo para a sonda, ao azul, indicando o fluxo de distância da sonda. Adquirir imagens necessárias por captura de imagem. </li><li> Uma vez que todos Color Doppler dados foram obtidos, desligue o instrumento para o modo Doppler de Pulso-Wave, a visão unidimensional utilizado para avaliar digitalmente direção do fluxo sanguíneo e velocidade ao longo do tempo. </li><li> Mover a sonda ligeiramente em direção à cabeça do mouse até a artéria pulmonar vem na vista. No contexto de insuficiência cardíaca, as medições PW / Color Doppler da artéria pulmonar pode ser usado como um substituto para a função cardíaca direita. Capturar imagens como desejado. </li></ol> 3. Eixo mid-papilar esquerdo curto <ol><li> Eixo curto ecocardiografia fornece uma visão do ventrículo esquerdo inteiro contratação de uma forma concêntrica, e permite a exata B e modo-M de avaliação com base da função cardíaca e morfometria. </li><li> Em modo-B, a partir do corte paraesternal eixo longo, gire o transdutor ortogonal à vista eixo longo paraesternal esquerda ao nível do músculo papilar. </li><li> Garantir local adequado ao longo do comprimento do ventrículo esquerdo. Ambos os músculos papilares devem ser claramente visíveis e separadas, dando uma visão transversal horizontal. </li><li> Com o M-mode, coloque o volume de amostra através do centro do ventrículo e aquisição de dados. </li><li> Se desejar, anexar, iniciar e utilizar o motor 3-dimensional para obter as imagens necessárias para a reconstrução 3-dimensional completa. </li><li> Configurações fisiologia, incluindo freqüência respiratória e ECG, são definidos para gating captura de imagem em 3D no final da diástole </li><li> A imagem em 3D do motor é iniciada para captura de imagem no final da diástole. </li><li> Uma vez que a captura 3D final da diástole é completo, as definições para a fisiologia respiratória e ECG são definidos para modular os de captura de imagem em 3D no final da sístole </li><li> A imagem em 3D do motor é iniciada para captura de imagem no final da sístole. </li></ol> 4. Subcostal (quatro câmaras) ver mais <ol><li> A visão subcostal é a melhor abordagem para a medição de gradientes de competência e de pressão através da válvula mitral. </li><li> Incline o canto superior esquerdo da plataforma até o fim. Orientar o transdutor em direção ao ombro direito do mouse, mantendo a rotação do eixo curto da sonda. </li><li> Em modo-B, menor o transdutor sobre o abdome superior para que repousa abaixo do diafragma. Visualize a válvula mitral usando Doppler colorido como descrito anteriormente. </li></ol> 5. Aórtica vista <ol><li> Gire a plataforma de manipulação de animais em decúbito lateral esquerdo. O lado esquerdo da plataforma deve ser inclinado na medida do possível. Em seguida, oriente o transdutor, inclinou-se até quanto possível, ao longo do comprimento do mouse no nível doescápula. </li><li> Inferior do transdutor inferior ao ombro direito na linha axilar anterior. Visualize o arco aórtico, e adquirir imagens. </li><li> Levante a cabeça do mouse, e inferior do transdutor na fúrcula do mouse. Visualizar o fluxo sanguíneo usando Doppler colorido, e adquirir imagens. </li></ol> 6. Resultados representante <ol><li> Esta é uma visão de longo-eixo do coração em modo-B mostrando tanto o ventrículo esquerdo e uma pequena porção do ventrículo direito. </li><li> Aqui, uma visão de curto eixo esquerdo de um outro coração foi tirada em modo-M. A imagem superior mostra a posição da linha de volume da amostra em amarelo através do centro da câmara. A imagem de fundo é um traço de uma dimensão da linha acima ao longo do tempo, bem como cálculos de morfometria em ciano </li><li> Esta é uma visão do arco aórtico em modo-B. A valva aórtica fechadas podem ser vistos do lado esquerdo e os vasos sanguíneos que suprem os membros cabeça e parte superior do mouse pode ser visto à direita. </li><li> Análise Strain Radial foi realizado em um rato antes de desenvolver disfunção cardíaca, mostrada na imagem de cima, e um mouse com hipocinesia global e dissincronia regional, mostra a imagem de fundo. Ambos os fenótipos foram induzidos por meio constrição aórtica transversal, um modelo do rato da pós-carga aumentada. </li><li> Na figura, o tempo é exibido no eixo-x ea tensão radial, em percentagem, é mostrado no eixo-y. Análise de tensão permite a avaliação regional da função cardíaca que pode passar despercebida em técnicas convencionais, tais como modo-M, que só mede diretamente a função da parede anterior livre ea parede posterior. </li><li> A parede anterior livre é mostrada em verde. A linha rosa mostra a parede lateral é mostrada em rosa. A parede posterior é mostrado em ciano. A parede inferior livre é mostrado em azul. A parede posterior do septo é mostrado em amarelo. Parte anterior do septo é mostrado em magenta, ea média é mostrado em preto. </li></ol><img src="/files/ftp_upload/2100/2100fig1.jpg" alt="Figura 1" /> Figura 1. Esquerda corte paraesternal eixo longo em modo-B. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2100/2100fig2.jpg" alt="Figura 2" /> Figura 2. Vista eixo esquerda curtas em modo-M. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2100/2100fig3.jpg" alt="Figura 3" /> Figura 3. Vista do arco aórtico em modo-B. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2100/2100fig4.jpg" alt="Figura 4" /> Figura 4. Análise Strain Radial de dois camundongos 12 semanas pós-TAC. Verde = formiga. parede livre. Rosa = parede lateral. Ciano = parede posterior. Azul = inf. parede livre. Post = amarelo. parede septal. Magenta = septo anterior. A média de preto = Mouse) com função preservada. B) Mouse com hipocinesia global e dissincronia regional.

<ol>
	<li>Patten, R. D., Hall-Porter, M. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Small+animal+models+of+heart+failure:+development+of+novel+therapies,+past+and+present.">Small animal models of heart failure: development of novel therapies, past and present.</a> Circ Heart Fail. 2, 138-144 (2009).</li><li>Li, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantification+and+MRI+Validation+of+Regional+Contractile+Dysfunction+in+Mice+Post+Myocardial+Infarction+Using+High+Resolution+Ultrasound.">Quantification and MRI Validation of Regional Contractile Dysfunction in Mice Post Myocardial Infarction Using High Resolution Ultrasound.</a> Ultrasound in Medicine &#38; Biology. 33, 894-904 (2007).</li><li>Gardin, J. M., Siri, F. M., Kitsis, R. N., Edwards, J. G., Leinwand, L. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Echocardiographic+Assessment+of+Left+Ventricular+Mass+and+Systolic+Function+in+Mice.">Echocardiographic Assessment of Left Ventricular Mass and Systolic Function in Mice.</a> Circ Res. 76, 907-914 (1995).</li><li>JG, S. t. e. v. e. n. s. o. n., Weiler, T. B. M., EA, H. o. w. a. r. d., Eyer, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Digital+multigate+Doppler+with+color+echo+and+Doppler+display+-+Diagnosis+of+atrial+and+ventricular+septal+defects.">Digital multigate Doppler with color echo and Doppler display - Diagnosis of atrial and ventricular septal defects.</a> Circulation. 60, (1979).</li><li>Patten, R. D., Aronovitz, M. J., Bridgman, P., Pandian, N. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Use+of+pulse+wave+and+color+flow+Doppler+echocardiography+in+mouse+models+of+human+disease.">Use of pulse wave and color flow Doppler echocardiography in mouse models of human disease.</a> J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 15, 708-714 (2002).</li><li>Hoit, B. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Echocardiographic+characterization+of+the+cardiovascular+phenotype+in+rodent+models.">Echocardiographic characterization of the cardiovascular phenotype in rodent models.</a> Toxicol Pathol. 34, 105-110 (2006).</li></ol>

Pistner, Belmonte, Blaxall: Nada a divulgar Coulthard é um funcionário em tempo integral de Visualsonics.

Ecocardiografia freqüência elevada de série surgiu como uma ferramenta poderosa para não-invasiva, a avaliação de alta resolução da morfologia e da função cardíaca, particularmente em modelos murinos de doenças cardíacas. Manutenção da temperatura corporal fisiológica, bem como a freqüência cardíaca comparáveis ​​entre ratos, ajustando o nível de anestesia antes da obtenção de imagens, é fundamental para o sucesso deste método. Todas as imagens devem ser obtidas usando os biomarcadores mesmo...

A correction was made to <a href="http://www.jove.com/index/details.stp?id=2100">Murine echocardiography and ultrasound imaging</a>. There was an error in the author, Burns Blaxalls', name and the article title. The authors name has been corrected to:
Burns C. Blaxall
instead of:
Burns Blaxall
The article title was changed to:
Murine Echocardiography and Ultrasound Imaging
instead of:
Murine echocardiography and ultrasound imaging

A correction to an author's name and the article title has been made for the article Murine echocardiography and ultrasound imaging.

Erratum: Murine echocardiography and ultrasound imaging

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<td>Vevo 2100 Imaging System (120V)</td>
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murine echocardiography and ultrasound imaging

Modelos de roedores da fisiopatologia cardíaca representam um valioso instrumento de pesquisa para investigar mecanismo da doença, bem como testar novas terapêuticas. Ecocardiografia 1 fornece uma ferramenta poderosa, não-invasivo para avaliar a morfometria em série e da função cardíaca em um animal vivo. 2 No entanto, usando esta técnica em ratos coloca desafios únicos devido ao pequeno tamanho e taxa de coração rápida destes animais. 3 Até recentemente, os sistemas de ultra-som poucos foram capazes de realizar ecocardiografia qualidade em ratos, e os que geralmente faltava a resolução de imagem e taxa de quadros necessários para obter medidas verdadeiramente quantitativa . Sistemas recém-lançado como o Vevo2100 VisualSonics fornecer novas ferramentas para os pesquisadores com cuidado e não-invasiva investigar a função cardíaca em camundongos. Este sistema gera imagens de alta resolução e fornece capacidades de análise semelhantes aos utilizados com pacientes humanos. Embora com Doppler colorido tem sido disponível para mais de 30 anos em humanos, essa tecnologia valiosa só recentemente foi possível em ultra-som de roedores. 4,5 Color Doppler tem amplas aplicações para a ecocardiografia, incluindo a capacidade de avaliar rapidamente a direcionalidade do fluxo nos vasos e através de válvulas, e para identificar rapidamente regurgitação. Análise de tensão é um avanço crítico que é utilizado para medir quantitativamente a função miocárdica regional. 6 Esta técnica tem o potencial de detectar alterações na patologia, ou a resolução da patologia, mais cedo do que as técnicas convencionais. Juntamente com a adição de reconstrução tridimensional de imagens, avaliação volumétrica de todo-órgãos é possível, incluindo visualização e avaliação das estruturas cardíacas e vasculares. Murino compatível com imagens de contraste também pode permitir medidas volumétricas e avaliação da perfusão tecidual.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Murine Echocardiography and Ultrasound Imaging at JoVE.com

Murine Echocardiography and Ultrasound Imaging

Este vídeo demonstra o uso de um trilho montado de alta freqüência da sonda de ultra-som para realizar ecocardiografia de um rato anestesiado. Os métodos de descrever ambas as medições convencionais bidimensional e modo-M da função cardíaca, além de mais novos, ferramentas mais poderosas, como a cor Doppler, análise de tensão, bem como imagens de contraste gerais e específicas.

Ecocardiografia murino e ultra-sonografia

Rodent models of cardiac pathophysiology represent a valuable research tool to investigate mechanism of disease as well as test new therapeutics.1  ...

murine-echocardiography-and-ultrasound-imaging

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

35.1K visualizações.  University of Rochester. Este vídeo demonstra o uso de um trilho montado de alta freqüência da sonda de ultra-som para realizar ecocardiografia de um rato anestesiado. Os métodos de descrever ambas as medições convencionais bidimensional e modo-M da função cardíaca, além de mais novos, ferramentas mais poderosas, como a cor Doppler, análise de tensão, bem como imagens de contraste gerais e específicas.

Vídeo: Murine Echocardiography and Ultrasound Imaging

Transthoracic Echocardiography in Mice

In recent years, murine models have become the primary avenue for studying the molecular mechanisms of cardiac dysfunction resulting from changes in gene expression. Transgenic and gene targeting methods can be used to generate mice with altered cardiac size and function,1-3 and as a result, in vivo techniques are needed to evaluate their cardiac phenotype. Transthoracic echocardiography, pulse wave Doppler (PWD), and tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) can be used to provide dimensional measurements of the mouse heart and to quantify the degree of cardiac systolic and diastolic performance. Two-dimensional imaging is used to detect abnormal anatomy or movements of the left ventricle, whereas M-mode echo is used for quantification of cardiac dimensions and contractility.4,5 In addition, PWD is used to quantify localized velocity of turbulent flow,6 whereas TDI is used to measure the velocity of myocardial motion.7 Thus, transthoracic echocardiography offers a comprehensive method for the noninvasive evaluation of cardiac function in mice.

Transthoracic echocardiography offers a noninvasive method for the evaluation of cardiac function in mice. A combination of ultrasound and Doppler imaging modalities can be used to obtain dimensional measurements of the heart and intracardiac blood flow, which together provide an assessment of cardiac systolic and diastolic performance.

Ecocardiografia transtorácica em Ratos

In recent years, murine models have become the primary avenue for studying the molecular mechanisms of cardiac dysfunction resulting from changes in gene ...

Medicina

Murine Fetal Echocardiography

Transgenic mice displaying abnormalities in cardiac development and function represent a powerful tool for the understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying both normal cardiovascular function and the pathophysiological basis of human cardiovascular disease. Fetal and perinatal death is a common feature when studying genetic alterations affecting cardiac development 1-3. In order to study the role of genetic or pharmacologic alterations in the early development of cardiac function, ultrasound imaging of the live fetus has become an important tool for early recognition of abnormalities and longitudinal follow-up. Noninvasive ultrasound imaging is an ideal method for detecting and studying congenital malformations and the impact on cardiac function prior to death 4. It allows early recognition of abnormalities in the living fetus and the progression of disease can be followed in utero with longitudinal studies 5,6. Until recently, imaging of fetal mouse hearts frequently involved invasive methods. The fetus had to be sacrificed to perform magnetic resonance microscopy and electron microscopy or surgically delivered for transillumination microscopy. An application of high-frequency probes with conventional 2-D and pulsed-wave Doppler imaging has been shown to provide measurements of cardiac contraction and heart rates during embryonic development with databases of normal developmental changes now available 6-10. M-mode imaging further provides important functional data, although, the proper imaging planes are often difficult to obtain. High-frequency ultrasound imaging of the fetus has improved 2-D resolution and can provide excellent information on the early development of cardiac structures 11.

Fetal and perinatal death is a common feature when studying genetic alterations affecting cardiac development. High-frequency ultrasound imaging has improved 2-D resolution and can provide excellent information on early cardiac development and is an ideal method to detect the impact on cardiac structure and function prior to death.

Ecocardiografia Fetal murino

Transgenic mice displaying abnormalities in  cardiac development and function represent a powerful tool for the understanding  the molecular mechanisms ...

Fetal Echocardiography and Pulsed-wave Doppler Ultrasound in a Rabbit Model of Intrauterine Growth Restriction

Fetal intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) results in abnormal cardiac function that is apparent antenatally due to advances in fetoplacental Doppler ultrasound and fetal echocardiography. Increasingly, these imaging modalities are being employed clinically to examine cardiac function and assess wellbeing in utero, thereby guiding timing of birth decisions. Here, we used a rabbit model of IUGR that allows analysis of cardiac function in a clinically relevant way. Using isoflurane induced anesthesia, IUGR is surgically created at gestational age day 25 by performing a laparotomy, exposing the bicornuate uterus and then ligating 40-50% of uteroplacental vessels supplying each gestational sac in a single uterine horn. The other horn in the rabbit bicornuate uterus serves as internal control fetuses. Then, after recovery at gestational age day 30 (full term), the same rabbit undergoes examination of fetal cardiac function. Anesthesia is induced with ketamine and xylazine intramuscularly, then maintained by a continuous intravenous infusion of ketamine and xylazine to minimize iatrogenic effects on fetal cardiac function. A repeat laparotomy is performed to expose each gestational sac and a microultrasound examination (VisualSonics VEVO 2100) of fetal cardiac function is performed. Placental insufficiency is evident by a raised pulsatility index or an absent or reversed end diastolic flow of the umbilical artery Doppler waveform. The ductus venosus and middle cerebral artery Doppler is then examined. Fetal echocardiography is performed by recording B mode, M mode and flow velocity waveforms in lateral and apical views. Offline calculations determine standard M-mode cardiac variables, tricuspid and mitral annular plane systolic excursion, speckle tracking and strain analysis, modified myocardial performance index and vascular flow velocity waveforms of interest. This small animal model of IUGR therefore affords examination of in utero cardiac function that is consistent with current clinical practice and is therefore useful in a translational research setting.

We describe examination of fetal cardiac function with contemporary functional fetal echocardiography and fetoplacental Doppler ultrasound using the VisualSonics VEVO 2100 microultrasound in a surgically induced model of intrauterine fetal growth restriction in a rabbit.

Ecocardiografia fetal e ultra-som Doppler pulsátil em um modelo de coelho de restrição do crescimento intra-uterino

Fetal intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) results in abnormal cardiac function that is apparent antenatally due to advances in fetoplacental Doppler ...

A Novel Application of Musculoskeletal Ultrasound Imaging

Ultrasound is an attractive modality for imaging muscle and tendon motion during dynamic tasks and can provide a complementary methodological approach for biomechanical studies in a clinical or laboratory setting. Towards this goal, methods for quantification of muscle kinematics from ultrasound imagery are being developed based on image processing. The temporal resolution of these methods is typically not sufficient for highly dynamic tasks, such as drop-landing. We propose a new approach that utilizes a Doppler method for quantifying muscle kinematics. We have developed a novel vector tissue Doppler imaging (vTDI) technique that can be used to measure musculoskeletal contraction velocity, strain and strain rate with sub-millisecond temporal resolution during dynamic activities using ultrasound. The goal of this preliminary study was to investigate the repeatability and potential applicability of the vTDI technique in measuring musculoskeletal velocities during a drop-landing task, in healthy subjects. The vTDI measurements can be performed concurrently with other biomechanical techniques, such as 3D motion capture for joint kinematics and kinetics, electromyography for timing of muscle activation and force plates for ground reaction force. Integration of these complementary techniques could lead to a better understanding of dynamic muscle function and dysfunction underlying the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of musculoskeletal disorders.

We describe a new ultrasound-based vector tissue Doppler imaging technique to measure muscle contraction velocity, strain and strain rate with sub-millisecond temporal resolution during dynamic activities. This approach provides complementary measurements of dynamic muscle function and could lead to a better understanding of mechanisms underlying musculoskeletal disorders.

A Aplicação da novela da Musculoskeletal Ecografia

Ultrasound is an attractive modality for imaging muscle and tendon  motion during dynamic tasks and can provide a complementary methodological  approach ...

Diagnostic Ultrasound Imaging of Mouse Diaphragm Function

Function analysis of rodent respiratory skeletal muscles, particularly the diaphragm, is commonly performed by isolating muscle strips using invasive surgical procedures. Although this is an effective method of assessing in vitro diaphragm activity, it involves non-survival surgery. The application of non-invasive ultrasound imaging as an in vivo procedure is beneficial since it not only reduces the number of animals sacrificed, but is also suitable for monitoring disease progression in live mice. Thus, our ultrasound imaging method may likely assist in the development of novel therapies that alleviate muscle injury induced by various respiratory diseases. Particularly, in clinical diagnoses of obstructive lung diseases, ultrasound imaging has the potential to be used in conjunction with other standard tests to detect the early onset of diaphragm muscle fatigue. In the current protocol, we describe how to accurately evaluate diaphragm contractility in a mouse model using a diagnostic ultrasound imaging technique.

Diagnostic ultrasound imaging has proven to be effective in diagnosing various respiratory diseases in human and animal subjects. We demonstrate a comprehensive ultrasound protocol utilized by Dr. Zuo's lab to analyze diaphragm kinetics specifically in mouse models. This is also a non-invasive research technique which can provide quantitative information on mouse respiratory muscle function.

Diagnóstico Ecografia de função de mouse Diafragma

Function analysis of rodent respiratory skeletal muscles, particularly the diaphragm, is commonly performed by isolating muscle strips using invasive ...

High-frequency Ultrasound Imaging of Mouse Cervical Lymph Nodes

High-frequency ultrasound (HFUS) is widely employed as a non-invasive method for imaging internal anatomic structures in experimental small animal systems. HFUS has the ability to detect structures as small as 30 &#181;m, a property that has been utilized for visualizing superficial lymph nodes in rodents in brightness (B)-mode. Combining power Doppler with B-mode imaging allows for measuring circulatory blood flow within lymph nodes and other organs. While HFUS has been utilized for lymph node imaging in a number of mouse&#160; model systems, a detailed protocol describing HFUS imaging and characterization of the cervical lymph nodes in mice has not been reported. Here, we show that HFUS can be adapted to detect and characterize cervical lymph nodes in mice. Combined B-mode and power Doppler imaging can be used to detect increases in blood flow in immunologically-enlarged cervical nodes. We also describe the use of B-mode imaging to conduct fine needle biopsies of cervical lymph nodes to retrieve lymph tissue for histological&#160; analysis. Finally, software-aided steps are described to calculate changes in lymph node volume and to visualize changes in lymph node morphology following image reconstruction. The ability to visually monitor changes in cervical lymph node biology over time provides a simple and powerful technique for the non-invasive monitoring of cervical lymph node alterations in preclinical mouse models of oral cavity disease.

This protocol describes the application of high-frequency ultrasound (HFUS) for imaging mouse cervical lymph nodes. This technique optimizes visualization and quantification of cervical lymph node morphology, volume and blood flow. Image-guided biopsy of cervical lymph nodes and processing of lymph tissue for histological evaluation is also demonstrated.

De alta frequência Ecografia de mouse linfonodos cervicais

High-frequency ultrasound (HFUS) is widely employed as a non-invasive method for imaging internal anatomic structures in experimental small animal ...

Murine Echocardiography of Left Atrium, Aorta, and Pulmonary Artery

The present methodology teaches the investigator how to measure and use the LAV as a surrogate of chronic elevations in Left Ventricular diastolic pressure through echocardiography, as well as to obtain measurements of the Aorta and PA diameter in mice.
Mice older than 10 d of age can be analyzed using the present technique. The technique is composed of 3 main steps: set-up, image acquisition, and image analysis. The set-up step consists of getting the mouse anesthetized with 1% isoflurane, shaving it, and taping it in a supine position to a heated EKG board where the image acquisition will take place. The image acquisition step consists of learning to identify the cardiac structures and obtaining all the required images with its correspondent probe and axis in order to be able to calculate volumes and diameters. The image analysis step consists of measuring the previously acquired images with the aid of computer software.
Advantages of the proposed technique include a fast (15 min) procedure that would allow the researcher to evaluate interventions in a non-invasive, non-terminal approach and therefore follow the same mouse over time; each mouse can be used as its own control. This fact plus having the same operator perform all the acquisition and analysis for the entire experiment minimizes the limitation of operator-dependency. The present methodology is useful for mouse researchers in cardiovascular and pulmonary medicine.

The following protocol describes the methodology for the acquisition and analysis of echocardiographic images used to obtain the Left Atrial Volume (LAV), Aorta (Ao) diameter, and Pulmonary Artery (PA) diameter in mice. This technique is a non-invasive, non-terminal procedure that allows assessment of the cardiopulmonary function.

Murino Ecocardiografia de Esquerda Atrium, Aorta, ea artéria pulmonar

The present methodology teaches the investigator how to measure and use the LAV as a surrogate of chronic elevations in Left Ventricular diastolic ...

Providing Visual Biofeedback Using Brightness Mode Ultrasound During a Golf Swing

Using ultrasound biofeedback in conjunction with verbal cueing can increase muscle thickness more than verbal cueing alone and may augment traditional rehabilitation techniques in an athletic, physically active population. Brightness mode (B-mode) ultrasound can be applied using frame-by-frame analysis synchronized with video to understand muscle thickness changes during these dynamic tasks. Visual biofeedback with ultrasound has been established in static positions for the muscles of the lateral abdominal wall. However, by securing the transducer to the abdomen using an elastic belt and foam block, biofeedback can be applied during more specific tasks prevalent in lifetime sports, such as golf. To analyze muscle activity during a golf swing, muscle thickness changes can be compared. The thickness must increase throughout the task, indicating that the muscle is more active. This methodology allows clinicians to immediately replay ultrasound videos for patients as a visual tool to instruct proper activity of the muscles of interest. For example, ultrasound can be used to target the external and internal obliques, which play an important role in swinging a golf club or any other rotational sport or activity. This methodology aims to increase oblique muscle thickness during the golf swing. Additionally, the timing of muscle contraction can be targeted by instructing the patient to contract the abdominal muscles at specific time points, such as the beginning of the downswing, with the goal of improving muscle firing patterns during tasks.

Brightness mode ultrasound can be used to provide visual biofeedback of the muscles of the lateral abdominal wall during a golf swing. Post-swing visual and verbal instruction can increase the muscle activation and timing of the external and internal obliques.

Fornecendo Biofeedback Visual Usando Ultrassom de Modo de Brilho Durante um Balanço de Golfe

Using ultrasound biofeedback in conjunction with verbal cueing can increase muscle thickness more than verbal cueing alone and may augment traditional ...

Muscle Function Obtained with Motion Mode Ultrasound and Surface Electromyography during Core Endurance Exercise

Motion mode (M-mode) ultrasound allows researchers and clinicians to measure the change of muscle thickness across time. Muscle thickness can be measured between fascial borders at a given time point during an exercise. This selected time point produces a one-dimensional image resulting in real-time, live observation of anatomy. Ultrasound used during functional movement can be referred to as dynamic ultrasound; this is feasible and reliable with the use of a linear transducer, elastic belt, and foam block to secure consistent transducer placement. The lateral abdominal wall is commonly investigated using ultrasound due to the overlapping nature of the muscles. Surface electromyography (sEMG) can complement M-mode ultrasound imaging because it measures the electrical representation of muscle activation. There is minimal evidence using M-mode ultrasound and sEMG simultaneously during core exercise. Exercises that challenge the core musculature involve both isometric holds (e.g., side plank), as well as oscillatory extremity movements (e.g., dead bug). In this study, both instruments will be used simultaneously to measure core muscle function during exercise. Ultrasound measurements will be obtained using a linear transducer and ultrasound unit, and sEMG measurements will be acquired from a wireless sEMG system. To make comparisons between participants and exercises, normalization methods using static, exercise starting positions for both instruments will be used. An activation ratio will be used for ultrasound and calculated by dividing the contracted thickness (thickness during a time point of exercise) by the rested (starting position) thickness. Muscle thickness will be measured in centimeters from the superior inferior fascial border to inferior superior fascial border. These methods aim to offer an innovative and practical measurement of muscle function with M-mode ultrasound and sEMG during core endurance exercises.

This protocol uses motion mode ultrasound and surface electromyography simultaneously to measure muscle function of the core. Muscle thickness and activation of the local stabilizers (e.g., transverse abdominis, internal oblique) and global movers (e.g., external oblique) is achievable during specific time points of the side plank and dead bug exercises.

Função Muscular Obtida com Ultrassonografia em Modo de Movimento e Eletromiografia de Superfície durante o Exercício de Resistência do Núcleo

Motion mode (M-mode) ultrasound allows researchers and clinicians to measure the change of muscle thickness across time. Muscle thickness can be measured ...

A Modified Sonographic Algorithm for Image Acquisition in Life-Threatening Emergencies in the Critically Ill Newborn

The use of routine point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) is increasing in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs), with several centers advocating for 24 h equipment availability. In 2018, the sonographic algorithm for life-threatening emergencies (SAFE) protocol was published, which allows the assessment of neonates with sudden decompensation to identify abnormal contractility, tamponade, pneumothorax, and pleural effusion. In the study unit (with a consulting neonatal hemodynamics and POCUS service), the algorithm was adapted by including consolidated core steps to support at-risk newborns, aiding clinicians in managing cardiac arrest, and adding views to verify correct intubation. This paper presents a protocol that can be applied in the NICU and the delivery room (DR) in relation to three scenarios: cardiac arrest, hemodynamic deterioration, or respiratory decompensation. 
This protocol can be performed with a state-of-the-art ultrasound machine or an affordable handheld device; the image acquisition protocol is carefully detailed. This method was designed to be learned as a general competence to obtain the timely diagnosis of life-threatening scenarios; the method aims to save time but does not represent a substitute for comprehensive and standardized hemodynamic and radiological analyses by a multidisciplinary team, which might not universally be on call but needs to be involved in the process. From January 2019 to July 2022, in our center, 1,045 hemodynamic consultation/POCUS consults were performed with 25 patients requiring the modified SAFE protocol (2.3%), and a total of 19 procedures were performed. In five cases, trained fellows on call resolved life-threatening situations. Clinical examples are provided that show the importance of including this technique in the care of critical newborns.

Here, we present a protocol that can be applied in the neonatal intensive care unit and the delivery room in relation to three scenarios: cardiac arrest, hemodynamic deterioration, or respiratory decompensation. This protocol can be performed with a state-of-the-art ultrasound machine or an affordable handheld device; an image acquisition protocol is carefully detailed.

Algoritmo Ultrassonográfico Modificado para Aquisição de Imagens em Emergências com Risco de Vida em Recém-Nascidos Criticamente Doentes

The use of routine point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) is increasing in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs), with several centers advocating for 24 h ...

Methods Article

Ecocardiografia murino e ultra-sonografia