Fuentes de financiamiento: HL084087, HL089885, HL091475, S10RR027946, T32 GM07356

1. Preparación para la imagen <ol><li> Empezar por asegurar un ratón anestesiado isoflurano a una plataforma de manejo de animales en la posición supina. Coloque un cono de la nariz sobre la nariz del animal y la boca para entregar 0,5-1% isoflurano para mantener la anestesia. </li><li> Asegurar las patas del ratón para los electrodos con gel conductor. Garantizar la adecuada ECG, la temperatura corporal a 37 º C y comprobar la frecuencia respiratoria para la evaluación fisiológica durante la exploración. </li><li> Aplicar la crema depilatoria para el tórax y abdomen superior del ratón. </li><li> Después de 2 minutos, utilizar una gasa húmeda eliminar a la crema. </li></ol> 2. Izquierda eje largo paraesternal <ol><li> Una vez que el ratón se ha preparado para la imagen, la inclinación de la parte izquierda de la plataforma para girar la plataforma de manejo de animales de 30 grados sobre el eje anterioposterior. </li><li> Orientar el transductor en la posición vertical y girar 10 grados hacia la izquierda con la muesca apuntando hacia la parte posterior del ratón. </li><li> A continuación, mientras que en las dos dimensiones de visualización / video &quot;B-mode&quot;, baje el transductor sobre la línea paraesternal izquierdo hasta que el corazón está a la vista. Una vez que la arteria pulmonar está a la vista, recoge imágenes y almacenarlas. </li><li> Sin embargo en el modo B, mover el transductor a la izquierda oa la derecha hasta la salida de la aorta y el ápice salir a la luz. Algunos de rotación de la sonda puede ser necesaria para asegurar una alineación correcta con el eje longitudinal del corazón. </li><li> Utilice la captura de vídeo para obtener datos para su posterior análisis. Reducir al mínimo el campo de visión para asegurar la tasa de cuadro más elevadas para los análisis posteriores tensión regional. Cada vez que se captura un video, antes de la 100 imágenes se guardan. </li><li> Cambiar al modo Doppler Color, seleccione &quot;Color Doppler&quot;. A pesar de Doppler color ha estado disponible por más de 30 años en los seres humanos, esta tecnología sólo ha sido posible en el ultrasonido de roedores. </li><li> De forma rápida monitorear la dirección y velocidad del flujo sanguíneo, la superposición de la ventana Doppler digitaliza el flujo de color rojo, indicando el flujo hacia la sonda, de color azul, lo que indica el flujo de distancia de la sonda. Adquisición de imágenes necesarias por la captura de imágenes. </li><li> Una vez que todos los datos Doppler color se ha obtenido, cambiar el instrumento de la onda de pulso Doppler modo, el punto de vista unidimensional para evaluar digitalmente la dirección del flujo sanguíneo y la velocidad con el tiempo. </li><li> Mover la sonda ligeramente hacia la cabeza del ratón hasta la arteria pulmonar está a la vista. En el contexto de la insuficiencia cardiaca, PW / Color mediciones Doppler de la arteria pulmonar puede ser utilizado como un sustituto de la función del corazón derecho. Capturar imágenes como desee. </li></ol> 3. Izquierda a mediados de papilar eje corto <ol><li> Eje corto ecocardiografía proporciona una vista de toda la izquierda del ventrículo contratación de manera concéntrica, y permite la correcta B y M-modo de evaluación basado en la función cardiaca y su morfología. </li><li> En el modo B, de la vista de eje largo paraesternal, rotar el transductor ortogonal a la izquierda eje largo paraesternal a nivel del músculo papilar. </li><li> Asegurar la ubicación correcta a lo largo del ventrículo izquierdo. Ambos músculos papilares deben ser claramente visibles y separados, dando una sección horizontal de vista. </li><li> Con el modo M, coloque el volumen de la muestra a través del centro del ventrículo y la adquisición de datos. </li><li> Si lo desea, adjuntar, iniciar y utilizar el motor de 3 dimensiones para obtener las imágenes necesarias para completar la reconstrucción en 3 dimensiones. </li><li> Configuración de la fisiología, incluyendo la frecuencia respiratoria y el ECG, se establecen para la captura de imágenes en 3D en gating final de la diástole </li><li> El motor 3D de imágenes para que se inicie la captura de imágenes en el final de la diástole. </li><li> Una vez que la captura 3D final de la diástole es completa, la configuración de la fisiología de la frecuencia respiratoria y el ECG se establecen para conmutar los de captura de imágenes en 3D en el final de la sístole </li><li> El motor 3D de imágenes para que se inicie la captura de imágenes en el final de la sístole. </li></ol> 4. Subcostal (cuatro cámaras) para ver <ol><li> La vista subcostal es el mejor enfoque para la medición de los gradientes de la competencia y presión en la válvula mitral. </li><li> La inclinación de la esquina superior izquierda de la plataforma hasta el fondo. Orientar el transductor hacia el hombro derecho del ratón, manteniendo el eje de rotación corta de la sonda. </li><li> En el modo B, baja el transductor sobre la parte superior del abdomen para que se apoye por debajo del diafragma. Visualizar la válvula mitral con Doppler color como se ha descrito antes. </li></ol> 5. Aórtica vista <ol><li> Girar la plataforma de manejo de animales en la posición de decúbito lateral izquierdo. El lado izquierdo de la plataforma se debe inclinar la medida de lo posible. A continuación, orientar el transductor, se inclinó lo más arriba posible, a lo largo de la longitud del ratón en el ámbito de laescápula. </li><li> Inferior del transductor inferior a la del hombro derecho a lo largo de la línea axilar anterior. Visualizar el arco aórtico, y adquirir las imágenes. </li><li> Levante la cabeza del ratón, y reducir el transductor en la horquilla esternal del ratón. Visualizar el flujo sanguíneo con Doppler color, y la obtención de imágenes. </li></ol> 6. Resultados representante <ol><li> Esta es una vista de eje largo del corazón en el modo B que muestra tanto en el ventrículo izquierdo y una pequeña porción del ventrículo derecho. </li><li> Aquí, una vista a la izquierda del eje corto de otro corazón fue tomada en modo-M. La imagen superior muestra la posición de la línea de volumen de la muestra en amarillo por el centro de la cámara. La imagen de abajo es una traza de una sola dimensión de la línea anterior en el tiempo, así como los cálculos de la morfometría de color cyan </li><li> Esta es una vista del arco aórtico en B-mode. La válvula aórtica cerrada se puede ver a la izquierda y los vasos sanguíneos que irrigan los miembros superiores y la cabeza del ratón se puede ver a la derecha. </li><li> Análisis de la deformación radial se realizó en un ratón antes de desarrollar la disfunción del corazón, que se muestra en la imagen superior, y un ratón con hipocinesia global y la asincronía regional, que se muestra en la imagen inferior. Ambos fenotipos fueron inducidos a través de constricción de la aorta transversa, un modelo de ratón de aumento de la poscarga. </li><li> En la figura, el tiempo se muestra en el eje X y la tensión radial, como un porcentaje, se muestra en el eje. Análisis de las cepas permite la evaluación regional de la función cardiaca que de lo contrario puede pasar desapercibido en las técnicas convencionales, tales como el modo M, que sólo mide directamente la función de la pared libre anterior y la pared posterior. </li><li> La pared libre anterior se muestra en verde. La línea rosa muestra la pared lateral se muestra en color rosa. La pared posterior se muestra en cian. La pared libre inferior se muestra en azul. La pared posterior del tabique se muestra en amarillo. El tabique anterior se muestra en color magenta, y el promedio se muestra en negro. </li></ol><img src="/files/ftp_upload/2100/2100fig1.jpg" alt="Figura 1" /> Figura 1. Izquierda eje largo paraesternal en modo-B. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2100/2100fig2.jpg" alt="Figura 2" /> Figura 2. Vista izquierda del eje corto en modo-M. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2100/2100fig3.jpg" alt="Figura 3" /> Figura 3. Vista del arco aórtico en B-mode. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2100/2100fig4.jpg" alt="Figura 4" /> Figura 4. Análisis de la deformación radial de dos ratones 12 semanas post-TAC. Verde = ant. pared libre. Rosa = pared lateral. Cian = pared posterior. Azul = inf. pared libre. Amarillo = mensaje. tabique. Magenta = septum anterior. Negro = promedio A) de ratón con función conservada. B) ratón con hipoquinesia global y la asincronía regional.

<ol>
	<li>Patten, R. D., Hall-Porter, M. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Small+animal+models+of+heart+failure:+development+of+novel+therapies,+past+and+present.">Small animal models of heart failure: development of novel therapies, past and present.</a> Circ Heart Fail. 2, 138-144 (2009).</li><li>Li, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantification+and+MRI+Validation+of+Regional+Contractile+Dysfunction+in+Mice+Post+Myocardial+Infarction+Using+High+Resolution+Ultrasound.">Quantification and MRI Validation of Regional Contractile Dysfunction in Mice Post Myocardial Infarction Using High Resolution Ultrasound.</a> Ultrasound in Medicine &#38; Biology. 33, 894-904 (2007).</li><li>Gardin, J. M., Siri, F. M., Kitsis, R. N., Edwards, J. G., Leinwand, L. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Echocardiographic+Assessment+of+Left+Ventricular+Mass+and+Systolic+Function+in+Mice.">Echocardiographic Assessment of Left Ventricular Mass and Systolic Function in Mice.</a> Circ Res. 76, 907-914 (1995).</li><li>JG, S. t. e. v. e. n. s. o. n., Weiler, T. B. M., EA, H. o. w. a. r. d., Eyer, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Digital+multigate+Doppler+with+color+echo+and+Doppler+display+-+Diagnosis+of+atrial+and+ventricular+septal+defects.">Digital multigate Doppler with color echo and Doppler display - Diagnosis of atrial and ventricular septal defects.</a> Circulation. 60, (1979).</li><li>Patten, R. D., Aronovitz, M. J., Bridgman, P., Pandian, N. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Use+of+pulse+wave+and+color+flow+Doppler+echocardiography+in+mouse+models+of+human+disease.">Use of pulse wave and color flow Doppler echocardiography in mouse models of human disease.</a> J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 15, 708-714 (2002).</li><li>Hoit, B. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Echocardiographic+characterization+of+the+cardiovascular+phenotype+in+rodent+models.">Echocardiographic characterization of the cardiovascular phenotype in rodent models.</a> Toxicol Pathol. 34, 105-110 (2006).</li></ol>

Pistner, Belmonte, Blaxall: No hay nada que revelar Coulthard es un empleado de tiempo completo de Visualsonics.

La ecocardiografía de serie de alta frecuencia se ha convertido en una herramienta poderosa para no invasivo, de alta resolución de la evaluación de la morfología y la función cardiaca, sobre todo en modelos murinos de enfermedades del corazón. Mantener la temperatura fisiológica del cuerpo, así como las tasas comparables del corazón en ratones mediante el ajuste del nivel de anestesia antes de la obtención de imágenes, es fundamental para el éxito de este método. Todas las imágenes deben ser obtenidas uti...

A correction was made to <a href="http://www.jove.com/index/details.stp?id=2100">Murine echocardiography and ultrasound imaging</a>. There was an error in the author, Burns Blaxalls', name and the article title. The authors name has been corrected to:
Burns C. Blaxall
instead of:
Burns Blaxall
The article title was changed to:
Murine Echocardiography and Ultrasound Imaging
instead of:
Murine echocardiography and ultrasound imaging

A correction to an author's name and the article title has been made for the article Murine echocardiography and ultrasound imaging.

Erratum: Murine echocardiography and ultrasound imaging

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<td>Vevo 2100 Imaging System (120V)</td>
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murine echocardiography and ultrasound imaging

Modelos de roedores de la fisiopatología cardiaca representa una valiosa herramienta de investigación para investigar el mecanismo de la enfermedad, así como la prueba de nuevas terapias. Una ecocardiografía proporciona una potente herramienta no invasiva para evaluar la morfometría de serie y la función cardiaca en un animal vivo. 2 Sin embargo, con esta técnica en ratones plantea desafíos únicos debido a su reducido tamaño y frecuencia cardíaca rápida de estos animales. 3 Hasta hace poco, pocos sistemas de ultrasonido eran capaces de realizar ecocardiografía de calidad en los ratones, y los que en general carecía de la resolución de imagen y velocidad de fotogramas necesarios para obtener mediciones cuantitativas verdad . Sistemas recién liberados, como el Vevo2100 VisualSonics proporcionar nuevas herramientas para los investigadores a estudiar cuidadosamente y no invasiva la función cardiaca en ratones. Este sistema genera imágenes de alta resolución y proporciona capacidades de análisis similares a los utilizados con los pacientes humanos. A pesar de Doppler color ha estado disponible por más de 30 años en los seres humanos, esta valiosa tecnología sólo ha sido posible en el ultrasonido de roedores. 4,5 Doppler Color tiene amplias aplicaciones de la ecocardiografía, incluyendo la capacidad para evaluar rápidamente la direccionalidad del flujo en los vasos y por medio de válvulas, y para identificar rápidamente la regurgitación de la válvula. Análisis de las cepas es un avance importante que se utiliza para medir cuantitativamente la función miocárdica regional. 6 Esta técnica tiene el potencial para detectar cambios en la patología, o la resolución de la patología, antes que las técnicas convencionales. Junto con la adición de reconstrucción de la imagen en tres dimensiones, la evaluación volumétrica de toda órganos es posible, incluyendo la visualización y evaluación de las estructuras cardíacas y vasculares. Murino compatible con imágenes de contraste también puede permitir mediciones volumétricas y la evaluación de la perfusión tisular.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Murine Echocardiography and Ultrasound Imaging at JoVE.com

Murine Echocardiography and Ultrasound Imaging

Este video demuestra el uso de un carril montado en alta frecuencia de la sonda de ultrasonido para realizar un ecocardiograma en un ratón anestesiado. Los métodos de describir tanto las mediciones convencionales de dos dimensiones y en modo M de la función cardíaca, además de nuevos y más potentes herramientas como el color de Doppler, análisis de las cepas, así como imágenes de contraste general y específica.

Ecocardiografía murino y la ecografía

Rodent models of cardiac pathophysiology represent a valuable research tool to investigate mechanism of disease as well as test new therapeutics.1  ...

murine-echocardiography-and-ultrasound-imaging

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

35.1K vistas.  University of Rochester. Este video demuestra el uso de un carril montado en alta frecuencia de la sonda de ultrasonido para realizar un ecocardiograma en un ratón anestesiado. Los métodos de describir tanto las mediciones convencionales de dos dimensiones y en modo M de la función cardíaca, además de nuevos y más potentes herramientas como el color de Doppler, análisis de las cepas, así como imágenes de contraste general y específica.

Video: Murine Echocardiography and Ultrasound Imaging

Transthoracic Echocardiography in Mice

In recent years, murine models have become the primary avenue for studying the molecular mechanisms of cardiac dysfunction resulting from changes in gene expression. Transgenic and gene targeting methods can be used to generate mice with altered cardiac size and function,1-3 and as a result, in vivo techniques are needed to evaluate their cardiac phenotype. Transthoracic echocardiography, pulse wave Doppler (PWD), and tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) can be used to provide dimensional measurements of the mouse heart and to quantify the degree of cardiac systolic and diastolic performance. Two-dimensional imaging is used to detect abnormal anatomy or movements of the left ventricle, whereas M-mode echo is used for quantification of cardiac dimensions and contractility.4,5 In addition, PWD is used to quantify localized velocity of turbulent flow,6 whereas TDI is used to measure the velocity of myocardial motion.7 Thus, transthoracic echocardiography offers a comprehensive method for the noninvasive evaluation of cardiac function in mice.

Transthoracic echocardiography offers a noninvasive method for the evaluation of cardiac function in mice. A combination of ultrasound and Doppler imaging modalities can be used to obtain dimensional measurements of the heart and intracardiac blood flow, which together provide an assessment of cardiac systolic and diastolic performance.

Ecocardiografía transtorácica en ratones

In recent years, murine models have become the primary avenue for studying the molecular mechanisms of cardiac dysfunction resulting from changes in gene ...

Investigación

Medicina

Murine Fetal Echocardiography

Transgenic mice displaying abnormalities in cardiac development and function represent a powerful tool for the understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying both normal cardiovascular function and the pathophysiological basis of human cardiovascular disease. Fetal and perinatal death is a common feature when studying genetic alterations affecting cardiac development 1-3. In order to study the role of genetic or pharmacologic alterations in the early development of cardiac function, ultrasound imaging of the live fetus has become an important tool for early recognition of abnormalities and longitudinal follow-up. Noninvasive ultrasound imaging is an ideal method for detecting and studying congenital malformations and the impact on cardiac function prior to death 4. It allows early recognition of abnormalities in the living fetus and the progression of disease can be followed in utero with longitudinal studies 5,6. Until recently, imaging of fetal mouse hearts frequently involved invasive methods. The fetus had to be sacrificed to perform magnetic resonance microscopy and electron microscopy or surgically delivered for transillumination microscopy. An application of high-frequency probes with conventional 2-D and pulsed-wave Doppler imaging has been shown to provide measurements of cardiac contraction and heart rates during embryonic development with databases of normal developmental changes now available 6-10. M-mode imaging further provides important functional data, although, the proper imaging planes are often difficult to obtain. High-frequency ultrasound imaging of the fetus has improved 2-D resolution and can provide excellent information on the early development of cardiac structures 11.

Fetal and perinatal death is a common feature when studying genetic alterations affecting cardiac development. High-frequency ultrasound imaging has improved 2-D resolution and can provide excellent information on early cardiac development and is an ideal method to detect the impact on cardiac structure and function prior to death.

La ecocardiografía fetal murino

Transgenic mice displaying abnormalities in  cardiac development and function represent a powerful tool for the understanding  the molecular mechanisms ...

Fetal Echocardiography and Pulsed-wave Doppler Ultrasound in a Rabbit Model of Intrauterine Growth Restriction

Fetal intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) results in abnormal cardiac function that is apparent antenatally due to advances in fetoplacental Doppler ultrasound and fetal echocardiography. Increasingly, these imaging modalities are being employed clinically to examine cardiac function and assess wellbeing in utero, thereby guiding timing of birth decisions. Here, we used a rabbit model of IUGR that allows analysis of cardiac function in a clinically relevant way. Using isoflurane induced anesthesia, IUGR is surgically created at gestational age day 25 by performing a laparotomy, exposing the bicornuate uterus and then ligating 40-50% of uteroplacental vessels supplying each gestational sac in a single uterine horn. The other horn in the rabbit bicornuate uterus serves as internal control fetuses. Then, after recovery at gestational age day 30 (full term), the same rabbit undergoes examination of fetal cardiac function. Anesthesia is induced with ketamine and xylazine intramuscularly, then maintained by a continuous intravenous infusion of ketamine and xylazine to minimize iatrogenic effects on fetal cardiac function. A repeat laparotomy is performed to expose each gestational sac and a microultrasound examination (VisualSonics VEVO 2100) of fetal cardiac function is performed. Placental insufficiency is evident by a raised pulsatility index or an absent or reversed end diastolic flow of the umbilical artery Doppler waveform. The ductus venosus and middle cerebral artery Doppler is then examined. Fetal echocardiography is performed by recording B mode, M mode and flow velocity waveforms in lateral and apical views. Offline calculations determine standard M-mode cardiac variables, tricuspid and mitral annular plane systolic excursion, speckle tracking and strain analysis, modified myocardial performance index and vascular flow velocity waveforms of interest. This small animal model of IUGR therefore affords examination of in utero cardiac function that is consistent with current clinical practice and is therefore useful in a translational research setting.

We describe examination of fetal cardiac function with contemporary functional fetal echocardiography and fetoplacental Doppler ultrasound using the VisualSonics VEVO 2100 microultrasound in a surgically induced model of intrauterine fetal growth restriction in a rabbit.

Ecocardiografía Fetal y Ecografía Doppler de onda pulsada en un modelo de conejo de Restricción del crecimiento intrauterino

Fetal intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) results in abnormal cardiac function that is apparent antenatally due to advances in fetoplacental Doppler ...

A Novel Application of Musculoskeletal Ultrasound Imaging

Ultrasound is an attractive modality for imaging muscle and tendon motion during dynamic tasks and can provide a complementary methodological approach for biomechanical studies in a clinical or laboratory setting. Towards this goal, methods for quantification of muscle kinematics from ultrasound imagery are being developed based on image processing. The temporal resolution of these methods is typically not sufficient for highly dynamic tasks, such as drop-landing. We propose a new approach that utilizes a Doppler method for quantifying muscle kinematics. We have developed a novel vector tissue Doppler imaging (vTDI) technique that can be used to measure musculoskeletal contraction velocity, strain and strain rate with sub-millisecond temporal resolution during dynamic activities using ultrasound. The goal of this preliminary study was to investigate the repeatability and potential applicability of the vTDI technique in measuring musculoskeletal velocities during a drop-landing task, in healthy subjects. The vTDI measurements can be performed concurrently with other biomechanical techniques, such as 3D motion capture for joint kinematics and kinetics, electromyography for timing of muscle activation and force plates for ground reaction force. Integration of these complementary techniques could lead to a better understanding of dynamic muscle function and dysfunction underlying the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of musculoskeletal disorders.

We describe a new ultrasound-based vector tissue Doppler imaging technique to measure muscle contraction velocity, strain and strain rate with sub-millisecond temporal resolution during dynamic activities. This approach provides complementary measurements of dynamic muscle function and could lead to a better understanding of mechanisms underlying musculoskeletal disorders.

Una aplicación Novel of Musculoskeletal Ultrasound Imaging

Ultrasound is an attractive modality for imaging muscle and tendon  motion during dynamic tasks and can provide a complementary methodological  approach ...

Diagnostic Ultrasound Imaging of Mouse Diaphragm Function

Function analysis of rodent respiratory skeletal muscles, particularly the diaphragm, is commonly performed by isolating muscle strips using invasive surgical procedures. Although this is an effective method of assessing in vitro diaphragm activity, it involves non-survival surgery. The application of non-invasive ultrasound imaging as an in vivo procedure is beneficial since it not only reduces the number of animals sacrificed, but is also suitable for monitoring disease progression in live mice. Thus, our ultrasound imaging method may likely assist in the development of novel therapies that alleviate muscle injury induced by various respiratory diseases. Particularly, in clinical diagnoses of obstructive lung diseases, ultrasound imaging has the potential to be used in conjunction with other standard tests to detect the early onset of diaphragm muscle fatigue. In the current protocol, we describe how to accurately evaluate diaphragm contractility in a mouse model using a diagnostic ultrasound imaging technique.

Diagnostic ultrasound imaging has proven to be effective in diagnosing various respiratory diseases in human and animal subjects. We demonstrate a comprehensive ultrasound protocol utilized by Dr. Zuo's lab to analyze diaphragm kinetics specifically in mouse models. This is also a non-invasive research technique which can provide quantitative information on mouse respiratory muscle function.

Ultrasonido Diagnóstico por la Imagen de la función del ratón del diafragma

Function analysis of rodent respiratory skeletal muscles, particularly the diaphragm, is commonly performed by isolating muscle strips using invasive ...

High-frequency Ultrasound Imaging of Mouse Cervical Lymph Nodes

High-frequency ultrasound (HFUS) is widely employed as a non-invasive method for imaging internal anatomic structures in experimental small animal systems. HFUS has the ability to detect structures as small as 30 &#181;m, a property that has been utilized for visualizing superficial lymph nodes in rodents in brightness (B)-mode. Combining power Doppler with B-mode imaging allows for measuring circulatory blood flow within lymph nodes and other organs. While HFUS has been utilized for lymph node imaging in a number of mouse&#160; model systems, a detailed protocol describing HFUS imaging and characterization of the cervical lymph nodes in mice has not been reported. Here, we show that HFUS can be adapted to detect and characterize cervical lymph nodes in mice. Combined B-mode and power Doppler imaging can be used to detect increases in blood flow in immunologically-enlarged cervical nodes. We also describe the use of B-mode imaging to conduct fine needle biopsies of cervical lymph nodes to retrieve lymph tissue for histological&#160; analysis. Finally, software-aided steps are described to calculate changes in lymph node volume and to visualize changes in lymph node morphology following image reconstruction. The ability to visually monitor changes in cervical lymph node biology over time provides a simple and powerful technique for the non-invasive monitoring of cervical lymph node alterations in preclinical mouse models of oral cavity disease.

This protocol describes the application of high-frequency ultrasound (HFUS) for imaging mouse cervical lymph nodes. This technique optimizes visualization and quantification of cervical lymph node morphology, volume and blood flow. Image-guided biopsy of cervical lymph nodes and processing of lymph tissue for histological evaluation is also demonstrated.

Alta frecuencia de imágenes por ultrasonido del mouse ganglios linfáticos cervicales

High-frequency ultrasound (HFUS) is widely employed as a non-invasive method for imaging internal anatomic structures in experimental small animal ...

Murine Echocardiography of Left Atrium, Aorta, and Pulmonary Artery

The present methodology teaches the investigator how to measure and use the LAV as a surrogate of chronic elevations in Left Ventricular diastolic pressure through echocardiography, as well as to obtain measurements of the Aorta and PA diameter in mice.
Mice older than 10 d of age can be analyzed using the present technique. The technique is composed of 3 main steps: set-up, image acquisition, and image analysis. The set-up step consists of getting the mouse anesthetized with 1% isoflurane, shaving it, and taping it in a supine position to a heated EKG board where the image acquisition will take place. The image acquisition step consists of learning to identify the cardiac structures and obtaining all the required images with its correspondent probe and axis in order to be able to calculate volumes and diameters. The image analysis step consists of measuring the previously acquired images with the aid of computer software.
Advantages of the proposed technique include a fast (15 min) procedure that would allow the researcher to evaluate interventions in a non-invasive, non-terminal approach and therefore follow the same mouse over time; each mouse can be used as its own control. This fact plus having the same operator perform all the acquisition and analysis for the entire experiment minimizes the limitation of operator-dependency. The present methodology is useful for mouse researchers in cardiovascular and pulmonary medicine.

The following protocol describes the methodology for the acquisition and analysis of echocardiographic images used to obtain the Left Atrial Volume (LAV), Aorta (Ao) diameter, and Pulmonary Artery (PA) diameter in mice. This technique is a non-invasive, non-terminal procedure that allows assessment of the cardiopulmonary function.

Murino de Ecocardiografía del atrio izquierdo, la aorta y arteria pulmonar

The present methodology teaches the investigator how to measure and use the LAV as a surrogate of chronic elevations in Left Ventricular diastolic ...

Providing Visual Biofeedback Using Brightness Mode Ultrasound During a Golf Swing

Using ultrasound biofeedback in conjunction with verbal cueing can increase muscle thickness more than verbal cueing alone and may augment traditional rehabilitation techniques in an athletic, physically active population. Brightness mode (B-mode) ultrasound can be applied using frame-by-frame analysis synchronized with video to understand muscle thickness changes during these dynamic tasks. Visual biofeedback with ultrasound has been established in static positions for the muscles of the lateral abdominal wall. However, by securing the transducer to the abdomen using an elastic belt and foam block, biofeedback can be applied during more specific tasks prevalent in lifetime sports, such as golf. To analyze muscle activity during a golf swing, muscle thickness changes can be compared. The thickness must increase throughout the task, indicating that the muscle is more active. This methodology allows clinicians to immediately replay ultrasound videos for patients as a visual tool to instruct proper activity of the muscles of interest. For example, ultrasound can be used to target the external and internal obliques, which play an important role in swinging a golf club or any other rotational sport or activity. This methodology aims to increase oblique muscle thickness during the golf swing. Additionally, the timing of muscle contraction can be targeted by instructing the patient to contract the abdominal muscles at specific time points, such as the beginning of the downswing, with the goal of improving muscle firing patterns during tasks.

Brightness mode ultrasound can be used to provide visual biofeedback of the muscles of the lateral abdominal wall during a golf swing. Post-swing visual and verbal instruction can increase the muscle activation and timing of the external and internal obliques.

Proporcionar biorretroalimentación visual mediante ultrasonido de modo brillo durante un swing de golf

Using ultrasound biofeedback in conjunction with verbal cueing can increase muscle thickness more than verbal cueing alone and may augment traditional ...

Muscle Function Obtained with Motion Mode Ultrasound and Surface Electromyography during Core Endurance Exercise

Motion mode (M-mode) ultrasound allows researchers and clinicians to measure the change of muscle thickness across time. Muscle thickness can be measured between fascial borders at a given time point during an exercise. This selected time point produces a one-dimensional image resulting in real-time, live observation of anatomy. Ultrasound used during functional movement can be referred to as dynamic ultrasound; this is feasible and reliable with the use of a linear transducer, elastic belt, and foam block to secure consistent transducer placement. The lateral abdominal wall is commonly investigated using ultrasound due to the overlapping nature of the muscles. Surface electromyography (sEMG) can complement M-mode ultrasound imaging because it measures the electrical representation of muscle activation. There is minimal evidence using M-mode ultrasound and sEMG simultaneously during core exercise. Exercises that challenge the core musculature involve both isometric holds (e.g., side plank), as well as oscillatory extremity movements (e.g., dead bug). In this study, both instruments will be used simultaneously to measure core muscle function during exercise. Ultrasound measurements will be obtained using a linear transducer and ultrasound unit, and sEMG measurements will be acquired from a wireless sEMG system. To make comparisons between participants and exercises, normalization methods using static, exercise starting positions for both instruments will be used. An activation ratio will be used for ultrasound and calculated by dividing the contracted thickness (thickness during a time point of exercise) by the rested (starting position) thickness. Muscle thickness will be measured in centimeters from the superior inferior fascial border to inferior superior fascial border. These methods aim to offer an innovative and practical measurement of muscle function with M-mode ultrasound and sEMG during core endurance exercises.

This protocol uses motion mode ultrasound and surface electromyography simultaneously to measure muscle function of the core. Muscle thickness and activation of the local stabilizers (e.g., transverse abdominis, internal oblique) and global movers (e.g., external oblique) is achievable during specific time points of the side plank and dead bug exercises.

Función muscular obtenida con ultrasonido de modo de movimiento y electromiografía de superficie durante el ejercicio de resistencia central

Motion mode (M-mode) ultrasound allows researchers and clinicians to measure the change of muscle thickness across time. Muscle thickness can be measured ...

A Modified Sonographic Algorithm for Image Acquisition in Life-Threatening Emergencies in the Critically Ill Newborn

The use of routine point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) is increasing in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs), with several centers advocating for 24 h equipment availability. In 2018, the sonographic algorithm for life-threatening emergencies (SAFE) protocol was published, which allows the assessment of neonates with sudden decompensation to identify abnormal contractility, tamponade, pneumothorax, and pleural effusion. In the study unit (with a consulting neonatal hemodynamics and POCUS service), the algorithm was adapted by including consolidated core steps to support at-risk newborns, aiding clinicians in managing cardiac arrest, and adding views to verify correct intubation. This paper presents a protocol that can be applied in the NICU and the delivery room (DR) in relation to three scenarios: cardiac arrest, hemodynamic deterioration, or respiratory decompensation. 
This protocol can be performed with a state-of-the-art ultrasound machine or an affordable handheld device; the image acquisition protocol is carefully detailed. This method was designed to be learned as a general competence to obtain the timely diagnosis of life-threatening scenarios; the method aims to save time but does not represent a substitute for comprehensive and standardized hemodynamic and radiological analyses by a multidisciplinary team, which might not universally be on call but needs to be involved in the process. From January 2019 to July 2022, in our center, 1,045 hemodynamic consultation/POCUS consults were performed with 25 patients requiring the modified SAFE protocol (2.3%), and a total of 19 procedures were performed. In five cases, trained fellows on call resolved life-threatening situations. Clinical examples are provided that show the importance of including this technique in the care of critical newborns.

Here, we present a protocol that can be applied in the neonatal intensive care unit and the delivery room in relation to three scenarios: cardiac arrest, hemodynamic deterioration, or respiratory decompensation. This protocol can be performed with a state-of-the-art ultrasound machine or an affordable handheld device; an image acquisition protocol is carefully detailed.

Un algoritmo sonográfico modificado para la adquisición de imágenes en emergencias potencialmente mortales en el recién nacido gravemente enfermo

The use of routine point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) is increasing in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs), with several centers advocating for 24 h ...