1。ドナー操作<ol><li>ドナーラットを24時間（水/グルコース溶液への無料アクセス）の絶食に保つ必要があります。 </li><li>イソフルラン吸入麻酔を誘導するために、標準のアトマイザーで2％で始まり、その後開腹術を行った後、1％まで減らすことができます。鎮静状態をチェックするためにつま先のピンチを実行します。 </li><li>腹部を剃ると皮膚の準備3回（講談）で清掃してください。その後、鎮痛剤の皮下投与後の正中切開を行います。 </li><li>移植片は生理食塩水に浸したガーゼでラップされた後、Q-ティップ（6X倍率の手術用顕微鏡下）で穏やかに膵臓と上行結腸の間の生理的な癒着を分離します。 </li><li>結紮すると7から0シルクを使用した回盲＆真ん中＆右結腸の血管を分割します。上行結腸は腸間膜静脈（SMV）の右側に広げられた後、回盲部、右および中結腸船は7から0の関係を用いてライゲーションおよび除算を識別することができます。 </li><li>全体SMVがまっすぐと露出するように、上向きに胃を縮める。引き込み用の蚊クランプを使用しています。クランプは、必要に応じた形状に形成された粘土の塊によって保持されている。 </li><li> SMVから来る膵十二指腸静脈を結紮し、分割します。膵組織が移植から削除することができます前に、SMVから発信されたすべての小さな膵十二指腸静脈は慎重に、識別された7から0シルクで結紮し、分割しなければなりません。 </li><li> SMVと腹部大動脈の間のすべてのリンパ管を含む失う結合組織を結紮し、分割します。まだ腹部の右側に移植すると、SMV、腹部大動脈がアクセス可能であるとの間のすべてのリンパ管を含む結合組織を失う。この結合組織は、7から0の絹を用いて連結し、腸移植から術後のリンパ漏を避けるために分割する必要があります。 </li><li>右腎動脈を結紮し、分割します。結合組織が分割された後、右腎動脈はaccessiblになるeと7から0絹を用いて連結し、分割されています。 </li><li>全身陰茎静脈を介してヘパリンIVの200台を用いたラットをheparinise。 </li><li>マージナル動脈を結紮し、十二指腸空腸接合時および回腸末端部で小腸を分割します。 </li><li>大動脈は、SMAの原点に近位に連結される。門脈は脾静脈に合流する地点に離断されています。その後、移植片は、大動脈セグメントを持つSMAのその血管茎から成ると収穫されます。 </li></ol> 2。 Backtable手順<ol><li> 4℃ウィスコンシンソリューション（UW）大学の3ミリリットルを用いて移植片を灌流大動脈導管を介してCと4℃で泌尿Nebacetin Nの溶液30mlと空腸端から腸管腔を灌漑（ルーメン灌漑は必須です） 。 </li></ol>直ちに移植を抽出した後、大動脈導管は3ミリリットルチルドUW液で灌流するために使用されます。で、このため、20G静脈カテーテル10mlの注射器が使用されます。灌流液は門脈から自由に流出することが観察されるべきである。 Nebacetinと腸の灌漑のために、50mlの注射器が使用されます。 <ol start="2"><li>受信者の準備中に4℃でUW液で移植を格納します。 </li></ol> 3。受信者動作<ol><li>レシピエントラットを24時間（水/グルコース溶液への無料アクセス）の絶食に保つ必要があります。 </li><li>イソフルラン吸入麻酔を誘導するために、標準のアトマイザーで2％で始まり、その後開腹術を行った後、1％まで減らすことができます。鎮静状態をチェックするためにつま先のピンチを実行します。 </li><li>腹部を剃ると皮膚の準備3回（講談）で清掃してください。その後術中鎮痛カルプロフェン5 mg / kg皮下の皮下投与後の正中切開を行います。 </li><li>生理食塩水に浸したガーゼで受信者の腸をラップして、受信者の胸の上に置きます。 </li><li>綿棒とぶっきらぼうに後腹膜を開き、abdomiを公開ただ、必要に応じてダウン腸骨血管のレベルに腎血管、以下NAL大動脈と下大静脈はまたmicroscissorsを使用しています。血液の損失を避けるために、7から0シルクを使用した大動脈と大静脈から小さな腰と脊椎tribuariesをライゲーションする。 （これを行うには、16倍に手術用顕微鏡のズームを変更してください。） </li><li>左腎血管近位および遠位微小血管クリップを使用して腸骨分岐上記下大動脈と下大静脈をクロスクランプ。唯一つのクランプを同時に両方の血管をクランプするために遠位ならびに近位使用されています。前方microknifeを使用して両方の血管を切開し、残りの血液を洗い流す。 </li><li>連続10から0 PROLENE縫合糸を用いて移植大動脈セグメントと受信者の大動脈大動脈の間に端側吻合を作成..当初、移植片は下ステー縫合の動脈吻合と抱き合わせの後ろの壁のステッチを実行するために腹部の右側（12時の位置に配置されたラットの頭）に配置されます。木曜日enは、グラフトは吻合部の前壁を露出し、縫合する腹部の左側（9時位置に配置されたラットの頭）に引き渡されます。 </li><li>グラフト門脈と受信者の間でIVC端側吻合が10から0 PROLENEを使用して縫合を実行することにより、同様に実行されます。ラットまだ横向きに横たわって（9時の位置でヘッド）と、グラフトは、腹部の左側に配置され、下ステー縫合が配置されます。吻合は血管の内側から後ろの壁を使って起動されます。下ステー縫合糸が結ばれた後は、前壁のステッチは外側から行うことができます。 </li><li>アッパークランプ続いた最初の遠位クランプを取り外します。すべて吻合出血は綿棒を使用して直接圧力によって制御される。移植片は、平等かつ迅速な再灌流をチェックする必要があります。 </li><li>腸間膜血管の結紮後全体受取人の小腸を切除。受信者は、プロの2-3センチメートルを維持したまま、小計腸切除を受けるximal空腸及び回腸遠位部の1cm。 </li><li> 6から0 Monocrylで中断1層縫合糸を用いて腸吻合を終了するには、エンド·近（空腸空腸吻合術）と遠位（回腸造設）により腸の連続性を復元します。約16の縫合糸は、吻合を完了するために必要とされる。 </li><li>きれいになるまでは通常の生理食塩水で腹腔内を洗浄してください。水分補給のために腹腔内に生理食塩水2mlを管理します。その後3から0筋層用VICRYLプラス連続皮膚縫合糸で連続縫合を使用して腹部を閉じます。 </li><li>術後のラットは標準ラット飼料と水を自由に摂取上で再起動し、別の24時間絶食（水とグルコース溶液へのアクセス権を持つ）に保つ必要があります。カルプロフェンと鎮痛は3日（以下の用量を参照）のために投与されるべきである。 </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Abu-Elmagd, K. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Five+Hundred+Intestinal+and+Multivisceral+Transplantations+at+a+Single+Center:+Major+Advances+With+New+Challenges.">Five Hundred Intestinal and Multivisceral Transplantations at a Single Center: Major Advances With New Challenges.</a> Ann. Surg. 250 (4), 567-56 (2009).</li><li>Berney, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Portal+versus+systemic+drainage+of+small+bowel+allografts:+comparative+assessment+of+survival,+function,+rejection,+and+bacterial+translocation.">Portal versus systemic drainage of small bowel allografts: comparative assessment of survival, function, rejection, and bacterial translocation.</a> J. Am. Coll. Surg. 195 (6), 804 (2002).</li><li>Fishbein, T. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intestinal+transplantation.">Intestinal transplantation.</a> N. Engl. J. Med. 361 (10), 998 (2009).</li><li>Hernandez, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Is+portal+venous+outflow+better+than+systemic+venous+outflow+in+small+bowel+transplantation?+Experimental+study+in+syngeneic+rats.">Is portal venous outflow better than systemic venous outflow in small bowel transplantation? Experimental study in syngeneic rats.</a> J. Pediatr. Surg. 40 (2), 336 (2005).</li><li>Monchik, G. J., Russell, P. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transplantation+of+small+bowel+in+the+rat:+technical+and+immunological+considerations.">Transplantation of small bowel in the rat: technical and immunological considerations.</a> Surgery. 70 (5), 693 (1971).</li><li>Murase, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Graft-versus-host+disease+after+brown+Norway-to-Lewis+and+Lewis-to-Brown+Norway+rat+intestinal+transplantation+under+FK506.">Graft-versus-host disease after brown Norway-to-Lewis and Lewis-to-Brown Norway rat intestinal transplantation under FK506.</a> Transplantation. 55 (1), 1 (1993).</li><li>Murase, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Immunomodulation+of+intestinal+transplant+with+allograft+irradiation+and+simultaneous+donor+bone+marrow+infusion.">Immunomodulation of intestinal transplant with allograft irradiation and simultaneous donor bone marrow infusion.</a> Transplant Proc. 31 (1-2), 565 (1999).</li><li>Pech, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Perioperative+infliximab+application+ameliorates+acute+rejection+associated+inflammation+after+intestinal+transplantation.">Perioperative infliximab application ameliorates acute rejection associated inflammation after intestinal transplantation.</a> Am. J. Transplant. 10 (11), 2431 (2010).</li><li>Schaefer, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Resident+macrophages+are+involved+in+intestinal+transplantation-associated+inflammation+and+motoric+dysfunction+of+the+graft+muscularis.">Resident macrophages are involved in intestinal transplantation-associated inflammation and motoric dysfunction of the graft muscularis.</a> Am J Transplant. 7 (5), 1062 (2007).</li><li>Schaefer, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanism+and+impact+of+organ+harvesting+and+ischemia-reperfusion+injury+within+the+graft+muscularis+in+rat+small+bowel+transplantation.+Transplant.">Mechanism and impact of organ harvesting and ischemia-reperfusion injury within the graft muscularis in rat small bowel transplantation. Transplant.</a> Proc. 38 (6), 1821 (2006).</li><li>Schaefer, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Acute+rejection+and+the+muscularis+propria+after+intestinal+transplantation:+the+alloresponse,+inflammation,+and+smooth+muscle+function.">Acute rejection and the muscularis propria after intestinal transplantation: the alloresponse, inflammation, and smooth muscle function.</a> Transplantation. 85 (10), 1465 (2008).</li><li>Xue, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Surgical+experience+of+refined+3-cuff+technique+for+orthotopic+small-bowel+transplantation+in+rat:+a+report+of+270+cases.">Surgical experience of refined 3-cuff technique for orthotopic small-bowel transplantation in rat: a report of 270 cases.</a> Am. J. Surg. 198 (1), 110 (2009).</li><li>Zhang, X. Q., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Simplified+techniques+in+rat+heterotopic+small+bowel+transplantation.">Simplified techniques in rat heterotopic small bowel transplantation.</a> Transplant. Proc. 38 (6), 1840 (2006).</li><li>Zhao, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+establishment+of+a+new+en+bloc+combined+liver-small+bowel+transplantation+model+in+rats.+Transplant.">The establishment of a new en bloc combined liver-small bowel transplantation model in rats. Transplant.</a> Proc. 39 (1), 278 (2007).</li></ol>

特別な利害関係は宣言されません。

ラットにおける腸移植モデルが1970ies 5のように早く説明してきたが、最近採用のモデルのほとんどは、さまざまなテクニックを13を用いて異所性腸移植を伴う。一般的に異手順は簡単顕微技術や評価のための移植の容易なアクセス可能性の利点を持っているが、異所性腸移植が考慮移植小腸と収縮活性のように、その機能面の複数の相互作用を考慮しないという大き?...

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> 試薬の名称 </td><td> 会社 </td><td> カタログ番号 </td><td> コメント（オプション） </td></tr><tr><td>ウィスコンシン大学（UW）液（ViaSpan） </td><td>ブリストル·マイヤーズスクイブ</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>泌尿Nebacetin Nのソリューション</td><td>ナイコメッド</td><td> 6967855 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td>アンピシリン</td><td> Ratiopharm </td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>カルプロフェン（Rimadyl） </td><td>ファイザー</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>プロレン10から0 unresorbable縫合</td><td>エチコン</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Monocryl 6から0吸収性縫合糸</td><td>エチコン</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>ビクリル3から0吸収性縫合糸</td><td>エチコン</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> IVカテーテルG 20 1.1x33ミリメートル</td><td>ブラウン</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> IVカテーテルG 22 0.9x25ミリメートル</td><td>ブラウン</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>講談スキンプレップ</td><td> Schülke </td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> NaClの0.9％輸液</td><td>ブラウン</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>小さな湾曲鉗子</td><td> FineScienceTools </td><td> 11009から13 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td>マイクロ鉗子は、湾曲</td><td> AESCULAP </td><td> BD 333 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td>マイクロ鉗子は、湾曲</td><td> AESCULAP </td><td> FD281R </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Microはストレート1鉗子</td><td> WPI </td><td> 5 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Microはストレート2鉗子</td><td> WPI </td><td> 2 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td>マイクロニードルホルダー</td><td> WPI </td> &lt;TD&gt; 14081 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td>マイクロ剪刀</td><td> FineScienceTools </td><td> 15006から09 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td>マイクロメス</td><td> MANI </td><td>眼科用ナイフ</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>マイクロクランプ</td><td> AESCULAP </td><td> FB329R </td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

orthotopic small bowel transplantation in rats

小腸移植は、非経口栄養の短腸症候群と障害（不可逆性腸疾患）の患者さんのために受け入れられている臨床検査オプションになっています。専門センターで手術を改善し、寿命1,3の高品質を提供しながら管理する戦略が優れた短期および中期患者および移植片の生存につながっている。他の固形臓器のより一般的な移植とは異なり（ すなわち心臓、肝臓）腸移植により誘導される腎機能および免疫学的変化の多くの根本的なメカニズムは完全に知られている6,7はありません。急性拒絶反応、敗血症および慢性移植片障害のエピソードはまだ不利な長期転帰に寄与し、潜在的にそのような移植の恩恵を受けるだろう在宅中心静脈栄養法を受けている患者が増えているにもかかわらず、手続きのより広範な雇用を妨げる主な障害となっている。小腸は含まれています乗客の白血球の数が多い一般的に腸関連リンパ系（GALT）腸移植の高いimmunogenity理由のこの部分の一部であると呼ばれる。移植粘膜の整合性が損なわれると、腸内で存在し、多くの共生および病原体の近接している（拒否するなどして）敗血症のエピソードの重症度を説明しています。信頼性と実現可能な動物モデルから生成される腸や臓器移植、より多くのデータのフィールドを進めるために必要とされる。モデルはここに一度標準化された方法で確立された信頼性と実現可能性の両方を兼ね備えていますし、腸の移植によってトリガされ、基礎となる複雑な分子、細胞および機能メカニズムに貴重な洞察を提供することができます提供しました。我々は、正常に我々の研究室で8月11日で5年以上にわたって記載されている手順を使用し、洗練されてきた。 Joveのビデオベースの形式は複雑proceを実証するために特に有用であるdureおよび腸管移植を調査同所齧歯類モデルを確立することを計画してグループのための初期の落とし穴を避けることができます。

通常の術後経過移植された動物は約1時間熱ランプ下の手順から迅速に回復する必要があります。低体温は術後死亡の主要な原因であるため、慎重に内および術後に避けるべきである。術中流体損失は2.5ミリリットル生理食塩水の皮下注射プラス2.5ミリリットルグルコース5パーセント最初の24時間毎に8時間に置き換えなければなりません。ラットはまた、術後最初の24時間?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Orthotopic Small Bowel Transplantation in Rats at JoVE.com

Orthotopic Small Bowel Transplantation in Rats

小腸移植は、不可逆的な腸の障害を持つ患者のための受け入れられる治療の選択肢となっています。ラットにおける同所性小腸移植の私達の実験モデルは、腸移植を複雑に基礎免疫および炎症プロセスに対処するための信頼性の高いツールとして機能します。

ラット同所性小腸移植

Small  bowel transplantation has become an accepted clinical option for patients with  short gut syndrome and failure of parenteral nutrition ...

orthotopic-small-bowel-transplantation-in-rats

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

14.1K ビュー.  University of Bonn, Germany. 小腸移植は、不可逆的な腸の障害を持つ患者のための受け入れられる治療の選択肢となっています。ラットにおける同所性小腸移植の私達の実験モデルは、腸移植を複雑に基礎免疫および炎症プロセスに対処するための信頼性の高いツールとして機能します。

ビデオ: Orthotopic Small Bowel Transplantation in Rats

Development of Obliterative Bronchiolitis in a Murine Model of Orthotopic Lung Transplantation

Orthotopic lung transplantation in rats was first reported by Asimacopoulos and colleagues in 1971 1. Currently, this method is well accepted and standardized not only for the study of allo-rejection but also between syngeneic strains for examining mechanisms of ischemia-reperfusion injury after lung transplantation. Although the application of the rat and other large animal model 2 contributed significantly to the elucidation of these studies, the scope of those investigations is limited by the scarcity of knockout and transgenic rats. Due to no effective therapies for obliterative bronchiolitis, the leading cause of death in lung transplant patients, there has been an intensive search for pre-clinical models that replicate obliterative bronchiolitis. The tracheal allograft model is the most widely used and may reproduce some of the histopathologic features of obliterative bronchiolitis 3. However, the lack of an intact vasculature with no connection to the recipient's conducting airways, and incomplete pathologic features of obliterative bronchiolitis limit the utility of this model 4. Unlike transplantation of other solid organs, vascularized mouse lung transplants have only recently been reported by Okazaki and colleagues for the first time in 2007 5. Applying the basic principles of the rat lung transplant, our lab initiated the obliterative bronchiolitis model using minor histoincompatible antigen murine orthotopic single-left lung transplants which allows the further study of obliterative bronchiolitis immunopathogenesis6.

Obliterative bronchiolitis is the key impediment to the long-term survival of lung transplant recipients and the lack of a robust preclinical model precludes examining obliterative bronchiolitis immunopathogenesis. Unlike other solid organ transplants, vascularized mouse lung transplantation has only recently been developed. Here we show our independently developed obliterative bronchiolitis model after murine orthotopic single-lung transplantation.

同所性肺移植のマウスモデルにおける閉塞性細気管支炎の開発

Orthotopic lung transplantation in rats was first reported by Asimacopoulos and colleagues in 1971 1. Currently, this method is well accepted and ...

医学

Orthotopic Liver Transplantation in Rats

Clinical progress in the field of liver transplantation has been largely supported by animal models1,2. Since the publication of the first orthotopic rat liver transplantation in 1979 by Kamada et al.3, this model has remained the gold standard despite various proposed alternative techniques4. Nevertheless, its broader use is limited by its steep learning curve5.
In this video paper, we show a simple and easy-to-establish revision of Kamada's two-cuff technique. The suprahepatic vena cava anastomosis is performed manually with a running suture, and the vena porta and infrahepatic vena cava anastomoses are performed utilizing a quick-linker cuff system6. Manufacturing the quick-linker kit is shown in a separate video paper.

We present an easy-to-establish revision of the classical two-cuff technique for orthotopic liver transplantation in rat.

ラット同所性肝移植

Clinical progress in the field of liver transplantation has been largely supported by animal models1,2. Since the publication of the first orthotopic rat ...

Orthotopic Aortic Transplantation in Mice for the Study of Vascular Disease

Vascular procedures involving anastomoses in the mouse are generally thought to be difficult and highly dependent on the skill of the individual surgeon. This is largely true, but there are a number of important principles that can reduce the difficulty of these procedures and enhance reproducibility. Orthotopic aortic transplantation is an excellent procedure in which to learn these principles because it involves only two end-to-end anastomoses, but requires good suturing technique and handling of the vessels for consistent success. This procedure begins with the procurement of a length of abdominal aorta from a donor animal, followed by division of the native aorta in the recipient. The procured aorta is then placed between the divided ends of the recipient aorta and sutured into place using end-to-end anastomoses. To accomplish this objective successfully requires a high degree of concentration, good tools, a steady hand, and an appreciation of how easily the vasculature of a mouse can be damaged, resulting in thrombosis. Learning these important principles is what occupies most of the beginner's time when learning microsurgery in small rodents. Throughout this protocol, we refer to these important points. This model can be used to study vascular disease in a variety of different experimental systems1-8. In the context shown here, it is most often used for the study of post-transplant vascular disease, a common long-term complication of solid organ transplantation in which intimal hyperplasia occurs within the allograft. The primary advantage of the model is that it facilitates quantitative morphometric analyses and the transplanted vessel lies contiguous to the endogenous vessel, which can serve as an additional control9. The technique shown here is most often used for mice weighing 18-25 grams. We have accumulated most of our experience using the C57BL/6J, BALB/cJ, and C3H/HeJ strains.

We describe a technique in which a section of the abdominal aorta from a mouse is transplanted orthotopically to just below the renal arteries in an allogeneic or syngeneic recipient. This technique can be useful in studies in which transplantation of large arteries of uniform size is deemed advantageous.

血管疾患の研究のためのマウスにおける同所性大動脈移植

Vascular procedures involving anastomoses in the mouse are generally thought to be difficult and highly dependent on the skill of the individual surgeon. ...

Orthotopic Hind Limb Transplantation in the Mouse

In vivo animal model systems, and in particular mouse models, have evolved into powerful and versatile scientific tools indispensable to basic and translational research in the field of transplantation medicine. A vast array of reagents is available exclusively in this setting, including mono- and polyclonal antibodies for both diagnostic and interventional applications. In addition, a vast number of genotyped, inbred, transgenic, and knock out strains allow detailed investigation of the individual contributions of humoral and cellular components to the complex interplay of an immune response and make the mouse the gold standard for immunological research. 
Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation (VCA) delineates a novel field of transplantation using allografts to replace "like with like" in patients suffering traumatic or congenital tissue loss. This surgical methodological protocol shows the use of a non-suture cuff technique for super-microvascular anastomosis in an orthotopic mouse hind limb transplantation model. The model specifically allows for comparison between established paradigms in solid organ transplantation with a novel form of transplants consisting of various different tissue components. Uniquely, this model allows for the transplantation of a viable vascularized bone marrow compartment and niche that have the potential to exert a beneficial effect on the balance of immune acceptance and rejection. This technique provides a tool to investigate alloantigen recognition and allograft rejection and acceptance, as well as enables the pursuit of functional nerve regeneration studies to further advance this novel field of transplantation.

This novel model for orthotopic hind limb transplantation in the mouse, applying a non-suture cuff technique for super-microvascular anastomosis, provides a powerful tool for in&#160;vivo mechanistic immunological research related to vascularized composite allotransplantation (VCA).

マウスで同所後肢移植

In vivo animal model systems, and in particular mouse models, have evolved into powerful and versatile scientific tools indispensable to basic and ...

A Pre-Clinical Porcine Model of Orthotopic Heart Transplantation

Fifty-years following the first successful report, cardiac transplantation remains the gold-standard treatment for eligible patients with advanced heart failure. Multiple small-animal models of heart transplantation have been used to study the acute and long-term effects of novel therapies. However, few are tested and demonstrated success in clinical trials. It is of critical importance to evaluate new therapies in a clinically relevant large-animal model for efficient and reliable translation of basic studies&#39;&#160;findings. Here, we describe a pre-clinical large-animal (porcine) model of orthotopic heart transplantation that has been firmly established and previously used to investigate novel cardioprotective strategies. This procedure focuses on acute ischemia-reperfusion injury and is a reliable method to investigate novel interventions which have been tested and validated in smaller experimental models, such as the murine model. We demonstrate its usefulness in assessing cardiac performance during the early post-transplantation period and other potential possibilities enabled by the model.

Here, we describe a pre-clinical large-animal (porcine) model of orthotopic heart transplantation that has been firmly established and utilized to investigate novel cardioprotective strategies.

オルソトピック心臓移植の前臨床ブタモデル

Fifty-years following the first successful report, cardiac transplantation remains the gold-standard treatment for eligible patients with advanced heart ...

Orthotopic Rat Kidney Transplantation: A Novel and Simplified Surgical Approach

Kidney transplantation offers increased survival rates and improved quality of life for patients with end-stage renal disease, as compared to any type of renal replacement therapy. Over the past few decades, the rat kidney transplantation model has been used to study the immunological phenomena of rejection and tolerance. This model has become an indispensable tool to test new immunomodulatory pharmaceuticals and regimens prior to proceeding with expensive preclinical large animal studies.
This protocol provides a detailed overview of how to reliably perform orthotopic kidney transplantation in rats. This protocol includes three distinctive steps that increase the probability of success: perfusion of the donor kidney by flushing through the portal vein and the use of a cuff system to anastomose the renal veins and ureters, thereby decreasing cold and warm ischemia times. Using this technique, we have achieved survival rates beyond 6 months with normal serum creatinine in animals with syngeneic or tolerant kidney transplants. Depending on the aim of the study, this model can be modified by pre- or posttransplant treatments to study the acute, chronic, cellular, or antibody-mediated rejection. It is a reproducible, reliable, and cost-effective animal model to study different aspects of kidney transplantation.

The purpose of this manuscript and protocol is to explain and demonstrate in detail the surgical procedure of orthotopic kidney transplantation in rats. This method is simplified to achieve the correct perfusion of the donor kidney and shorten the reperfusion time by using the venous and ureteral cuff anastomosis technique.

Orthotopic ラット腎移植: 新規かつ簡便な外科的アプローチ

Kidney transplantation offers increased survival rates and improved quality of life for patients with end-stage renal disease, as compared to any type of ...

Reduced Complications after Arterial Reconnection in a Rat Model of Orthotopic Liver Transplantation

The rat orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) model is a powerful tool to study acute and chronic rejection. However, it is not a complete representation of human liver transplantation due to the absence of arterial reconnection. Described here is a modified transplantation procedure that includes the incorporation of hepatic artery (HA) reconnection, leading to a marked improvement in transplant outcomes. With a mean anhepatic time of 12 min and 14 s, HA reconnection results in improved perfusion of the transplanted liver and an increase in long-term recipient survival from 37.5% to 88.2%. This protocol includes the use of 3D-printed cuffs and holders to connect the portal vein and infrahepatic inferior vena cava. It can be implemented for studying multiple aspects of liver transplantation, from immune response and infection to technical aspects of the procedure. By incorporating a simple and practical method for arterial reconnection using a microvascular technique, this modified rat OLT protocol closely mimics aspects of human liver transplantation and will serve as a valuable and clinically relevant research model.

The goal of this study is to modify the rat orthotopic liver transplant model to better represent human liver transplantation and improve recipient survival. The presented method reestablishes hepatic arterial inflow by connecting the donor liver&#39;s common hepatic artery to the recipient liver&#39;s proper hepatic artery.

ラット型異形肝移植モデルにおける動脈リコネクション後の合併症の減少

The rat orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) model is a powerful tool to study acute and chronic rejection. However, it is not a complete representation ...

Left Lung Orthotopic Transplantation in a Juvenile Porcine Model for ESLP

Lung transplantation is the gold-standard treatment for end-stage lung disease, with over 4,600 lung transplantations performed worldwide annually. However, lung transplantation is limited by a shortage of available donor organs. As such, there is high waitlist mortality. Ex situ lung perfusion (ESLP) has increased donor lung utilization rates in some centers by 15%-20%. ESLP has been applied as a method to assess and recondition marginal donor lungs and has demonstrated acceptable short- and long-term outcomes following transplantation of extended criteria donor (ECD) lungs. Large animal (in vivo) transplantation models are required to validate ongoing in vitro research findings. Anatomic and physiologic differences between humans and pigs pose significant technical and anesthetic challenges. An easily reproducible transplant model would permit the&#160;in vivo&#160;validation of current ESLP strategies and the preclinical evaluation of various interventions designed to improve donor lung function. This protocol describes a porcine model of orthotopic left lung allotransplantation. This includes anesthetic and surgical techniques, a customized surgical checklist, troubleshooting, modifications, and the benefits and limitations of the approach.

This protocol describes a juvenile porcine model of orthotopic left lung allotransplantation designed for use with ESLP research. Focus is made on anesthetic and surgical techniques, as well as critical steps and troubleshooting.

ESLPのブタ幼体モデルにおける左肺同所性移植

Lung transplantation is the gold-standard treatment for end-stage lung disease, with over 4,600 lung transplantations performed worldwide annually. ...

A Rat Orthotopic Renal Transplantation Model for Renal Allograft Rejection

Renal allograft rejection limits the long-term survival of patients after renal transplantation. Rat orthotopic renal transplantation is an essential model to investigate the mechanism of renal allograft rejection in pre-clinical studies and could aid in the development of novel approaches to improve the long-term survival of renal allografts. Donor kidney implantation in rat orthotopic renal transplantation is commonly performed by end-to-side anastomosis to recipients' aorta and inferior vena cava. In this model, the donor's kidney was implanted using end-to-end anastomosis to the recipients' renal artery and renal vein. The donor's ureter was anastomosed to the recipient's bladder in an end-to-side 'tunnel' method. This model contributes to better healing of ureter-bladder anastomosis and increases the recipients' survival by avoiding interference with blood supply and venous reflux of the lower body. This model can be used to investigate the mechanisms of acute and chronic immune and pathologic rejection of renal allografts. Here, the study describes the detailed protocols of this orthotopic renal transplantation between rats.

The rat orthotopic renal transplantation model contributes to investigating the mechanism of renal allograft rejection. The current model increases the recipients' survival without interference with blood supply and venous reflux of the lower body using an end-to-end anastomosis of kidney implantation and an end-to-side "tunnel" method of ureter-bladder anastomosis.

腎同種移植片拒絶反応のためのラット同所性腎移植モデル

Renal allograft rejection limits the long-term survival of patients after renal transplantation. Rat orthotopic renal transplantation is an essential ...

Studying Murine Small Bowel Mechanosensing of Luminal Particulates

Gastrointestinal (GI) motility is critical for normal digestion and absorption. In the small bowel, which absorbs nutrients, motility optimizes digestion and absorption. For this reason, some of the motility patterns in the small bowel include segmentation for mixing of luminal contents and peristalsis for their propulsion. Physical properties of luminal contents modulate the patterns of small bowel motility. The mechanical stimulation of GI mechanosensory circuits by transiting luminal contents and underlying gut motility initiate and modulate complex GI motor patterns. Yet, the mechanosensory mechanisms that drive this process remain poorly understood. This is primarily due to a lack of tools to dissect how the small bowel handles materials of different physical properties. To study how the small bowel handles particulates of varying sizes, we have modified an established in vivo method to determine small bowel transit. We gavage live mice with fluorescent liquid or tiny fluorescent beads. After 30 minutes, we dissect out the bowels to image the distribution of fluorescent contents across the entirety of the GI tract. In addition to high-resolution measurements of the geometric center, we use variable size binning and spectral analysis to determine how different materials affect small bowel transit. We have explored how a recently discovered "gut touch" mechanism affects small bowel motility using this approach.

To study how the small bowel handles particulates of varying sizes, we have modified an established in vivo method to determine small bowel transit.

管腔微粒子のマウス小腸メカノセンシングの研究

Gastrointestinal (GI) motility is critical for normal digestion and absorption. In the small bowel, which absorbs nutrients, motility optimizes digestion ...