この作品は、国立衛生研究所（K08 - DK073545とNICHDが支援する知的発達障害研究センター新奨励賞）、フィラデルフィア財団、およびペンシルベニア州マケイブ賞の大学（MJF）だけでなく、トリスタンの一部で賄われていたミューレン基金（MJFとMY）。内容はもっぱら著者の責任であり、必ずしも国立衛生研究所の公式見解を表すものではありません。

<ol>
	<li>Hope, I. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> C. elegans: A practical approach. , (1999).</li><li>Dingley, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mitochondrial+respiratory+chain+dysfunction+variably+increases+oxidant+stress+in+Caenorhabditis+elegans.">Mitochondrial respiratory chain dysfunction variably increases oxidant stress in Caenorhabditis elegans.</a> Mitochondrion. 10, 125-136 (2010).</li><li>Jones, B. N., Gilligan, J. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=o-Phthaldialdehyde+precolumn+derivatization+and+reversed-phase+high-performance+liquid+chromatography+of+polypeptide+hydrolysates+and+physiological+fluids.">o-Phthaldialdehyde precolumn derivatization and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography of polypeptide hydrolysates and physiological fluids.</a> Journal of chromatography. 266, 471-482 (1983).</li><li>Falk, M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Metabolic+pathway+profiling+of+mitochondrial+respiratory+chain+mutants+in+C.+elegans.">Metabolic pathway profiling of mitochondrial respiratory chain mutants in C. elegans.</a> Molecular genetics and metabolism. 93, 388-397 (2008).</li><li>Yudkoff, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Measuring+in+vivo+ureagenesis+with+stable+isotopes.">Measuring in vivo ureagenesis with stable isotopes.</a> Molecular genetics and metabolism. 100, 37-41 (2010).</li><li>Tsang, W. Y., Sayles, L. C., Grad, L. I., Pilgrim, D. B., Lemire, B. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mitochondrial+respiratory+chain+deficiency+in+Caenorhabditis+elegans+results+in+developmental+arrest+and+increased+life+span.">Mitochondrial respiratory chain deficiency in Caenorhabditis elegans results in developmental arrest and increased life span.</a> J Biol Chem. 276, 32240-32246 (2001).</li></ol>

利害の衝突は宣言されません。

中間代謝物の同位体存在度を測定する質量分析法を適用すると、重要な生化学的変化5の素晴らしく詳細な画像が得られる。ここで、我々は遺伝的に汎用性の高いモデル動物、Cで中間代謝フラックスを評価するために、この高感度および特定の方法論を活用するための詳細なプロトコルを提供しているエレガンス 。下流の代謝物の同位体濃縮を測定する際に実際に、安定同位体標識された代謝前駆体（例えば、13 C -グルコースのような）で生きている動物を餌と中間代謝経路のフラックスに新たな洞察を可能にします。我々は、解糖、ピルビン酸代謝、およびトリカルボン酸サイクルを通じてフラックスの堅牢な分析を得るために信頼性の高い方法論を開発した。これは、初期の幼虫の発育段階から安定同位体を与えられた動物や有糸分裂後の成人期に始まる両方達成することができます。以前に無料のワームのアラニン、アスパラギン酸、グルタミン酸、およびグルタミンの異なる種の絶対的な同位体濃縮を決定するために、4を説明するように別の代謝産物の種の同位体濃縮は、高速液体クロマトグラフィーにより全体ワーム遊離アミノ酸のプロファイリングと一緒に勉強することができます。 1,000〜2,000若い成人同期ワームのアリコートでアミノ酸と有機酸の分析物を測定する際に実際に、同位体濃縮の一貫したパ​​ターンが得られる。そのような方法論は、敏感に、野生型ワームへの相対核遺伝子ベースのミトコンドリア変異株では異常な中間フラックスを区別することができます。 このテクニックは、代謝の一般的な先天との関連性の特定の生化学的経路に磁束の変化を調査するために値を保持します。特に、安定同位体で標識されたグルコースの利用率は、ミトコンドリア病との関連性の中心的な代謝経路を介して炭素フラックスを通知します。確かに、私たちのデータではそのような方法論の適用は、敏感に、野生型ワームへの相対核遺伝子ベースのミトコンドリア複合体IIIのサブユニット変異株（ISP - 1（qm150））における異常な中間フラックスを識別することができます示唆している。 同位体の暴露が数日に一つの期間に完了するので、細胞ベースのモデルで決定される可能性があるので、定量同位体濃縮が定義された期間にわたって、&quot;定常状態&quot;濃縮値ではなく、定量化可能なフラックスを表していることを認識することが重要です。数分から数時間の間、同位体にさらされる。線虫の開発の過程で経路のフラックスを問い合わせるの別の潜在的な制限は、特定の変異株で発生する幼虫の発育の長さが異なるにも関する。例えば、多くの重篤なミトコンドリアの変異は、サード（L3）幼虫のステージ6で停止を引き起こすことが知られている。従って、唯一の成人期まで生存する動物の同位体の取り込みの分析は、全​​体の変異体集団を代表できない場合があります。しかし、この方法論は、特定の幼生期（例えばL2など）ではなく、動物が成体段階に到達するのを待つで中間代謝物の同位体の取り込みを評価するために適合させることができる。同様に、dauerとして知られている別の幼虫期に入る動物はおそらく大幅にfour幼生段階を経て直接進む動物に（可能性低い）代謝フラックスの相対的に変更している。今後の研究はまた、直接の異なる遺伝的背景のdauer段階の動物の同位体の取り込みを評価するために行うことができた。動物は若い成人の段階に達すると開始一定時間（ここで、24〜48時間）のための安定同位体に動物を公開すること（のようなプロトコールBで詳述）変数発達期間の影響を除去。 13 C -グルコースのみが解糖、ピルビン酸代謝およびトリカルボン酸サイクルのフラックスに問い合わせをしながら、他の同位体トレーサーは、潜在的に線虫への関心の他の経路を介して生化学的経路のフラックスを調べるために評価することができます。例えば、15 N -グリシンは、線虫におけるアミノ酸の代謝回転を評価するために利用される場合があります。 このアプローチのもう一つの潜在的な制限は、代謝物の検出感度のレベルです。我々の経験は500​​若い成人の線虫の最小が正常にここで採用さHPLCとGC / MS法によって同位体の取り込みを定量化するために必要な示唆している。我々はこれが単一のワームから代謝物の種に代謝物と同位体の取り込みの信頼性の高い定量を許可する可能性は低い予想がこのような超高性能液体クロマトグラフィー（UPLC）のような高感度、と手段の利用、研究動物の数のさらなる削減を許可することがあります。我々は確実にそれぞれの菌株で低濃度の代謝物を検出するために見つけたの実験あたり1,000の動物のワームの集団を、研究。しかし、そのようなGABAのようないくつかの代謝物が、、唯一の確実のために、線虫のより大きな集団で定量することができる1 × 10 6匹4。 要約すると、安定同位体のプロファイリングは、長い先天性代謝異常を研究するために利用されている非侵襲的で安全な（非放射性）アプローチを提供します。 C.にこの方法論の適用線虫は、個々の遺伝性疾患および/ ​​または薬理学的エージェントの暴露に起因する生体 、全体の動物のレベルで発生するリアルタイム、代謝の変化、 で調査するために新たな能力を提供します。

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<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">	
		
		<div>
		<table border="1">
		<thead>
		<tr>
		<th>Material Name</th>
		<th>Type</th>
		<th>Company</th>
		<th>Catalogue Number</th>
		<th>Comment</th>
		</tr>
		</thead>
		<tbody>
		
<tr>
<td>S. basal</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>1 - page 59</td>
<td>Protocols A and B</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Cholesterol</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>C-8503</td>
<td>Protocol B</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>OP50 E. coli</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Caenorhabditis Genetics Center</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Protocols A and C</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>K12 E. coli</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Caenorhabditis Genetics Center</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Protocol B</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>NGM agar</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Research Products INT</td>
<td>N81800-1000.0</td>
<td>Protocols A, B, and C</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>13C glucose (universally labeled)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Cambridge Isotope labs</td>
<td>CLM-1396</td>
<td>Protocol A and C</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>13C glucose (1,6 labeled)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Cambridge Isotope labs</td>
<td>CLM-2717</td>
<td>Protocol B</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>60% Perchloric acid (PCA)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fisher</td>
<td>MK2766500</td>
<td>Protocols A and B</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>&epsilon;-aminocaproic acid (Internal Standard)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>A-2504</td>
<td>Protocols A and B</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>MTBSTFA</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Regis</td>
<td>270243</td>
<td>Protocol E</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Acetonitrile</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Regis</td>
<td>270010</td>
<td>Protocol E</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>AG 1-X8, 100-200, Chloride form resin</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>BIO-RAD</td>
<td>140-1441</td>
<td>Protocols A and B (organic acid extraction)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>AG 50W-X8, 100-200, Hydrogen form resin</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>BIO-RAD</td>
<td>142-1441</td>
<td>Protocols A and B (amino acid extraction)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>NaHCO3</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>S-8875</td>
<td>Protocol C</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>NaOH</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>S8045</td>
<td>Protocol C</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>3N HCl</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>320331</td>
<td>Protocol D</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>1N HCl</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>320331</td>
<td>Protocol A</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>0.1 N HCl</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>320331</td>
<td>Protocol D</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>4N NH4OH</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>30501</td>
<td>Protocol D</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>4N KOH</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>484016</td>
<td>Protocols A and B</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Deionized water</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Milli Q Biocel</td>
<td>ZMQA60F01</td>
<td>Protocol D</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Helium</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Airgas</td>
<td>24001364</td>
<td>Protocol C2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>SMZ-800 Zoom Stereo-Microscope</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>NIKON</td>
<td>NI MNA41000</td>
<td>Protocols A, B, and C</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>pH meter</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fisher</td>
<td>S68167</td>
<td>Protocols A and B</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Table top centrifuge - 5804R</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Eppendorf</td>
<td>05-400-93</td>
<td>Protocols A and B</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Incubated platform shaker</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>New Brunswick</td>
<td>M1324-0004</td>
<td>Protocol B</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Mini LabRoller Rotator</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Labnet</td>
<td>H-5500</td>
<td>Protocols A and B</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Pestles</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Kontes</td>
<td>K749520-0090</td>
<td>Protocols A and B</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Drill</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Kontes</td>
<td>K749540-0000</td>
<td>Protocols A and B</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>1 L glass beaker</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fisher</td>
<td>02-539P</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>1 L Erlenmeyer Flasks</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>VWR</td>
<td>89000-368</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>25 mL Erlenmeyer Flasks</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>VWR</td>
<td>89000-356</td>
<td>Protocol B</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>7ml round-bottom glass tubes + rubber stopper</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>VWR</td>
<td>VT6431</td>
<td>Protocols A, B, and C1,C2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>10 ml round-bottom glass tubes + rubber stopper</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>VWR</td>
<td>VT6430</td>
<td>Protocol C2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Blue top tubes</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Labco</td>
<td>438B</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>50 ml conical plastic tubes</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Falcon</td>
<td>14-959-49A</td>
<td>All protocols</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>1.5 ml microfuge tubes</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fisher</td>
<td>02-681-320</td>
<td>Protocols A and B</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Syringes (1 mL, 10 mL, 20 mL)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>BD Medical</td>
<td>301025, 301029, 301031</td>
<td>Protocols C1 and C2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>25 gauge needles</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fisher</td>
<td>22-253-131</td>
<td>Protocols C1 and C2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Poly-Prep Chromatography Columns</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>BIO-RAD</td>
<td>731-1550</td>
<td>Protocol D</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Pasteur pipettes</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>VWR</td>
<td>14673-043</td>
<td>Protocol D</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>60mm Petri dishes</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>VWR</td>
<td>25373-085</td>
<td>Protocol C</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Glass chamber (cut bottom of 1 L flask) fitted with grease-sealed 3-way stopcock</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Custom Made in Glass Shop</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Protocol C</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Optically transparent glass plate</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Custom Made in Glass Shop</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Protocol C</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Reacti-Vap III Evaporator</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
<td>18826</td>
<td>Protocol D</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Cotton</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>VWR</td>
<td>14224-516</td>
<td>Protocol D</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>High Vacuum Grease</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Dow Corning</td>
<td>1597418</td>
<td>Protocol C1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Aluminum Foil</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fisher</td>
<td>01-213-18</td>
<td>Protocol B</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Timer</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>ISC Bioexpress</td>
<td>T-2504-5</td>
<td>Protocol C</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Gas-Ratio Mass Spectrometer</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Thermophinigan</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Protocol D</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>GC-MS</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>HP</td>
<td>5980/5971</td>
<td>Protocol D</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>GC-MS</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Agilent</td>
<td>6980N/5973N</td>
<td>Protocol D</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>HPLC</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Varian</td>
<td>9010</td>
<td>Protocol D</td>
</tr>		</tbody>
		</table>
		</div>

stable isotopic profiling of intermediary metabolic flux in developing and adult stage caenorhabditis elegans

安定同位体のプロファイリングが長い遺伝子の突然変異および/または細胞と哺乳動物モデルにおける薬物療法の代謝の結果の敏感な調査を許可しています。ここで、我々は線虫、 線虫（Caenorhabditis elegans）での中間代謝と代謝フラックスの安定同位体のプロファイリングを実行するための詳細な方法について説明します。様々な薬理学的治療にさらされたままの方法は、ラベル付けされた二酸化炭素は、標識有機酸、および若年成人のような線虫の増殖培地の寒天プレートまたは最初にどちらかの初期の開発から安定同位体に暴露された動物で標識されたアミノ酸は、全体のワーム遊離アミノ酸をプロファイリングするために記載されています液体培養インチ遊離アミノ酸は、4％過塩素酸で抽出された全体のワームのアリコートで、高性能液体クロマトグラフィー（HPLC）により定量化されています。普遍的に13 C -グルコースまたは1,6のラベル- 13 C 2 -グルコースは、そのラベルの付いた炭素、二酸化炭素の質量分析法（大気および溶存両方）と同様の解糖を介して磁束を示す代謝物がトレースされる安定同位体前駆体として利用されている、ピルビン酸代謝、およびトリカルボン酸サイクル。代表的な結果は、同位体の露光時間、様々な細菌の決済プロトコル、および野生型線虫、ならびにとしてミトコンドリア複合体III変異体のワームの同位体の取り込みの相対的な範囲（ISP - 1（qm150）の代替ワームの破砕方法の効果を示すために含まれて）野生型ワームからの相対。生きている線虫における安定同位体プロファイルのアプリケーションは、個々の疾患の遺伝的および/または薬物療法によって引き起こされる全体の動物のレベルのリアルタイム代謝の変化に調査するために新たな能力を提供します。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Stable Isotopic Profiling of Intermediary Metabolic Flux in Developing and Adult Stage Caenorhabditis elegans at JoVE.com

Stable Isotopic Profiling of Intermediary Metabolic Flux in Developing and Adult Stage Caenorhabditis elegans

中間代謝フラックスのガスクロマトグラフィー質量分析による安定同位体のプロファイリングは、線虫で説明されています<em&gt;線虫（Caenorhabditis elegans）</em&gt;。メソッドは、二酸化炭素、有機酸、および開発中の寒天プレート上または液体培養における成人期のどちらかの同位体曝露後のアミノ酸の同位体濃縮を評価するために詳しく説明されています。

開発と成人期における中間代謝フラックスの安定同位体プロファイル線虫（Caenorhabditis elegans）</em

Stable isotopic profiling has long permitted sensitive investigations of the metabolic consequences of genetic mutations and/or pharmacologic therapies in ...

stable-isotopic-profiling-intermediary-metabolic-flux-developing

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Stable Isotopic Profiling of Intermediary Metabolic Flux in Developing and Adult Stage Caenorhabditis elegans

13.4K ビュー.  The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia. 中間代謝フラックスのガスクロマトグラフィー質量分析による安定同位体のプロファイリングは、線虫で説明されています線虫（Caenorhabditis elegans）。メソッドは、二酸化炭素、有機酸、および開発中の寒天プレート上または液体培養における成人期のどちらかの同位体曝露後のアミノ酸の同位体濃縮を評価するために詳しく説明されています?...

ビデオ: Stable Isotopic Profiling of Intermediary Metabolic Flux in Developing and Adult Stage Caenorhabditis elegans

Generation of Stable Transgenic C. elegans Using Microinjection

Transgenic Caenorhabditis elegans can be readily created via microinjection of a DNA plasmid solution into the gonad 1. The plasmid DNA rearranges to form extrachromosomal concatamers that are stably inherited, though not with the same efficiency as actual chromosomes 2. A gene of interest is co-injected with an obvious phenotypic marker, such as rol-6 or GFP, to allow selection of transgenic animals under a dissecting microscope. The exogenous gene may be expressed from its native promoter for cellular localization studies. Alternatively, the transgene can be driven by a different tissue-specific promoter to assess the role of the gene product in that particular cell or tissue. This technique efficiently drives gene expression in all tissues of C. elegans except for the germline or early embryo 3. Creation of transgenic animals is widely utilized for a range of experimental paradigms. This video demonstrates the microinjection procedure to generate transgenic worms. Furthermore, selection and maintenance of stable transgenic C. elegans lines is described.

This video demonstrates the technique of microinjection into the gonad of C. elegans to create transgenic animals.

マイクロインジェクションを使用して安定したトランスジェニック線虫の世代

Transgenic Caenorhabditis elegans can be readily created via microinjection of a DNA plasmid solution into the gonad 1.  The plasmid DNA rearranges to ...

生物学

Isolation and In vitro Activation of Caenorhabditis elegans Sperm

Males and hermaphrodites are the two naturally found sexual forms in the nematode C. elegans. The amoeboid sperm are produced by both males and hermaphrodites. In the earlier phase of gametogenesis, the germ cells of hermaphrodites differentiate into limited number of sperm - around 300 - and are stored in a small 'bag' called the spermatheca. Later on, hermaphrodites continually produce oocytes1. In contrast, males produce exclusively sperm throughout their adulthood. The males produce so much sperm that it accounts for &gt;50% of the total cells in a typical adult worm2. Therefore, isolating sperm from males is easier than from that of hermaphrodites.
Only a small proportion of males are naturally generated due to spontaneous non-disjunction of X chromosome3. Crossing hermaphrodites with males or more conveniently, the introduction of mutations to give rise to Him (High Incidence of Males) phenotype are some of strategies through which one can enrich the male population3.
Males can be easily distinguished from hermaphrodites by observing the tail morphology4. Hermaphrodite's tail is pointed, whereas male tail is rounded with mating structures.
Cutting the tail releases vast number of spermatids stored inside the male reproductive tract. Dissection is performed under a stereo microscope using 27 gauge needles. Since spermatids are not physically connected with any other cells, hydraulic pressure expels internal contents of male body, including spermatids2.
Males are directly dissected on a small drop of 'Sperm Medium'. Spermatids are sensitive to alteration in the pH. Hence, HEPES, a compound with good buffering capacity is used in sperm media. Glucose and other salts present in sperm media help maintain osmotic pressure to maintain the integrity of sperm.
Post-meiotic differentiation of spermatids into spermatozoa is termed spermiogenesis or sperm activation. Shakes5, and Nelson6 previously showed that round spermatids can be induced to differentiate into spermatozoa by adding various activating compounds including Pronase E. Here we demonstrate in vitro spermiogenesis of C. elegans spermatids using Pronase E.
Successful spermiogenesis is pre-requisite for fertility and hence the mutants defective in spermiogenesis are sterile. Hitherto several mutants have been shown to be defective specifically in spermiogenesis process7. Abnormality found during in vitro activation of novel Spe (Spermatogenesis defective) mutants would help us discover additional players participating in this event.

Isolation and In vitro Activation of Caenorhabditis elegans Sperm

A protocol for isolating and activating spermatids from male C. elegans is described here. Cutting the posterior end of male releases spermatids. The spermatids can be activated by addition of protease.

アイソレーションと試験管内で</emの>活性化線虫（Caenorhabditis elegans）精子

Males and hermaphrodites are the two naturally found sexual forms in the nematode C. elegans. The amoeboid sperm are produced by both males and ...

Time-lapse Microscopy of Early Embryogenesis in Caenorhabditis elegans

Caenorhabditis elegans has often been used as a model system in studies of early developmental processes. The transparency of the 
embryos, the genetic resources, and the relative ease of transformation are qualities that make C. elegans an excellent model for early embryogenesis. Laser-based 
confocal microscopy and fluorescently labeled tags allow researchers to follow specific cellular structures and proteins in the developing embryo. For example, 
one can follow specific organelles, such as lysosomes or mitochondria, using fluorescently labeled dyes. These dyes can be delivered to the early embryo by means 
of microinjection into the adult gonad. Also, the localization of specific proteins can be followed using fluorescent protein tags. Examples are presented here 
demonstrating the use of a fluorescent lysosomal dye as well as fluorescently tagged histone and ubiquitin proteins. The labeled histone is used to visualize 
the DNA and thus identify the stage of the cell cycle. GFP-tagged ubiquitin reveals the dynamics of ubiquitinated vesicles in the early embryo. Observations 
of labeled lysosomes and GFP:: ubiquitin can be used to determine if there is colocalization between ubiquitinated vesicles and lysosomes. A technique for 
the microinjection of the lysosomal dye is presented. Techniques for generating transgenenic strains are presented elsewhere (1, 2). For imaging, embryos 
are cut out of adult hermaphrodite nematodes and mounted onto 2% agarose pads followed by time-lapse microscopy on a standard laser scanning confocal 
microscope or a spinning disk confocal microscope. This methodology provides for the high resolution visualization of early embryogenesis.

Time-lapse Microscopy of Early Embryogenesis in Caenorhabditis elegans

This article describes a technique for the visualization of the early events of embryogenesis in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans.

の初期発生のタイムラプス顕微鏡線虫（Caenorhabditis elegans）

Caenorhabditis elegans has often been used as a model system in studies of early developmental processes.  The transparency of the 
embryos, the genetic ...

Basic Caenorhabditis elegans Methods: Synchronization and Observation

Research into the molecular and developmental biology of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans was begun in the early seventies by Sydney Brenner and it has since been used extensively as a model organism 1. C. elegans possesses key attributes such as simplicity, transparency and short life cycle that have made it a suitable experimental system for fundamental biological studies for many years 2. Discoveries in this nematode have broad implications because many cellular and molecular processes that control animal development are evolutionary conserved 3.
C. elegans life cycle goes through an embryonic stage and four larval stages before animals reach adulthood. Development can take 2 to 4 days depending on the temperature. In each of the stages several characteristic traits can be observed. The knowledge of its complete cell lineage 4,5 together with the deep annotation of its genome turn this nematode into a great model in fields as diverse as the neurobiology 6, aging 7,8, stem cell biology 9 and germ line biology 10. 
An additional feature that makes C. elegans an attractive model to work with is the possibility of obtaining populations of worms synchronized at a specific stage through a relatively easy protocol. The ease of maintaining and propagating this nematode added to the possibility of synchronization provide a powerful tool to obtain large amounts of worms, which can be used for a wide variety of small or high-throughput experiments such as RNAi screens, microarrays, massive sequencing, immunoblot or in situ hybridization, among others. 
Because of its transparency, C. elegans structures can be distinguished under the microscope using Differential Interference Contrast microscopy, also known as Nomarski microscopy. The use of a fluorescent DNA binder, DAPI (4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole), for instance, can lead to the specific identification and localization of individual cells, as well as subcellular structures/defects associated to them.

Basic Caenorhabditis elegans Methods: Synchronization and Observation

The easiness of maintaining and propagating the nematode C. elegans make it a nice model organism to work with. The possibility of synchronizing worms allows the work with a significant amount of subjects at the same developmental stage, what facilitates the study of one particular process in many animals.

基本的な<em&gt;線虫Caenorhabditis elegans</em&gt;方法：同期との観測

Research into the molecular and developmental biology of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans was begun in the early seventies by Sydney Brenner and it has ...

Prostaglandin Extraction and Analysis in Caenorhabditis elegans

Caenorhabditis elegans is emerging as a powerful animal model to study the biology of lipids1-9. Prostaglandins are an important class of eicosanoids, which are lipid signals derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs)10-14. These signalling molecules are difficult to study because of their low abundance and reactive nature. The characteristic feature of prostaglandins is a cyclopentane ring structure located within the fatty acid backbone. In mammals, prostaglandins can be formed through cyclooxygenase enzyme-dependent and -independent pathways10,15. C. elegans synthesizes a wide array of prostaglandins independent of cyclooxygenases6,16,17. A large class of F-series prostaglandins has been identified, but the study of eicosanoids is at an early stage with ample room for new discoveries. Here we describe a procedure for extracting and analyzing prostaglandins and other eicosanoids. Charged lipids are extracted from mass worm cultures using a liquid-liquid extraction technique and analyzed by liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS). The inclusion of deuterated analogs of prostaglandins, such as PGF2 &alpha;-d4 as an internal standard is recommended for quantitative analysis. Multiple reaction monitoring or MRM can be used to quantify and compare specific prostaglandin types between wild-type and mutant animals. Collision-induced decomposition or MS/MS can be used to obtain information on important structural features. Liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS) survey scans of a selected mass range, such as m/z 315-360 can be used to evaluate global changes in prostaglandin levels. We provide examples of all three analyses. These methods will provide researchers with a toolset for discovering novel eicosanoids and delineating their metabolic pathways.

Prostaglandin Extraction and Analysis in Caenorhabditis elegans

In this paper, we describe an optimized procedure for extracting and analyzing prostaglandins and other eicosanoids from C. elegans using LC-MS/MS.

におけるプロスタグランジンの抽出と分析<em&gt;線虫（Caenorhabditis elegans）</em

Caenorhabditis elegans is emerging as a powerful animal model to study the biology of lipids1-9. Prostaglandins are an important class of eicosanoids, ...

Cultivation of Caenorhabditis elegans in Three Dimensions in the Laboratory

The use of genetic model organisms such as Caenorhabditis elegans has led to seminal discoveries in biology over the last five decades. Most of what we know about C. elegans is limited to laboratory cultivation of the nematodes that may not necessarily reflect the environments they normally inhabit in nature. Cultivation of C. elegans in a 3D habitat that is more similar to the 3D matrix that worms encounter in rotten fruits and vegetative compost in nature could reveal novel phenotypes and behaviors not observed in 2D. In addition, experiments in 3D can address how phenotypes we observe in 2D are relevant for the worm in nature. Here, a new method in which C. elegans grows and reproduces normally in three dimensions is presented. Cultivation of C. elegans in Nematode Growth Tube-3D (NGT-3D) can allow us to measure the reproductive fitness of C. elegans strains or different conditions in a 3D environment. We also present a novel method, termed Nematode Growth Bottle-3D (NGB-3D), to cultivate C. elegans in 3D for microscopic analysis. These methods allow scientists to study C. elegans biology in conditions that are more reflective of the environments they encounter in nature. These can help us to understand the overlying evolutionary relevance of the physiology and behavior of C. elegans we observe in the laboratory.

Cultivation of Caenorhabditis elegans in Three Dimensions in the Laboratory

We present a simple method to construct 3D nematode cultivation systems called NGT-3D and NGB-3D. These can be used to study nematode fitness and behaviors in habitats that are more similar to natural Caenorhabditis elegans habitats than the standard 2D laboratory C. elegans culture plates.

の栽培<em&gt;線虫（Caenorhabditis elegans）</em&gt;ラボにおける三次元で

The use of genetic model organisms such as Caenorhabditis elegans has led to seminal discoveries in biology over the last five decades. Most of what we ...

Combined Nucleotide and Protein Extractions in Caenorhabditis elegans

A single biological sample holds a plethora of information, and it is now common practice to simultaneously investigate several macromolecules to capture a full picture of the multiple levels of molecular processing and changes between different conditions. This protocol presents the method of isolating DNA, RNA, and protein from the same sample of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans to remove the variation introduced when these biomolecules are isolated from replicates of similarly treated but ultimately different samples. Nucleic acids and protein are extracted from the nematode using the acid guanidinium thiocyanate-phenol-chloroform extraction method, with subsequent precipitation, washing, and solubilization of each. We show the successful isolation of RNA, DNA, and protein from a single sample from three strains of nematode and HeLa cells, with better protein isolation results in adult animals. Additionally, guanidinium thiocyanate-phenol-chloroform-extracted protein from nematodes improves the resolution of larger proteins, with enhanced detectable levels as observed by immunoblotting, compared to the traditional RIPA extraction of protein.
The method presented here is useful when investigating samples using a multiomic approach, specifically for the exploration of the proteome and transcriptome. Techniques that simultaneously assess multiomics are appealing because molecular signaling underlying complex biological phenomena is thought to occur at complementary levels; however, it has become increasingly common to see that changes in mRNA levels do not always reflect the same change in protein levels and that the time of collection is relevant in the context of circadian regulations. This method removes any intersample variation when assaying different contents within the same sample (intrasample.)

Combined Nucleotide and Protein Extractions in Caenorhabditis elegans

Here, we present a protocol for the isolation of RNA, DNA, and protein from the same sample, in an effort to reduce variation, improve reproducibility, and facilitate interpretations.

結合されたヌクレオチドおよび線虫のタンパク質抽出

A single biological sample holds a plethora of information, and it is now common practice to simultaneously investigate several macromolecules to capture ...

Measurement of Oxygen Consumption Rates in Intact Caenorhabditis elegans

Optimal mitochondrial function is critical for healthy cellular activity, particularly in cells that have high energy demands like those in the nervous system and muscle. Consistent with this, mitochondrial dysfunction has been associated with a myriad of neurodegenerative diseases and aging in general. Caenorhabditis elegans have been a powerful model system for elucidating the many intricacies of mitochondrial function. Mitochondrial respiration is a strong indicator of mitochondrial function and recently developed respirometers offer a state-of-the-art platform to measure respiration in cells. In this protocol, we provide a technique to analyze live, intact C. elegans. This protocol spans a period of ~7 days and includes steps for (1) growing and synchronization of C. elegans, (2) preparation&#160;of compounds to be injected and hydration of probes, (3) drug loading and cartridge equilibration, (4) preparation of worm assay plate and assay run, and (5) post-experiment data analysis.

Measurement of Oxygen Consumption Rates in Intact Caenorhabditis elegans

Mitochondrial respiration is critical for organismal survival; therefore, oxygen consumption rate is an excellent indicator of mitochondrial health. In this protocol, we describe the use of a commercially available respirometer to measure basal and maximal oxygen consumption rates in live, intact, and freely-motile Caenorhabditis elegans.

そのまま線虫の酸素消費量の測定

Optimal mitochondrial function is critical for healthy cellular activity, particularly in cells that have high energy demands like those in the nervous ...

Purification and Analysis of Caenorhabditis elegans Extracellular Vesicles

The secretion of small membrane-bound vesicles into the external environment is a fundamental physiological process of all cells. These extracellular vesicles (EVs) function outside the cell to regulate global physiological processes by transferring proteins, nucleic acids, metabolites, and lipids between tissues. EVs reflect the physiological state of their cells of origin. EVs are implicated to have fundamental roles in virtually every aspect of human health. Thus, EV protein and genetic cargos are being increasingly analyzed for biomarkers of health and disease. However, the EV field still lacks a tractable invertebrate model system that permits the study of EV cargo composition. C. elegans is well suited for EV research because it actively secretes EVs outside of its body into its external environment, permitting facile isolation. This article provides all the necessary information for generating, purifying, and quantifying these environmentally secreted C. elegans EVs including how to work quantitatively with very large populations of age-synchronized worms, purifying EVs, and a flow cytometry protocol that directly measures the number of intact EVs in the purified sample. Thus, the large library of genetic reagents available for C. elegans research can be tapped into for investigating the impacts of genetic pathways and physiological processes on EV cargo composition.

Purification and Analysis of Caenorhabditis elegans Extracellular Vesicles

This article presents methods for generating, purifying, and quantifying Caenorhabditis elegans extracellular vesicles.

細胞外小胞体のカエノールハブディティス・エレガンスの精製と分析

The secretion of small membrane-bound vesicles into the external environment is a fundamental physiological process of all cells. These extracellular ...

Modeling Age-Associated Neurodegenerative Diseases in Caenorhabditis elegans

Battling human neurodegenerative pathologies and managing their pervasive socioeconomic impact is becoming a global priority. Notwithstanding their detrimental effects on the human life quality and the healthcare system, the majority of human neurodegenerative disorders still remain incurable and non-preventable. Therefore, the development of novel therapeutic interventions against such maladies is becoming a pressing urgency. Age-associated deterioration of neuronal circuits and function is evolutionarily conserved in organisms as diverse as the lowly worm Caenorhabditis elegans and humans, signifying similarities in the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms. C. elegans is a highly malleable genetic model, which offers a well-characterized nervous system, body transparency and a diverse repertoire of genetic and imaging techniques to assess neuronal activity and quality control during ageing. Here, we introduce and describe methodologies utilizing some versatile nematode models, including hyperactivated ion channel-induced necrosis (e.g., deg-3(d) and mec-4(d)) and protein aggregate (e.g., &#945;-syunclein and poly-glutamate)-induced neurotoxicity, to monitor and dissect the cellular and molecular underpinnings of age-related neuronal breakdown. A combination of these animal neurodegeneration models, together with genetic and pharmacological screens for cell death modulators will lead to an unprecedented understanding of age-related breakdown of neuronal function and will provide critical insights with broad relevance to human health and quality of life.

Modeling Age-Associated Neurodegenerative Diseases in Caenorhabditis elegans

Here, we introduce and describe widely accessible methodologies utilizing some versatile nematode models, including hyperactivated ion channel-induced necrosis and protein aggregate-induced neurotoxicity, to monitor and dissect the cellular and molecular underpinnings of age-associated neurodegenerative diseases.

カエノハブディティス・エレガンスにおける年齢関連神経変性疾患のモデル化

Battling human neurodegenerative pathologies and managing their pervasive socioeconomic impact is becoming a global priority. Notwithstanding their ...