We would like to thank Alex Miller for manuscript revisions. This work was supported with the research grants awarded to M.G. from Cure CMD, Struggle Against Muscular Dystrophy (SAM) and Muscular Dystrophy Association (218938).

1.組織の収穫と筋組織の凍結<ol><li>イソフルラン（2-クロロ-2-（ジフルオロメトキシ）-1,1,1-トリフルオロエタン）の過剰摂取で、​​マウスを安楽死させます。ヒュームフードで、このステップを実行し、そのようなデシケーターやイソフルランに浸した綿棒を含むベルジャー等の二次封じ込めメソッドを使用します。 </li><li>しっかりとフットパッドを絞ることによって死を確認してください。このような頸椎脱臼などの安楽死の二次メソッドを使用します。 </li><li>筋肉の緩み髪の毛の付着を低減するために、70％のアルコールで毛を濡らします。このような＃5のように微細な鉗子を使用して、四肢切断、皮膚の皮をむきます。 </li><li>慎重に、下骨から（この場合は前脛骨筋（TA））、目的の筋肉を分離腱から開始して削除します。 </li><li> 、筋肉を切除10月（最適切断温度化合物）でそれをカバーし、標識された使い捨ての凍結金型の上に平らに横たわっていました。筋肉は、その正常な生理的姿勢であることを確認してください（TAIにヘッド延伸することなくL）。あるいは、小さな発泡スチロールの正方形の筋肉を凍結し、筋肉の正しい長さを確保するために昆虫ピンを使用してピン。 </li><li>液体窒素を用いた鋼ビーカーに2-メチルブタン（イソペンタン）を冷やします。 5分 - これは、平均3になります。白い沈殿物をビーカーの底と壁に形成し始めるまで、断続的に攪拌してください。 注：この場合、イソペンタン、最適な凍結温度に到達した（-150°C） </li><li>チルド2-メチルブタンの筋肉を含む金型を浸し。 12秒と腓腹筋ヒラメ筋（GS）と15上腕三頭筋などの大きな筋肉 - - 20秒かかる6ダイアフラムと長指伸筋（EDL）などの小さな筋肉をフリーズします。あまりにも長い間、この亀裂につながる可能性としてのための筋肉を凍結しないでください。 </li><li>ドライアイスの上で凍結組織を移し、（このプロセスは15の周りの平均をとることに注意してください - 20分）イソペンタンを蒸発させて。アルミ箔で組織をラップとuでそれらを格納切片までLTRA低温（-70℃〜-80℃）。 </li></ol> 2.組織ブロックを準備するために10月に組織を埋め込みます<ol><li>ドライアイス上で輸送組織が融解を防ぐためにcyrostatします。 （組織の完全融解を回避するために、C°-24、-20に設定）チャンバをクライオスタットし、それらを30分間平衡化させるために組織を転送します。 </li><li>の冷却ペルチェベイの電源を入れます。クライオスタットは、この冷却を持っていない場合は、すぐに10月を凍結するエアロゾル冷却スプレーを使用しています。このような埋め込み中の任意の時点での筋融解は、凍結損傷を与えることができないようにしてください。 </li><li>試料ディスク上の10月の均一な薄層を追加し、冷まします。上にまだ液体ながら10月のほとんどが底に凍結されている場合には、（横断面と縦断のための10月に平行のため10月に垂直な方向）正しい向きで組織を挿入します。すぐにOCTを凍結するエアロゾル冷却スプレーを使用してください。熱EXTと組織のunembeded部分に触れてractor、45秒間待ちます。 </li><li> 、筋肉の周りに10月の別の薄い層を追加し、エアロゾル冷却スプレーで噴霧し、前のステップと熱を抽出。 </li><li>少しずつで10月を追加し続けると、すぐに全体の筋肉がカバーされるまでエアロゾル冷却スプレーおよび熱抽出器の組み合わせを使用して、10月にフリーズ。 </li><li>組織ブロックの上に熱抽出を入れ、5分間待ちます。 </li></ol> 3.切片を作製し、筋肉のミッド腹領域からのセクションを識別する<ol><li>試料ヘッドの上に試料をマウントします。ディスクを右に回して、締め付けます。試料ディスクを試料ヘッドとの良好な接触状態にあることを確認します。 </li><li> °-21の間および-24℃に室内温度を調整し、設定温度が達成されるまで待ちます。 </li><li>厚さの設定（7μm）を調整します。粗微動の設定を使用してブロックを前進または後退させることにより、ブロックをトリミング。 </li><li>セクションを収集上のスライドに切断面の付着を容易にするために、反対の電荷間の引力を使用して、セクションの上にスライドの上部を押して、正に荷電した顕微鏡スライドを予熱しました。 </li><li>セクションの断面積（​​CSA）を測定することにより、ミッドベリーセクションを識別します。顕微鏡に接続されているコンピュータにこの使用してイメージングソフトウェアを実行してください。 注：ソフトウェアプログラムのトレース機能を介して位相コントラスト画像が取得され、筋肉全体の円周を測定します。これは、CSA、ならびに最小フェレット直径（粒子の反対側にある2つの平行な接線の間の最小距離として表現さ​​れる繊維断面サイズの測定）測定の両方が得られます。注：CSAと最小フェレット直径測定値がプラトーに開始すると、半ば腹に達しました。 </li><li>将来の染色のために-80℃でスライドをインベントリおよびアーカイブします。 注：10月前staininに削除する必要はありません。G手順。スライドをカバーガラスをされると、彼らはすぐに染色される準備ができています。 </li></ol> 4.染色注：詳細なステップバイステップの手順は、製品データシートに記載されていますし、染色手順のために従うべきであるが、個人の最適化は、最適な染色を得るために必要とされ得ます。 <ol><li>メディアは（表を参照）の取付は、水と混和しないので、（70％、95％、および100％エタノールに2分間ずつ）アルコールの増加グレードを通してスライドを脱水し、キシレン（5分間、100％）を確保するためにそれらをクリアスライドは、時間をかけて不透明になることはありません。 </li><li>セクションをカバースリップし、それらが乾燥してみましょう。イメージングソフトウェアを備えた顕微鏡を用いた画像。 </li></ol>

<ol>
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N., Rampling, D., Smith, V. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Paraffin+wax+embedded+muscle+is+suitable+for+the+diagnosis+of+muscular+dystrophy.">Paraffin wax embedded muscle is suitable for the diagnosis of muscular dystrophy.</a> Journal of clinical pathology. 54, 517-520 (2001).</li><li>Fox, C. H., Johnson, F. B., Whiting, J., Roller, P. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Formaldehyde+fixation.">Formaldehyde fixation.</a> Journal of Histochemistry &amp; Cytochemistry. 33, 845-853 (1985).</li><li>Maccarty, W. 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The authors have nothing to disclose.

組織学および免疫組織化学は、様々な神経筋障害で病状の症状および進行を理解する上で重要なツールとして使用されています。古典的には、筋肉生検は、最初のホルムアルデヒドで固定し、その後パラフィンワックスで包埋しました。ホルムアルデヒド固定は、組織構造を保持し、室温で組織保存および輸送を可能にするが、それはまた、正確な免疫染色​​を達成するためのさらなるス?...

筋肉組織学の検討は、神経筋障害1-4の異なるタイプの理解に重要な役割を果たしています。他の技術と組み合わせると、それは研究者が病状の症状および進行のより良いアイデアを得ることができ、また、治療的介入5-10の有効性を評価するために不可欠であることができます。しかし、正確に、組織を直ちに切除前の生理的状態を維持するように適切な方法で保存する必要があります。これは、除去、保存、切片、および染色の際に細心の注意が必要です。 組織を光学顕微鏡研究のため、2つの異なる方法で調製する​​ことができます。 （FFPE）のセクション、埋め込 ​​まれた第1の方法、ホルマリン固定パラフィンは、組織はパラフィンワックス11,12に埋め込 ​​まれる前に、10％の自然緩衝ホルムアルデヒド中に固定することが必要です。固定工程は、より良い形態を維持するのに役立つだけでなく、クロスリンク内因性のPRoteinsは、このように免疫染色のための複雑な抗原回復手順を必要とし、このようなセクション12の酵素染色の可能性を排除します。凍結切片を、一方、予め固定または処理する必要はありません。したがって、タンパク質は、天然の生物学的な立体配座13,14を保持することができます。また、凍結切片はまた、時間に肉腫および他の外科的生検15の術中診断で、たとえば、必要である、迅速なターンアラウンドタイムを可能にします。適切に行われていない場合は、この方法は、組織学的検査のためのセクションでは、不向き作る筋肉のアーキテクチャの変更を紹介しダメージを、凍結する傾向があります。本稿では、適切な検査のために最適な染色を達成するために、筋肉生検を準備するための最も効果的な方法を概説します。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Cryostat</td>
			<td>Leica CM 1850&#160;</td>
			<td>Leica Microsystems Inc.</td>
			<td>Buffalo Grove, IL 60089 United States, office phone 1-800 248 0123 
			Richard Allen Scientific</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microscope</td>
			<td>Nikon Eclipse 50i&#160;</td>
			<td>Nikon Instruments Inc.</td>
			<td>1300 Walt Whitman Road, Melville, N.Y. 11747-3064, U.S.A. 
			Phone: +1-631-547-8500 
			Olympus</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Image analysis software</td>
			<td>Nikon Imaging Software Basic Research</td>
			<td>Nikon Instruments Inc.</td>
			<td>1300 Walt Whitman Road, Melville, N.Y. 11747-3064, U.S.A. 
			Phone: +1-631-547-8500 
			Image J, Metamorph</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isoflurane</td>
			<td>14043-220-05</td>
			<td>JD Medical Dist. Co., Inc.</td>
			<td>JD Medical Distrubuting Co., Inc 1923 West Peoria Avenue Phoenix, Arizona 85029</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>OCT</td>
			<td>4583</td>
			<td>Sakura Inc.</td>
			<td>Sakrua Fintek, USA, Torrence, CA 90501, USA 
			Leica Microsystem</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Freeze It</td>
			<td>23-022524</td>
			<td>Thermofisher</td>
			<td>790 Memorial Dr, Cambridge, MA, USA, 02139 
			VWR Scientific</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Disposable tissue mold</td>
			<td>22-363-554</td>
			<td>Thermofisher</td>
			<td>790 Memorial Dr, Cambridge, MA, USA, 02139 
			VWR Scientific</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Colorfrost plus slides</td>
			<td>9991001</td>
			<td>Thermofisher</td>
			<td>790 Memorial Dr, Cambridge, MA, USA, 02139 
			VWR Scientific</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Acetone</td>
			<td>650501-4L</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>3050 Spruce Street, St.Louis MO, 63103 
			VWR Scientific</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethyl alcohol</td>
			<td>HC-1300-1GL</td>
			<td>Thermofisher</td>
			<td>790 Memorial Dr, Cambridge, MA, USA, 02139 
			VWR Scientific</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2-methyl butane</td>
			<td>M 32631-SL</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>3050 Spruce Street, St.Louis MO, 63103 
			VWR Scientific</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Xylene</td>
			<td>HC-7001GA</td>
			<td>Thermofisher</td>
			<td>790 Memorial Dr, Cambridge, MA, USA, 02139 
			VWR Scientific</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cytoseal 280</td>
			<td>8311-4</td>
			<td>Thermofisher</td>
			<td>790 Memorial Dr, Cambridge, MA 02139 
			VWR Scientific</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hematoxylin Gill #3</td>
			<td>CS402-1D</td>
			<td>Thermofisher</td>
			<td>790 Memorial Dr, Cambridge, MA, USA, 02139 
			VWR Scientific</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Eosin</td>
			<td>6766007</td>
			<td>Thermofisher</td>
			<td>790 Memorial Dr, Cambridge, MA, USA, 02139 
			VWR Scientific</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

do's and don'ts in the preparation of muscle cryosections for histological analysis

筋肉生検の組織学的評価は、神経筋疾患の病態の発症および進行の理解に不可欠なツールを務めています。しかし、そうするためには、適切なケアは、最適な染色を達成するための組織を切除し、保存するときに注意が必要です。組織保存する一つの方法は、ホルムアルデヒドで組織を固定し、その後パラフィンワックスでそれらを埋め込むことを含みます。この方法は、よく形態を保持し、室温で長期保存を可能にしますが、面倒であり、有害な化学物質の取り扱いが必要です。また、効果的な免疫染色​​のための抗原回復プロトコルを必要と抗原架橋、ホルムアルデヒド固定をもたらします。逆に、凍結切片は、固定を必要とし、したがって、生物学的な抗原の立体構造を保持しません。この方法は、intraoperaような迅速な組織学的評価を必要とする状況で、それは特に有用なもの、時間の周りクイックターンで明確な利点を提供します外科的生検を的。ここでは、異なる組織学的および免疫学的汚れによる可視化のための筋肉生検を調製する最も効果的な方法を説明します。

収穫および組織の凍結のためのセットアップを図1に見ることができる。切除した組織を乾燥する（ 図1A）を回避するために、PBSに浸したガーゼ上に格納されるべきです。組織を組織学的分析のために使用されるように選択される場合、それらは、OCT中に浸漬し、適切な向きでクライオモールド上に配置し、正確な形態（ 図1B）を確保することができるよ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Do's and Don'ts in the Preparation of Muscle Cryosections for Histological Analysis at JoVE.com

Do's and Don'ts in the Preparation of Muscle Cryosections for Histological Analysis

Here we demonstrate the most efficient methods for freezing, embedding, cryosectioning, and staining of muscle biopsies to avoid freezing artifacts.

組織学的分析のために筋肉凍結切片の調製でのやっていいことといけないことを行います

Histological evaluation of muscle biopsies has served as an indispensable tool in the understanding of the development and progression of pathology of ...

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Medicine

31.7K ビュー.  Boston University. Here we demonstrate the most efficient methods for freezing, embedding, cryosectioning, and staining of muscle biopsies to avoid freezing artifacts.

ビデオ: Do's and Don'ts in the Preparation of Muscle Cryosections for Histological Analysis

Myo-mechanical Analysis of Isolated Skeletal Muscle

To assess the in vivo effects of therapeutic interventions for the treatment of muscle disease 1,2,3, quantitative methods are needed that measure force generation and fatigability in treated muscle. We describe a detailed approach to evaluating myo-mechanical properties in freshly explanted hindlimb muscle from the mouse. We describe the atraumatic harvest of mouse extensor digitorum longus muscle, mounting the muscle in a muscle strip myograph (Model 820MS; Danish Myo Technology), and the measurement of maximal twitch and tetanic tension, contraction time, and half-relaxation time, using a square pulse stimulator (Model S48; Grass Technologies). Using these measurements, we demonstrate the calculation of specific twitch and tetanic tension normalized to muscle cross-sectional area, the twitch-to-tetanic tension ratio, the force-frequency relationship curve and the low frequency fatigue curve 4. This analysis provides a method for quantitative comparison between therapeutic interventions in mouse models of muscle disease 1,2,3,5, as well as comparison of the effects of genetic modification on muscle function 6,7,8,9.

To assess the in vivo effects of therapeutic interventions for muscle disease, methods are needed to quantitate force generation and fatigability in treated muscle. We detail an approach to evaluating myo-mechanical properties in explanted mouse hindlimb muscle. This analysis provides a robust approach to quantitating the effects of genetic modification on muscle function, as well as comparison of therapies in mouse models of muscle disease.

単離骨格筋のミオ - 機械的分析

To assess the in vivo effects of therapeutic interventions for the treatment of muscle disease 1,2,3, quantitative methods are needed that measure force ...

医学

In Vivo Canine Muscle Function Assay

We describe a minimally-invasive and reproducible method to measure canine pelvic limb muscle strength and muscle response to repeated eccentric 
contractions. The pelvic limb of an anesthetized dog is immobilized in a stereotactic frame to align the tibia at a right angle to the femur. Adhesive wrap affixes the 
paw to a pedal mounted on the shaft of a servomotor to measure torque. Percutaneous nerve stimulation activates pelvic limb muscles of the paw to either push (extend) or 
pull (flex) against the pedal to generate isometric torque. Percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation activates tibiotarsal extensor muscles. Repeated eccentric (lengthening) 
contractions are induced in the tibiotarsal flexor muscles by percutaneous peroneal nerve stimulation. The eccentric protocol consists of an initial isometric contraction 
followed by a forced stretch imposed by the servomotor. The rotation effectively lengthens the muscle while it contracts, e.g., an eccentric contraction. During 
stimulation flexor muscles are subjected to an 800 msec isometric and 200 msec eccentric contraction. This procedure is repeated every 5 sec. To avoid fatigue, 4 min rest 
follows every 10 contractions with a total of 30 contractions performed.

In Vivo Canine Muscle Function Assay

We describe a minimally-invasive and painless method to measure canine hindlimb muscle strength and muscle response to repeated eccentric contractions.

ビボ犬筋肉の機能アッセイに

We describe a minimally-invasive and reproducible method to measure canine pelvic limb muscle strength and muscle response to repeated eccentric 
...

High-throughput Flow Cytometry Cell-based Assay to Detect Antibodies to N-Methyl-D-aspartate Receptor or Dopamine-2 Receptor in Human Serum

Over the recent years, antibodies against surface and conformational proteins involved in neurotransmission have been detected in autoimmune CNS diseases in children and adults. These antibodies have been used to guide diagnosis and treatment. Cell-based assays have improved the detection of antibodies in patient serum. They are based on the surface expression of brain antigens on eukaryotic cells, which are then incubated with diluted patient sera followed by fluorochrome-conjugated secondary antibodies. After washing, secondary antibody binding is then analyzed by flow cytometry. Our group has developed a high-throughput flow cytometry live cell-based assay to reliably detect antibodies against specific neurotransmitter receptors. This flow cytometry method is straight forward, quantitative, efficient, and the use of a high-throughput sampler system allows for large patient cohorts to be easily assayed in a short space of time. Additionally, this cell-based assay can be easily adapted to detect antibodies to many different antigenic targets, both from the central nervous system and periphery. Discovering additional novel antibody biomarkers will enable prompt and accurate diagnosis and improve treatment of immune-mediated disorders.

Over the recent years, live cell-based assays have been used successfully to detect antibodies against surface and conformational antigens. Here, we describe a method using high-throughput flow cytometry enabling the analysis of large cohorts of patients. Detection of novel antibodies will improve diagnosis and treatment of immune-mediated disorders.

ハイスループットフローサイトメトリー細胞ベースのアッセイN-メチル-D-アスパラギン酸受容体またはヒト血清中のドーパ​​ミン-2受容体に対する抗体を検出する

Over the recent years, antibodies against surface and conformational proteins involved in neurotransmission have been detected in autoimmune CNS diseases ...

Collection and Extraction of Saliva DNA for Next Generation Sequencing

The preferred source of DNA in human genetics research is blood, or cell lines derived from blood, as these sources yield large quantities of high quality DNA. However, DNA extraction from saliva can yield high quality DNA with little to no degradation/fragmentation that is suitable for a variety of DNA assays without the expense of a phlebotomist and can even be acquired through the mail. However, at present, no saliva DNA collection/extraction protocols for next generation sequencing have been presented in the literature. This protocol optimizes parameters of saliva collection/storage and DNA extraction to be of sufficient quality and quantity for DNA assays with the highest standards, including microarray genotyping and next generation sequencing.

DNA extraction from saliva can provide a readily available source of high molecular weight DNA, with little to no degradation/fragmentation. This protocol provides optimized parameters for saliva collection/storage and DNA extraction to be of sufficient quality and quantity for downstream DNA assays with high quality requirements.

次世代シーケンシングのための収集と唾液DNAの抽出

The preferred source of DNA in human genetics research is blood, or cell lines derived from blood, as these sources yield large quantities of high quality ...

Carotid Artery Infusions for Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Analysis of Taxanes in Mice

When proposing the use of a drug, drug combination, or drug delivery into a novel system, one must assess the pharmacokinetics of the drug in the study model. As the use of mouse models are often a vital step in preclinical drug discovery and drug development1-8, it is necessary to design a system to introduce drugs into mice in a uniform, reproducible manner. Ideally, the system should permit the collection of blood samples at regular intervals over a set time course. The ability to measure drug concentrations by mass-spectrometry, has allowed investigators to follow the changes in plasma drug levels over time in individual mice1, 9, 10. In this study, paclitaxel was introduced into transgenic mice as a continuous arterial infusion over three hours, while blood samples were simultaneously taken by retro-orbital bleeds at set time points. Carotid artery infusions are a potential alternative to jugular vein infusions, when factors such as mammary tumors or other obstructions make jugular infusions impractical. Using this technique, paclitaxel concentrations in plasma and tissue achieved similar levels as compared to jugular infusion. In this tutorial, we will demonstrate how to successfully catheterize the carotid artery by preparing an optimized catheter for the individual mouse model, then show how to insert and secure the catheter into the mouse carotid artery, thread the end of the catheter out through the back of the mouse&#8217;s neck, and hook the mouse to a pump to deliver a controlled rate of drug influx. Multiple low volume retro-orbital bleeds allow for analysis of plasma drug concentrations over time.

This method was developed with the goal of delivering a steady drug solution via the carotid artery, to assess the pharmacokinetics of novel drugs in mouse models.

マウスにおけるタキサンの薬物動態学的および薬力学的分析のための頸動脈煎茶

When proposing the use of a drug, drug combination, or drug delivery into a novel system, one must assess the pharmacokinetics of the drug in the study ...

Ultrasound Based Assessment of Coronary Artery Flow and Coronary Flow Reserve Using the Pressure Overload Model in Mice

Transthoracic Doppler echocardiography (TTDE) is a clinically useful, noninvasive tool for studying coronary artery flow velocity and coronary flow reserve (CFR) in humans. Reduced CFR is accompanied by marked intramyocardial and pericoronary fibrosis and is used as an indication of the severity of dysfunction. This study explores, step-by-step, the real-time changes measured in the coronary flow velocity, CFR and systolic to diastolic peak velocity (S/D) ratio in the setting of an aortic banding model in mice. By using a Doppler transthoracic imaging technique that yields reproducible and reliable data, the method assesses changes in flow in the septal coronary artery (SCA), for a period of over two weeks in mice, that previously either underwent aortic banding or thoracotomy. 
During imaging, hyperemia in all mice was induced by isoflurane, an anesthetic that increased coronary flow velocity when compared with resting flow. All images were acquired by a single imager. Two ratios, (1) CFR, the ratio between hyperemic and baseline flow velocities, and (2) systolic (S) to diastolic (D) flow were determined, using a proprietary software and by two independent observers. Importantly, the observed changes in coronary flow preceded LV dysfunction as evidenced by normal LV mass and fractional shortening (FS). 
The method was benchmarked against the current gold standard of coronary assessment, histopathology. The latter technique showed clear pathologic changes in the coronary artery in the form of peri-coronary fibrosis that correlated to the flow changes as assessed by echocardiography. 
The study underscores the value of using a non-invasive technique to monitor coronary circulation in mouse hearts. The method minimizes redundant use of research animals and demonstrates that advanced ultrasound-based indices, such as CFR and S/D ratios, can serve as viable diagnostic tools in a variety of investigational protocols including drug studies and the study of genetically modified strains.

Coronary flow reserve (CFR) is useful for assessment of myocardial oxygen demand and evaluation of cardiovascular risk. This study establishes a step-by-step transthoracic Doppler echocardiographic (TTDE) method for longitudinal monitoring of the changes in CFR, as measured from coronary artery in mice, under the experimental pressure overload of aortic banding.

マウスの圧負荷モデルを用いた冠動脈の流れと冠血流準備の超音波ベースのアセスメント

Transthoracic Doppler echocardiography (TTDE) is a clinically useful, noninvasive tool for studying coronary artery flow velocity and coronary flow ...

Human Vastus Lateralis Skeletal Muscle Biopsy Using the Weil-Blakesley Conchotome

Percutaneous muscle biopsy using the Weil-Blakesley conchotome is well established in both clinical and research practice. It is a safe, effective and well tolerated technique. The Weil-Blakesley conchotome has a sharp biting tip with a 4 - 6 mm wide hollow. It is inserted through a 5 - 10 mm skin incision and can be maneuvered for controlled tissue penetration. The tip is opened and closed within the tissue and then rotated through 90 -180&#176; to cut the muscle. The amount of muscle obtained following repeated sampling can vary from 20 mg to 290 mg which can be processed for both histology and molecular studies. The wound needs to be kept dry and vigorous physical activity kept to a minimum for approximately 72 hr although normal levels of activity can restart immediately following the procedure. This procedure is safe and effective when close attention is paid to the selection of subjects, full asepsis and post procedure care. &#160;Both right and left vastus lateralis are suitable for biopsy dependent on participant preference.

Human Vastus Lateralis Skeletal Muscle Biopsy Using the Weil-Blakesley Conchotome

This video demonstrates the technique of percutaneous muscle biopsy of the human vastus lateralis using the Weil-Blakesley conchotome.

人間<em&gt;外側広筋</emワイル・ブレークスリーConchotomeを使用&gt;骨格筋生検

Percutaneous muscle biopsy using the Weil-Blakesley conchotome is well established in both clinical and research practice. It is a safe, effective and ...

Calcification of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells and Imaging of Aortic Calcification and Inflammation

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the world. Atherosclerotic plaques, consisting of lipid-laden macrophages and calcification, develop in the coronary arteries, aortic valve, aorta, and peripheral conduit arteries and are the hallmark of cardiovascular disease. In humans, imaging with computed tomography allows for the quantification of vascular calcification; the presence of vascular calcification is a strong predictor of future cardiovascular events. Development of novel therapies in cardiovascular disease relies critically on improving our understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms of atherosclerosis. Advancing our knowledge of atherosclerotic mechanisms relies on murine and cell-based models. Here, a method for imaging aortic calcification and macrophage infiltration using two spectrally distinct near-infrared fluorescent imaging probes is detailed. Near-infrared fluorescent imaging allows for the ex vivo quantification of calcification and macrophage accumulation in the entire aorta and can be used to further our understanding of the mechanistic relationship between inflammation and calcification in atherosclerosis. Additionally, a method for isolating and culturing animal aortic vascular smooth muscle cells and a protocol for inducing calcification in cultured smooth muscle cells from either murine aortas or from human coronary arteries is described. This in vitro method of modeling vascular calcification can be used to identify and characterize the signaling pathways likely important for the development of vascular disease, in the hopes of discovering novel targets for therapy.

Vascular calcification is an important predictor of and contributor to human cardiovascular disease. This protocol describes methods for inducing calcification of cultured primary vascular smooth muscle cells and for quantifying calcification and macrophage burden in animal aortas using near-infrared fluorescence imaging.

血管平滑筋細胞と大動脈石灰化と炎症のイメージングの石灰化

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the world.  Atherosclerotic plaques, consisting of lipid-laden macrophages and ...

Dissection of the Mouse Pancreas for Histological Analysis and Metabolic Profiling

We have been investigating the pancreas specific transcription factor, 1a cre-recombinase; lox-stop-lox- Kristen rat sarcoma, glycine to aspartic acid at the 12 codon (Ptf1acre/+;LSL-KrasG12D/+) mouse strain as a model of human pancreatic cancer. The goal of our current studies is to identify novel metabolic biomarkers of pancreatic cancer progression. We have performed metabolic profiling of urine, feces, blood, and pancreas tissue extracts, as well as histological analyses of the pancreas to stage the cancer progression. The mouse pancreas is not a well-defined solid organ like in humans, but rather is a diffusely distributed soft tissue that is not easily identified by individuals unfamiliar with mouse internal anatomy or by individuals that have little or no experience performing mouse organ dissections. The purpose of this article is to provide a detailed step-wise visual demonstration to guide novices in the removal of the mouse pancreas by dissection. This article should be especially valuable to students and investigators new to research that requires harvesting of the mouse pancreas by dissection for metabolic profiling or histological analyses.

This video article provides a detailed demonstration of the procedures required to successfully remove the pancreas from a mouse by dissection for histological analysis and metabolic profiling.

マウスの膵臓の組織学的解析と代謝プロファイリングに対する郭清

We have been investigating the pancreas specific transcription factor, 1a cre-recombinase; lox-stop-lox- Kristen rat sarcoma, glycine to aspartic acid at ...

Echocardiographic and Histological Examination of Cardiac Morphology in the Mouse

An increasing number of genetically modified mouse models has become available in recent years. Moreover, the number of pharmacological studies performed in mice is high. Phenotypic characterization of these mouse models also requires the examination of cardiac function and morphology. Echocardiography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are commonly used approaches to characterize cardiac function and morphology in mice. Echocardiographic and MRI equipment specialized for use in small rodents is&#160;expensive and requires a dedicated space. This protocol describes cardiac measurements in mice using a clinical echocardiographic system with a 15 MHz human vascular probe. Measurements are performed on anesthetized adult mice. At least three image sequences are recorded and analyzed for each animal in M-mode in the parasternal short-axis view. Afterwards, cardiac histological examination is performed, and cardiomyocyte diameters are determined on hematoxylin-eosin- or wheat germ agglutinin (WGA)-stained paraffin sections. Vessel density is determined morphometrically after Pecam-1 immunostaining. The protocol has been applied successfully to pharmacological studies and different genetic animal models under baseline conditions, as well as after experimental myocardial infarction by the permanent ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD). In our experience, echocardiographic investigation is limited to anesthetized animals and is feasible in adult mice weighing at least 25 g.

Echocardiographic examination is frequently used in mice. Expensive high-resolution ultrasound devices have been developed for this purpose. This protocol describes an affordable echocardiographic procedure combined with histological morphometric analyses to determine cardiac morphology.

マウスの心臓形態の心エコー検査・組織学的検討

An increasing number of genetically modified mouse models has become available in recent years. Moreover, the number of pharmacological studies performed ...