著者らは、エレクトロポレーションチャンバーのセクションを記述建設で彼女の助けのためにカレンローレンスに感謝します。

<ol>
	<li>Carroll, S. B., Grenier, J. K., Weatherbee, S. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> From DNA to diversity : molecular genetics and the evolution of animal design. , (2005).</li><li>Davidson, E. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Genomic regulatory systems : development and evolution. , (2001).</li><li>Ptashne, M., Gann, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Genes &#38; signals. , (2002).</li><li>Blow, M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ChIP-Seq+identification+of+weakly+conserved+heart+enhancers.">ChIP-Seq identification of weakly conserved heart enhancers.</a> Nat Genet. 42, 806-810 (2010).</li><li>Visel, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ChIP-seq+accurately+predicts+tissue-specific+activity+of+enhancers.">ChIP-seq accurately predicts tissue-specific activity of enhancers.</a> Nature. 457, 854-858 (2009).</li><li>Matsuda, T., Cepko, C. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Electroporation+and+RNA+interference+in+the+rodent+retina+in+vivo+and+in+vitro.">Electroporation and RNA interference in the rodent retina in vivo and in vitro.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 101, 16-22 (2004).</li><li>Matsuda, T., Cepko, C. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Controlled+expression+of+transgenes+introduced+by+in+vivo+electroporation.">Controlled expression of transgenes introduced by in vivo electroporation.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 104, 1027-1032 (2007).</li><li>LoTurco, J., Manent, J. B., Sidiqi, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=New+and+improved+tools+for+in+utero+electroporation+studies+of+developing+cerebral+cortex.">New and improved tools for in utero electroporation studies of developing cerebral cortex.</a> Cereb Cortex. 19, 120-125 (2009).</li><li>Matsuda, T., Cepko, C. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+of+gene+function+in+the+retina.">Analysis of gene function in the retina.</a> Methods Mol Biol. 423, 259-278 (2008).</li><li>Lee, J., Myers, C. A., Williams, N., Abdelaziz, M., Corbo, J. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantitative+fine-tuning+of+photoreceptor+cis-regulatory+elements+through+affinity+modulation+of+transcription+factor+binding+sites.">Quantitative fine-tuning of photoreceptor cis-regulatory elements through affinity modulation of transcription factor binding sites.</a> Gene Ther. 17, 1390-1399 (2010).</li><li>Carter-Dawson, L. D., LaVail, M. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rods+and+cones+in+the+mouse+retina.+II.+Autoradiographic+analysis+of+cell+generation+using+tritiated+thymidine.">Rods and cones in the mouse retina. II. Autoradiographic analysis of cell generation using tritiated thymidine.</a> J Comp Neurol. 188, 263-272 (1979).</li><li>Young, R. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cell+differentiation+in+the+retina+of+the+mouse.">Cell differentiation in the retina of the mouse.</a> Anat Rec. 212, 199-205 (1985).</li><li>Corbo, J. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=CRX+ChIP-seq+reveals+the+cis-regulatory+architecture+of+mouse+photoreceptors.">CRX ChIP-seq reveals the cis-regulatory architecture of mouse photoreceptors.</a> Genome Res. 20, 1512-1525 (2010).</li><li>Kim, D. S., Matsuda, T., Cepko, C. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+core+paired-type+and+POU+homeodomain-containing+transcription+factor+program+drives+retinal+bipolar+cell+gene+expression.">A core paired-type and POU homeodomain-containing transcription factor program drives retinal bipolar cell gene expression.</a> J Neurosci. 28, 7748-7764 (2008).</li><li>Karra, D., Dahm, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transfection+techniques+for+neuronal+cells.">Transfection techniques for neuronal cells.</a> J Neurosci. 30, 6171-6177 (2010).</li><li>Onishi, A., Peng, G. H., Chen, S., Blackshaw, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pias3-dependent+SUMOylation+controls+mammalian+cone+photoreceptor+differentiation.">Pias3-dependent SUMOylation controls mammalian cone photoreceptor differentiation.</a> Nat Neurosci. 13, 1059-1065 (2010).</li></ol>

利害の衝突は宣言されません。

外植片のエレクトロポレーションは、開発途上のマウス網膜でのシス調節活性を定量化する簡単な手段です。マウスの遺伝子導入を介してシス調節の解析と比較して、エレクトロポレーションは、新生仔マウス、DNA、解剖器具、およびエレクトロポレーション/組織培養装置を必要とする、はるかに安いです。また、消費するはるかに短い時間です：一つの実験では、唯一の準備時間の数時間、約8日間の培養期間、およびイメージングとデータ解析のための実験の終わりに数時間を必要とします。外植片のエレクトロポレーションは、また細胞培養ベースの実際の網膜組織が ​​利用されているので、 シス調節の解析に優れています。網膜は、外植片ではかなり正常に発達文化 - それは、光受容体は、外側のセグメントを詳しく説明するために失敗するものの、3つの異なる細胞の層を（外顆粒層、内顆粒層、および神経節細胞層）を形成する。 さらなる利点は、外植片のエレクトロポレーションは非常に再現性があります。一般的にであっても別の日に、別の網膜中にエレクトロ同じ構造、同じ相対的な発現レベルの結果。さらに、エレクトロポレーションプラスミドを核内でエピソームに保持されると考えられていると染色体に組み込まれていないので、彼らは、トランスジェニックマウスで行われたシス調節の解析をイライラさせる、同じ組込み部位の影響を受けるように表示されません。 外植片のエレクトロポレーションは、いくつかの制限があります。最初に、細胞周期に残っている細胞のみが効率的にエレクトロ15で形質導入することができます。 P0で、ロッドと他の後の生まれの網膜細胞の種類は（双極細胞、アマクリン細胞、M llerのグリア細胞）この方法の対象となる主要な細胞集団です。 P0エレクトロポレーションにより、錐体光受容体のエレクトロポレーションは、16を報告したが、効率は低いように見えるされています。 2つ目の制限は、網膜の進行性の奇形で2週間の結果を超えてその移植片培養であるため、推奨されません。プロモーターの定量化が遅いタイムポイントで必要な場合はセクション9で説明したように、しかし、in vivoでのエレクトロポレーション9、目的のタイムポイントで網膜切開続いて、実行解剖網膜のフラットマウント、および定量化されることがあります。 3番目の制限は、このアッセイが適度にハイスループットであることです。細胞培養ベースの単一の実験での構造の何百ものテストができるアッセイとは異なり、このプロトコールに記載された技術は、構造ごとに全体のマウス網膜の最小値を必要とします。従って、唯一の数十個の構造は合理的に一日に電気穿孔することができます。 現在のアプローチを使用して、プロモーター活性の定量化に関するつの追加の注意点は非常に強力なプロモーターを測定する際、特に、GFPのチャンネルにDsRedの蛍光​​の&quot;ブリードスルー&quot;の可能性があるということです。その理由は、GFPのDsRedの一部が重なるのその発光スペクトルである。この問題を回避するために、最適化された発光フィルターは、DsRedのとGFPとの間のスペクトルの重なりを最小限にすることを使用する必要があります。このような最適化されたフィルタセットが利用できないときは、別の潜在的な解決策は、GFPの代わりにブルーシフトした蛍光タンパク質（ 例えば 、BFPやCFP）を使用することです。

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><th>試薬の名前</th><th>会社</th><th>カタログ番号</th><th>コメント（省略可能） </th></tr><tr><td>エレクトロポレーション料理、Microslide 453 </td><td> BTXハーバード装置</td><td> 45から0105 </td><td>修正のためにプロトコルのセクション1を参照してください</td></tr><tr><td> 100％のシリコーンゴム水族館のセメント</td><td>パーフェクトマニュファクチャリング</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>プラスチック製のマイクロチューブのラック</td><td>フィッシャーサイエンティフィック</td><td> 05から541 </td><td>のみラックハンドルが使用されます。 </td></tr><tr><td>ドレメルツール</td><td></td><td></td><td>プラスチックチューブのラックからハンドルを切断するための</td></tr><tr><td> DMEM </td><td> GIBCO / Invitrogen社</td><td> 11965 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> F12 </td><td> GIBCO / Invitrogen社</td><td> 11765 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> L-Glu/pen/strep </td><td> GIBCO / Invitrogen社</td><td> 10378-016 </td><td> 100X濃度</td></tr><tr><td>インスリン</td><td>シグマアルドリッチ</td><td> I - 6634 </td><td> 1000X株式の場合は、5mMの塩酸で5mg/mlに再懸濁し、ろ過滅菌</td></tr><tr><td> FBS </td><td> GIBCO / Invitrogen社</td><td> 26140-079 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> ECM 830方形波エレクトロ</td><td> BTXハーバード装置</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Nucleporeフィルター</td><td>ワットマン紙</td><td> 110606 </td><td> 25ミリメートル、0.2μmの</td></tr><tr><td>組織培養インキュベーター</td><td></td><td></td><td> 37℃、5％CO 2 </td></tr><tr><td>ガラス製カバースリップ＃1.5 </td><td>フィッシャーサイエンティフィック</td><td> 12 - 544E </td><td>厚さ0.16ミリメートル</td></tr><tr><td>カメラを装備した蛍光化合物の顕微鏡</td><td></td><td></td><td>カメラは単色（浜松などし、ORCA - ERカメラ）でなければなりません</td></tr><tr><td> EGFP /複合顕微鏡のためのDsRedのフィルタセット</td><td>クロマテクノロジー株式会社</td><td> 86007 </td><td>赤と緑のchanenelsの間でこのフィルタセットを最小限に抑えるbleedthrough </td></tr><tr><td> ImageJのソフトウェア</td><td> NIH </td><td></td><td> <a href="http://rsbweb.nih.gov/ij/">http://rsbweb.nih.gov/ij/</a> </td></tr></tbody></table>

quantifying the activity of cis-regulatory elements in the mouse retina by explant electroporation

短い細胞遺伝子ネットワーク内の転写因子のシス調節エレメント（CRES）に結合することにより、その標的遺伝子の発現の時空間パターンとレベルを制御する、（〜300〜600 bp）は下流、または内で、上流に位置することができるゲノムDNAの伸び彼らが制御する遺伝子のイントロン。クレス（ すなわち 、エンハンサー/プロモーターは）一般的に1から3の転写活性化因子およびリプレッサーの両方のクラスタ化された複数の結合部位で構成されています。彼らは、時空間に、正確で定量的に正確なプロモーター活性の形で単一出力を与える転写入力の論理的な積分器として機能する。これまでのシス調節哺乳類のほとんどの研究は4-5 CRESのエンハンサー機能をアッセイするための手段として、マウスの遺伝子導入に頼ってきた。この手法は、時間のかかるコストと、挿入部位の効果のアカウントで、大半は非定量的である。一方、哺乳類のCREの機能の定量的アッセイは、組織培養系（ 例えば 、デュアルルシフェラーゼアッセイ）で開発されているが、これらの結果の生体適合性でしばしば不明である。 エレクトロポレーションは、哺乳類の生体組織におけるシス調節活性の時空間と定量的に評価の両方を可能にするという点で従来のマウスの遺伝子導入に優れた代替手段を提供しています。この手法は、特に大脳皮質や網膜6-8に、中枢神経系におけるシス調節の解析に特に役立っています。 in vivoおよびex vivoの両方でマウス網膜エレクトロは、開発し、広範囲に松田とCepko 6-7,9で説明してきたが、我々は最近、エレクトロポレーション、マウスの網膜10に光受容体特異的なCRESの活性を定量化するシンプルなアプローチを開発しました。エレクトロポレーションによって網膜に導入されるDNA量は実験から実験に変えることができることを考えると、それは全ての実験において共同エレクトロポレーション&quot;ローディングコントロール&quot;を含める必要があります。この点で、手法は、培養細胞でのプロモーター活性を定量化するために使用するデュアルルシフェラーゼアッセイに非常によく似ています。 光受容体のシス調節活性を測定するときに、エレクトロポレーションは、通常、ピークロッドの製作11月12日の時間である新生マウス（生後0日、P0）で実行されます。一度網膜細胞の種類は、有糸分裂後になって、エレクトロポレーションは、あまり効率的です。新生児マウスのロッドの出生率の高さとロッドは成体マウスの網膜では細胞の70％以上を占めているという事実を考えると、P0でエレクトロポレーションされている細胞の大部分はロッドです。このような理由から、桿体は、エレクトロポレーションを経由して勉強する最も簡単な網膜細胞のタイプです。我々はここで説明するテクニックは、感光体のCRESの活性を定量化するために主に有用です。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Quantifying the Activity of cis-Regulatory Elements in the Mouse Retina by Explant Electroporation at JoVE.com

Quantifying the Activity of cis-Regulatory Elements in the Mouse Retina by Explant Electroporation

このプロトコルは、外植片のエレクトロポレーションを使用してマウスの網膜を生体内でのシス調節エレメント（例えば、エンハンサー/プロモーター）の活性を定量化するための簡単​​で安価な方法を説明します。 DNA調製、網膜切開、エレクトロポレーション、網膜移植片培養、お​​よびポスト固定分析と定量化が説明されています。

の活動の定量化シス</em植片エレクトロポレーションによってマウス網膜で>調節エレメント

Transcription factors within cellular gene networks control the spatiotemporal pattern and levels of expression of their target genes by binding to ...

quantifying-activity-cis-regulatory-elements-mouse-retina-explant

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Quantifying the Activity of cis-Regulatory Elements in the Mouse Retina by Explant Electroporation

14.4K ビュー.  Washington University School of Medicine. このプロトコルは、外植片のエレクトロポレーションを使用してマウスの網膜を生体内でのシス調節エレメント（例えば、エンハンサー/プロモーター）の活性を定量化するための簡単​​で安価な方法を説明します。 DNA調製、網膜切開、エレクトロポレーション、網膜移植片培養、お​​よびポスト固定分析と定量化が説明されています。

ビデオ: Quantifying the Activity of cis-Regulatory Elements in the Mouse Retina by Explant Electroporation

Transfection of Mouse Retinal Ganglion Cells by in vivo Electroporation

The targeting and refinement of RGC projections to the midbrain is a popular and powerful model system for studying how precise patterns of neural connectivity form during development. In mice, retinofugal projections are arranged in a topographic manner and form eye-specific layers in the Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (dLGN) of the thalamus and the Superior Colliculus (SC). The development of these precise patterns of retinofugal projections has typically been studied by labeling populations of RGCs with fluorescent dyes and tracers, such as horseradish peroxidase1-4. However, these methods are too coarse to provide insight into developmental changes in individual RGC axonal arbor morphology that are the basis of retinotopic map formation. They also do not allow for the genetic manipulation of RGCs.
Recently, electroporation has become an effective method for providing precise spatial and temporal control for delivery of charged molecules into the retina5-11. Current retinal electroporation protocols do not allow for genetic manipulation and tracing of retinofugal projections of a single or small cluster of RGCs in postnatal mice. It has been argued that postnatal in vivo electroporation is not a viable method for transfecting RGCs since the labeling efficiency is extremely low and hence requires targeting at embryonic ages when RGC progenitors are undergoing differentiation and proliferation6. 
In this video we describe an in vivo electroporation protocol for targeted delivery of genes, shRNA, and fluorescent dextrans to murine RGCs postnatally. This technique provides a cost effective, fast and relatively easy platform for efficient screening of candidate genes involved in several aspects of neural development including axon retraction, branching, lamination, regeneration and synapse formation at various stages of circuit development. In summary we describe here a valuable tool which will provide further insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying sensory map development.

Transfection of Mouse Retinal Ganglion Cells by in vivo Electroporation

We demonstrate an in vivo electroporation protocol for transfecting single or small clusters of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and other retinal cell types in postnatal mice over a wide range of ages. The ability to label and genetically manipulate postnatal RGCs in vivo is a powerful tool for developmental studies.

によるマウス網膜神経節細胞のトランスフェクション in vivoでエレクトロポレーション

The targeting and refinement of RGC projections to the midbrain is a popular and powerful model system for studying how precise patterns of neural ...

神経科学

In vivo Electroporation of Developing Mouse Retina

The functional characterization of genes expressed during mammalian retinal development remains a significant challenge. Gene targeting to generate constitutive or conditional loss of function knockouts remains cost and labor intensive, as well as time consuming. Adding to these challenges, retina expressed genes may have essential roles outside the retina leading to unintended confounds when using a knockout approach. Furthermore, the ability to ectopically express a gene in a gain of function experiment can be extremely valuable when attempting to identify a role in cell fate specification and/or terminal differentiation.
We present a method for the rapid and efficient incorporation of DNA plasmids into the neonatal mouse retina by electroporation. The application of short electrical impulses above a certain field strength results in a transient increase in plasma membrane permeability, facilitating the transfer of material across the membrane 1,2,3,4. Groundbreaking work demonstrated that electroporation could be utilized as a method of gene transfer into mammalian cells by inducing the formation of hydrophilic plasma membrane pores allowing the passage of highly charged DNA through the lipid bilayer 5. Continuous technical development has resulted in the viability of electroporation as a method for in vivo gene transfer in multiple mouse tissues including the retina, the method for which is described herein 6, 7, 8, 9, 10. 
DNA solution is injected into the subretinal space so that DNA is placed between the retinal pigmented epithelium and retina of the neonatal (P0) mouse and electrical pulses are applied using a tweezer electrode. The lateral placement of the eyes in the mouse allows for the easy orientation of the tweezer electrode to the necessary negative pole-DNA-retina-positive pole alignment. Extensive incorporation and expression of transferred genes can be identified by postnatal day 2 (P2). Due to the lack of significant lateral migration of cells in the retina, electroporated and non-electroporated regions are generated. Non-electroporated regions may serve as internal histological controls where appropriate. 
Retinal electroporation can be used to express a gene under a ubiquitous promoter, such as CAG, or to disrupt gene function using shRNA constructs or Cre-recombinase. More targeted expression can be achieved by designing constructs with cell specific gene promoters. Visualization of electroporated cells is achieved using bicistronic constructs expressing GFP or by co-electroporating a GFP expression construct. Furthermore, multiple constructs may be electroporated for the study of combinatorial gene effects or simultaneous gain and loss of function of different genes. Retinal electroporation may also be utilized for the analysis of genomic cis-regulatory elements by generating appropriate expression constructs and deletion mutants. Such experiments can be used to identify cis-regulatory regions sufficient or required for cell specific gene expression 11. Potential experiments are limited only by construct availability.

In vivo Electroporation of Developing Mouse Retina

A method for the incorporation of plasmid DNA into murine retinal cells for the purpose of performing either gain- or loss of function studies in vivo is presented. This method capitalizes on the transient increase in permeability of cell plasma membranes induced by the application of an external electrical field.

開発マウス網膜の in vivoエレクトロポレーションで

The functional characterization of genes expressed during mammalian retinal development remains a significant challenge.  Gene targeting to generate ...

Gene Transfer to the Developing Mouse Inner Ear by In Vivo Electroporation

The mammalian inner ear has 6 distinct sensory epithelia: 3 cristae in the ampullae of the semicircular canals; maculae in the utricle and saccule; and the organ of Corti in the coiled cochlea. The cristae and maculae contain vestibular hair cells that transduce mechanical stimuli to subserve the special sense of balance, while auditory hair cells in the organ of Corti are the primary transducers for hearing 1. Cell fate specification in these sensory epithelia and morphogenesis of the semicircular canals and cochlea take place during the second week of gestation in the mouse and are largely completed before birth 2,3. Developmental studies of the mouse inner ear are routinely conducted by harvesting transgenic embryos at different embryonic or postnatal stages to gain insight into the molecular basis of cellular and/or morphological phenotypes 4,5. We hypothesize that gene transfer to the developing mouse inner ear in utero in the context of gain- and loss-of-function studies represents a complimentary approach to traditional mouse transgenesis for the interrogation of the genetic mechanisms underlying mammalian inner ear development6.
The experimental paradigm to conduct gene misexpression studies in the developing mouse inner ear demonstrated here resolves into three general steps: 1) ventral laparotomy; 2) transuterine microinjection; and 3) in vivo electroporation. Ventral laparotomy is a mouse survival surgical technique that permits externalization of the uterus to gain experimental access to the implanted embryos7. Transuterine microinjection is the use of beveled, glass capillary micropipettes to introduce expression plasmid into the lumen of the otic vesicle or otocyst. In vivo electroporation is the application of square wave, direct current pulses to drive expression plasmid into progenitor cells8-10. 
We previously described this electroporation-based gene transfer technique and included detailed notes on each step of the protocol11. Mouse experimental embryological techniques can be difficult to learn from prose and still images alone. In the present work, we demonstrate the 3 steps in the gene transfer procedure. Most critically, we deploy digital video microscopy to show precisely how to: 1) identify embryo orientation in utero; 2) reorient embryos for targeting injections to the otocyst; 3) microinject DNA mixed with tracer dye solution into the otocyst at embryonic days 11.5 and 12.5; 4) electroporate the injected otocyst; and 5) label electroporated embryos for postnatal selection at birth. We provide representative examples of successfully transfected inner ears; a pictorial guide to the most common causes of otocyst mistargeting; discuss how to avoid common methodological errors; and present guidelines for writing an in utero gene transfer animal care protocol.

Gene Transfer to the Developing Mouse Inner Ear by In Vivo Electroporation

The mouse inner ear is a placode-derived sensory organ whose developmental program is elaborated during gestation. We define an in utero gene transfer technique consisting of three steps: mouse ventral laparotomy, transuterine microinjection, and in vivo electroporation. We use digital video microscopy to demonstrate the critical experimental embryological techniques.

開発マウス内耳への遺伝子導入による<emインビボで&gt;</em&gt;エレクトロポレーション

The mammalian inner ear has 6 distinct sensory epithelia: 3 cristae in the ampullae of the semicircular canals; maculae in the utricle and saccule; and ...

In vitro Electroporation of the Lower Rhombic Lip of Midgestation Mouse Embryos

The rhombic lip is an embryonic neuroepithelium located in the hindbrain at the junction between the neural tube and the roofplate of the fourth ventricle (reviewed in 1). The rhombic lip can be subdivided into the upper rhombic lip (URL) which encompasses rhombomere 1 (r1) and generates neurons of the cerebellum and the lower rhombic lip (LRL) which gives rise to diverse neuronal brainstem lineages 2-4. LRL derivatives include the auditory neurons of the cochlear nuclei and those of the precerebellar nuclei that are involved in regulating balance and motor control 5-8. Neurogenesis from the LRL occurs over a large temporal window that encompasses embryonic days (E) 9.5-16.55, 9. Different neuronal lineages emerge from the LRL as postmitotic cells (or are born) during distinct developmental days during this neurogenic window. 
Electroporation of gene expression constructs can be used to manipulate gene expression in LRL progenitors and can potentially change the fate of the neurons produced from this region 10-12. Altering gene expression of LRL progenitors in the mouse via in utero electroporation has been highly successful for manipulating lineages born on embryonic day E12.5 or later 10, 12-14. In utero electroporations prior to E12.5 have been unsuccessful primarily due to the lethality associated with puncturing the fourth ventricle roofplate, a necessary step in delivering exogenous DNA that is electroporated into the LRL. However, many LRL derived lineages arise from the LRL earlier than E12.5 9. These earlier born lineages include the neurons that comprise the lateral reticular, external cuneate, and inferior olivary nuclei of the precerebellar system which function to connect inputs from the spinal cord and cortex to the cerebellum 5. In order to manipulate expression in the LRL of embryos younger than E12.5, we developed an in vitro system in which embryos are placed into culture following electroporation.
This study presents an efficient and effective method for manipulating the gene expression of LRL progenitors at E11.5. Embryos electroporated with green fluorescent protein (GFP) driven from the broadly active CAG promoter reproducibly expressed GFP after 24 hours of culture. A critical aspect of this assay is that gene expression is only altered because of the expression of the exogenous gene and not because of secondary effects that result from the electroporation and culturing techniques. It was determined that the endogenous gene expression patterns remain undisturbed in electroporated and cultured embryos. This assay can be utilized to alter the fate of cells emerging from the LRL of embryos younger than E12.5 through the introduction of plasmids for overexpression or knock down (through RNAi) of different pro-neural transcription factors.

In vitro Electroporation of the Lower Rhombic Lip of Midgestation Mouse Embryos

This study describes the development of an in vitro electroporation technique that allows for the manipulation of gene expression in the lower rhombic lip of midgestation embryos.

妊娠中期のマウス胚の低菱形リップの in vitroエレクトロポレーションで

The rhombic lip is an embryonic neuroepithelium located in the hindbrain at the junction between the neural tube and the roofplate of the fourth ventricle ...

Genetic Manipulation of the Mouse Developing Hypothalamus through In utero Electroporation

Genetic modification of specific regions of the developing mammalian brain is a very powerful experimental approach. However, generating novel mouse mutants is often frustratingly slow. It has been shown that access to the mouse brain developing in utero with reasonable post-operatory survival is possible. Still, results with this procedure have been reported almost exclusively for the most superficial and easily accessible part of the developing brain, i.e. the cortex. The thalamus, a narrower and more medial region, has proven more difficult to target. Transfection into deeper nuclei, especially those of the hypothalamus, is perhaps the most challenging and therefore very few results have been reported. Here we demonstrate a procedure to target the entire hypothalamic neuroepithelium or part of it (hypothalamic regions) for transfection through electroporation. The keys to our approach are longer narcosis times, injection in the third ventricle, and appropriate kind and positioning of the electrodes. Additionally, we show results of targeting and subsequent histological analysis of the most recessed hypothalamic nucleus, the mammillary body.

Genetic Manipulation of the Mouse Developing Hypothalamus through In utero Electroporation

Despite the functional and medical importance of the hypothalamus, in utero genetic manipulation of its development has rarely been attempted. We show a detailed procedure for in utero electroporation into the mouse hypothalamus and show representative results of total and partial (regional) hypothalamic transfection.

マウスの遺伝子操作は、視床下部を介して開発<em&gt;子宮内</em&gt;エレクトロポレーション

Genetic  modification of specific regions of the developing mammalian brain is a very  powerful experimental approach. However, generating novel mouse ...

Assessment of Vascular Regeneration in the CNS Using the Mouse Retina

The rodent retina is perhaps the most accessible mammalian system in which to investigate neurovascular interplay within the central nervous system (CNS). It is increasingly being recognized that several neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer&#8217;s, multiple sclerosis, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis present elements of vascular compromise. In addition, the most prominent causes of blindness in pediatric and working age populations (retinopathy of prematurity and diabetic retinopathy, respectively) are characterized by vascular degeneration and failure of physiological vascular regrowth. The aim of this technical paper is to provide a detailed protocol to study CNS vascular regeneration in the retina. The method can be employed to elucidate molecular mechanisms that lead to failure of vascular growth after ischemic injury. In addition, potential therapeutic modalities to accelerate and restore healthy vascular plexuses can be explored. Findings obtained using the described approach may provide therapeutic avenues for ischemic retinopathies such as that of diabetes or prematurity and possibly benefit other vascular disorders of the CNS.

The rodent retina has long been recognized as an accessible window to the brain. In this technical paper we provide a protocol that employs the mouse model of oxygen-induced retinopathy to study the mechanisms that lead to failure of vascular regeneration within the central nervous system after ischemic injury. The described system can also be harnessed to explore strategies to promote regrowth of functional blood vessels within the retina and CNS.

マウス網膜を使用してCNSにおける血管再生の評価

The rodent retina is perhaps the most accessible mammalian system in which to investigate neurovascular interplay within the central nervous system (CNS). ...

Telomerase Activity in the Various Regions of Mouse Brain: Non-Radioactive Telomerase Repeat Amplification Protocol (TRAP) Assay

Telomerase, a ribonucleoprotein, is responsible for maintaining the telomere length and therefore promoting genomic integrity, proliferation, and lifespan. In addition, telomerase protects the mitochondria from oxidative stress and confers resistance to apoptosis, suggesting its possible importance for the surviving of non-mitotic, highly active cells such as neurons. We previously demonstrated the ability of novel telomerase activators to increase telomerase activity and expression in the various mouse brain regions and to protect motor neurons cells from oxidative stress. These results strengthen the notion that telomerase is involved in the protection of neurons from various lesions. To underline the role of telomerase in the brain, we here compare the activity of telomerase in male and female mouse brain and its dependence on age. TRAP assay is a standard method for detecting telomerase activity in various tissues or cell lines. Here we demonstrate the analysis of telomerase activity in three regions of the mouse brain by non-denaturing protein extraction using CHAPS lysis buffer followed by modification of the standard TRAP assay.
In this 2-step assay, endogenous telomerase elongates a specific telomerase substrate (TS primer) by adding TTAGGG 6 bp repeats (telomerase reaction). The telomerase reaction products are amplified by PCR reaction creating a DNA ladder of 6 bp increments. The analysis of the DNA ladder is made by 4.5% high resolution agarose gel electrophoresis followed by staining with highly sensitive nucleic acid stain.
Compared to the traditional TRAP assay that utilize 32P labeled radioactive dCTP&#39;s for DNA detection and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis for resolving the DNA ladder, this protocol offers a non-toxic time saving TRAP assay for evaluating telomerase activity in the mouse brain, demonstrating the ability to detect differences in telomerase activity in the various female and male mouse brain region.

Telomerase Activity in the Various Regions of Mouse Brain: Non-Radioactive Telomerase Repeat Amplification Protocol TRAP Assay

Telomerase is expressed in the neonatal brain and also in distinct regions of the adult brain. We present a non-toxic time saving TRAP assay for the analysis of telomerase activity in various regions of the mouse brain and detection of differences in telomerase activity between male and female mouse brains.

マウス脳のさまざまな領域におけるテロメラーゼ活性：非放射性テロメラーゼリピート増幅プロトコル（TRAP）アッセイ

Telomerase, a ribonucleoprotein, is responsible for maintaining the telomere length and therefore promoting genomic integrity, proliferation, and ...

Imaging Ca2+ Dynamics in Cone Photoreceptor Axon Terminals of the Mouse Retina

Retinal cone photoreceptors (cones) serve daylight vision and are the basis of color discrimination. They are subject to degeneration, often leading to blindness in many retinal diseases. Calcium (Ca2+), a key second messenger in photoreceptor signaling and metabolism, has been proposed to be indirectly linked with photoreceptor degeneration in various animal models. Systematically studying these aspects of cone physiology and pathophysiology has been hampered by the difficulties of electrically recording from these small cells, in particular in the mouse where the retina is dominated by rod photoreceptors. To circumvent this issue, we established a two-photon Ca2+ imaging protocol using a transgenic mouse line that expresses the genetically encoded Ca2+ biosensor TN-XL exclusively in cones and can be crossbred with mouse models for photoreceptor degeneration. The protocol described here involves preparing vertical sections (&#8220;slices&#8221;) of retinas from mice and optical imaging of light stimulus-evoked changes in cone Ca2+ level. The protocol also allows &#8220;in-slice measurement&#8221; of absolute Ca2+ concentrations; as the recordings can be followed by calibration. This protocol enables studies into functional cone properties and is expected to contribute to the understanding of cone Ca2+ signaling as well as the potential involvement of Ca2+ in photoreceptor death and retinal degeneration.

Imaging Ca2+ Dynamics in Cone Photoreceptor Axon Terminals of the Mouse Retina

We describe a protocol to monitor Ca2+ dynamics in the axon terminals of cone photoreceptors using an ex-vivo&#160;slice preparation of the mouse retina. This protocol allows comprehensive studies of cone Ca2+ signaling in an important mammalian model system, the mouse.

イメージングカルシウム<sup&gt; 2+</supマウス網膜の光受容コーン軸索末端で&gt;ダイナミクス

Retinal cone photoreceptors (cones) serve daylight vision and are the basis of color discrimination. They are subject to degeneration, often leading to ...

In Vivo Gene Transfer to Schwann Cells in the Rodent Sciatic Nerve by Electroporation

The formation of the myelin sheath by Schwann cells (SCs) is essential for rapid conduction of nerve impulses along axons in the peripheral nervous system. SC-selective genetic manipulation in living animals is a powerful technique for studying the molecular and cellular mechanisms of SC myelination and demyelination in vivo. While knockout/knockin and transgenic mice are powerful tools for studying SC biology, these methods are costly and time consuming. Viral vector-mediated transgene introduction into the sciatic nerve is a simpler and less laborious method. However, viral methods have limitations, such as toxicity, transgene size constraints, and infectivity restricted to certain developmental stages. Here, we describe a new method that allows selective transfection of myelinating SCs in the rodent sciatic nerve using electroporation. By applying electric pulses to the sciatic nerve at the site of plasmid DNA injection, genes of interest can be easily silenced or overexpressed in SCs in both neonatal and more mature animals. Furthermore, this in vivo electroporation method allows for highly efficient simultaneous expression of multiple transgenes. Our novel technique should enable researchers to efficiently manipulate SC gene expression, and facilitate studies on SC development and function.

In Vivo Gene Transfer to Schwann Cells in the Rodent Sciatic Nerve by Electroporation

Here, we present an in vivo technique for gene transfer to Schwann cells (SCs) in the rodent sciatic nerve. This simple technique is useful for investigating signaling mechanisms involved in the development and maintenance of myelinating SCs.

エレクトロポレーションによる齧歯類坐骨神経内のシュワン細胞へのインビボ遺伝子導入で

The formation of the myelin sheath by Schwann cells (SCs) is essential for rapid conduction of nerve impulses along axons in the peripheral nervous ...

Investigating Mammalian Axon Regeneration: In Vivo Electroporation of Adult Mouse Dorsal Root Ganglion

Electroporation is an essential non-viral gene transfection approach to introduce DNA plasmids or small RNA molecules into cells. A sensory neuron in the dorsal root ganglion (DRGs) extends a single axon with two branches. One branch goes to the peripheral nerve (peripheral branch), and the other branch enters the spinal cord through the dorsal root (central branch). After the neural injury, the peripheral branch regenerates robustly whereas the central branch does not regenerate. Due to the high regenerative capacity, sensory axon regeneration has been widely used as a model system to study mammalian axon regeneration in both the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and the central nervous system (CNS). Here, we describe a previously established approach protocol to manipulate gene expression in mature sensory neurons in vivo via electroporation. Based on transfection with plasmids or small RNA oligos (siRNAs or microRNAs), the approach allows for both loss- and gain-of-function experiments to study the roles of genes-of-interests or microRNAs in regulation of axon regeneration in vivo. In addition, the manipulation of gene expression in vivo can be controlled both spatially and temporally within a relatively short time course. This model system provides a unique tool to investigate the molecular mechanisms by which mammalian axon regeneration is regulated in vivo.

Investigating Mammalian Axon Regeneration: In Vivo Electroporation of Adult Mouse Dorsal Root Ganglion

Electroporation is an effective approach to deliver genes of interests into cells. By applying this approach in vivo on the neurons of adult mouse dorsal root ganglion (DRG), we describe a model to study axon regeneration in vivo.

成体マウス後根神経節の調査の哺乳類の軸索の再生: In Vivoエレクトロポレーション

Electroporation is an essential non-viral gene transfection approach to introduce DNA plasmids or small RNA molecules into cells. A sensory neuron in the ...

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