Biz sitometri tesisin kullanımı için SF 4206 icore (Université de Caen) teşekkür ederim. JC Conseil de Radyokorunum d&#39;EDF ve Basse-Normandie Conseil Régional gelen doktora sonrası burslar aldı. Comites de l&#39;Orne et du Calvados - Bu veriler Ligue Nationale contre le Kanser tarafından finanse edilen projelerin bir parçasıydı.

1. C12FDG bafilomisin A1 ve Hücre Kültürü hazırlanması <ol><li> 20 mM&#39;lik nihai bir konsantrasyona kadar, dimetil sülfoksit (DMSO) içinde 12 C FDG toz çözülür. -20 ° C&#39;de kısım ve mağaza DMSO uygun emniyet koşulları ile birlikte kullanılmalıdır. </li><li> 0.1 mM nihai konsantrasyona kadar DMSO içinde bafilomisin A1 toz çözülür. De kısım ve mağaza - 20 ° C Bafilomisin uygun emniyet koşulları ile birlikte kullanılmalıdır. </li><li> 37,% 10 fetal sığır serumu ve% 1 antibiyotik, ° C,% 5 CO2 içeren bir ortam içinde, RPMI 8226 hücre hattı ile, ya da bağlı olan veya olmayan diğer hücre hatları geliştirin. Deney için gereken hücre sayısı tahmin. Akış sitometrisi analizi sırasında yeterli sayıda kayıt altına almak için, 5 x 10 5 hücre gereklidir. Yaşlanan hücrelerin yüzdesini belirlemek için, üç hücre örnekleri gereklidir: etiketsiz örnek, tedavi edilmezse hücreleri C 12 FDG ile boyanmış, tedavi hücreleri ile boyandıC 12 FDG. </li><li> Hücrelerinin hücre çoğalmasını eğrisinin log-faz böylece tohum hücreleri, 24 saat önce bir deney. </li></ol> 2. Yaşlılık indüksiyon <ol><li> Bir kemoterapik madde ekleyerek kanser hücrelerinin yaşlanması neden olur. İlaç konsantrasyonu ve tedavi süresi, test edilen hücre tipi için adapte edilmelidir. Yaklaşık 10 6 hücre / ml &#39;de bir hücre konsantrasyonu 50 nM doksorubisin nihai konsantrasyonda, 48 saat tedavi ile başlar. (Negatif kontrol) tedavi edilmemiş örnek eklemeyi unutmayın. </li></ol> 3. Bafilomisin A1 Tedavi <ol><li> Önceki adımda kullanılan kemoterapik ilaç hücre apoptoza yol olabilir gibi, tripan mavisi (v / v) ile karıştırılması hücreleri tarafından hücre canlılığı edin. Bir Malassez odasına doldurun ve mavi hücreleri (ölü hücreleri) ve beyaz hücreleri (canlı hücreler) sayısını. Canlılığı yüzdesi en az% 70 olması durumunda, ölü hücreler ayni olabilirsağlamak için uygun bir kiti kullanılarak çekip çıkarılmış ölü hücreleri önyargı sonraki analiz olmaz ki. </li><li> Kültür ortamı çıkarın ve önceden ısıtılmış taze kültür ortamı ile değiştirin. Bafilomisin A1, 100 nM bir nihai konsantrasyon hücreler ile tedavi. Bafilomisin A1 lizozomlar asidik pH hale getirmek için kullanılır. 37 ° C,% 5 CO2 &#39;de 1 saat inkübe edin. </li></ol> 4. C 12 FDG Boyama <ol><li> 2 mM&#39;lik nihai bir konsantrasyona kadar önceden ısıtılmış taze kültür ortamı C 12 FDG çözülür. </li><li> 33 uM&#39;lik bir son konsantrasyonda hücrelere ait bileşik ekleyin ve 37 ° C&#39;de 2 saat inkübe ° C,% 5 CO2. Yapışmayan hücreler kullanılıyorsa, 4 ° C (hız kullanılan hücre tipi için ayarlanması sahip olabilir), 5 dakika boyunca 300 x g&#39;de santrifüj hücreler, PBS ile 2x yıkayın. Soğuk PBS ile 500 ul hücre pelletini. Yapışık hücreleri kullanıyorsanız, ortamı çıkarın ve PBS ile 2x yıkayın. Bir tripsin çözeltisi ve santrifüj kullanarak yapışık hücreler hasat4, 5 dakika boyunca 300 xg&#39;de hücreleri ° C (hız kullanılan hücre tipi için ayarlanabilir için) olabilir. Soğuk PBS ile 500 ul hücre pelletini. Her iki durumda da, hücre konsantrasyonu yaklaşık 10 6 hücre / ml olmalıdır. </li><li> Daha ihtiyarlık hücre popülasyonunun, karakterize etmek için bir ko-immün gerçekleştirin. </li></ol> 5. Sitometrisi Analizi <ol><li> Akış sitometresinin üretici tarafından önerilen kontrol boncuklar kullanarak akış sitometresinin kalibre edin. Tüm adımları için, en az 10 4 olaylar kaydedilmelidir. </li><li> Etiketsiz hücreleri içeren ilk örnek çalıştırın. Iki parametre grafik görüntüleme Forward Scatter Kanal (FSC) karşı Side Scatter Kanal (SSC) hazırlayın. Photomultiplier Tüpler (Proje Yönetim Ekipleri) ayarlayın ve örnek hazırlama sırasında ortaya olabilir ölü hücreleri ve hücresel enkaz faiz hariç bir bölge tanımlar. Günlük ölçekte FL1 gösteren tek parametre histogram Gate ilgi bu bölgedex-ekseni ve y-ekseni olayların sayısını. Olayların sayısı analiz hücrelerin sayısını temsil eder. Etiketsiz hücrelerin x-ekseninin günlük ölçekte ilk on görünür şekilde PMT ayarlayın. Gerekirse hücrelerin otofloresans belirler. </li><li> Tedavi edilmezse hücreleri içeren ikinci örnek çalıştırın. FL1 (C 12 FDG floresan) gösteren tek parametre histogramda, loş etiketli nüfusun sonra imleci. Bu eşik olmayan yaşlanan hücreleri (loş etiketli hücreleri) ve yaşlanan hücreler (parlak etiketli hücreleri) arasındaki ayrımcılığa izin verecek. </li><li> Tedavi edilen hücreleri içeren üçüncü örnek çalıştırın. Aydınlık hücreleri etiketli örneğin, senil hücrelerin önceki adımda belirlenen eşik üzerinde görüntülenir. Olaylarının toplam sayısı başına parlak etkinlikleri sayısına bölünmesiyle senil hücrelerin yüzdesini değerlendirmek. Gerekirse, β-galaktosidaz aktivitesi ortalama floresan kullanılarak tahmin edilebilir,yoğunluğu. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Hayflick, L., Moorhead, P. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+serial+cultivation+of+human+diploid+cell+strains.">The serial cultivation of human diploid cell strains.</a> Experimental Cell Research. 25, 585-621 (1961).</li><li>Campisi, J., d'Adda di Fagagna, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cellular+senescence:+when+bad+things+happen+to+good+cells.">Cellular senescence: when bad things happen to good cells.</a> Nature Review Molecular Cell Biology. 8 (9), 729-740 (2007).</li><li>Shay, J. W., Roninson, I. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hallmarks+of+senescence+in+carcinogenesis+and+cancer+therapy.">Hallmarks of senescence in carcinogenesis and cancer therapy.</a> Oncogene. 23 (16), 2919-2933 (2004).</li><li>Bartkova, J., Rezaei, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Oncogene-induced+senescence+is+part+of+the+tumorigenesis+barrier+imposed+by+DNA+damage+checkpoints.">Oncogene-induced senescence is part of the tumorigenesis barrier imposed by DNA damage checkpoints.</a> Nature. 444 (7119), 633-637 (2006).</li><li>Takacova, S., Slany, R., Bartkova, J., Stranecky, V., Dolezel, P., Luzna, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=DNA+damage+response+and+inflammatory+signaling+limit+the+MLL-ENL-induced+leukemogenesis+in+vivo.">DNA damage response and inflammatory signaling limit the MLL-ENL-induced leukemogenesis in vivo.</a> Cancer Cell. 21, 517-531 (2012).</li><li>Krtolica, A., Parrinello, S., Lockett, S., Desprez, P. Y., Campisi, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Senescent+fibroblasts+promote+epithelial+cell+growth+and+tumorigenesis:+a+link+between+cancer+and+aging.">Senescent fibroblasts promote epithelial cell growth and tumorigenesis: a link between cancer and aging.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 98, 12072-12077 (2001).</li><li>Coppe, J. P., Patil, C. K., Rodier, F., Sun, Y., Munoz, D. P., Goldstein, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Senescence-associated+secretory+phenotypes+reveal+cell-nonautonomous+functions+of+oncogenic+RAS+and+the+p53+tumor+suppressor.">Senescence-associated secretory phenotypes reveal cell-nonautonomous functions of oncogenic RAS and the p53 tumor suppressor.</a> PLoS Biology. 6, 2853-2868 (2008).</li><li>Roninson, I. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tumor+cell+senescence+in+cancer+treatment.">Tumor cell senescence in cancer treatment.</a> Cancer Research. 63 (11), 2705-2715 (2003).</li><li>Dimri, G. P., Lee, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+biomarker+that+identifies+senescent+human+cells+in+culture+and+in+aging+skin+in+vivo.">A biomarker that identifies senescent human cells in culture and in aging skin in vivo.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 92 (20), 9363-937 (1995).</li><li>Kurz, D. J., Decary, S., Hong, Y., Erusalimsky, J. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Senescence-associated+(beta)-galactosidase+reflects+an+increase+in+lysosomal+mass+during+replicative+ageing+of+human+endothelial+cells.">Senescence-associated (beta)-galactosidase reflects an increase in lysosomal mass during replicative ageing of human endothelial cells.</a> Journal of Cell Science. 113, 3613-3622 (2000).</li><li>Debacq-Chainiaux, F., Erusalimsky, J. D., Campisi, J., Toussaint, O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Protocols+to+detect+senescence-associated+beta-galactosidase+(SA-betagal)+activity,+a+biomarker+of+senescent+cells+in+culture+and+in+vivo.">Protocols to detect senescence-associated beta-galactosidase (SA-betagal) activity, a biomarker of senescent cells in culture and in vivo.</a> Nature Protocols. 4 (12), 1798-1806 (2009).</li><li>Cahu, J., Bustany, S., Sola, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Senescence-associated+secretory+phenotype+favors+the+emergence+of+cancer+stem-like+cells.">Senescence-associated secretory phenotype favors the emergence of cancer stem-like cells.</a> Cell Death and Disease. Dec 20, 3-e446 (2012).</li></ol>

Çıkar çatışması ilan etti.

Burada canlı kanser hücrelerinin hücresel yaşlanma ölçmek için bir akım sitometri tabanlı bir yöntem sundu. Bu yöntem, zarın geçirgen bileşik, C 12 FDG kullanımına dayanmaktadır, ve bu bileşiğin hücreler tarafından alınır gibi bu nedenle herhangi bir hücre tipinde ve uzun gibi çeşitli tedavilerden sonra kullanılabilir. Hücresel alımı üzerine, C 12 FDG senil hücrelerin lizozomlarında zenginleştirilmiş β-galaktosidaz ile hidrolize edilir. Lazer uyarımı geçtikten...

Erken altmışlı ve Hayflick ve Moorhead tarafından keşfedilmesinden bu yana, yaşlılık hala bir cep merak 1 kalır. İnsan hücreleri süresiz yaşlanma ile, Hayflick ve Moorhead yaşlanma hücresel süreci icat, çoğalırlar ve yok. Yaşlanması hücresel ölüme karşı hücrelerin metabolik olarak aktif kaldığı istikrarlı bir hücre döngüsü tutuklama olduğunu. Telomer kısalması, DNA hasarı, kromatin pertürbasyon ve mitojenik onkogenler anormal ifadesi 2: Bugüne kadar, dört hücresel mekanizmaları yaşlanması neden gösterilmiştir. Bu, normal hücrelere değil sadece göstermekle kalmaz, ayrıca kanser hücrelerinin yaşlanmayı 3 geçmesi mümkündür. Nitekim olarak, yaşlanması geçiren kanser hücreleri daha fazla tümör ilerlemesi 4-5 için bir engel teşkil gösterilmiştir. Ancak, bazı raporlar artık belirli koşullar altında, hücresel yaşlanma da malignite 6-7 teşvik edebilir, dikkat çekmişlerdir. Kanser cel bir yaşlılık incelenmesils şu anda kemoterapötik ilaçların in vitro hem de in vivo 8&#39;de sadece kanser hücrelerinin yaşlanması yol açabilir kullanılan kanser araştırmalarında bir dürtü haline üzere. Senil hücrelerin varlığını araştırmak için ana tahlil asidik pH değerinde β-galaktosidaz deneyidir. Bu, histokimyasal deney en yaşlı hücrelerdeki meydana lizozomal biogenesizdeki artış gösterir. Kısaca, hücreler uygulanmış ekzojen X-gal, mavi bir renk 9 sebebiyet veren, yaşlanmış hücrelerin lizozomlarında zenginleştirilmiş β-galaktosidaz ile yarılır. Mavi ihtiyarlık hücreler daha sonra bir parlak saha mikroskop altında ölçülebilir. Çok popüler olsa da, β-galaktosidaz deney büyük sakıncaları sunulur. İlk olarak, bu tahlil sabit hücreler üzerinde gerçekleştirilir. Bir mikroskop altında yaşlanan hücrelerin oldukça yüksek sayarak yaşlılık derecesini ölçmek için ima çünkü İkinci olarak, zaman alıcıdır. Üçüncü olarak, bu testteyaşlılık ve olmayan yaşlanan hücreler arasındaki ayrım tamamen gözlemci dayanır gibi hassas değildir. Burada canlı yaşlanan hücrelerin varlığı için değerlendirmek için bir keşfedilmemiş, hızlı ve hassas sitometri bazlı analiz tartışmak. Bu tahlil, bir membran geçirgen molekülünün hidrolizi, 5-dodecanoylaminofluorescein di-β-D-galaktopiranosid (C 12 FDG) esas alınmaktadır, β-galaktosidaz ile yaşlı hücrelerdeki zenginleştirilmiştir. Hidroliz ve lazer uyarımı sonra C 12 FDG yeşil flüoresan yayan ve bu nedenle akış sitometrisi 10, 11 ile tespit edilebilir. Akım sitometrisi ile senil hücrelerin tespit hızlı ve hassas olma büyük bir avantaj sunar. Buna ek olarak, akış sitometrisi ile ihtiyarlık hücrelerin saptanması diğer hücresel markerlerin saptanması ile akuple edilebilir. Bu deney, kemoterapi ile tedavi edilen kanser hücrelerinin bir popülasyon içindeki senil hücrelerin tespit etmek için kullanılabilir ve rutin olarak ayarlanabilirkadar doku kesitlerinde, hücresel ayrışma sonra, klinikte.

<table border="1">
		<tbody>
		 <tr>
			<td>Name of the Reagent</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalogue Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>5-dodecanoylaminofluorescein di-&beta;-D-galactopyranoside </td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>D-2893</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Dimethyl sulfoxide </td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>D2650</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Bafilomycin A1</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>B1793</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Doxorubicin</td>
			<td>Sandoz</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Trypan blue</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>T8154</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>RPMI 1640 cell culture medium</td>
			<td>Lonza</td>
			<td>BE12-702</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Fetal calf serum</td>
			<td>PAA Laboratories GmBH</td>
			<td>A15 101</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Antibiotics</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>5290-018</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Gallios flow cytometer</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td>A94291</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		</tbody>
 </table>

a sensitive method to quantify senescent cancer cells

İnsan hücreleri süresiz çoğalmaya yok. Dış ve / veya iç kuyrukları üzerine, hücreler ölür veya yaşlılık olarak adlandırılan sabit bir hücre siklüs hapsine girebilir. Bu telomer kısalması ve mitojenik onkogenlerin anormal ifadesi olarak çeşitli hücresel mekanizmaları, yaşlılık neden olduğu gösterilmiştir. Yaşlılık normal hücreler ile sınırlı değildir, kanser hücreleri de senesce bildirilmiştir. Kemoterapik ilaçlar kanser hücrelerinde yaşlanmasının neden olduğu gösterilmiştir. Ancak, yaşlılık engelleyen veya tümörogenez teşvik olmadığını tartışmalıdır. Bunun sonunda hastaya özgü olabilir gibi, kanser hücresi yaşlanmayı değerlendirmek için hızlı ve hassas bir yöntem bir süre gerekli olacaktır. Bu amaçla, standart β-galaktosidaz deney, şu anda kullanılan yöntem, büyük sakıncaları sunulur: o zaman alıcı ve duyarlı değildir. Burada li yaşlılık çalışma bir akım sitometri bazlı analiz teklifhücreleri ettik. Bu deney, hassas ve hızlı olma avantajına sahiptir, ve çeşitli hücresel belirteçlerin immün akuple edilebilir.

Multipl Miyelom, bir hematolojik kanser, bir kemoterapik prosedür ile uyarılan yaşlanmayı değerlendirmek için kullanılmıştır. Bir ticari olarak temin edilebilen MM hücre hattı (RPMI 8226) doksorubisin, bir kemoterapik madde ile 2 gün boyunca tedavi edildi yapmak için. Hücreler daha sonra bafilomisin A1 muameleye tabi tutulur ve daha da C 12 FDG ile inkübe edildi. Hücreler akış sitometrisi ile analiz edilmiştir. Şekil 1, senil hücrelerin yüzdesi C 12 FDG kulla...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Sensitive Method to Quantify Senescent Cancer Cells at JoVE.com

A Sensitive Method to Quantify Senescent Cancer Cells

Yaşlanması önler veya tümörogenez tartışmalıdır teşvik olsun. Kemoterapik ilaçlar senesce için kanser hücrelerinin neden olabilir bu yana, yaşlılık okuyan yeni tedaviler önermek için gereklidir. Ancak, standart ve geniş kullanılan β-galaktosidaz tahlil büyük sakıncaları sunar. Burada yaşlılık ölçmek için hızlı ve hassas akım sitometri bazlı analiz öneriyoruz.

Senesent Kanser Hücreleri ölçmek için bir Hassas Yöntem

Human cells do not indefinitely proliferate. Upon external and/or intrinsic  cues, cells might die or enter a stable cell cycle arrest called senescence. ...

a-sensitive-method-to-quantify-senescent-cancer-cells

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

20.5K Görüntüleme.  Université de Caen Basse-Normandie. Yaşlanması önler veya tümörogenez tartışmalıdır teşvik olsun. Kemoterapik ilaçlar senesce için kanser hücrelerinin neden olabilir bu yana, yaşlılık okuyan yeni tedaviler önermek için gereklidir. Ancak, standart ve geniş kullanılan β-galaktosidaz tahlil büyük sakıncaları sunar. Burada yaşlılık ölçmek için hızlı ve hassas akım sitometri bazlı analiz öneriyoruz.

Video: A Sensitive Method to Quantify Senescent Cancer Cells

A Method for Murine Islet Isolation and Subcapsular Kidney Transplantation

Since the early pioneering work of Ballinger and Reckard demonstrating that transplantation of islets of Langerhans into diabetic rodents could normalize their blood glucose levels, islet transplantation has been proposed to be a potential treatment for type 1 diabetes 1,2. More recently, advances in human islet transplantation have further strengthened this view 1,3. However, two major limitations prevent islet transplantation from being a widespread clinical reality: (a) the requirement for large numbers of islets per patient, which severely reduces the number of potential recipients, and (b) the need for heavy immunosuppression, which significantly affects the pediatric population of patients due to their vulnerability to long-term immunosuppression. Strategies that can overcome these limitations have the potential to enhance the therapeutic utility of islet transplantation.
Islet transplantation under the mouse kidney capsule is a widely accepted model to investigate various strategies to improve islet transplantation. This experiment requires the isolation of high quality islets and implantation of islets to the diabetic recipients. Both procedures require surgical steps that can be better demonstrated by video than by text. Here, we document the detailed steps for these procedures by both video and written protocol. We also briefly discuss different transplantation models: syngeneic, allogeneic, syngeneic autoimmune, and allogeneic autoimmune.

Transplantation of isolated islets has been proposed to be a potential treatment for type 1 diabetes. Here we describe a method to isolate islets from mouse pancreata and transplant them to the subcapsular space of the kidney.

Murin Islet İzolasyon ve subkapsüler Böbrek Nakli Bir Yöntem

Since the early pioneering work of Ballinger and Reckard demonstrating that transplantation of islets of Langerhans into diabetic rodents could normalize ...

Tıp

Corneal Confocal Microscopy: A Novel Non-invasive Technique to Quantify Small Fibre Pathology in Peripheral Neuropathies

The accurate quantification of peripheral neuropathy is important to define at risk patients, anticipate deterioration, and assess new therapies. Conventional methods assess neurological deficits and electrophysiology and quantitative sensory testing quantifies functional alterations to detect neuropathy. However, the earliest damage appears to be to the small fibres and yet these tests primarily assess large fibre dysfunction and have a limited ability to demonstrate regeneration and repair. The only techniques which allow a direct examination of unmyelinated nerve fibre damage and repair are sural nerve biopsy with electron microscopy and skin-punch biopsy. However, both are invasive procedures and require lengthy laboratory procedures and considerable expertise. Corneal Confocal microscopy is a non-invasive clinical technique which provides in-vivo imaging of corneal nerve fibres. We have demonstrated early nerve damage, which precedes loss of intraepidermal nerve fibres in skin biopsies together with stratification of neuropathic severity and repair following pancreas transplantation in diabetic patients. We have also demonstrated nerve damage in idiopathic small fibre neuropathy and Fabry's disease.

Corneal Confocal microscopy is a non-invasive clinical technique which may be used to quantify C fibre damage to diagnose and stratify patients with increasing neuropathic severity.

Kornea Konfokal Mikroskop: Periferik Nöropatiler Küçük Fiber Patoloji belirlememize • Bir Roman Non-invaziv Tekniği

The accurate quantification of peripheral neuropathy is important to define at risk patients, anticipate deterioration, and assess new therapies. ...

A Real-time Electrical Impedance Based Technique to Measure Invasion of Endothelial Cell Monolayer by Cancer Cells

Metastatic dissemination of malignant cells requires degradation of basement membrane, attachment of tumor cells to vascular endothelium, retraction of endothelial junctions and finally invasion and migration of tumor cells through the endothelial layer to enter the bloodstream as a means of transport to distant sites in the host1-3. Once in the circulatory system, cancer cells adhere to capillary walls and extravasate to the surrounding tissue to form metastatic tumors4,5. The various components of tumor cell-endothelial cell interaction can be replicated in vitro by challenging a monolayer of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) with cancer cells. Studies performed with electron and phase-contrast microscopy suggest that the in vitro sequence of events fairly represent the in vivo metastatic process6. Here, we describe an electrical-impedance based technique that monitors and quantifies in real-time the invasion of endothelial cells by malignant tumor cells.
Giaever and Keese first described a technique for measuring fluctuations in impedance when a population of cells grow on the surface of electrodes7,8. The xCELLigence instrument, manufactured by Roche, utilizes a similar technique to measure changes in electrical impedance as cells attach and spread in a culture dish covered with a gold microelectrode array that covers approximately 80% of the area on the bottom of a well. As cells attach and spread on the electrode surface, it leads to an increase in electrical impedance9-12. The impedance is displayed as a dimensionless parameter termed cell-index, which is directly proportional to the total area of tissue-culture well that is covered by cells. Hence, the cell-index can be used to monitor cell adhesion, spreading, morphology and cell density.
The invasion assay described in this article is based on changes in electrical impedance at the electrode/cell interphase, as a population of malignant cells invade through a HUVEC monolayer (Figure 1). The disruption of endothelial junctions, retraction of endothelial monolayer and replacement by tumor cells lead to large changes in impedance. These changes directly correlate with the invasive capacity of tumor cells, i.e., invasion by highly aggressive cells lead to large changes in cell impedance and vice versa. This technique provides a two-fold advantage over existing methods of measuring invasion, such as boyden chamber and matrigel assays: 1) the endothelial cell-tumor cell interaction more closely mimics the in vivo process, and 2) the data is obtained in real-time and is more easily quantifiable, as opposed to end-point analysis for other methods.

This article describes an in vitro technique for monitoring cancer cells invading through a monolayer of endothelial cells. The data is acquired in real-time as a function of changes in impedance on the surface of electrodes at the well bottom.

Kanser Hücreleri Endotel Hücre Tek tabakalı Invasion Tedbir Gerçek zamanlı Elektrik Empedans Tabanlı Tekniği

Metastatic dissemination of malignant cells requires degradation of basement membrane, attachment of tumor cells to vascular endothelium, retraction of ...

A Simple Guide Screw Method for Intracranial Xenograft Studies in Mice

The grafting of human tumor cells into the brain of immunosuppressed mice is an established method for the study of brain cancers including glioblastoma (glioma) and medulloblastoma. The widely used stereotactic approach only allows for the injection of a single animal at a time, is labor intensive and requires highly specialized equipment. The guide screw method, initially developed by Lal et al.,1 was developed to eliminate cumbersome stereotactic procedures. We now describe a modified guide screw approach that is rapid and exceptionally safe; both of which are critical ethical considerations. Notably, our procedure now incorporates an infusion pump that allows up to 10 animals to be simultaneously injected with tumor cells.
To demonstrate the utility of this procedure, we established human U87MG glioma cells as intracranial xenografts in mice, which were then treated with AMG102; a fully human antibody directed to HGF/scatter factor currently undergoing clinical evaluation2-5. Systemic injection of AMG102 significantly prolonged the survival of all mice with intracranial U87MG xenografts and resulted in a number of complete cures. 
This study demonstrates that the guide screw method is an inexpensive, highly reproducible approach for establishing intracranial xenografts. Furthermore, it provides a relevant physiological model for validating novel therapeutic strategies for the treatment of brain cancers.

In order to evaluate novel therapeutic paradigms for the treatment of glioma, physiological relevant models are essential. We utilize an implantable guide screw procedure for establishment of intracranial xenograft models that is more rapid and safer than stereotactic approaches.

Basit Fare İntrakranial Xenograftlarında Çalışmaları Kılavuzu Vida Yöntemi

The grafting of human tumor cells into the brain of immunosuppressed mice is an established method for the study of brain cancers including glioblastoma ...

Three Dimensional Cultures: A Tool To Study Normal Acinar Architecture vs. Malignant Transformation Of Breast Cells

Invasive breast carcinomas are a group of malignant epithelial tumors characterized by the invasion of adjacent tissues and propensity to metastasize. The interplay of signals between cancer cells and their microenvironment exerts a powerful influence on breast cancer growth and biological behavior1. However, most of these signals from the extracellular matrix are lost or their relevance is understudied when cells are grown in two dimensional culture (2D) as a monolayer. In recent years, three dimensional (3D) culture on a reconstituted basement membrane has emerged as a method of choice to recapitulate the tissue architecture of benign and malignant breast cells. Cells grown in 3D retain the important cues from the extracellular matrix and provide a physiologically relevant ex&#160;vivo system2,3. Of note, there is growing evidence suggesting that cells behave differently when grown in 3D as compared to 2D4. 3D culture can be effectively used as a means to differentiate the malignant phenotype from the benign breast phenotype and for underpinning the cellular and molecular signaling involved3. One of the distinguishing characteristics of benign epithelial cells is that they are polarized so that the apical cytoplasm is towards the lumen and the basal cytoplasm rests on the basement membrane. This apico-basal polarity is lost in invasive breast carcinomas, which are characterized by cellular disorganization and formation of anastomosing and branching tubules that haphazardly infiltrates the surrounding stroma. These histopathological differences between benign gland and invasive carcinoma can be reproduced in 3D6,7. Using the appropriate read-outs like the quantitation of single round acinar structures, or differential expression of validated molecular markers for cell proliferation, polarity and apoptosis in combination with other molecular and cell biology techniques, 3D culture can provide an important tool to better understand the cellular changes during malignant transformation and for delineating the responsible signaling.

Three dimensional culture of mammary epithelial cells on a reconstituted basement membrane is a useful method to recapitulate the in vivo architecture of the benign breast, and to differentiate the malignant phenotype from the benign breast phenotype. Importantly, this system can be applied to study invasive carcinomas in other tissues.

Üç Boyutlu Kültürler: Meme hücrelerinin malign Dönüşüm vs Normal Asiner Mimari Eğitim için Bir Aracı

Invasive breast carcinomas are a group of malignant epithelial tumors characterized by the invasion of adjacent tissues and propensity to metastasize. The ...

Isolation of Cancer Stem Cells From Human Prostate Cancer Samples

The cancer stem cell (CSC) model has been considerably revisited over the last two decades. During this time CSCs have been identified and directly isolated from human tissues and serially propagated in immunodeficient mice, typically through antibody labeling of subpopulations of cells and fractionation by flow cytometry. However, the unique clinical features of prostate cancer have considerably limited the study of prostate CSCs from fresh human tumor samples. We recently reported the isolation of prostate CSCs directly from human tissues by virtue of their HLA class I (HLAI)-negative phenotype. Prostate cancer cells are harvested from surgical specimens and mechanically dissociated. A cell suspension is generated and labeled with fluorescently conjugated HLAI and stromal antibodies. Subpopulations of HLAI-negative cells are finally isolated using a flow cytometer. The principal limitation of this protocol is the frequently microscopic and multifocal nature of primary cancer in prostatectomy specimens. Nonetheless, isolated live prostate CSCs are suitable for molecular characterization and functional validation by transplantation in immunodeficient mice.

The isolation of cancer stem cells (CSCs) directly from human tissues is requisite for their biological characterization. This manuscript describes a methodology for the isolation of prostate CSCs from human tissues, while also providing tips on troubleshooting difficult steps.

İnsan Prostat Kanseri Örneklerinden Kanser Kök Hücreleri İzolasyon

The cancer stem cell (CSC) model has been considerably revisited over the last two decades. During this time CSCs have been identified and directly ...

Method for Obtaining Primary Ovarian Cancer Cells From Solid Specimens

Reliable tools for investigating ovarian cancer initiation and progression are urgently needed. While the use of ovarian cancer cell lines remains a valuable tool for understanding ovarian cancer, their use has many limitations. These include the lack of heterogeneity and the plethora of genetic alterations associated with extended in vitro passaging.&#160;Here we describe a method that allows for rapid establishment of primary ovarian cancer cells form solid clinical specimens collected at the time of surgery. The method consists of subjecting clinical specimens to enzymatic digestion for 30 min. The isolated cell suspension is allowed to grow and can be used for downstream application including drug screening. The advantage of primary ovarian cancer cell lines over established ovarian cancer cell lines is that they are representative of the original specific clinical specimens they are derived from and can be derived from different sites whether primary or metastatic ovarian cancer.

This study describes a detailed method for isolation and characterization of primary ovarian cancer cells from solid clinical specimens. Ovarian cancer clinical specimens are subjected to enzymatic digestion to obtain viable, fibroblast-free epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) cells highly suitable for downstream applications.

Katı Örneklerinin From İlköğretim Yumurtalık Kanseri Hücreleri alma için yöntem

Reliable tools for investigating ovarian cancer initiation and progression are urgently needed. While the use of ovarian cancer cell lines remains a ...

An In Vitro Dormancy Model of Estrogen-sensitive Breast Cancer in the Bone Marrow: A Tool for Molecular Mechanism Studies and Hypothesis Generation

The study of breast cancer dormancy in the bone marrow is an exceptionally difficult undertaking due to the complexity of the interactions of dormant cells with their microenvironment, their rarity and the overwhelming excess of hematopoietic cells. Towards this end, we developed an in vitro 2D clonogenic model of dormancy of estrogen-sensitive breast cancer cells in the bone marrow. The model consists of a few key elements necessary for dormancy. These include 1) the use of estrogen sensitive breast cancer cells, which are the type likely to remain dormant for extended periods, 2) incubation of cells at clonogenic density, where the structural interaction of each cell is primarily with the substratum, 3) fibronectin, a key structural element of the marrow and 4) FGF-2, a growth factor abundantly synthesized by bone marrow stromal cells and heavily deposited in the extracellular matrix. Cells incubated with FGF-2 form dormant clones after 6 days, which consist of 12 or less cells that have a distinct flat appearance, are significantly larger and more spread out than growing cells and have large cytoplasm to nucleus ratios. In contrast, cells incubated without FGF-2 form primarily growing colonies consisting of >30 relatively small cells. Perturbations of the system with antibodies, inhibitors, peptides or nucleic acids on day 3 after incubation can significantly affect various phenotypic and molecular aspects of the dormant cells at 6 days and can be used to assess the roles of membrane-localized or intracellular molecules, factors or signaling pathways on the dormant state or survival of dormant cells. While recognizing the in vitro nature of the assay, it can function as a highly useful tool to glean significant information about the molecular mechanisms necessary for establishment and survival of dormant cells. This data can be used to generate hypotheses to be tested in vivo models.

An In Vitro Dormancy Model of Estrogen-sensitive Breast Cancer in the Bone Marrow: A Tool for Molecular Mechanism Studies and Hypothesis Generation

We developed an in vitro model of dormancy in the bone marrow for estrogen-sensitive breast cancer cells. The goal of this protocol is to demonstrate use of the model for the study of the molecular and cellular biology of dormancy and for generation of hypotheses for subsequent testing in vivo.

Bir<em&gt; In Vitro</em&gt; Kemik İliği östrojen duyarlı Meme Kanseri Dormansi Model: Moleküler Mekanizması Çalışmaları ve Hipotez Üretimi için A Takım

The study of breast cancer dormancy in the bone marrow is an exceptionally difficult undertaking due to the complexity of the interactions of dormant ...

Utilization of the Soft Agar Colony Formation Assay to Identify Inhibitors of Tumorigenicity in Breast Cancer Cells

Given the inherent difficulties in investigating the mechanisms of tumor progression in vivo, cell-based assays such as the soft agar colony formation assay (hereafter called soft agar assay), which measures the ability of cells to proliferate in semi-solid matrices, remain a hallmark of cancer research. A key advantage of this technique over conventional 2D monolayer or 3D spheroid cell culture assays is the close mimicry of the 3D cellular environment to that seen in vivo. Importantly, the soft agar assay also provides an ideal tool to rigorously test the effects of novel compounds or treatment conditions on cell proliferation and migration. Additionally, this assay enables the quantitative assessment of cell transformation potential within the context of genetic perturbations. We recently identified peptidylarginine deiminase 2 (PADI2) as a potential breast cancer biomarker and therapeutic target. Here we highlight the utility of the soft agar assay for preclinical anti-cancer studies by testing the effects of the PADI inhibitor, BB-Cl-amidine (BB-CLA), on the tumorigenicity of human ductal carcinoma in situ (MCF10DCIS) cells.

Here, we document the use of the soft agar colony formation assay to test the effects of a peptidylarginine deiminase (PADI) enzyme inhibitor, BB-Cl-amidine, on breast cancer tumorigenicity in vitro.

Yumuşak Agar koloni oluşturma deneyi kullanılması Meme Kanseri Hücrelerinde tümör oluşum nedenlerinin nin inhibitörlerini teşhis etmek üzere

Given the inherent difficulties in investigating the mechanisms of tumor progression in vivo, cell-based assays such as the soft agar colony formation ...

Studying Pancreatic Cancer Stem Cell Characteristics for Developing New Treatment Strategies

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) contains a subset of exclusively tumorigenic cancer stem cells (CSCs) which have been shown to drive tumor initiation, metastasis and resistance to radio- and chemotherapy. Here we describe a specific methodology for culturing primary human pancreatic CSCs as tumor spheres in anchorage-independent conditions. Cells are grown in serum-free, non-adherent conditions in order to enrich for CSCs while their more differentiated progenies do not survive and proliferate during the initial phase following seeding of single cells. This assay can be used to estimate the percentage of CSCs present in a population of tumor cells. Both size (which can range from 35 to 250 micrometers) and number of tumor spheres formed represents CSC activity harbored in either bulk populations of cultured cancer cells or freshly harvested and digested tumors 1,2. Using this assay, we recently found that metformin selectively ablates pancreatic CSCs; a finding that was subsequently further corroborated by demonstrating diminished expression of pluripotency-associated genes/surface markers and reduced in vivo tumorigenicity of metformin-treated cells. As the final step for preclinical development we treated mice bearing established tumors with metformin and found significantly prolonged survival. Clinical studies testing the use of metformin in patients with PDAC are currently underway (e.g., NCT01210911, NCT01167738, and NCT01488552). Mechanistically, we found that metformin induces a fatal energy crisis in CSCs by enhancing reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and reducing mitochondrial transmembrane potential. In contrast, non-CSCs were not eliminated by metformin treatment, but rather underwent reversible cell cycle arrest. Therefore, our study serves as a successful example for the potential of in vitro sphere formation as a screening tool to identify compounds that potentially target CSCs, but this technique will require further in vitro and in vivo validation to eliminate false discoveries.

Pancreatic cancer stem cells (CSCs) can be expanded in vitro using the anchorage-independent sphere culture technique, which represents a powerful tool to study CSC biology and can serve as the first step to develop novel CSC-targeting therapies. Here the methodology for expanding, analyzing and targeting of pancreatic CSCs is provided.