The authors would like to acknowledge Lloyd Ung for constructive input in early versions of this technique, Dr. Jeremy Agresti for pressure cap design tips, and Dr. Dongping Qi for his help in fabricating the pressure cap. We are grateful to the laboratories of M. Teitell and P. Gunaratne for providing a variety of cell samples for testing. We are grateful to the National Science Foundation (CAREER Award DBI-1254185), the UCLA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, and the UCLA Clinical and Translational Science Institute for supporting this work.

1. Microfluidic Device Design
NOTE: The device design has four basic functional regions: entry port, cell filter, constriction array, and exit port (Figure 1). The overall design can be applied to a wide array of cell types, with minor adjustments to dimensions. Provided here are a few basic design recommendations along with device parameters that are effective for a selection of both primary and immortalized cells.
<ol>
	<li>Select the width of constriction array channels (...

<ol>
	<li>Doerschuk, C. M., Beyers, N., Coxson, H. O., Wiggs, B., Hogg, J. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+neutrophil+and+capillary+diameters+and+their+relation+to+neutrophil+sequestration+in+the+lung.">Comparison of neutrophil and capillary diameters and their relation to neutrophil sequestration in the lung.</a> Journal of applied physiology. 74 (6), 3040-3045 (1993).</li><li>Fidler, I. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+pathogenesis+of+cancer+metastasis:+the+`seed+and+soil&#8217;+hypothesis+revisited.">The pathogenesis of cancer metastasis: the `seed and soil&#8217; hypothesis revisited.</a> Nature Reviews Cancer. 3, 453-458 (2003).</li><li>Jowhar, D., Wright, G., Samson, P. C., Wikswo, J. P., Janetopoulos, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Open+access+microfluidic+device+for+the+study+of+cell+migration+during+chemotaxis.">Open access microfluidic device for the study of cell migration during chemotaxis.</a> Integrative biology: quantitative biosciences from nano to macro. 2 (11-12), 648-658 (2010).</li><li>Hou, H. W., Li, Q. S., Lee, G. Y. H., Kumar, A. P., Ong, C. N., Lim, C. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Deformability+study+of+breast+cancer+cells+using+microfluidics.">Deformability study of breast cancer cells using microfluidics.</a> Biomedical microdevices. 11 (3), 557-564 (2009).</li><li>Byun, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterizing+deformability+and+surface+friction+of+cancer+cells.">Characterizing deformability and surface friction of cancer cells.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 110 (19), 7580-7585 (2013).</li><li>Rosenbluth, M. J., Lam, W. A., Fletcher, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analyzing+cell+mechanics+in+hematologic+diseases+with+microfluidic+biophysical+flow+cytometry.">Analyzing cell mechanics in hematologic diseases with microfluidic biophysical flow cytometry.</a> Lab on a chip. 8 (7), 1062-1070 (2008).</li><li>Chen, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Classification+of+cell+types+using+a+microfluidic+device+for+mechanical+and+electrical+measurement+on+single+cells.">Classification of cell types using a microfluidic device for mechanical and electrical measurement on single cells.</a> Lab on a Chip. 11 (18), 3174 (2011).</li><li>Zheng, Y., Shojaei-Baghini, E., Azad, A., Wang, C., Sun, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-throughput+biophysical+measurement+of+human+red+blood+cells.">High-throughput biophysical measurement of human red blood cells.</a> Lab on a Chip. 12 (14), 2560 (2012).</li><li>Zheng, Y., Nguyen, J., Wang, C., Sun, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Electrical+measurement+of+red+blood+cell+deformability+on+a+microfluidic+device.">Electrical measurement of red blood cell deformability on a microfluidic device.</a> Lab on a Chip. 13 (16), 3275 (2013).</li><li>Hogg, J. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neutrophil+kinetics+and+lung+injury.">Neutrophil kinetics and lung injury.</a> Journal of applied physiology. 67 (4), 1249-1295 (1987).</li><li>Hochmuth, R. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Micropipette+aspiration+of+living+cells.">Micropipette aspiration of living cells.</a> Journal of biomechanics. 33 (1), 15-22 (2000).</li><li>Yap, B., Kamm, R. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cytoskeletal+remodeling+and+cellular+activation+during+deformation+of+neutrophils+into+narrow+channels.">Cytoskeletal remodeling and cellular activation during deformation of neutrophils into narrow channels.</a> Journal of applied physiology. 99 (6), 2323-2330 (2005).</li><li>Bow, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+microfabricated+deformability-based+flow+cytometer+with+application+to+malaria.">A microfabricated deformability-based flow cytometer with application to malaria.</a> Lab on a Chip. 11 (6), 1065-1073 (2011).</li><li>Qi, D., Hoelzle, D. J., Rowat, A. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Probing+single+cells+using+flow+in+microfluidic+devices.">Probing single cells using flow in microfluidic devices.</a> The European Physical Journal Special Topics. 204 (1), 85-101 (2012).</li><li>Doll, J. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=SU-8+force+sensing+pillar+arrays+for+biological+measurements.">SU-8 force sensing pillar arrays for biological measurements.</a> Lab on a Chip. 9, 1449-1454 (2009).</li><li>Huntington, M. D., Odom, T. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Portable,+Benchtop+Photolithography+System+Based+on+a+Solid-State+Light+Source.">A Portable, Benchtop Photolithography System Based on a Solid-State Light Source.</a> Small. 7 (22), 3144-3147 (2011).</li><li>Grimes, A., Breslauer, D. N., Long, M., Pegan, J., Lee, L. P., Khine, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Shrinky-Dink+microfluidics:+rapid+generation+of+deep+and+rounded+patterns.">Shrinky-Dink microfluidics: rapid generation of deep and rounded patterns.</a> Lab on a chip. 8 (1), 170-172 (2008).</li><li>Rowat, A. C., Weitz, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chips+&amp;+Tips:+see+where+to+punch+holes+easily+in+a+PDMS+microfluidic+device.">Chips &amp; Tips: see where to punch holes easily in a PDMS microfluidic device.</a> Lab on a Chip. 8, 1888-1895 (2008).</li><li>Meyer, P., Kleinschnitz, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Retinoic+Acid+Induced+Differentiation+and+Commitment+in+HL-60+cells.">Retinoic Acid Induced Differentiation and Commitment in HL-60 cells.</a> Environmental Health Perspectives. 88, 179-182 (1990).</li><li>Olins, A., Herrmann, H., Lichter, P., Olins, D. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Retinoic+Acid+Differentiation+of+HL-60+Cells+Promotes+Cytoskeletal+Polarization.">Retinoic Acid Differentiation of HL-60 Cells Promotes Cytoskeletal Polarization.</a> Experimental Cell Research. 254 (1), 130-142 (2000).</li><li>Rosenbluth, M. J., Lam, W. A., Fletcher, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Force+Microscopy+of+Nonadherent+Cells:+A+Comparison+of+Leukemia+Cell+Deformability+.">Force Microscopy of Nonadherent Cells: A Comparison of Leukemia Cell Deformability .</a> Biophysical Journal. 90 (8), 2994-3003 (2006).</li><li>Tsai, M., Waugh, R., Keng, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Changes+in+HL-60+cell+deformability+during+differentiation+induced+by+DMSO.">Changes in HL-60 cell deformability during differentiation induced by DMSO.</a> Biorheology. 33 (1), 1-15 (1996).</li><li>Rowat, A. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nuclear+Envelope+Composition+Determines+the+Ability+of+Neutrophil-type+Cells+to+Passage+through+Micron-scale+Constrictions.">Nuclear Envelope Composition Determines the Ability of Neutrophil-type Cells to Passage through Micron-scale Constrictions.</a> Journal of Biological Chemistry. 288 (12), 8610-8618 (2013).</li><li>Lam, W. A., Rosenbluth, M. J., Fletcher, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chemotherapy+exposure+increases+leukemia+cell+stiffness.">Chemotherapy exposure increases leukemia cell stiffness.</a> Blood. 109 (8), 3505-3508 (2007).</li><li>Bhattacharya, S., Datta, A., Berg, J. M., Gangopadhyay, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Studies+on+surface+wettability+of+poly(dimethyl)+siloxane+(PDMS)+and+glass+under+oxgen-plasma+treatment+and+correlation+with+bond+strength.">Studies on surface wettability of poly(dimethyl) siloxane (PDMS) and glass under oxgen-plasma treatment and correlation with bond strength.</a> Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems. 14 (3), 590-597 (2005).</li><li>Wu, M. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Simple+poly(dimethylsiloxane)+surface+modification+to+control+cell+adhesion.">Simple poly(dimethylsiloxane) surface modification to control cell adhesion.</a> Surface and Interface Analysis. 41 (1), 11-16 (2009).</li><li>Unger, M. A., Chou, H. P., Thorsen, T., Scherer, A., Quake, S. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Monolithic+Microfabricated+Valves+and+Pumps+by+Multilayer+Soft+Lithography.">Monolithic Microfabricated Valves and Pumps by Multilayer Soft Lithography.</a> Science. 288 (5463), 113-116 (2000).</li></ol>

Here we provide a comprehensive experimental procedure for analyzing the deformation of cells transiting through constricted microfluidic channels using pressure-driven flow. A MATLAB script enables automated data processing (Supplemental Material); an updated version of the code is maintained (<a href="http://www.ibp.ucla.edu/research/rowat" target="_blank">www.ibp.ucla.edu/research/rowat</a>). More broadly, the techniques presented here can be adapted in many cell-based microfluidic assays, including the effect of cyto...

Changes in cell shape are critical in numerous biological contexts. For example, erythrocytes and leukocytes deform through capillaries that are smaller than their own diameter1. In metastasis, cancer cells must deform through narrow interstitial gaps as well as tortuous vasculature and lymphatic networks to seed at secondary sites2. To probe the physical behavior of individual cells, microfluidic devices present an ideal platform that can be customized to study a range of cell behaviors including their ability to migrate through narrow gaps3 and to passively deform through micron-scale constrictions3-9. Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microfluidic devices are optically transparent, enabling cell deformations to be visualized using light microscopy and analyzed using basic image processing tools. Moreover, arrays of constrictions can be precisely defined, enabling analysis of multiple cells simultaneously with a throughput that exceeds many existing techniques10,11.
Here we present a detailed experimental protocol for probing cell deformability using the &#8216;Cell Deformer&#8217; PDMS microfluidic device. The device is designed so that cells passage through sequential constrictions; this geometry is common in physiological contexts, such as the pulmonary capillary bed12. To gauge cell deformability, transit time provides a convenient metric that is easily measured as the time required for an individual cell to transit through a single constriction4,6. To maintain a constant pressure drop across the constricted channels during cell transit, we use pressure-driven flow. Our protocol includes detailed instructions on device design and fabrication, device operation by pressure-driven flow, preparation and imaging of cells, as well as image processing to measure the time for cells to deform through a series of constrictions. We include both device designs and vision data processing code as supplemental files. As a representative sample of data, we show cell transit time through a series of constrictions as a function of the number of constrictions passaged. Analysis of the timescale for cells to transit though narrow constrictions of a microfluidic device can reveal differences in the deformability of a variety of cell types4,5,13. The device demonstrated here uniquely surveys cell transit through a series of micron-scale constrictions; this design emulates the tortuous path that cells experience in circulation and also enables probing additional physical characteristics of the cells such as relaxation time.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="573">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Name of Material/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="35">
			<td height="35" style="height:35px;width:216px;">Pluronic F-127 Block Copolymer Surfactant&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Fisher Scientific&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">8409400</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Produced by BASF, also available through Sigma</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="35">
			<td height="35" style="height:35px;width:216px;">PDMS base and crosslinker</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Essex Brownell</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">DC-184-1.1</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Product commonly named Sylgard 184 Elastomer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="35">
			<td height="35" style="height:35px;width:216px;">Oxygen plasma discharge unit</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Enercon</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Dyne-A-Mite 3D Treater</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="35">
			<td height="35" style="height:35px;width:216px;">Biopsy Punch, Harris Uni-Core (0.75 mm)</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Ted Pella, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">15072</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="35">
			<td height="35" style="height:35px;width:216px;">Fingertight Ferrule, 1/32&#34;</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Upchurch Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">UP-F-113</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="35">
			<td height="35" style="height:35px;width:216px;">Fingertight III Fitting, 10-32</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Upchurch Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">UP-F-300X</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="35">
			<td height="35" style="height:35px;width:216px;">polyetheretherketone (PEEK) tubing, outer diameter = 1/32&#34;or 0.79 mm</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Valco</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">TPK.515-25M</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="35">
			<td height="35" style="height:35px;width:216px;">polyethylene (PE-20) tubing, 0.043&#34; or 1.09 mm</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Becton Dickinson</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">427406</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="35">
			<td height="35" style="height:35px;width:216px;">Pressure regulator</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Airgas or Praxair</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="35">
			<td height="35" style="height:35px;width:216px;">Polyurethane tubing, 5/32&#8221; OD</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">McMaster Carr</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">5648K284</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="35">
			<td height="35" style="height:35px;width:216px;">Push-to-connect fittings</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">McMaster Carr</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">5111K91</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="35">
			<td height="35" style="height:35px;width:216px;">Voltage to Pressure (E/P) Electropneumatic Converter</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Omega</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">IP413-020</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="52">
			<td height="52" style="height:52px;width:216px;">16-bit,250 kS/S, 80 Analog Inputs Multifunction DAQ</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">National Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">NI PCI 6225-779295-01</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="52">
			<td height="52" style="height:52px;width:216px;">Analog Connector Block-Screw Terminal</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">National Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SCB-68-776844-01</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="52">
			<td height="52" style="height:52px;width:216px;">LabView System Design Software</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">National Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="52">
			<td height="52" style="height:52px;width:216px;">Matlab Software</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">The MathWorks, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Matlab R2012a</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Code requires the Image Processing Toolbox</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="53">
			<td height="53" style="height:53px;width:216px;">Shielded Cable</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">National Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SHC68-68</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a microfluidic technique to probe cell deformability

Here we detail the design, fabrication, and use of a microfluidic device to evaluate the deformability of a large number of individual cells in an efficient manner. Typically, data for ~102 cells can be acquired within a 1 hr experiment. An automated image analysis program enables efficient post-experiment analysis of image data, enabling processing to be complete within a few hours. Our device geometry is unique in that cells must deform through a series of micron-scale constrictions, thereby enabling the initial deformation and time-dependent relaxation of individual cells to be assayed. The applicability of this method to human promyelocytic leukemia (HL-60) cells is demonstrated. Driving cells to deform through micron-scale constrictions using pressure-driven flow, we observe that human promyelocytic (HL-60) cells momentarily occlude the first constriction for a median time of 9.3 msec before passaging more quickly through the subsequent constrictions with a median transit time of 4.0 msec per constriction. By contrast, all-trans retinoic acid-treated (neutrophil-type) HL-60 cells occlude the first constriction for only 4.3 msec before passaging through the subsequent constrictions with a median transit time of 3.3 msec. This method can provide insight into the viscoelastic nature of cells, and ultimately reveal the molecular origins of this behavior.

To investigate the deformability of different cell types, human myeloid leukemia cells (HL-60), differentiated neutrophil cells, mouse lymphocyte cells, and human ovarian cancer cell lines (OVCAR8, HEYA8) are evaluated using the &#8216;Cell Deformer&#8217; microfluidic technique. Representative results for the transit time of HL-60 and neutrophil-type HL-60 cells show the timescale for a single cell to transit through a series of constrictions, as shown in Figure 6. Transit time is measured for a populat...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Microfluidic Technique to Probe Cell Deformability at JoVE.com

A Microfluidic Technique to Probe Cell Deformability

We demonstrate a microfluidics-based assay to measure the timescale for cells to transit through a sequence of micron-scale constrictions.

Here we detail the design, fabrication, and use of a microfluidic device to evaluate the deformability of a large number of individual cells in an ...

a-microfluidic-technique-to-probe-cell-deformability

Research

Education

JoVE Journal

JoVE Core

Statistics

Bioengineering

Unit 1

Measure of Central Tendency

SCIENTISTS IN ACTION

11.2K ビュー.  University of California, Los Angeles. 私たちは、ミクロンスケールのくびれのシーケンスを通過する細胞のためのタイムスケールを測定するためのマイクロ流体ベースのアッセイを実証する。 

ビデオ: A Microfluidic Technique to Probe Cell Deformability

We demonstrate a microfluidics-based assay to measure the timescale for cells to transit through a sequence of micron-scale...

rapid subtractive patterning of live cell layers with a microfluidic probe

Rapid Subtractive Patterning of Live Cell Layers with a Microfluidic Probe

We present a protocol to perform subtractive patterning of live cell monolayers on a surface. This is achieved by local and selective lysis of adherent cells using a microfluidic probe (MFP). The cell lysate retrieved from local regions can be used for downstream analysis, enabling molecular profiling...

measuring deformability and red cell heterogeneity in blood by ektacytometry

Measuring Deformability and Red Cell Heterogeneity in Blood by Ektacytometry

Here we present techniques to measure red cell deformability and cellular heterogeneity by ektacytometry. These techniques are applicable to general investigations of red cell deformability and specific investigations of blood diseases characterized by the presence of both rigid and deformable red cells in circulation, such as sickle cell...

the microfluidic probe: operation and use for localized surface processing

The Microfluidic Probe: Operation and Use for Localized Surface Processing

In this video we present the microfluidic probe1 (MFP). We explain in detail how to assemble the MFP, mount it atop an inverted microscope, and align it relative to the substrate surface, and finally show how to use it to process a substrate surface immersed in a buffer...

positioning laser doppler probe: a technique to implant probe over middle cerebral artery for blood flow measurement in murine model

This video describes the surgical procedure to immobilize the laser Doppler probe over the murine brain&#39;s middle cerebral artery, or MCA. The probe helps to measure the blood flow in the brain&#39;s microvasculature by measuring the Doppler shift caused due to the motion of red blood cells within the...

Positioning Laser Doppler Probe: A Technique to Implant Probe Over Middle Cerebral Artery for Blood Flow Measurement in Murine Model

Next, cut and retire the temporal muscle to visualize the multiple cerebral arteries or MCA beneath the skull. Fix the outer part of the tip, holding the laser Doppler probe or fiber on top of the left MCA with glue, and close the skin so that the skin is glued, as well. Apply two to three drops of hardener glue to speed up the process. Make sure that the laser Doppler fiber is not glued and can be easily removed from the tip holder at any...

analyzing mixing inhomogeneity in a microfluidic device by microscale schlieren technique

Analyzing Mixing Inhomogeneity in a Microfluidic Device by Microscale Schlieren Technique

Herein, we describe a procedure that employs microscale schlieren technique to measure mixing inhomogeneity in a microfluidic device. Through calibration, distribution of concentration gradient can be derived from the micro-schlieren image.

cell capture using a microfluidic device

Cell Capture Using a Microfluidic Device

molecular probe optimization to determine cell mortality in a photosynthetic organism (microcystis aeruginosa) using flow cytometry

Molecular Probe Optimization to Determine Cell Mortality in a Photosynthetic Organism Microcystis aeruginosa Using Flow Cytometry

Microbial populations contain substantial cell heterogeneity, which can dictate overall behavior. Molecular probe analysis through flow cytometry can determine physiological states of cells, however its application varies between species. This study provides a protocol to accurately determine cell mortality within a cyanobacterium population, without underestimating or recording false positive...

Molecular Probe Optimization to Determine Cell Mortality in a Photosynthetic Organism (Microcystis aeruginosa) Using Flow Cytometry

a gradient-generating microfluidic device for cell biology

A Gradient-generating Microfluidic Device for Cell Biology

We describe a protocol for the microfabrication of the gradient-generating microfluidic device that can generate spatial and temporal gradients in well-defined microenvironment.  In this approach, the gradient-generating microfluidic device can be used to study directed cell migration, embryogenesis, wound healing, and cancer...

cell squeezing as a robust, microfluidic intracellular delivery platform

Cell Squeezing as a Robust, Microfluidic Intracellular Delivery Platform

Rapid mechanical deformation of cells has emerged as a promising, vector-free method for intracellular delivery of macromolecules and nanomaterials. This protocol provides detailed steps on how to use the system for a broad range of...

biotinylated cell-penetrating peptide probe to detect protein-protein interactions

This video demonstrates a technique that uses biotinylated cell-penetrating peptides to detect intracellular protein-protein interactions. The cell-penetrating peptides facilitate the conjugated peptide to enter a cell and specifically bind to its interacting proteins. The biotin, after binding to avidin, allows purification of the interacting proteins&#8217; complex from a cell...

Biotinylated Cell-Penetrating Peptide Probe to Detect Protein-Protein Interactions

solid phase microextraction sampling: a probe-based technique for sample extraction from graft tissues

In this video, we demonstrate SPME-probe-based extraction of metabolites from a pre-harvested donor kidney. The extracted metabolites can be used to perform metabolomic and lipidomic analysis in order to assess the organ quality for...

Solid Phase Microextraction Sampling: A Probe-based Technique for Sample Extraction from Graft Tissues

Therefore, add 92.8 microliters of 2 milligrams per milliliter of TAT-Connexin-43266-283-Biotin per milliliter of culture medium. Place the cells in the incubator at 37 degrees Celsius and 5% carbon dioxide for 30 minutes, to make sure that the interactions between the BCPP and its intracellular partners take...

microfluidic buffer exchange for interference-free micro/nanoparticle cell engineering

Microfluidic Buffer Exchange for Interference-free Micro/Nanoparticle Cell Engineering

This protocol describes the use of an inertial microfluidics-based buffer exchange strategy to purify micro/nanoparticle engineered cells with efficient depletion of unbound...

a microfluidic platform for high-throughput single-cell isolation and culture

A Microfluidic Platform for High-throughput Single-cell Isolation and Culture

Here, we present a protocol for isolating and culturing single cells with a microfluidic platform, which utilizes a new microwell design concept to allow for high-efficiency single cell isolation and long-term clonal culture.

establishing single-cell based co-cultures in a deterministic manner with a microfluidic chip

Establishing Single-Cell Based Co-Cultures in a Deterministic Manner with a Microfluidic Chip

This report describes a microfluidic chip-based method to set up a single cell culture experiment in which high-efficiency pairing and microscopic analysis of multiple single cells can be...

When ready to extract the sample, open the sterile packaging and insert two probes directly into the kidney cortex for 10 minutes per time point, making sure that the entire length of the coating is covered by the tissue matrix. Make sure to keep track of the time of sampling for each probe. Retract the probe by pulling it out from the tissue and immediately rinse the coating with LC-MS grade water to remove any remaining blood, making sure to rinse away from the surgical...

fluorescent probe imaging assay: a technique to visualize oxidative stress in the reactive oxygen species inducer-treated cultured intestinal organoid cells

After a 1-hour incubation, add 1 microliter of Tert-butyl hydroperoxide stock solution in the corresponding wells, and incubate for another 30 minutes. Next, add 1 microliter of the 1.25 millimolar dilution of the fluorogenic probe per well, followed by 1 microliter of 1.25 milligrams per milliliter Hoechst...

Fluorescent Probe Imaging Assay: A Technique to Visualize Oxidative Stress in the Reactive Oxygen Species Inducer-Treated Cultured Intestinal Organoid Cells

generation of primary mammospheres: a technique to determine cell potency

This video describes isolating cancer stem cells from breast cancer cell lines. We culture these cancer stem cells to generate primary mammospheres for assessing self-renewal and calculating sphere-forming efficiency, allowing comparison across different seeding...

Generation of Primary Mammospheres: A Technique to Determine Cell Potency

Systematic Analysis of In Vitro Cell Rolling Using a Multi-well Plate Microfluidic System

A major challenge for cell-based therapy is the inability to systemically target a large quantity of viable cells with high efficiency to tissues of interest following intravenous or intraarterial infusion. Consequently, increasing cell homing is currently studied as a strategy to improve cell therapy. Cell rolling on the vascular endothelium is an important step in the process of cell homing and can be probed in-vitro using a parallel plate flow chamber (PPFC). However, this is an extremely tedious, low throughput assay, with poorly controlled flow conditions. Instead, we used a multi-well plate microfluidic system that enables study of cellular rolling properties in a higher throughput under precisely controlled, physiologically relevant shear flow1,2. In this paper, we show how the rolling properties of HL-60 (human promyelocytic leukemia) cells on P- and E-selectin-coated surfaces as well as on cell monolayer-coated surfaces can be readily examined. To better simulate inflammatory conditions, the microfluidic channel surface was coated with endothelial cells (ECs), which were then activated with tumor necrosis factor-&#945; (TNF-&#945;), significantly increasing interactions with HL-60 cells under dynamic conditions. The enhanced throughput and integrated multi-parameter software analysis platform, that permits rapid analysis of parameters such as rolling velocities and rolling path, are important advantages for assessing cell rolling properties in-vitro. Allowing rapid and accurate analysis of engineering approaches designed to impact cell rolling and homing, this platform may help advance exogenous cell-based therapy.

Systematic Analysis of In Vitro Cell Rolling Using a Multi-well Plate Microfluidic System

This study used a multi-well plate microfluidic system, significantly increasing throughput of cell rolling studies under physiologically relevant shear flow. Given the importance of cell rolling in the multi-step cell homing cascade and the importance of cell homing following systemic delivery of exogenous populations of cells in patients, this system offers potential as a screening platform to improve cell-based therapy.

A major challenge for cell-based therapy is the inability to systemically target a large quantity of viable cells with high efficiency to tissues of ...

Rapid mechanical deformation of cells has emerged as a promising, vector-free method for intracellular delivery of macromolecules and nanomaterials. This technology has shown potential in addressing previously challenging applications; including, delivery to primary immune cells, cell reprogramming, carbon nanotube, and quantum dot delivery. This vector-free microfluidic platform relies on mechanical disruption of the cell membrane to facilitate cytosolic delivery of the target material. Herein, we describe the detailed method of use for these microfluidic devices including, device assembly, cell preparation, and system operation. This delivery approach requires a brief optimization of device type and operating conditions for previously unreported applications. The provided instructions are generalizable to most cell types and delivery materials as this system does not require specialized buffers or chemical modification/conjugation steps. This work also provides recommendations on how to improve device performance and trouble-shoot potential issues related to clogging, low delivery efficiencies, and cell viability.

Rapid mechanical deformation of cells has emerged as a promising, vector-free method for intracellular delivery of macromolecules and nanomaterials. This protocol provides detailed steps on how to use the system for a broad range of applications.

Rapid mechanical deformation of cells has emerged as a promising, vector-free method for intracellular delivery of macromolecules and nanomaterials. This ...

In this paper, we introduce the use of microscale schlieren technique to measure mixing inhomogeneity in a microfluidic device. The microscale schlieren system is constructed from a Hoffman modulation contrast microscope, which provides easy access to the rear focal plane of the objective lens, by removing the slit plate and replacing the modulator with a knife-edge. The working principle of microscale schlieren technique relies on detecting light deflection caused by variation of refractive index1-3. The deflected light either escapes or is obstructed by the knife-edge to produce a bright or a dark band, respectively. If the refractive index of the mixture varies linearly with its composition, the local change in light intensity in the image plane is proportional to the concentration gradient normal to the optical axis. The micro-schlieren image gives a two-dimensional projection of the disturbed light produced by three-dimensional inhomogeneity.
To accomplish quantitative analysis, we describe a calibration procedure that mixes two fluids in a T-microchannel. We carry out a numerical simulation to obtain the concentration gradient in the T-microchannel that correlates closely with the corresponding micro-schlieren image. By comparison, a relationship between the grayscale readouts of the micro-schlieren image and the concentration gradients presented in a microfluidic device is established. Using this relationship, we are able to analyze the mixing inhomogeneity from associate micro-schlieren image and demonstrate the capability of microscale schlieren technique with measurements in a microfluidic oscillator4. For optically transparent fluids, microscale schlieren technique is an attractive diagnostic tool to provide instantaneous full-field information that retains the three-dimensional features of the mixing process.

Herein, we describe a procedure that employs microscale schlieren technique to measure mixing inhomogeneity in a microfluidic device. Through calibration, distribution of concentration gradient can be derived from the micro-schlieren image.

In this paper, we introduce the use of microscale schlieren technique to measure mixing inhomogeneity in a microfluidic device. The microscale schlieren ...

Microfluidic Genipin Deposition Technique for Extended Culture of Micropatterned Vascular Muscular Thin Films

The chronic nature of vascular disease progression requires the development of experimental techniques that simulate physiologic and pathologic vascular behaviors on disease-relevant time scales. Previously, microcontact printing has been used to fabricate two-dimensional functional arterial mimics through patterning of extracellular matrix protein as guidance cues for tissue organization. Vascular muscular thin films utilized these mimics to assess functional contractility. However, the microcontact printing fabrication technique used typically incorporates hydrophobic PDMS substrates. As the tissue turns over the underlying extracellular matrix, new proteins must undergo a conformational change or denaturing in order to expose hydrophobic amino acid residues to the hydrophobic PDMS surfaces for attachment, resulting in altered matrix protein bioactivity, delamination, and death of the tissues.
Here, we present a microfluidic deposition technique for patterning of the crosslinker compound genipin. Genipin serves as an intermediary between patterned tissues and PDMS substrates, allowing cells to deposit newly-synthesized extracellular matrix protein onto a more hydrophilic surface and remain attached to the PDMS substrates. We also show that extracellular matrix proteins can be patterned directly onto deposited genipin, allowing dictation of engineered tissue structure. Tissues fabricated with this technique show high fidelity in both structural alignment and contractile function of vascular smooth muscle tissue in a vascular muscular thin film model. This technique can be extended using other cell types and provides the framework for future study of chronic tissue- and organ-level functionality.

We present a method for microfluidic deposition of patterned genipin and fibronectin on PDMS substrates, allowing extended viability of vascular smooth muscle cell-dense tissues. This tissue fabrication method is combined with previous vascular muscular thin film technology to measure vascular contractility over disease-relevant time courses.

The chronic nature of vascular disease progression requires the development of experimental techniques that simulate physiologic and pathologic vascular ...

Using Adhesive Patterning to Construct 3D Paper Microfluidic Devices

We demonstrate the use of patterned aerosol adhesives to construct both planar and nonplanar 3D paper microfluidic devices. By spraying an aerosol adhesive through a metal stencil, the overall amount of adhesive used in assembling paper microfluidic devices can be significantly reduced. We show on a simple 4-layer planar paper microfluidic device that the optimal adhesive application technique and device construction style depends heavily on desired performance characteristics. By moderately increasing the overall area of a device, it is possible to dramatically decrease the wicking time and increase device success rates while also reducing the amount of adhesive required to keep the device together. Such adhesive application also causes the adhesive to form semi-permanent bonds instead of permanent bonds between paper layers, enabling single-use devices to be non-destructively disassembled after use. Nonplanar 3D origami devices also benefit from the semi-permanent bonds during folding, as it reduces the likelihood that unrelated faces may accidently stick together. Like planar devices, nonplanar structures see reduced wicking times with patterned adhesive application vs uniformly applied adhesive.

We demonstrate the use of patterned aerosol adhesives to construct 3D paper microfluidic devices. This method of adhesive application forms semi-permanent bonds between layers, enabling single-use devices to be non-destructively disassembled after use and to ease folding complex nonplanar structures.

We demonstrate the use of patterned aerosol adhesives to construct both planar and nonplanar 3D paper microfluidic devices. By spraying an aerosol ...

Studying the heterogeneity of single cells is crucial for many biological questions, but is technically difficult. Thus, there is a need for a simple, yet high-throughput, method to perform single-cell culture experiments. Here, we report a microfluidic chip-based strategy for high-efficiency single-cell isolation (~77%) and demonstrate its capability of performing long-term single-cell culture (up to 7 d) and cellular heterogeneity analysis using clonogenic assay. These applications were demonstrated with KT98 mouse neural stem cells, and A549 and MDA-MB-435 human cancer cells. High single-cell isolation efficiency and long-term culture capability are achieved by using different sizes of microwells on the top and bottom of the microfluidic channel. The small microwell array is designed for precisely isolating single-cells, and the large microwell array is used for single-cell clonal culture in the microfluidic chip. This microfluidic platform constitutes an attractive approach for single-cell culture applications, due to its flexibility of adjustable cell culture spaces for different culture strategies, without decreasing isolation efficiency.

Here, we present a protocol for isolating and culturing single cells with a microfluidic platform, which utilizes a new microwell design concept to allow for high-efficiency single cell isolation and long-term clonal culture.

Studying the heterogeneity of single cells is crucial for many biological questions, but is technically difficult. Thus, there is a need for a simple, yet ...

The microfluidic probe (MFP) facilitates performing local chemistry on biological substrates by confining nanoliter volumes of liquids. Using one particular implementation of the MFP, the hierarchical hydrodynamic flow confinement (hHFC), multiple liquids are simultaneously brought in contact with a substrate. Local chemical action and liquid shaping using the hHFC, is exploited to create cell patterns by locally lysing and removing cells. By utilizing the scanning ability of the MFP, user-defined patterns of cell monolayers are created. This protocol enables rapid, real-time and spatially controlled cell patterning, which can allow selective cell-cell and cell-matrix interaction studies.

We present a protocol to perform subtractive patterning of live cell monolayers on a surface. This is achieved by local and selective lysis of adherent cells using a microfluidic probe (MFP). The cell lysate retrieved from local regions can be used for downstream analysis, enabling molecular profiling studies.

The microfluidic probe (MFP) facilitates performing local chemistry on biological substrates by confining nanoliter volumes of liquids. Using one ...

Multi-step Variable Height Photolithography for Valved Multilayer Microfluidic Devices

Microfluidic systems have enabled powerful new approaches to high-throughput biochemical and biological analysis. However, there remains a barrier to entry for non-specialists who would benefit greatly from the ability to develop their own microfluidic devices to address research questions. Particularly lacking has been the open dissemination of protocols related to photolithography, a key step in the development of a replica mold for the manufacture of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) devices. While the fabrication of single height silicon masters has been explored extensively in literature, fabrication steps for more complicated photolithography features necessary for many interesting device functionalities (such as feature rounding to make valve structures, multi-height single-mold patterning, or high aspect ratio definition) are often not explicitly outlined. 
Here, we provide a complete protocol for making multilayer microfluidic devices with valves and complex multi-height geometries, tunable for any application. These fabrication procedures are presented in the context of a microfluidic hydrogel bead synthesizer and demonstrate the production of droplets containing polyethylene glycol (PEG diacrylate) and a photoinitiator that can be polymerized into solid beads. This protocol and accompanying discussion provide a foundation of design principles and fabrication methods that enables development of a wide variety of microfluidic devices. The details included here should allow non-specialists to design and fabricate novel devices, thereby bringing a host of recently developed technologies to their most exciting applications in biological laboratories.

Multilayer microfluidic devices often involve the fabrication of master molds with complex geometries for functionality. This article presents a complete protocol for multi-step photolithography with valves and variable height features tunable to any application. As a demonstration, we fabricate a microfluidic droplet generator capable of producing hydrogel beads.

Microfluidic systems have enabled powerful new approaches to high-throughput biochemical and biological analysis. However, there remains a barrier to ...

Large-area Scanning Probe Nanolithography Facilitated by Automated Alignment and Its Application to Substrate Fabrication for Cell Culture Studies

Scanning probe microscopy has enabled the creation of a variety of methods for the constructive (&#39;additive&#39;) top-down fabrication of nanometer-scale features. Historically, a major drawback of scanning probe lithography has been the intrinsically low throughput of single probe systems. This has been tackled by the use of arrays of multiple probes to enable increased nanolithography throughput. In order to implement such parallelized nanolithography, the accurate alignment of probe arrays with the substrate surface is vital, so that all probes make contact with the surface simultaneously when lithographic patterning begins. This protocol describes the utilization of polymer pen lithography to produce nanometer-scale features over centimeter-sized areas, facilitated by the use of an algorithm for the rapid, accurate, and automated alignment of probe arrays. Here, nanolithography of thiols on gold substrates demonstrates the generation of features with high uniformity. These patterns are then functionalized with fibronectin for use in the context of surface-directed cell morphology studies.

Here we present a protocol for wide-area scanning probe nanolithography enabled by the iterative alignment of probe arrays, as well as the utilization of lithographic patterns for cell-surface interaction studies.

Scanning probe microscopy has enabled the creation of a variety of methods for the constructive (&#39;additive&#39;) top-down fabrication of ...

A Novel Tenorrhaphy Suture Technique with Tissue Engineered Collagen Graft to Repair Large Tendon Defects

Surgical management of large tendon defects with tendon grafts is challenging, as there are a finite number of sites where donors can be readily identified and used. Currently, this gap is filled with tendon auto-, allo-, xeno-, or artificial grafts, but clinical methods to secure them are not necessarily translatable to animals because of the scale. In order to evaluate new biomaterials or study a tendon graft made up of collagen type 1, we have developed a modified suture technique to help maintain the engineered tendon in alignment with the tendon ends. Mechanical properties of these grafts are inferior to the native tendon. To incorporate engineered tendon into clinically relevant models of loaded repair, a strategy was adopted to offload the tissue engineered tendon graft and allow for the maturation and integration of the engineered tendon in vivo until a mechanically sound neo-tendon was formed. We describe this technique using incorporation of the collagen type 1 tissue engineered tendon construct.

In this paper, we present an in vitro and in situ protocol to repair a tendon gap of up to 1.5 cm by filling it with engineered collagen graft. This was performed by developing a modified suture technique to take the mechanical load until the graft matures into the host tissue.