著者は、有益な議論のために、それぞれtdTomatoとわさびの発現を可能にpTEC27とpTEC15の寛大な贈り物のためにリポ - クロドロネートとL.ラマクリシュナンを提供するためのK.喫茶に感謝しています。フランス国立研究機構（ANR ZebraFlam-10-MIDI-009とDIMYVIR ANR-13-BSV3-007-01）と欧州共同体のセブンス枠組み計画（FP7-PEOPLE-2011-ITN）のプロジェクトのこの作品の一部を形成しますグラント契約に基づきなし。 PITN-GA-2011-289209マリー・キュリー初期研修ネットワークFishForPharmaため。私たちは、CMデュポンに資金を提供するために協会グレゴリーLemarchalとVaincreラMucoviscidose（RF20130500835）を​​感謝することも望みます。

The authors have nothing to disclose.

ゼブラフィッシュは最近、リアルタイム36に広い視野と共焦点イメージングを用いて細菌感染症のダイナミクスを研究するための優れた脊椎動物のモデル系として浮上しています。一緒にマイクロインジェクション法（プロトコル4）と分散マイコバクテリア懸濁液（プロトコル2.2）の組み合わせは、再現性の全身感染症、およびその後のモニタリングとホストマクロファージと細菌?...

マイコバクテリウム膿瘍は、ヒトにおける臨床症候群の広いスペクトルを引き起こす新興病原体です。これらは、主に、免疫不全にし、1,2,3,4、嚢胞性線維症患者に遭遇する皮膚の感染症だけでなく、重度の慢性肺感染症が含まれる。M.膿瘍はまた、ヒトにおける院内や医原性の感染症に関与する主要な急速に成長しているマイコバクテリア種とみなされています。また、いくつかの最近の報告は 、Mの可能性を強調膿瘍は、血液脳関門を通過し、中枢神経系（CNS）5,6において重要な病変を誘導することができます。急速な生産者であるにもかかわらず、M.また、 膿瘍展示肉芽腫性構造体内年間は黙秘し、肺7に乾酪病変を生成する能力を含む、結核菌のものに関連するいくつかの病原性機能。もっと憂慮すべきは、低銭ですMの sitivity抗生物質に膿瘍 、重要な治療の失敗率8,9につながる治療することが極めて困難これらの感染症をレンダリングします。この種の重要な脅威は、公衆衛生機関10と肺移植11禁忌の主要な関心事である、主に抗生物質に対する固有の抵抗です。 M.膿瘍ディスプレイ異なる臨床転帰につながるスムーズ（S）または粗い（R）コロニー形態型。 S株とは対照的に、R細菌はロープまたはひも状構造12,13につながる、エンドツーエンドを成長させる傾向があります。細胞性または動物モデルのいずれかに基づいて、いくつかの独立した研究は、R形態型14,15のハイパー病原性表現型を明らかにしました。疫学的研究、Mの最も深刻なケースから、 膿瘍肺感染症は、その唯一のバリアントです16バリアント Rに関連すると思われます感染したホスト3年間持続することが確認されています。形態型の違いは、表面結合glycopeptidolipids（GPL）12の（Rで）（S）に存在又は損失に依存しています。しかし、現在利用可能な携帯/動物モデルの固有の制限のためには 、M を研究するために使用膿瘍感染は、RまたはSの変異体の病態生理学的事象についての我々の知識が曖昧なままになります。静脈内またはエアロゾル経路を介して免疫適格マウスの感染は、持続感染およびin vivoでの薬剤感受性試験のための17を研究するためにマウスの使用を妨げ、一過性の植民地化につながります。したがって、宿主応答の操作に適した動物モデルを開発することは大きな課題です。この文脈において、感染の非哺乳動物モデルは、例えば、O、コスト、スピードおよび倫理的許容性など、いくつかの利点を提供するキイロショウジョウバエ 18を含め、近年開発されていますマウスモデルをVER。感染のゼブラフィッシュ（ ゼブラフィッシュ ）のモデルは、非侵襲的イメージング、Mの進行や年表により、可視化するために検討されています生きた動物19内膿瘍感染。重要なのは、コンセプトの証明はまた、Mに対するin vivoでの抗生物質の評価のための適合性を実証するために設立されました17,20 膿瘍 。 ゼブラフィッシュは、広く様々な病原体と宿主免疫系21との間の相互作用を研究するために、最後の二十年の間に使用されてきました。この代替脊椎動物モデルの増加成功はやる気と多数のウイルスや細菌感染19,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29をより良く理解するためのその使用を検証し、主要な、ユニークな機会に依存しています。ほとんどの他の動物モデルとは対照的に、ゼブラフィッシュ胚は、非侵襲的な蛍光画像30を可能にする光学的に透明である。これは、HAS は 、M を研究するために導きました膿瘍は、細菌の形態学的可塑性の一例を表す外よれの説明で最高潮に達する、前例のない詳細をゼブラフィッシュ胚を感染させました。コーディングは、免疫系の転覆の新機構と急性Mの病因を促進する重要なメカニズムを表し膿瘍感染症19。 このレポートでは、Mの病態生理学的特徴を解読するためにゼブラフィッシュの胚を使用して、新しいツールと方法について説明します感染膿瘍と菌と自然免疫系との間の密接な相互作用を研究します。まず、 それ自体細菌接種、胚の準備、及び感染の処理を含む詳細なマイクロインジェクション手順は、提示されています。方法は、具体的にMを評価するように適合さそのような宿主の生存と細菌負荷など様々なパラメータを測定することによって膿瘍の病原性は、提示されています。特別な焦点は、どのように与えられています感染および M.に対する宿主免疫応答の監視、時空間レベルで、運命および進行へビデオ顕微鏡を用いて膿瘍 。また、M.間に寄与し、マクロファージの役割を調査するために感染膿瘍 、方法は、（遺伝的にまたは化学的ベースのいずれかの方法を使用して）、マクロファージ枯渇胚に記載されているが生成されます。最後に、固定または生きているいずれかの胚を用いて、マクロファージまたは好中球との特異的相互作用を可視化するプロトコルが記載されています。 このレポートの目的は 、Mに新たな光を当てるために、さらなる研究を刺激することです膿瘍病原性メカニズム、特に急性および制御不能な感染プロセスの確立によれの役割。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>BBL MGIT PANTA</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>245114</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bovine Serum Albumin&#160;</td>
			<td>Euromedex</td>
			<td>04-100-811-E</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Catalase from Bovine Liver&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>C40</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Difco Middlebrook 7H10 Agar</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>262710</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Difco Middlebrook 7H9 Broth</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>271310</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethyl 3-aminobenzoate methanesulfonate salt (Tricaine)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>A5040</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Oleic Acid</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>O1008</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Paraformaldehyde</td>
			<td>Delta Microscopie</td>
			<td>15710</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phenol Red</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>319244</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tween 80</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P4780</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Agar</td>
			<td>Gibco Life Technologie</td>
			<td>30391-023</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Low melting agarose</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Instant Ocean Sea Salts&#160;</td>
			<td>Aquarium Systems Inc</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Borosilicate glass capillaries&#160;</td>
			<td>Sutter instrument Inc</td>
			<td>BF100-78-10</td>
			<td>1mm O.D. X 0.78 mm I.D.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micropipette puller device&#160;</td>
			<td>Sutter Instrument Inc</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Flamming/Brown Micropipette Puller p-87</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microinjector</td>
			<td>Tritech Research&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Digital microINJECTOR, MINJ-D</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tweezers</td>
			<td>Sciences Tools inc</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Dumont # M5S&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microloader Tips</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

deciphering and imaging pathogenesis and cording of mycobacterium abscessus in zebrafish embryos

Zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos are increasingly used as an infection model to study the function of the vertebrate innate immune system in host-pathogen interactions.&#160;The ease of obtaining large numbers of embryos, their accessibility due to external development, their optical transparency as well as the availability of a wide panoply of genetic/immunological tools and transgenic reporter line collections, contribute to the versatility of this model.&#160;In this respect, the present manuscript describes the use of zebrafish as an&#160;in vivo&#160;model system to investigate the chronology of Mycobacterium abscessus infection. This human pathogen can exist either as smooth (S) or rough (R) variants, depending on cell wall composition, and their respective virulence can be imaged and compared in zebrafish embryos and larvae. Micro-injection of either S or R fluorescent variants directly in the blood circulation via the caudal vein, leads to chronic or acute/lethal infections, respectively. This biological system allows high resolution visualization and analysis of the role of mycobacterial cording in promoting abscess formation. In addition, the use of fluorescent bacteria along with transgenic zebrafish lines harbouring fluorescent macrophages produces a unique opportunity for multi-color imaging of the host-pathogen interactions. This article describes detailed protocols for the preparation of homogenous M. abscessus inoculum and for intravenous injection of zebrafish embryos for subsequent fluorescence imaging of the interaction with macrophages. These techniques open the avenue to future investigations involving mutants defective in cord formation and are dedicated to understand how this impacts on M. abscessus pathogenicity in a whole vertebrate.

様々な解剖学的部位32を注入することができるが、尾静脈注射は、多くの場合、生存実験では、細菌負荷の決意、食作用活性またはコード形成を含む後続の分析のための全身感染を生成するために使用されます。尾の筋肉内注射は、注射部位（ 図3A）でのマクロファージの動員を評価するために使用されます。 Mの RとSの変異体の病原性を調査し、比較するために?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Deciphering and Imaging Pathogenesis and Cording of Mycobacterium abscessus in Zebrafish Embryos at JoVE.com

Deciphering and Imaging Pathogenesis and Cording of Mycobacterium abscessus in Zebrafish Embryos

Optically transparent zebrafish embryos are widely used to study and visualize in real time the interactions between pathogenic microorganisms and the innate immune cells. Micro-injection of Mycobacterium abscessus, combined with fluorescence imaging, is used to scrutinize essential pathogenic features such as cord formation in zebrafish embryos.

イメージング病因とのコーディングを解読し、<em&gt;マイコバクテリウム膿瘍</em&gt;ゼブラフィッシュ胚で

Zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos are increasingly used as an infection model to study the function of the vertebrate innate immune system in host-pathogen ...

deciphering-imaging-pathogenesis-cording-mycobacterium-abscessus

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

Deciphering and Imaging Pathogenesis and Cording of Mycobacterium abscessus in Zebrafish Embryos

10.1K ビュー.  Université Montpellier. Optically transparent zebrafish embryos are widely used to study and visualize in real time the interactions between pathogenic microorganisms and the innate immune cells. Micro-injection of Mycobacterium abscessus, combined with fluorescence imaging, is used to scrutinize essential pathogenic features such as cord formation in zebrafish embryos. 

ビデオ: Deciphering and Imaging Pathogenesis and Cording of Mycobacterium abscessus in Zebrafish Embryos

Imaging of HIV-1 Envelope-induced Virological Synapse and Signaling on Synthetic Lipid Bilayers

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection occurs most efficiently via cell to cell transmission2,10,11. This cell to cell transfer between CD4+ T cells involves the formation of a virological synapse (VS), which is an F-actin-dependent cell-cell junction formed upon the engagement of HIV-1 envelope gp120 on the infected cell with CD4 and the chemokine receptor (CKR) CCR5 or CXCR4 on the target cell 8. In addition to gp120 and its receptors, other membrane proteins, particularly the adhesion molecule LFA-1 and its ligands, the ICAM family, play a major role in VS formation and virus transmission as they are present on the surface of virus-infected donor cells and target cells, as well as on the envelope of HIV-1 virions1,4,5,6,7,13. VS formation is also accompanied by intracellular signaling events that are transduced as a result of gp120-engagement of its receptors. Indeed, we have recently showed that CD4+ T cell interaction with gp120 induces recruitment and phosphorylation of signaling molecules associated with the TCR signalosome including Lck, CD3&zeta;, ZAP70, LAT, SLP-76, Itk, and PLC&gamma;15.
In this article, we present a method to visualize supramolecular arrangement and membrane-proximal signaling events taking place during VS formation. We take advantage of the glass-supported planar bi-layer system as a reductionist model to represent the surface of HIV-infected cells bearing the viral envelope gp120 and the cellular adhesion molecule ICAM-1. The protocol describes general procedures for monitoring HIV-1 gp120-induced VS assembly and signal activation events that include i) bi-layer preparation and assembly in a flow cell, ii) injection of cells and immunofluorescence staining to detect intracellular signaling molecules on cells interacting with HIV-1 gp120 and ICAM-1 on bi-layers, iii) image acquisition by TIRF microscopy, and iv) data analysis. This system generates high-resolution images of VS interface beyond that achieved with the conventional cell-cell system as it allows detection of distinct clusters of individual molecular components of VS along with specific signaling molecules recruited to these sub-domains.

This article describes a method to visualize formation of an HIV-1 envelope-induced virological synapse on glass supported planar bilayers by total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy. The method can also be combined with immunofluorescence staining to detect activation and redistribution of signaling molecules that occur during HIV-1 envelope-induced virological synapse formation.

合成脂質二重膜上でHIV-1エンベロープ誘発性ウイルス学的シナプスとシグナリングのイメージング

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection occurs most efficiently via cell to cell transmission2,10,11. This cell to cell transfer between ...

免疫・感染学

Infection of Zebrafish Embryos with Intracellular Bacterial Pathogens

Zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos are increasingly used as a model for studying the function of the vertebrate innate immune system in host-pathogen interactions 1. The major cell types of the innate immune system, macrophages and neutrophils, develop during the first days of embryogenesis prior to the maturation of lymphocytes that are required for adaptive immune responses. The ease of obtaining large numbers of embryos, their accessibility due to external development, the optical transparency of embryonic and larval stages, a wide range of genetic tools, extensive mutant resources and collections of transgenic reporter lines, all add to the versatility of the zebrafish model. Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. typhimurium) and Mycobacterium marinum can reside intracellularly in macrophages and are frequently used to study host-pathogen interactions in zebrafish embryos. The infection processes of these two bacterial pathogens are interesting to compare because S. typhimurium infection is acute and lethal within one day, whereas M. marinum infection is chronic and can be imaged up to the larval stage 2, 3. The site of micro-injection of bacteria into the embryo (Figure 1) determines whether the infection will rapidly become systemic or will initially remain localized. A rapid systemic infection can be established by micro-injecting bacteria directly into the blood circulation via the caudal vein at the posterior blood island or via the Duct of Cuvier, a wide circulation channel on the yolk sac connecting the heart to the trunk vasculature. At 1 dpf, when embryos at this stage have phagocytically active macrophages but neutrophils have not yet matured, injecting into the blood island is preferred. For injections at 2-3 dpf, when embryos also have developed functional (myeloperoxidase-producing) neutrophils, the Duct of Cuvier is preferred as the injection site. To study directed migration of myeloid cells towards local infections, bacteria can be injected into the tail muscle, otic vesicle, or hindbrain ventricle 4-6. In addition, the notochord, a structure that appears to be normally inaccessible to myeloid cells, is highly susceptible to local infection 7. A useful alternative for high-throughput applications is the injection of bacteria into the yolk of embryos within the first hours after fertilization 8. Combining fluorescent bacteria and transgenic zebrafish lines with fluorescent macrophages or neutrophils creates ideal circumstances for multi-color imaging of host-pathogen interactions. This video article will describe detailed protocols for intravenous and local infection of zebrafish embryos with S. typhimurium or M. marinum bacteria and for subsequent fluorescence imaging of the interaction with cells of the innate immune system.

Transparent zebrafish embryos have proved useful model hosts to visualize and functionally study interactions between innate immune cells and intracellular bacterial pathogens, such as Salmonella typhimurium and Mycobacterium marinum. Micro-injection of bacteria and multi-color fluorescence imaging are essential techniques involved in the application of zebrafish embryo infection models.

細胞内細菌性病原体を持つゼブラフィッシュ胚の感染

Zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos are increasingly used as a model for studying the function of the vertebrate innate immune system in host-pathogen ...

Growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Biofilms

Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the etiologic agent of human tuberculosis, has an extraordinary ability to survive against environmental stresses including antibiotics. Although stress tolerance of M. tuberculosis is one of the likely contributors to the 6-month long chemotherapy of tuberculosis 1, the molecular mechanisms underlying this characteristic phenotype of the pathogen remain unclear. Many microbial species have evolved to survive in stressful environments by self-assembling in highly organized, surface attached, and matrix encapsulated structures called biofilms 2-4. Growth in communities appears to be a preferred survival strategy of microbes, and is achieved through genetic components that regulate surface attachment, intercellular communications, and synthesis of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) 5,6. The tolerance to environmental stress is likely facilitated by EPS, and perhaps by the physiological adaptation of individual bacilli to heterogeneous microenvironments within the complex architecture of biofilms 7.
In a series of recent papers we established that M. tuberculosis and Mycobacterium smegmatis have a strong propensity to grow in organized multicellular structures, called biofilms, which can tolerate more than 50 times the minimal inhibitory concentrations of the anti-tuberculosis drugs isoniazid and rifampicin 8-10. M. tuberculosis, however, intriguingly requires specific conditions to form mature biofilms, in particular 9:1 ratio of headspace: media as well as limited exchange of air with the atmosphere 9. Requirements of specialized environmental conditions could possibly be linked to the fact that M. tuberculosis is an obligate human pathogen and thus has adapted to tissue environments. In this publication we demonstrate methods for culturing M. tuberculosis biofilms in a bottle and a 12-well plate format, which is convenient for bacteriological as well as genetic studies. We have described the protocol for an attenuated strain of M. tuberculosis, mc27000, with deletion in the two loci, panCD and RD1, that are critical for in vivo growth of the pathogen 9. This strain can be safely used in a BSL-2 containment for understanding the basic biology of the tuberculosis pathogen thus avoiding the requirement of an expensive BSL-3 facility. The method can be extended, with appropriate modification in media, to grow biofilm of other culturable mycobacterial species.
Overall, a uniform protocol of culturing mycobacterial biofilms will help the investigators interested in studying the basic resilient characteristics of mycobacteria. In addition, a clear and concise method of growing mycobacterial biofilms will also help the clinical and pharmaceutical investigators to test the efficacy of a potential drug.

Growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Biofilms

Mycobacterium tuberculosis forms drug tolerant biofilms when cultured in certain conditions. Here we describe methods for culturing M. tuberculosis biofilms and determining the frequency of drug tolerant persisters. These protocols will be useful for further studies into the mechanisms of drug tolerance in M. tuberculosis.

の成長結核バイオフィルム

Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the etiologic agent of human tuberculosis, has an extraordinary ability to survive against environmental stresses including ...

Non-invasive Imaging of Disseminated Candidiasis in Zebrafish Larvae

Disseminated candidiasis caused by the pathogen Candida albicans is a clinically important problem in hospitalized individuals and is associated with a 30 to 40% attributable mortality6. Systemic candidiasis is normally controlled by innate immunity, and individuals with genetic defects in innate immune cell components such as phagocyte NADPH oxidase are more susceptible to candidemia7-9. Very little is known about the dynamics of C. albicans interaction with innate immune cells in vivo. Extensive in vitro studies have established that outside of the host C. albicans germinates inside of macrophages, and is quickly destroyed by neutrophils10-14. In vitro studies, though useful, cannot recapitulate the complex in vivo environment, which includes time-dependent dynamics of cytokine levels, extracellular matrix attachments, and intercellular contacts10, 15-18. To probe the contribution of these factors in host-pathogen interaction, it is critical to find a model organism to visualize these aspects of infection non-invasively in a live intact host. 
The zebrafish larva offers a unique and versatile vertebrate host for the study of infection. For the first 30 days of development zebrafish larvae have only innate immune defenses2, 19-21, simplifying the study of diseases such as disseminated candidiasis that are highly dependent on innate immunity. The small size and transparency of zebrafish larvae enable imaging of infection dynamics at the cellular level for both host and pathogen. Transgenic larvae with fluorescing innate immune cells can be used to identify specific cells types involved in infection22-24. Modified anti-sense oligonucleotides (Morpholinos) can be used to knock down various immune components such as phagocyte NADPH oxidase and study the changes in response to fungal infection5. In addition to the ethical and practical advantages of using a small lower vertebrate, the zebrafish larvae offers the unique possibility to image the pitched battle between pathogen and host both intravitally and in color. 
The zebrafish has been used to model infection for a number of human pathogenic bacteria, and has been instrumental in major advances in our understanding of mycobacterial infection3, 25. However, only recently have much larger pathogens such as fungi been used to infect larva5, 23, 26, and to date there has not been a detailed visual description of the infection methodology. Here we present our techniques for hindbrain ventricle microinjection of prim25 zebrafish, including our modifications to previous protocols. Our findings using the larval zebrafish model for fungal infection diverge from in vitro studies and reinforce the need to examine the host-pathogen interaction in the complex environment of the host rather than the simplified system of the Petri dish5.

The rapid development, small size and transparency of zebrafish are tremendous advantages for the study of innate immune control of infection1-4. Here we demonstrate techniques for infecting zebrafish larvae using the fungal pathogen Candida albicans by microinjection, methodology recently used to implicate phagocyte NADPH oxidase activity in control of fungal dimorphism5.

ゼブラフィッシュ幼生における播種性カンジダ症の非侵襲的イメージング

Disseminated candidiasis caused by the pathogen Candida albicans is a clinically important problem in hospitalized individuals and is associated with a 30 ...

Imaging Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Mice with Reporter Enzyme Fluorescence

Reporter enzyme fluorescence (REF) utilizes substrates that are specific for enzymes present in target organisms of interest for imaging or detection by fluorescence or bioluminescence. We utilize BlaC, an enzyme expressed constitutively by all M. tuberculosis strains. REF allows rapid quantification of bacteria in lungs of infected mice. The same group of mice can be imaged at many time points, greatly reducing costs, enumerating bacteria more quickly, allowing novel observations in host-pathogen interactions, and increasing statistical power, since more animals per group are readily maintained. REF is extremely sensitive due to the catalytic nature of the BlaC enzymatic reporter and specific due to the custom flourescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) or fluorogenic substrates used. REF does not require recombinant strains, ensuring normal host-pathogen interactions. We describe the imaging of M. tuberculosis infection using a FRET substrate with maximal emission at 800 nm. The wavelength of the substrate allows sensitive deep tissue imaging in mammals. We will outline aerosol infection of mice with M. tuberculosis, anesthesia of mice, administration of the REF substrate, and optical imaging. This method has been successfully applied to evaluating host-pathogen interactions and efficacy of antibiotics targeting M. tuberculosis.

Imaging Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Mice with Reporter Enzyme Fluorescence

We describe the optical imaging of mice infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) using reporter enzyme fluorescence (REF). This protocol facilitates the sensitive and specific detection of M. tuberculosis in pre-clinical animal models for pathogenesis, therapeutics and vaccine research.

レポーター酵素蛍光を用いたマウスにおける結核菌をイメージング

Reporter enzyme fluorescence (REF) utilizes substrates that are specific for enzymes present in target organisms of interest for imaging or detection by ...

Identification of Virulence Markers of Mycobacterium abscessus for Intracellular Replication in Phagocytes

What differentiates Mycobacterium abscessus from other saprophytic mycobacteria is the ability to resist phagocytosis by human macrophages and the ability to multiply inside such cells. These virulence traits render M. abscessus pathogenic, especially in vulnerable hosts with underlying structural lung disease, such as cystic fibrosis, bronchiectasis or tuberculosis. How patients become infected with M. abscessus remains unclear. Unlike many mycobacteria, M. abscessus is not found in the environment but might reside inside amoebae, environmental phagocytes that represent a potential reservoir for M. abscessus. Indeed, M. abscessus is resistant to amoebal phagocytosis and the intra-amoeba life seems to increase M. abscessus virulence in an experimental model of infection. However, little is known about M. abscessus virulence in itself. To decipher the genes conferring an advantage to M. abscessus intracellular life, a screening of a M. abscessus transposon mutant library was developed. In parallel, a method of RNA extraction from intracellular Mycobacteria after co-culture with amoebae was developed. This method was validated and allowed the sequencing of whole M. abscessus transcriptomes inside the cells; providing, for the first time, a global view on M. abscessus adaptation to intracellular life. Both approaches give us an insight into M. abscessus virulence factors that enable M. abscessus to colonize the airways in humans.

Identification of Virulence Markers of Mycobacterium abscessus for Intracellular Replication in Phagocytes

Here, we present two protocols to study Phagocyte-Mycobacterium abscessus interactions: the screening of a transposon mutant library for bacterial intracellular deficiency and the determination of bacterial intracellular transcriptome from RNA sequencing. Both approaches provide insight into the genomic advantages and transcriptomic adaptations enhancing intracellular bacteria fitness.

貪食細胞における細胞内のレプリケーションの結核菌 abscessusの病原性マーカーの同定

What differentiates Mycobacterium abscessus from other saprophytic mycobacteria is the ability to resist phagocytosis by human macrophages and the ability ...

Modeling Tuberculosis in Mycobacterium marinum Infected Adult Zebrafish

Mycobacterium tuberculosis is currently the deadliest human pathogen causing 1.7 million deaths and 10.4 million infections every year. Exposure to this bacterium causes a wide disease spectrum in humans ranging from a sterilized infection to an actively progressing deadly disease. The most common form is the latent tuberculosis, which is asymptomatic, but has the potential to reactivate into a fulminant disease. Adult zebrafish and its natural pathogen Mycobacterium marinum have recently proven to be an applicable model to study the wide disease spectrum of tuberculosis. Importantly, spontaneous latency and reactivation as well as adaptive immune responses in the context of mycobacterial infection can be studied in this model. In this article, we describe methods for the experimental infection of adult zebrafish, the collection of internal organs for the extraction of nucleic acids for the measurement of mycobacterial loads and host immune responses by quantitative PCR. The in-house-developed, M. marinum-specific qPCR assay is more sensitive than the traditional plating methods as it also detects DNA from non-dividing, dormant or recently dead mycobacteria. As both DNA and RNA are extracted from the same individual, it is possible to study the relationships between the diseased state, and the host and pathogen gene-expression. The adult zebrafish model for tuberculosis thus presents itself as a highly applicable, non-mammalian in vivo system to study host-pathogen interactions.

Modeling Tuberculosis in Mycobacterium marinum Infected Adult Zebrafish

Here, we present a protocol to model human tuberculosis in an adult zebrafish using its natural pathogen Mycobacterium marinum. Extracted DNA and RNA from the internal organs of infected zebrafish can be used to reveal the total mycobacterial loads in the fish and the host&#39;s immune responses with qPCR.

結核抗酸菌 marinum感染成人ゼブラフィッシュをモデル化

Mycobacterium tuberculosis is currently the deadliest human pathogen causing 1.7 million deaths and 10.4 million infections every year. Exposure to this ...

Evaluating Virulence and Pathogenesis of Aeromonas Infection in a Caenorhabditis elegans Model

The human pathogen Aeromonas has been clinically shown to cause gastroenteritis, wound infections, septicemia, and urinary tract infections. Most human diseases have been reported to be associated with four species of bacteria: Aeromonas dhakensis, Aeromonas hydrophila, Aeromonas veronii, and Aeromonas caviae. The model organism Caenorhabditis elegans is a bacterivore that provides an excellent infection model by which to study the bacterial pathogenesis of Aeromonas. Here, we introduce three different experiments to study Aeromonas infection using a C. elegans model, including survival, liquid toxicity, and muscle necrosis assays. The results of the three methods determining the virulence of Aeromonas were consistent. A. dhakensis was shown to be the most toxic among the 4 major Aeromonas species causing clinical infections. These methods are shown to be a convenient way to evaluate the toxicity among and within Aeromonas species and contribute to our understanding of the pathogenesis of Aeromonas infection.

Evaluating Virulence and Pathogenesis of Aeromonas Infection in a Caenorhabditis elegans Model

Here, we introduce three different experiments to study Aeromonas infection in C. elegans. Using these convenient methods, it is easy to evaluate the toxicity among and within Aeromonas species.

病原性と線虫モデルにおけるアエロモナス感染症の病態の評価

The human pathogen Aeromonas has been clinically shown to cause gastroenteritis, wound infections, septicemia, and urinary tract infections. Most human ...

Flow Cytometric Measurement Of ROS Production In Macrophages In Response To Fc&#947;R Cross-linking

The oxidative or respiratory burst is used to describe the rapid consumption of oxygen and generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by phagocytes in response to various immune stimuli. ROS generated during immune activation exerts potent antimicrobial activity primarily through the ability of ROS to damage DNA and proteins, causing death of microorganisms. Being able to measure ROS production reproducibly and with ease is necessary in order to assess the contribution of various pathways and molecules to this mechanism of host defense. In this paper, we demonstrate the use of fluorescent probes and flow cytometry to detect ROS production. Although widely used, fluorescent measurement of ROS is notoriously problematic, especially with regards to measurement of ROS induced by specific and not mitogenic stimuli. We present a detailed methodology to detect ROS generated as a result of specific Fc&#947;R stimulation beginning with macrophage generation, priming, staining, Fc&#947;R cross-linking, and ending with flow cytometric analysis.

This study demonstrates the use of flow cytometry to detect reactive oxygen species (ROS) production resulting from activation of the Fc&#947;R. This method can be used to assess changes in the antimicrobial and redox signaling function of phagocytes in response to immune complexes, opsonized microorganisms, or direct Fc&#947;R cross-linking.

FcγR 架橋への応答におけるマクロファージの活性酸素産生の流れフローサイト メーターによる測定

The oxidative or respiratory burst is used to describe the rapid consumption of oxygen and generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by phagocytes in ...

Adoptive Immunotherapy of iNKT Cells in Glucose-6-Phosphate Isomerase (G6PI)-Induced RA Mice

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a complex chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease. The pathogenesis of the disease is related to invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells. Patients with active RA present fewer iNKT cells, defective cell function, and excessive polarization of Th1. In this study, an RA animal model was established using a mixture of hGPI325-339 and hGPI469-483 peptides. The iNKT cells were obtained by in vivo induction and in vitro purification, followed by infusion into RA mice for adoptive immunotherapy. The in vivo imaging system (IVIS) tracking revealed that iNKT cells were mainly distributed in the spleen and liver. On day 12 after cell therapy, the disease progression slowed down significantly, the clinical symptoms were alleviated, the abundance of iNKT cells in the thymus increased, the proportion of iNKT1 in the thymus decreased, and the levels of TNF-&#945;, IFN-&#947;, and IL-6 in the serum decreased. Adoptive immunotherapy of iNKT cells restored the balance of immune cells and corrected the excessive inflammation of the body.

Adoptive Immunotherapy of iNKT Cells in Glucose-6-Phosphate Isomerase G6PI-Induced RA Mice

This protocol uses G6PI mixed peptides to construct rheumatoid arthritis models that are closer to that of human rheumatoid arthritis in CD4+ T cells and cytokines. High purity invariant natural killer T cells (mainly iNKT2) with specific phenotypes and functions were obtained by in vivo induction and in vitro purification for adoptive immunotherapy.

グルコース-6-リン酸イソメラーゼ(G6PI)誘発RAマウスにおけるiNKT細胞の導入免疫療法

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a complex chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease. The pathogenesis of the disease is related to invariant natural killer T ...