We would like to thank Alex Miller for manuscript revisions. This work was supported with the research grants awarded to M.G. from Cure CMD, Struggle Against Muscular Dystrophy (SAM) and Muscular Dystrophy Association (218938).

1. Tissue récolte et de congélation des tissus musculaires <ol><li> Euthanasier la souris avec une dose excessive de l&#39;isoflurane (2-chloro-2- (difluorométhoxy) -1,1,1-trifluoro-éthane). Effectuez cette étape dans une hotte et utiliser une méthode de confinement secondaire comme un dessiccateur ou une cloche de verre contenant un coton-tige imbibé d&#39;isoflurane. </li><li> Confirmer la mort en serrant fermement coussinet plantaire. Utilisez une méthode secondaire de l&#39;euthanasie telle que la dislocation cervicale. </li><li> Mouiller la fourrure avec 70% d&#39;alcool pour réduire le collage des mèches de cheveux en vrac sur les muscles. Peler la peau du membre en utilisant une pince fine tels que # 5. </li><li> Séparez délicatement le muscle d&#39;intérêt (jambier antérieur (TA) dans ce cas) à partir des os en dessous, à partir du tendon et à enlever. </li><li> Exciser le muscle, le couvrir dans l&#39;OCT (coupe optimale du composé Température), et posez-le à plat sur un moule de congélation jetable marqué. Assurez-vous que le muscle est à son orientation physiologique normal (tête tail) sans étirement. Alternativement, geler le muscle sur des petits carrés de mousse de polystyrène et l&#39;épingler en utilisant des épingles insectes pour assurer la bonne longueur des muscles. </li><li> Réfrigérer 2-méthylbutane (isopentane) dans un bêcher en acier avec de l&#39;azote liquide. Cela prend en moyenne de 3 - 5 min. Gardez en remuant de façon intermittente jusqu&#39;à précipités blancs commencent à se former sur le fond et les parois du bécher. REMARQUE: Lorsque cela se produit, l&#39;isopentane a atteint la température de congélation optimale (-150 ° C) </li><li> Trempez les moules contenant muscles dans le réfrigérée 2-méthylbutane. Congeler petits muscles comme le muscle long extenseur des orteils diaphragme et (EDL) pour les 6 - 12 sec et gros muscles comme le soléaire gastrocnémien (GS) et les triceps pour 15 - 20 sec. Ne pas congeler les muscles trop longtemps car cela pourrait conduire à la fissuration. </li><li> Transférer les tissus congelés sur de la glace sèche et laissez évaporer isopentane (à noter que ce processus prend en moyenne environ 15 - 20 min). Envelopper les tissus dans du papier aluminium et les stocker à ultra basse température (-70 ° C à -80 ° C) jusqu&#39;à ce que le sectionnement. </li></ol> 2. Intégrer les tissus dans PTOM Préparer bloc de tissu <ol><li> tissus de transport sur la glace sèche pour cyrostat pour éviter la décongélation. tissu Transfert à cryostat chambre (mis à -20 à -24 ° C pour éviter la décongélation complète des tissus) et les laisser équilibrer pendant 30 min. </li><li> Tournez la baie de refroidissement Peltier sur. Si le cryostat ne possède pas ce refroidissement, utiliser un aérosol de refroidissement pour congeler rapidement les PTOM. Ne laissez pas le dégel musculaire à tout moment au cours de l&#39;incorporation car cela peut entraîner des dommages dus au gel. </li><li> Ajouter une couche mince et uniforme de l&#39;OCT sur le disque de l&#39;échantillon et le laisser refroidir. Lorsque la plupart des PTOM est gelé sur le fond tout en liquide sur le dessus, insérez le tissu à l&#39;orientation correcte (perpendiculaire PTOM pour les sections transversales et parallèles PTOM pour les sections longitudinales). Utilisez un aérosol de refroidissement pour congeler rapidement octobre Touchez la partie unembeded du tissu avec poste de chaleurractor et attendre 45 sec. </li><li> Ajoutez une autre couche mince de l&#39;OCT autour du muscle, vaporiser avec un aérosol de refroidissement et d&#39;extraire la chaleur comme dans l&#39;étape précédente. </li><li> Continuez à ajouter des PTOM petits incréments et rapidement geler les PTOM en utilisant une combinaison d&#39;aérosol et d&#39;un extracteur de chaleur de refroidissement jusqu&#39;à ce que le muscle entier est couvert. </li><li> Mettre l&#39;extracteur de chaleur sur le dessus du bloc de tissu et attendre 5 min. </li></ol> 3. Préparer Sections et identifier les sections à partir de mi-ventre Région des Muscles <ol><li> Placer le spécimen sur la tête de l&#39;objet. Serrez la molette pour fixer le disque. Assurez-vous que la platine est en bon contact avec la tête de l&#39;objet. </li><li> Réglez la température de la chambre à entre -21 et -24 ° C et attendre jusqu&#39;à ce que la température de consigne est atteint. </li><li> Réglez les paramètres d&#39;épaisseur (7 pm); couper le bloc en avançant ou en rétractant le bloc en utilisant les réglages grossiers et fins. </li><li> Recueillir les sectionspréchauffée sur des lames de microscope chargées positivement en appuyant sur la partie supérieure de la glissière sur les sections, en utilisant l&#39;attraction entre les charges opposées pour faciliter l&#39;adhérence des sections de coupe de la lame. </li><li> Identifier les sections à mi-ventre par mesure de surface en coupe transversale (CSA) des sections. Pour ce faire, le logiciel d&#39;imagerie à l&#39;aide de l&#39;ordinateur qui est connecté au microscope. REMARQUE: des images à contraste de phase sont prises et la circonférence de l&#39;ensemble du muscle est mesurée via une fonction de traçage sur le logiciel. Cela donnera à la fois la CSA ainsi que diamètre minimum de furet (mesure des fibres taille transversale qui est exprimé comme la plus petite distance entre deux tangentes parallèles sur les côtés opposés d&#39;une particule) mesures. Remarque: Lors de la CSA et de diamètre de furet minimum mesures commencent à plateau, mi ventre a été atteint. </li><li> Inventaire et archiver les diapositives à -80 ° C pour la coloration avenir. REMARQUE: octobre n&#39;a pas besoin d&#39;être enlevé avant staininprocédures de g. Lorsque les lames sont sous une lamelle, ils sont prêts à être colorées immédiatement. </li></ol> 4. Coloration REMARQUE: Bien que les procédures détaillées étape par étape peuvent être trouvés sur la feuille de données du produit et doivent être suivies pour les procédures de coloration, l&#39;optimisation personnelle peut être nécessaire pour obtenir une coloration optimale. <ol><li> Parce que les médias de montage (voir tableau) est non miscible à l&#39;eau, déshydrater diapositives en augmentant les qualités d&#39;alcool (2 min chacun à 70%, 95% et 100% d&#39;éthanol) et les effacer avec du xylène (100% pendant 5 min) pour assurer diapositives ne deviennent pas opaque au fil du temps. </li><li> Lamelle sections et les laisser sécher. Image avec microscope équipé d&#39;un logiciel d&#39;imagerie. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Bonnemann, C. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Diagnostic+approach+to+the+congenital+muscular+dystrophies.">Diagnostic approach to the congenital muscular dystrophies.</a> Neuromuscular disorders : NMD. 24, 289-311 (2014).</li><li>Caughey, J. E., Pachomov, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+diaphragm+in+dystrophia+myotonica.">The diaphragm in dystrophia myotonica.</a> J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 22, 311-313 (1959).</li><li>Fetterman, G. H., Wratney, M. J., Donaldson, J. S., Danowski, T. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Muscular+dystrophy.+I.+History,+clinical+status,+muscle+strength,+and+biopsy+findings.">Muscular dystrophy. I. History, clinical status, muscle strength, and biopsy findings.</a> AMA J Dis Child. 91, 326-338 (1956).</li><li>Platzer, A. C., Chase, W. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Histologic+Alterations+in+Preclinical+Mouse+Muscular+Dystrophy.">Histologic Alterations in Preclinical Mouse Muscular Dystrophy.</a> The American journal of pathology. 44, 931-946 (1964).</li><li>Mercuri, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Muscle+magnetic+resonance+imaging+involvement+in+muscular+dystrophies+with+rigidity+of+the+spine.">Muscle magnetic resonance imaging involvement in muscular dystrophies with rigidity of the spine.</a> Ann Neurol. 67, 201-208 (2010).</li><li>Tasca, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Different+molecular+signatures+in+magnetic+resonance+imaging-staged+facioscapulohumeral+muscular+dystrophy+muscles.">Different molecular signatures in magnetic resonance imaging-staged facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy muscles.</a> PloS one. 7, e38779 (2012).</li><li>Girgenrath, M., Dominov, J. A., Kostek, C. A., Miller, J. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inhibition+of+apoptosis+improves+outcome+in+a+model+of+congenital+muscular+dystrophy.">Inhibition of apoptosis improves outcome in a model of congenital muscular dystrophy.</a> The Journal of clinical investigation. 114, 1635-1639 (2004).</li><li>Kumar, A., Yamauchi, J., Girgenrath, T., Girgenrath, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Muscle-specific+expression+of+insulin-like+growth+factor+1+improves+outcome+in+Lama2Dy-w+mice,+a+model+for+congenital+muscular+dystrophy+type+1A.">Muscle-specific expression of insulin-like growth factor 1 improves outcome in Lama2Dy-w mice, a model for congenital muscular dystrophy type 1A.</a> Human molecular genetics. 20, 2333-2343 (2011).</li><li>Mehuron, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dysregulation+of+matricellular+proteins+is+an+early+signature+of+pathology+in+laminin-deficient+muscular+dystrophy.">Dysregulation of matricellular proteins is an early signature of pathology in laminin-deficient muscular dystrophy.</a> Skeletal muscle. 4, 14 (2014).</li><li>Yamauchi, J., Kumar, A., Duarte, L., Mehuron, T., Girgenrath, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Triggering+regeneration+and+tackling+apoptosis:+a+combinatorial+approach+to+treating+congenital+muscular+dystrophy+type+1+A.">Triggering regeneration and tackling apoptosis: a combinatorial approach to treating congenital muscular dystrophy type 1 A.</a> Human molecular genetics. 22, 4306-4317 (2013).</li><li>Sheriffs, I. N., Rampling, D., Smith, V. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Paraffin+wax+embedded+muscle+is+suitable+for+the+diagnosis+of+muscular+dystrophy.">Paraffin wax embedded muscle is suitable for the diagnosis of muscular dystrophy.</a> Journal of clinical pathology. 54, 517-520 (2001).</li><li>Fox, C. H., Johnson, F. B., Whiting, J., Roller, P. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Formaldehyde+fixation.">Formaldehyde fixation.</a> Journal of Histochemistry &amp; Cytochemistry. 33, 845-853 (1985).</li><li>Maccarty, W. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Diagnostic+Reliability+of+Frozen+Sections.">The Diagnostic Reliability of Frozen Sections.</a> The American journal of pathology. 5, 377-380 (1929).</li><li>Shi, S. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+the+value+of+frozen+tissue+section+used+as+'gold+standard'+for+immunohistochemistry.">Evaluation of the value of frozen tissue section used as 'gold standard' for immunohistochemistry.</a> Am J Clin Pathol. 129, 358-366 (2008).</li><li>Turan, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Accuracy+of+frozen+sections+for+intraoperative+diagnosis+of+complex+atypical+endometrial+hyperplasia.">Accuracy of frozen sections for intraoperative diagnosis of complex atypical endometrial hyperplasia.</a> Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention : APJCP. 13, 1953-1956 (2012).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Histologie et immunohistochimie ont été utilisés comme outils essentiels à la compréhension de la manifestation et l&#39;évolution de la pathologie dans divers troubles neuromusculaires. Classiquement, les biopsies musculaires ont d&#39;abord été fixés dans du formol puis intégrés avec de la cire de paraffine. Le formaldéhyde fixation préserve l&#39;architecture des tissus et permet le stockage de tissus et de transport à température ambiante, il inactive également des enzymes et protéines reticulations...

L&#39;examen de l&#39;histologie des muscles joue un rôle critique dans la compréhension des différents types de troubles neuromusculaires 4.1. Lorsqu&#39;il est combiné avec d&#39;autres techniques, il permet aux chercheurs d&#39;obtenir une meilleure idée de la manifestation et de la progression de la pathologie et peuvent aussi être essentiel pour évaluer l&#39;efficacité d&#39;une intervention thérapeutique 5-10. Toutefois, pour être précis, les tissus doivent être préservées de la manière appropriée afin de préserver immédiatement l&#39;état physiologique avant l&#39;excision. Cela exige un grand soin lors de l&#39;enlèvement, de la préservation, de sectionnement et coloration. Les tissus peuvent être préparés de deux façons différentes pour étude au microscope optique. La première méthode, fixés au formol (FFPE) paraffine sections, embarqué nécessite tissus à fixer dans les 10% de formaldéhyde tamponnée naturelle avant d&#39;être intégré avec la cire de paraffine 11,12. L&#39;étape de fixation permet de préserver la morphologie mieux, mais aussi des liens croisés pr endogèneoteins nécessitant ainsi des procédures de récupération d&#39;antigène complexe pour un marquage et d&#39;éliminer la possibilité de coloration enzymatique sur ces articles 12. Coupes congelées, d&#39;autre part, ne doivent pas être pré-fixe ou traitées; par conséquent, les protéines sont capables de retenir des conformations natives 13,14 biologiques. En outre, des coupes congelées permettent également un gain de temps, ce qui est parfois nécessaire, par exemple dans le diagnostic peropératoire de sarcomes et autres biopsies chirurgicales 15. Toutefois, si ne pas fait correctement, cette méthode est sujette à des dommages par congélation, qui apporte des modifications à l&#39;architecture musculaire rendant les sections impropres à l&#39;examen histologique. Ce document décrit la méthode la plus efficace pour préparer des biopsies musculaires afin de parvenir à coloration optimale pour examen approprié.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Cryostat</td>
			<td>Leica CM 1850&#160;</td>
			<td>Leica Microsystems Inc.</td>
			<td>Buffalo Grove, IL 60089 United States, office phone 1-800 248 0123 
			Richard Allen Scientific</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microscope</td>
			<td>Nikon Eclipse 50i&#160;</td>
			<td>Nikon Instruments Inc.</td>
			<td>1300 Walt Whitman Road, Melville, N.Y. 11747-3064, U.S.A. 
			Phone: +1-631-547-8500 
			Olympus</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Image analysis software</td>
			<td>Nikon Imaging Software Basic Research</td>
			<td>Nikon Instruments Inc.</td>
			<td>1300 Walt Whitman Road, Melville, N.Y. 11747-3064, U.S.A. 
			Phone: +1-631-547-8500 
			Image J, Metamorph</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isoflurane</td>
			<td>14043-220-05</td>
			<td>JD Medical Dist. Co., Inc.</td>
			<td>JD Medical Distrubuting Co., Inc 1923 West Peoria Avenue Phoenix, Arizona 85029</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>OCT</td>
			<td>4583</td>
			<td>Sakura Inc.</td>
			<td>Sakrua Fintek, USA, Torrence, CA 90501, USA 
			Leica Microsystem</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Freeze It</td>
			<td>23-022524</td>
			<td>Thermofisher</td>
			<td>790 Memorial Dr, Cambridge, MA, USA, 02139 
			VWR Scientific</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Disposable tissue mold</td>
			<td>22-363-554</td>
			<td>Thermofisher</td>
			<td>790 Memorial Dr, Cambridge, MA, USA, 02139 
			VWR Scientific</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Colorfrost plus slides</td>
			<td>9991001</td>
			<td>Thermofisher</td>
			<td>790 Memorial Dr, Cambridge, MA, USA, 02139 
			VWR Scientific</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Acetone</td>
			<td>650501-4L</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>3050 Spruce Street, St.Louis MO, 63103 
			VWR Scientific</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethyl alcohol</td>
			<td>HC-1300-1GL</td>
			<td>Thermofisher</td>
			<td>790 Memorial Dr, Cambridge, MA, USA, 02139 
			VWR Scientific</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2-methyl butane</td>
			<td>M 32631-SL</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>3050 Spruce Street, St.Louis MO, 63103 
			VWR Scientific</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Xylene</td>
			<td>HC-7001GA</td>
			<td>Thermofisher</td>
			<td>790 Memorial Dr, Cambridge, MA, USA, 02139 
			VWR Scientific</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cytoseal 280</td>
			<td>8311-4</td>
			<td>Thermofisher</td>
			<td>790 Memorial Dr, Cambridge, MA 02139 
			VWR Scientific</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hematoxylin Gill #3</td>
			<td>CS402-1D</td>
			<td>Thermofisher</td>
			<td>790 Memorial Dr, Cambridge, MA, USA, 02139 
			VWR Scientific</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Eosin</td>
			<td>6766007</td>
			<td>Thermofisher</td>
			<td>790 Memorial Dr, Cambridge, MA, USA, 02139 
			VWR Scientific</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

do's and don'ts in the preparation of muscle cryosections for histological analysis

Examen histologique des biopsies musculaires a servi comme un outil indispensable dans la compréhension du développement et la progression de la pathologie des troubles neuromusculaires. Toutefois, afin de le faire, des soins appropriés doivent être prises lorsque l&#39;excision et la préservation de tissus pour obtenir une coloration optimale. Une méthode de préservation des tissus consiste à fixer les tissus en formaldéhyde, puis les incorporer à la cire de paraffine. Cette méthode préserve la morphologie bien et permet le stockage à long terme à température ambiante, mais est lourde et nécessite une manipulation de produits chimiques toxiques. En outre, des résultats formaldéhyde de fixation à l&#39;antigène reticulation, ce qui nécessite des protocoles d&#39;extraction d&#39;antigène efficace pour immunocoloration. Au contraire, le sectionnement congelé ne nécessite pas de fixation et conserve ainsi biologique antigène conformation. Cette méthode fournit également un avantage distinct à son tour rapide autour du temps, ce qui rend particulièrement utile dans les situations nécessitant une évaluation histologique rapide comme intraoperative biopsies chirurgicales. Ici, nous décrivons la méthode la plus efficace de préparer des biopsies musculaires pour la visualisation avec différents colorants histologiques et immunologiques.

La mise en place pour la récolte et la congélation des tissus peut être vu sur la figure 1. Tissus excisés doivent être stockés sur une gaze trempée dans du PBS afin d&#39;éviter le séchage (figure 1A). Lorsque les tissus sont sélectionnés pour être utilisé pour l&#39;analyse histologique, ils devraient être trempés dans de l&#39;OCT et disposés sur cryo moule dans le bon sens et que près de la longueur physiologique que possible pour assurer la morphologie précise <st...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Do's and Don'ts in the Preparation of Muscle Cryosections for Histological Analysis at JoVE.com

Do&#039;s and Don&#039;ts in the Preparation of Muscle Cryosections for Histological Analysis

Here we demonstrate the most efficient methods for freezing, embedding, cryosectioning, and staining of muscle biopsies to avoid freezing artifacts.

À faire et à ne pas faire dans la préparation de Muscle cryosections pour l&#39;analyse histologique

Histological evaluation of muscle biopsies has served as an indispensable tool in the understanding of the development and progression of pathology of ...

do-s-don-ts-preparation-muscle-cryosections-for-histological

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

Do's and Don'ts in the Preparation of Muscle Cryosections for Histological Analysis

31.5K vues.  Boston University. Here we demonstrate the most efficient methods for freezing, embedding, cryosectioning, and staining of muscle biopsies to avoid freezing artifacts.

Vidéo: Do's and Don'ts in the Preparation of Muscle Cryosections for Histological Analysis

In Vivo Canine Muscle Function Assay

We describe a minimally-invasive and reproducible method to measure canine pelvic limb muscle strength and muscle response to repeated eccentric 
contractions. The pelvic limb of an anesthetized dog is immobilized in a stereotactic frame to align the tibia at a right angle to the femur. Adhesive wrap affixes the 
paw to a pedal mounted on the shaft of a servomotor to measure torque. Percutaneous nerve stimulation activates pelvic limb muscles of the paw to either push (extend) or 
pull (flex) against the pedal to generate isometric torque. Percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation activates tibiotarsal extensor muscles. Repeated eccentric (lengthening) 
contractions are induced in the tibiotarsal flexor muscles by percutaneous peroneal nerve stimulation. The eccentric protocol consists of an initial isometric contraction 
followed by a forced stretch imposed by the servomotor. The rotation effectively lengthens the muscle while it contracts, e.g., an eccentric contraction. During 
stimulation flexor muscles are subjected to an 800 msec isometric and 200 msec eccentric contraction. This procedure is repeated every 5 sec. To avoid fatigue, 4 min rest 
follows every 10 contractions with a total of 30 contractions performed.

In Vivo Canine Muscle Function Assay

We describe a minimally-invasive and painless method to measure canine hindlimb muscle strength and muscle response to repeated eccentric contractions.

In Vivo Assay Muscle Fonction Canine

We describe a minimally-invasive and reproducible method to measure canine pelvic limb muscle strength and muscle response to repeated eccentric 
...

Recherche

Médecine

High-throughput Flow Cytometry Cell-based Assay to Detect Antibodies to N-Methyl-D-aspartate Receptor or Dopamine-2 Receptor in Human Serum

Over the recent years, antibodies against surface and conformational proteins involved in neurotransmission have been detected in autoimmune CNS diseases in children and adults. These antibodies have been used to guide diagnosis and treatment. Cell-based assays have improved the detection of antibodies in patient serum. They are based on the surface expression of brain antigens on eukaryotic cells, which are then incubated with diluted patient sera followed by fluorochrome-conjugated secondary antibodies. After washing, secondary antibody binding is then analyzed by flow cytometry. Our group has developed a high-throughput flow cytometry live cell-based assay to reliably detect antibodies against specific neurotransmitter receptors. This flow cytometry method is straight forward, quantitative, efficient, and the use of a high-throughput sampler system allows for large patient cohorts to be easily assayed in a short space of time. Additionally, this cell-based assay can be easily adapted to detect antibodies to many different antigenic targets, both from the central nervous system and periphery. Discovering additional novel antibody biomarkers will enable prompt and accurate diagnosis and improve treatment of immune-mediated disorders.

Over the recent years, live cell-based assays have been used successfully to detect antibodies against surface and conformational antigens. Here, we describe a method using high-throughput flow cytometry enabling the analysis of large cohorts of patients. Detection of novel antibodies will improve diagnosis and treatment of immune-mediated disorders.

Haut-débit cytométrie en flux test cellulaire pour détecter les anticorps de la N-méthyl-D-aspartate Receptor ou récepteur de la dopamine-2 dans le sérum humain

Over the recent years, antibodies against surface and conformational proteins involved in neurotransmission have been detected in autoimmune CNS diseases ...

Ultrasound Based Assessment of Coronary Artery Flow and Coronary Flow Reserve Using the Pressure Overload Model in Mice

Transthoracic Doppler echocardiography (TTDE) is a clinically useful, noninvasive tool for studying coronary artery flow velocity and coronary flow reserve (CFR) in humans. Reduced CFR is accompanied by marked intramyocardial and pericoronary fibrosis and is used as an indication of the severity of dysfunction. This study explores, step-by-step, the real-time changes measured in the coronary flow velocity, CFR and systolic to diastolic peak velocity (S/D) ratio in the setting of an aortic banding model in mice. By using a Doppler transthoracic imaging technique that yields reproducible and reliable data, the method assesses changes in flow in the septal coronary artery (SCA), for a period of over two weeks in mice, that previously either underwent aortic banding or thoracotomy. 
During imaging, hyperemia in all mice was induced by isoflurane, an anesthetic that increased coronary flow velocity when compared with resting flow. All images were acquired by a single imager. Two ratios, (1) CFR, the ratio between hyperemic and baseline flow velocities, and (2) systolic (S) to diastolic (D) flow were determined, using a proprietary software and by two independent observers. Importantly, the observed changes in coronary flow preceded LV dysfunction as evidenced by normal LV mass and fractional shortening (FS). 
The method was benchmarked against the current gold standard of coronary assessment, histopathology. The latter technique showed clear pathologic changes in the coronary artery in the form of peri-coronary fibrosis that correlated to the flow changes as assessed by echocardiography. 
The study underscores the value of using a non-invasive technique to monitor coronary circulation in mouse hearts. The method minimizes redundant use of research animals and demonstrates that advanced ultrasound-based indices, such as CFR and S/D ratios, can serve as viable diagnostic tools in a variety of investigational protocols including drug studies and the study of genetically modified strains.

Coronary flow reserve (CFR) is useful for assessment of myocardial oxygen demand and evaluation of cardiovascular risk. This study establishes a step-by-step transthoracic Doppler echocardiographic (TTDE) method for longitudinal monitoring of the changes in CFR, as measured from coronary artery in mice, under the experimental pressure overload of aortic banding.

Évaluation Basé échographie de l&#39;artère coronaire de débit et de Flow Reserve coronaire Utilisation de la surcharge de pression modèle chez la souris

Transthoracic Doppler echocardiography (TTDE) is a clinically useful, noninvasive tool for studying coronary artery flow velocity and coronary flow ...

Human Vastus Lateralis Skeletal Muscle Biopsy Using the Weil-Blakesley Conchotome

Percutaneous muscle biopsy using the Weil-Blakesley conchotome is well established in both clinical and research practice. It is a safe, effective and well tolerated technique. The Weil-Blakesley conchotome has a sharp biting tip with a 4 - 6 mm wide hollow. It is inserted through a 5 - 10 mm skin incision and can be maneuvered for controlled tissue penetration. The tip is opened and closed within the tissue and then rotated through 90 -180&#176; to cut the muscle. The amount of muscle obtained following repeated sampling can vary from 20 mg to 290 mg which can be processed for both histology and molecular studies. The wound needs to be kept dry and vigorous physical activity kept to a minimum for approximately 72 hr although normal levels of activity can restart immediately following the procedure. This procedure is safe and effective when close attention is paid to the selection of subjects, full asepsis and post procedure care. &#160;Both right and left vastus lateralis are suitable for biopsy dependent on participant preference.

Human Vastus Lateralis Skeletal Muscle Biopsy Using the Weil-Blakesley Conchotome

This video demonstrates the technique of percutaneous muscle biopsy of the human vastus lateralis using the Weil-Blakesley conchotome.

Humain<em&gt; Vaste externe</em&gt; Biopsie de muscle squelettique Utilisation de la Weil-Blakesley Conchotome

Percutaneous muscle biopsy using the Weil-Blakesley conchotome is well established in both clinical and research practice. It is a safe, effective and ...

Dissection of the Mouse Pancreas for Histological Analysis and Metabolic Profiling

We have been investigating the pancreas specific transcription factor, 1a cre-recombinase; lox-stop-lox- Kristen rat sarcoma, glycine to aspartic acid at the 12 codon (Ptf1acre/+;LSL-KrasG12D/+) mouse strain as a model of human pancreatic cancer. The goal of our current studies is to identify novel metabolic biomarkers of pancreatic cancer progression. We have performed metabolic profiling of urine, feces, blood, and pancreas tissue extracts, as well as histological analyses of the pancreas to stage the cancer progression. The mouse pancreas is not a well-defined solid organ like in humans, but rather is a diffusely distributed soft tissue that is not easily identified by individuals unfamiliar with mouse internal anatomy or by individuals that have little or no experience performing mouse organ dissections. The purpose of this article is to provide a detailed step-wise visual demonstration to guide novices in the removal of the mouse pancreas by dissection. This article should be especially valuable to students and investigators new to research that requires harvesting of the mouse pancreas by dissection for metabolic profiling or histological analyses.

This video article provides a detailed demonstration of the procedures required to successfully remove the pancreas from a mouse by dissection for histological analysis and metabolic profiling.

Dissection du pancréas de souris pour faire une analyse histologique et profilage métabolique

We have been investigating the pancreas specific transcription factor, 1a cre-recombinase; lox-stop-lox- Kristen rat sarcoma, glycine to aspartic acid at ...

Echocardiographic and Histological Examination of Cardiac Morphology in the Mouse

An increasing number of genetically modified mouse models has become available in recent years. Moreover, the number of pharmacological studies performed in mice is high. Phenotypic characterization of these mouse models also requires the examination of cardiac function and morphology. Echocardiography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are commonly used approaches to characterize cardiac function and morphology in mice. Echocardiographic and MRI equipment specialized for use in small rodents is&#160;expensive and requires a dedicated space. This protocol describes cardiac measurements in mice using a clinical echocardiographic system with a 15 MHz human vascular probe. Measurements are performed on anesthetized adult mice. At least three image sequences are recorded and analyzed for each animal in M-mode in the parasternal short-axis view. Afterwards, cardiac histological examination is performed, and cardiomyocyte diameters are determined on hematoxylin-eosin- or wheat germ agglutinin (WGA)-stained paraffin sections. Vessel density is determined morphometrically after Pecam-1 immunostaining. The protocol has been applied successfully to pharmacological studies and different genetic animal models under baseline conditions, as well as after experimental myocardial infarction by the permanent ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD). In our experience, echocardiographic investigation is limited to anesthetized animals and is feasible in adult mice weighing at least 25 g.

Echocardiographic examination is frequently used in mice. Expensive high-resolution ultrasound devices have been developed for this purpose. This protocol describes an affordable echocardiographic procedure combined with histological morphometric analyses to determine cardiac morphology.

Examen échocardiographique et histologique de morphologie cardiaque chez la souris

An increasing number of genetically modified mouse models has become available in recent years. Moreover, the number of pharmacological studies performed ...

In Vivo Evaluation of the Mechanical and Viscoelastic Properties of the Rat Tongue

The tongue is a highly innervated and vascularized muscle hydrostat on the floor of the mouth of most vertebrates. Its primary functions include supporting mastication and deglutition, as well as taste-sensing and phonetics. Accordingly, the strength and volume of the tongue can impact the ability of vertebrates to accomplish basic activities such as feeding, communicating, and breathing. Human patients with sleep apnea have enlarged tongues, characterized by reduced muscle tone and increased intramuscular fat that can be visualized and quantified by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The abilities to measure force generation and viscoelastic properties of the tongue constitute important tools for obtaining functional information to correlate with imaging data. Here, we present techniques for measuring tongue force production in anesthetized Zucker rats via electrical stimulation of the hypoglossal nerves and for determining the viscoelastic properties of the tongue by applying passive Lissajous force/deformation curves.

In Vivo Evaluation of the Mechanical and Viscoelastic Properties of the Rat Tongue

We describe a surgical procedure in an anesthetized rat model for determining the muscle tone and viscoelastic properties of the tongue. The procedure involves specific stimulation of the hypoglossal nerves and application of passive Lissajous force/deformation curves to the muscle.

Évaluation in vivo des propriétés mécaniques et viscoélastiques de la langue de rat

The tongue is a highly innervated and vascularized muscle hydrostat on the floor of the mouth of most vertebrates. Its primary functions include ...

On-Site Sampling and Extraction of Brain Tumors for Metabolomics and Lipidomics Analysis

Despite the variety of tools available for cancer diagnosis and classification, methods that enable fast and simple characterization of tumors are still in need. In recent years, mass spectrometry has become a method of choice for untargeted profiling of discriminatory compound as potential biomarkers of a disease. Biofluids are generally considered as preferable matrices given their accessibility and easier sample processing while direct tissue profiling provides more selective information about a given cancer. Preparation of tissues for the analysis via traditional methods is much more complex and time-consuming, and, therefore, not suitable for fast on-site analysis. The current work presents a protocol combining sample preparation and extraction of small molecules on-site, immediately after tumor resection. The sampling device, which is of the size of an acupuncture needle, can be inserted directly into the tissue and then transported to the nearby laboratory for instrumental analysis. The results of metabolomics and lipidomics analyses demonstrate the capability of the approach for the establishment of phenotypes of tumors related to the histological origin of the tumor, malignancy, and genetic mutations, as well as for the selection of discriminating compounds or potential biomarkers. The non-destructive nature of the technique permits subsequent performance of routinely used tests e.g., histological tests, on the same samples used for SPME analysis, thus enabling attainment of more comprehensive information to support personalized diagnostics.

The manuscript presents on-site sampling of human brain tumors with solid phase microextraction followed by their biochemical profiling towards the discovery of biomarkers.

Échantillonnage et extraction sur place de tumeurs cérébrales pour l’analyse de la métabolomique et de la lipidomique

Despite the variety of tools available for cancer diagnosis and classification, methods that enable fast and simple characterization of tumors are still ...

Dissection Techniques and Histological Sampling of the Heart in Large Animal Models for Cardiovascular Diseases

The standard gross examination and sampling are key elements in the reproducibility and success of experimental studies of cardiovascular diseases carried out in large animals. Considering the complex anatomy of the heart, interspecies differences, and the types of compensatory and pathological reactions, consistent protocols are challenging to implement. The utilization of multiple dissection protocols is usually adapted to suit the prosector's experience, and personal preference continues to be a source of experimental and interobserver variability. Here, the aim is to present the main anatomical features and landmarks, dissection protocols, and histological sampling standards of the heart in some commonly used species (including dogs, pigs, ruminants, and cats) as models of cardiovascular diseases.
Two standard gross examination protocols are presented here. First, the inflow-outflow method, which follows the physiological blood flow direction through the heart and large vessels (frequently used in dogs, ruminants, and pigs), and second, the four-chamber dissection technique (exemplified in cats). Both techniques can be adapted to any species in certain experimental circumstances. The sampling protocols include all the areas of interest (sinoatrial node, ventricles, interventricular septum, atria, valves, and aorta), and if properly carried out, improve both the reproducibility and reliability of experimental studies.

Due to the complex anatomy, a consistently reproducible dissection and harvesting protocol for cardiac samples can be challenging to implement. This manuscript presents the key elements of some standard cardiac dissection protocols, highlighting both the gross examination approaches and the sampling sites commonly used for histopathologic examination.

Techniques de dissection et échantillonnage histologique du cœur dans des modèles de grands animaux pour les maladies cardiovasculaires

The standard gross examination and sampling are key elements in the reproducibility and success of experimental studies of cardiovascular diseases carried ...

Preparation of Human Myocardial Tissue for Long-Term Cultivation

Cardiomyocyte cultivation has seen a vast number of developments, ranging from two-dimensional (2D) cell cultivation to iPSC derived organoids. In 2019, an ex vivo way to cultivate myocardial slices obtained from human heart samples was demonstrated, while approaching in vivo condition of myocardial contraction. These samples originate mostly from heart transplantations or left-ventricular assist device placements. Using a vibratome and a specially developed cultivation system, 300 &#181;m thick slices are placed between a fixed and a spring wire, allowing for stable and reproducible cultivation for several weeks. During cultivation, the slices are continuously stimulated according to individual settings. Contractions can be displayed and recorded in real-time, and pharmacological agents can be readily applied. User-defined stimulation protocols can be scheduled and performed to assess vital contraction parameters like post-pause-potentiation, stimulation threshold, force-frequency relation, and refractory period. Furthermore, the system enables a variable pre- and afterload setting for a more physiological cultivation.
Here, we present a step-by-step guide on how to generate a successful long-term cultivation of human left ventricular myocardial slices, using a commercial biomimetic cultivation solution.

We present a protocol for ex vivo cultivation of human ventricular myocardial tissue. It allows for detailed analysis of contraction force and kinetics, as well as the application of pre- and afterload to mimic the in vivo physiological environment more closely.

Préparation de tissu myocardique humain pour la culture à long terme

Cardiomyocyte cultivation has seen a vast number of developments, ranging from two-dimensional (2D) cell cultivation to iPSC derived organoids. In 2019, ...