この作品は、国立衛生研究所NS047726、NS072027、およびAR052646を付与することによってサポートされていました。

この研究における方法は、医療施設内動物管理使用委員会（IACUC）のノースウェスタン大学フェインバーグ学校と倫理に従って行ったガイドラインを承認しました。すべての努力は苦痛を最小限にするために行われました。 マウスにおける屈筋Digitorumブレビスの in vivoエレクトロポレーション（FDB）筋肉バンドル1.実験手順<ol><li>哺乳動物細胞で発現することが知られているプロモーターを用いたin vivo発現のためにデザインプラスミド（例えば、サイトメガロウイルス、CMV）または筋肉内（例えば、筋肉クレアチンキナーゼ、MCK）6,7。大きなプラスミドは、低いレベルで発現することができます。 CMVプロモーターは6,7広く使用されてきました。 </li><li> 大腸菌からのプラスミドを精製大腸菌は、製造者の指示に従ってエンドトキシンを含まない条件を使用して。 5μgのプラスミド/μL - 2で滅菌、エンドトキシンを含まないTE緩衝液中のプラスミドを溶かします。 </li><li> concentratioにプラスミドを希釈し、分取滅菌エンドトキシンフリーのTE（2μgの/μl）を10μlの中のDNAの20μgのn個の滅菌マイクロチューブに注入ごとにバッファリング。注射当たり1つのアリコートを準備します。 </li><li> 8単位の最終濃度を与えるカルシウムとマグネシウムを含まない滅菌リン酸緩衝化生理食塩水で1Xにヒアルロニダーゼの株式（ - / - PBS）を希釈します。滅菌マイクロチューブに小分け注射当たり希釈ヒアルロニダーゼを10μl。 </li><li>鎮静さとテールやつま先のピンチに反応しないまで、2.5％イソフルランを用いてマウスを麻酔。正常な体温を維持するために加熱パッドや加熱テーブルの上に仰臥位で動物を置きます。 </li><li>予備校技術針サイトから発信し、外側に放射を使用して、ポビドンヨードスクラブとアルコールの交互のアプリケーションで三回マウスのフットパッドを清掃してください。この手法は、病原体の導入を最小限に抑え、無菌状態で針サイトを維持しています。 </li><li>目のフットパッドを注入皮膚や滅菌1mlシリンジを使用して筋肉の間に1倍のヒアルロニダーゼ溶液10μl（2 mg / mlの= 8台）付きの電子マウス。ヒアルロニダーゼは、筋線維へのプラスミドのより効率的な入力を可能にするために、細胞外マトリックスの成分を消化。ヒールの底に入力し、つま先に向かって針を進めます。針が後退するようにゆっくり液体をリリース。皮膚の下に注射部位を拡張し、ピンクをオンに開始します。 </li><li>繰り返しは反対の足で1.6と1.7を繰り返します。 </li><li>麻酔を外し、戻ってケージにマウスを置きます。マウスが完全に麻酔から回復できるようにします。 </li><li> 2時間待ちます。 </li><li>麻酔と足​​滅菌手順を繰り返して、1.5と1.6を繰り返します。 </li><li>ヒアルロニダーゼと同じやり方でフットパッドに希釈されたプラスミドDNAを注入します。最大容量は20μL以下であることを確認してください。デュアルプラスミド発現のために20＆の最大容量と各プラスミド20μgのを注入＃181; l以下。 </li><li>反対側の足蹠にプラスミド注射を繰り返すか、コントロール注射のための反対側の足を使用しています。 </li><li>最初に注射した足で、細かいピンセットで離れ下線筋肉から皮膚を持ち上げ、足の癒しつま先のラインに垂直位置につま先近くの皮膚のボールを介して1 27 G針を配置します。第二滅菌27 G針を取り、かかとの皮膚を水平に配置します。置き針は互いに離れ約1 cmの平行。 </li><li>ワニクランプを使用して、針が互いに接触していないことを確認することパラレル針に電極を固定します。粘土の使用は、所定の位置にクランプを固定することができます。 </li><li>電気刺激に電極を接続します。 </li><li> 100 V / cmので、1 Hzで、20パルス、持続時間が20ミリ秒/各を適用することにより、筋肉をエレクトロポレーション。つま先が刺激とけいれんがあります。 </li><li>必要に応じて反対側の足に刺激手順を繰り返します。 </li><li>針を外します。ポビドンヨードスクラブとフットパッドを拭きます。 </li><li>麻酔をオフにします。回復ケージにマウスを返すとアクティビティを監視します。予想通りの手順を実施した場合、動物は、30分以内に正常な歩行を取り戻し、プレ噴射の動作から歩行や活動レベルに差を示さないはずです。したがって、後手順の鎮痛剤は必要ありません。回復時には、動物施設に動物を返します。 注：タンパク質の発現は、エレクトロポレーション後早くも48時間のようにアッセイすることができます。 14日エレクトロポレーション10後-しかし、エレクトロポレーション後のより完全な回復を可能にするために、我々は7筋線維の単離および研究を好みます。発現は、4週間後にエレクトロポレーション限りアッセイすることができます。 </li></ol>屈筋Digitorumブレビス（FDB）繊維の単離のための2.実験方法<ol><li>コラゲナーゼを解凍します。各FDBバンドルの12ウェル組織培養プレート中に2個のウェルを準備します。 1でよく1メートルを追加予熱したダルベッコ改変イーグル培地+ウシ血清アルブミン（DMEM + BSA）のLおよび他にも予め温めておいたリンガー溶液1mlを加えます。また、料理をシルガード35ミリメートルに1×リンゲル液の新鮮な10ミリリットルを追加します。 </li><li>死を確実にするために、頸椎脱臼または他の方法に続いて、CO 2や麻酔ガスの吸入を介して動物を生け贄に捧げます。 </li><li>きれいなカミソリの刃を使用して足関節以上の後足を外し、35ミリメートルシルガード皿に1×リンゲル液に浸します。 </li><li>片足タイトピンは、5つま先の先端の各々を通ると足首で30 G針でシルガード皿に、唯一の上を向いて。 </li><li>足首から開始して、注意しないニックに、まっすぐつま先に向かって生え際に沿って足の側まで皮膚の下の筋肉を皮膚を切り取ります。足の反対側に繰り返します。 </li><li>細かいピンセットで足首の基部に皮を持ち、かかと全体の皮膚を切りました。 </li><li>肌をリフティング皮膚にないようニック筋肉に向かってあなたのはさみを指して、鉗子でフラップ。効果的に皮膚を削除し、下にある結合組織をスニップ。 </li><li> FDB筋バンドルを削除するには、骨から腱を解放するためにかかとで大きな腱を切りました。鉗子で腱を持ち、慎重にはさみでFDBに接続されているすべての結合組織を取り除く大きな白い腱からFDBバンドルを分析。適切に行われている場合、バンドルは、簡単に個々の数字につながる明るい白の腱を明らかに根本的な腱のリフトオフます。足からバンドルを解放つま先に近い腱でFDBをカットします。 </li><li>よく含有するDMEM + BSA中で全体の筋束を配置します。 </li><li>反対側の足の上に繰り返します。 </li><li>一旦全てのFDB筋を含む各ウェルのDMEM + BSAおよび筋肉にコラゲナーゼの100μlを添加、分離されています。 </li><li>消化前に倒立蛍光顕微鏡上のエレクトロポレーションの成功を確認してください。 properl行われた場合Y、90％のトランスフェクション効率の上方を達成することができます。 </li><li>約1時間、10％CO 2の加湿、37℃のインキュベーター内でプレートをインキュベートします。インキュベーション時間は、疾患モデルと背景とコラゲナーゼのロットに依存して変化し得ます。 </li><li> 1時間後、慎重に含むウェルのみリンゲル液にFDBバンドルを転送します。 </li><li> 1ミリリットルピペットを用いてリンゲル液で十分にFDBバンドルを粉砕します。バンドルを簡単にピペットの先端を通過することができるようにきれいなかみそりの刃でピペットチップの先端をカットします。静かにバンドルが渡すと、先端に平行ダウンすることができ、筋肉（〜15倍）を粉砕​​します。無傷の繊維は、リンゲル液中に落ちます。繊維が簡単にバンドルをオフに該当しない場合には、コラゲナーゼ溶液に背筋を配置します。 </li><li>プレート当たり〜500μlの皿の上の孤立した繊維をプレート。 </li><li>筋肉を15分間ウェル中で消化できるようにします。 </li><li>繰り返し2.15ステップ2.17にバンドルのサイズが小さくなるまで、繊維の大部分は、バンドル（2〜3回の通常合計）から解離されます。一度筋肉は簡単に1ミリリットルピペットチップを通過し解離しました。 </li><li>繊維が15分の最低皿に添付してみましょう。新鮮なリンゲル液は、残留コラゲナーゼを希釈し、プレートに添加し、または時間的制約に応じて変更することができます。 注：繊維は今イメージングのための準備ができています。 </li></ol>共焦点顕微鏡を用いて、レーザ誘起膜損傷の可視化のための3実験手順<ol><li>リンゲル液にFM 4-64染料2.5μMのFM 1-43の300μlの画像化の直前にロード繊維。一般的に、分離後の画像繊維15分に2時間。しかし、繊維は、24時間後の単離まで撮像することができます。 </li><li> UVレーザおよび60X / 63Xの対物レンズを搭載した共焦点顕微鏡のガラス底皿を置きます。 </li><li>繊維の位置を確認します。繊維がしっかりと接続されていることを確認顕微鏡ベースをタップして皿に。解離過程で破損された繊維を除外します。損傷を受けた繊維が強くカールまたは屈曲膜ブレブ、FM色素の取り込みを高レベルで含有してもよいです。 </li><li>繊維上の膜損傷を誘導するために、核の明確な視野を持つ撮像窓の中央に筋鞘を置きます。筋細胞膜が非常にシャープであるように、FM色素チャンネルを使用して、筋細胞膜に焦点を当てています。 </li><li> FM 4-64チャネルを利用し、筋細胞膜上のROIクロス髪を置きます。 </li><li> 3秒（X〜350nmの領域350 nm）の80％の電力で1画素点を照射します。 FM色素は、損傷部位に細胞に入ります。電力及び時間は傷害の面積を増加または減少させるように調整することができます。 </li><li>最大5分ごとに10秒間、その後、損傷時には、損傷前に2秒ごとポスト損傷を繊維の画像をキャプチャします。タイミングは、必要に応じて調整することができます。個々の画像はイメージJ.にタイムラプスムービーに変換することができます</li><li>手順を繰り返し皿ごとに最大3繊維上の3.7を介して3.3。 </li></ol>

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特別な利害関係はありません。

生体内での蛍光タグ付きタンパク質を研究するためのエレクトロポレーションの使用は忠実に筋肉の全体のセル構造を複製し、適切な細胞株モデルの欠如与えられた筋肉の研究のために理想的に適しています。このプロトコルは、エレクトロポレーションおよびレーザー創傷後のタンパク質の局在化及び転座の詳細な画像を提供するために、高解像度の共焦点顕微鏡の利用を説明して...

個々の筋線維は、大規模な、高度に組織化された合胞体細胞です。筋肉のためのいくつかの細胞培養モデルがあります。しかし、これらのモデルは、彼らが完全に成熟した筋線維に分化していない彼らの主要な制限として持ちます。例えば、C2C12およびL6細胞株は、マウス、ラット、それぞれ1-4から誘導されます。血清飢餓の条件下で、単核「筋芽細胞様」細胞は、増殖を止める細胞周期の撤退を受けて、サルコメアと多核細胞を形成する筋形成プログラムに入力して、筋管と呼ばれます。長期培養条件では、筋管が収縮特性を示すことができ、培養中の「けいれん」。ヒト細胞株は、今も5確立されています。これらの不死化細胞株に加えて、単核筋芽細胞が筋から単離することができ、血清飢餓の同様の条件下での筋管を形成します。これらの細胞株および初代筋芽細胞培養物は、高度に使用されていますそれらはプラスミドでトランスフェクトまたはウイルスで形質導入し、基本的な細胞生物学的プロセスを研究するために使用することができるので、FUL。筋管を形成するように誘導された場合しかし、これらの細胞は、さらに、成熟した筋組織の顕著な特徴の多くを欠いています。具体的には、筋管は、個々の成熟した筋線維よりもはるかに小さく、筋線維の正常な形状を欠いています。批判的に、筋管は、筋形質全体で効率的なのCa 2+放出のために必要な膜状のネットワークを横断（T-）細管を欠いています。 一次筋芽細胞または筋原細胞株の代替方法は、成熟した筋線維を使用することを伴います。形質転換は、標識タンパク質の発現を確立するために使用することができるが、この方法は、コストと時間がかかる。マウス筋肉のインビボ電気穿孔は、速度と信頼性6-10ための好ましい方法として浮上しています。 in vivoでのエレクトロポレーションおよび筋線維ヘクタールを効率的に分離するための方法マウス短趾屈筋（FDB）の筋肉6のために最適化されまし。方法は簡単に完了し、プラスミドからin vivo発現誘導するために最小限の侵襲性ですることができます。このアプローチは現在、筋細胞膜6,7のレーザ破壊後のイメージングを含む高解像度イメージング法と組み合わされます。蛍光色素および蛍光標識されたタンパク質の発現の組み合わせは、成熟筋線維中の細胞の生物学的プロセスをモニターするために使用することができます。

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM+A2:D32D42A2:D31AA2:D29</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>11995-073</td>
			<td>Dissection Media 
			Dilution: 50ml +100g BSA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Collagenase, Type II</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>17101-015</td>
			<td>Fiber Digestion 
			Dilution: 160mg / 4ml DMEM (stock 40mg/ml aliquot)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Falcon 12-well dishes</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>877229</td>
			<td>Fiber Digestion</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ringers Solution</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Fiber Digestion and Imaging 
			Dilution: 146 mM NaCl 
			5 mM&#160;&#160; KCl 
			2 mM&#160;&#160; CaCl2 
			1 mM&#160;&#160; MCl2 
			10mM HEPES 
			pH7.4 in H2O</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1ml Pipettes</td>
			<td>Axygen</td>
			<td>T-1000-C-R</td>
			<td>Digestion</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Razor Blades</td>
			<td>Personna</td>
			<td>94-120-71</td>
			<td>Digestion</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Precision Glide 30G needle</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>305128</td>
			<td>Dissection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1x PBS (-/-)</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>14190-250</td>
			<td>Dissection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sylgard 184</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>50-366-794</td>
			<td>Dissection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Forceps</td>
			<td>FST by Dumont</td>
			<td>#5/45</td>
			<td>Dissection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Forceps</td>
			<td>Roboz</td>
			<td>RS-4913</td>
			<td>Dissection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scissors</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td>500260</td>
			<td>Dissection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BSA</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>A7906</td>
			<td>Dissection media 
			Dilution: 100mg / 50ml DMEM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Falcon 60mm dishes</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>08772B</td>
			<td>Dissection- used to hold sylgard</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Clay</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Electroporation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stimulator&#160;</td>
			<td>Grass</td>
			<td>s88x</td>
			<td>Electroporation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Clamps</td>
			<td>Radio Shack</td>
			<td>270-356</td>
			<td>Electroporation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triadine</td>
			<td>Aplicare</td>
			<td>82-220</td>
			<td>Electroporation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Precision Glide 27G needle</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>305136</td>
			<td>Electroporation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Simulator</td>
			<td>Grass</td>
			<td>SIU-V</td>
			<td>Electroporation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gauze</td>
			<td>Covidien</td>
			<td>2146</td>
			<td>Electroporation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hyaluronidase</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>H4272</td>
			<td>Injection 
			Dilution: Add 160ul PBS (1X) to 40&#181;l 5x stock</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1cc U-100 Insulin Syringe (28G1/2)&#160;</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>329420</td>
			<td>Injection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Eppendorf Tubes</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>02-682-550</td>
			<td>Injection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>35mm glass bottom Microwell dish</td>
			<td>MaTek</td>
			<td>P35G-1.5-14-C</td>
			<td>Microscopy</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FM 4-64</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>T-13320</td>
			<td>Microscopy 
			Dilution: Final 2.5 ug/ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FM 1-43</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>T-35356</td>
			<td>Microscopy 
			Dilution: Final 2.5 ug/ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Endotoxinfree Plasmid Maxi Kit</td>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td>12362</td>
			<td>Plasmid Purification</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

dna electroporation, isolation and imaging of myofibers

Mature muscle has a unique structure that is amenable to live cell imaging. Herein, we describe the experimental protocol for expressing fluorescently labeled proteins in the flexor digitorum brevis (FDB) muscle. Conditions have been optimized to provide a large number of high quality myofibers expressing the electroporated plasmid while minimizing muscle damage. The method employs fluorescent tags on various proteins. Combining this expression method with high resolution confocal microscopy permits live cell imaging, including imaging after laser-induced damage. Fluorescent dyes combined with imaging of fluorescently-tagged proteins provides information regarding the basic structure of muscle and its response to stimuli.

エレクトロポレーションは、効率的に短趾屈筋（FDB）の筋肉の束（ 図1A）に精製したプラスミドDNAを導入して低侵襲的手法です。七日には、蛍光標識タンパク質が分離された筋線維（ 図1B）で可視化され、トランスフェクション後。単離された繊維は、次に、播種し、共焦点顕微鏡で画像化のために調製されます。繊維は、レーザ誘起損傷を...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about DNA Electroporation, Isolation and Imaging of Myofibers at JoVE.com

DNA Electroporation, Isolation and Imaging of Myofibers

This protocol utilizes electroporation to introduce and express fluorescently labeled proteins in mouse muscle fibers. Following recovery after electroporation, fibers are isolated. Individual fibers are then imaged using high resolution confocal microscopy to visualize muscle structure.

DNAエレクトロポレーション、筋線維の単離およびイメージング

Mature muscle has a unique structure that is amenable to live cell imaging. Herein, we describe the experimental protocol for expressing fluorescently ...

dna-electroporation-isolation-and-imaging-of-myofibers

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

12.2K ビュー.  Northwestern University. This protocol utilizes electroporation to introduce and express fluorescently labeled proteins in mouse muscle fibers. Following recovery after electroporation, fibers are isolated. Individual fibers are then imaged using high resolution confocal microscopy to visualize muscle structure. 

ビデオ: DNA Electroporation, Isolation and Imaging of Myofibers

Isolation of Genomic DNA from Mouse Tails

マウスの尾からのゲノムDNAの単離

生物学

Electroporation of Mycobacteria

High efficiency transformation is a major limitation in the study of mycobacteria. The genus Mycobacterium can be difficult to transform; this is mainly caused by the thick and waxy cell wall, but is compounded by the fact that most molecular techniques have been developed for distantly-related species such as Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis. In spite of these obstacles, mycobacterial plasmids have been identified and DNA transformation of many mycobacterial species have now been described. The most successful method for introducing DNA into mycobacteria is electroporation. Many parameters contribute to successful transformation; these include the species/strain, the nature of the transforming DNA, the selectable marker used, the growth medium, and the  conditions for the electroporation pulse. Optimized methods for the transformation of both slow- and fast-grower are detailed here. Transformation efficiencies for different mycobacterial species and with various selectable markers are reported.

Mycobacterial pathogenic strategies remain poorly understood. The slow growth rate of most species, the impenetrable nature of the cell-wall, and the hazards of working with pathogens make mycobacteria difficult to study and are largely responsible for our poor understanding of these organisms. In this video we will demonstrate the technique of electroporation, which involves subjecting cells to a brief high electrical impulse to allow the entry of DNA. It is the most widely used method for introducing DNA into mycobacterial cells.

抗酸菌のエレクトロポレーション

High efficiency transformation is a major limitation in the study of mycobacteria. The genus Mycobacterium can be difficult to transform; this is mainly ...

DNA Transfection of Mammalian Skeletal Muscles using In Vivo Electroporation

A growing interest in cell biology is to express transgenically modified forms of essential proteins (e.g. fluorescently tagged constructs and/or mutant variants) in order to investigate their endogenous distribution and functional relevance. An interesting approach that has been implemented to fulfill this objective in fully differentiated cells is the in vivo transfection of plasmids by various methods into specific tissues such as liver1, skeletal muscle2,3, and even the brain4. We present here a detailed description of the steps that must be followed in order to efficiently transfect genetic material into fibers of the flexor digitorum brevis (FDB) and interosseus (IO) muscles of adult mice using an in vivo electroporation approach. The experimental parameters have been optimized so as to maximize the number of muscle fibers transfected while minimizing tissue damages that may impair the quality and quantity of the proteins expressed in individual fibers. We have verified that the implementation of the methodology described in this paper results in a high yield of soluble proteins, i.e. EGFP and ECFP3, calpain, FKBP12, &beta;2a-DHPR, etc. ; structural proteins, i.e. minidystrophin and &alpha;-actinin; and membrane proteins, i.e. &alpha;1s-DHPR, RyR1, cardiac Na/Ca2+ exchanger , NaV1.4 Na channel, SERCA1, etc., when applied to FDB, IO and other muscles of mice and rats. The efficient expression of some of these proteins has been verified with biochemical3 and functional evidence5. However, by far the most common confirmatory approach used by us are standard fluorescent microscopy and 2-photon laser scanning microscopy (TPLSM), which permit to identify not only the overall expression, but also the detailed intracellular localization, of fluorescently tagged protein constructs. The method could be equally used to transfect plasmids encoding for the expression of proteins of physiological relevance (as shown here), or for interference RNA (siRNA) aiming to suppress the expression of normally expressed proteins (not tested by us yet). It should be noted that the transfection of FDB and IO muscle fibers is particularly relevant for the investigation of mammalian muscle physiology since fibers enzymatically dissociated from these muscles are currently one of the most suitable models to investigate basic mechanisms of excitability and excitation-contraction coupling under current or voltage clamp conditions2,6-8.

DNA Transfection of Mammalian Skeletal Muscles using In Vivo Electroporation

We describe detailed procedures for the efficient transfection of plasmid DNA into the fibers of foot muscles of live mice using electroporation and the subsequent visualization of protein expression using fluorescence microscopy.

使用して哺乳類の骨格筋のDNAトランスフェクションインビボでのエレクトロポレーション

 A growing interest in cell biology is to express transgenically modified forms of essential proteins (e.g. fluorescently tagged constructs and/or mutant ...

Two- and Three-Dimensional Live Cell Imaging of DNA Damage Response Proteins

Double-strand breaks (DSBs) are the most deleterious DNA lesions a cell can encounter. If left unrepaired, DSBs harbor great potential to generate mutations and chromosomal aberrations1. To prevent this trauma from catalyzing genomic instability, it is crucial for cells to detect DSBs, activate the DNA damage response (DDR), and repair the DNA. When stimulated, the DDR works to preserve genomic integrity by triggering cell cycle arrest to allow for repair to take place or force the cell to undergo apoptosis. The predominant mechanisms of DSB repair occur through nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ) and homologous recombination repair (HRR) (reviewed in2). There are many proteins whose activities must be precisely orchestrated for the DDR to function properly. Herein, we describe a method for 2- and 3-dimensional (D) visualization of one of these proteins, 53BP1.
The p53-binding protein 1 (53BP1) localizes to areas of DSBs by binding to modified histones3,4, forming foci within 5-15 minutes5. The histone modifications and recruitment of 53BP1 and other DDR proteins to DSB sites are believed to facilitate the structural rearrangement of chromatin around areas of damage and contribute to DNA repair6. Beyond direct participation in repair, additional roles have been described for 53BP1 in the DDR, such as regulating an intra-S checkpoint, a G2/M checkpoint, and activating downstream DDR proteins7-9. Recently, it was discovered that 53BP1 does not form foci in response to DNA damage induced during mitosis, instead waiting for cells to enter G1 before localizing to the vicinity of DSBs6. DDR proteins such as 53BP1 have been found to associate with mitotic structures (such as kinetochores) during the progression through mitosis10.
In this protocol we describe the use of 2- and 3-D live cell imaging to visualize the formation of 53BP1 foci in response to the DNA damaging agent camptothecin (CPT), as well as 53BP1's behavior during mitosis. Camptothecin is a topoisomerase I inhibitor that primarily causes DSBs during DNA replication. To accomplish this, we used a previously described 53BP1-mCherry fluorescent fusion protein construct consisting of a 53BP1 protein domain able to bind DSBs11. In addition, we used a histone H2B-GFP fluorescent fusion protein construct able to monitor chromatin dynamics throughout the cell cycle but in particular during mitosis12. Live cell imaging in multiple dimensions is an excellent tool to deepen our understanding of the function of DDR proteins in eukaryotic cells.

This protocol describes a method for visualizing a DNA double-strand break signaling protein activated in response to DNA damage as well as its localization during mitosis.

DNA損傷応答タンパク質の2次元および3次元生細胞イメージング

Double-strand breaks (DSBs) are the most deleterious DNA lesions a cell can encounter. If left unrepaired, DSBs harbor great potential to generate ...

Isolation and Culture of Individual Myofibers and their Satellite Cells from Adult Skeletal Muscle

Muscle regeneration in the adult is performed by resident stem cells called satellite cells. Satellite cells are defined by their position between the basal lamina and the sarcolemma of each myofiber. Current knowledge of their behavior heavily relies on the use of the single myofiber isolation protocol. In 1985, Bischoff described a protocol to isolate single live fibers from the Flexor Digitorum Brevis (FDB) of adult rats with the goal to create an in vitro system in which the physical association between the myofiber and its stem cells is preserved 1. In 1995, Rosenblattmodified the Bischoff protocol such that myofibers are singly picked and handled separately after collagenase digestion instead of being isolated by gravity sedimentation 2, 3. The Rosenblatt or Bischoff protocol has since been adapted to different muscles, age or conditions 3-6. The single myofiber isolation technique is an indispensable tool due its unique advantages. First, in the single myofiber protocol, satellite cells are maintained beneath the basal lamina. This is a unique feature of the protocol as other techniques such as Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorting require chemical and mechanical tissue dissociation 7. Although the myofiber culture system cannot substitute for in vivo studies, it does offer an excellent platform to address relevant biological properties of muscle stem cells. Single myofibers can be cultured in standard plating conditions or in floating conditions. Satellite cells on floating myofibers are subjected to virtually no other influence than the myofiber environment. Substrate stiffness and coating have been shown to influence satellite cells' ability to regenerate muscles 8, 9 so being able to control each of these factors independently allows discrimination between niche-dependent and -independent responses. Different concentrations of serum have also been shown to have an effect on the transition from quiescence to activation. To preserve the quiescence state of its associated satellite cells, fibers should be kept in low serum medium 1-3. This is particularly useful when studying genes involved in the quiescence state. In serum rich medium, satellite cells quickly activate, proliferate, migrate and differentiate, thus mimicking the in vivo regenerative process 1-3. The system can be used to perform a variety of assays such as the testing of chemical inhibitors; ectopic expression of genes by virus delivery; oligonucleotide based gene knock-down or live imaging. This video article describes the protocol currently used in our laboratory to isolate single myofibers from the Extensor Digitorum Longus (EDL) muscle of adult mice (6-8 weeks old).

Isolation and culture of myofibers is the gold standard in vitro system to study the transition of satellite cells through quiescence, activation and differentiation. Importantly, the single myofiber culture system preserves the myofiber/stem cell association, which is an essential component of the muscle stem cell niche.

成人骨格筋からの個々の筋線維とその衛星細胞の単離および培養

Muscle  regeneration in the adult is performed by resident stem cells called satellite  cells. Satellite cells are defined by  their position between the ...

Analysis of Embryonic and Larval Zebrafish Skeletal Myofibers from Dissociated Preparations

The zebrafish has proven to be a valuable model system for exploring skeletal muscle function and for studying human muscle diseases. Despite the many advantages offered by in vivo analysis of skeletal muscle in the zebrafish, visualizing the complex and finely structured protein milieu responsible for muscle function, especially in whole embryos, can be problematic. This hindrance stems from the small size of zebrafish skeletal muscle (60 &mu;m) and the even smaller size of the sarcomere. Here we describe and demonstrate a simple and rapid method for isolating skeletal myofibers from zebrafish embryos and larvae. We also include protocols that illustrate post preparation techniques useful for analyzing muscle structure and function. Specifically, we detail the subsequent immunocytochemical localization of skeletal muscle proteins and the qualitative analysis of stimulated calcium release via live cell calcium imaging. Overall, this video article provides a straight-forward and efficient method for the isolation and characterization of zebrafish skeletal myofibers, a technique which provides a conduit for myriad subsequent studies of muscle structure and function.

Zebrafish are an emerging system for modeling human disorders of the skeletal muscle. We describe a fast and efficient method to isolate skeletal muscle myofibers from embryonic and larval zebrafish. This method yields a high-density myofiber preparation suitable for study of single skeletal muscle fiber morphology, protein subcellular localization, and muscle physiology.

解離調製物から胚および幼虫のゼブラフィッシュ骨格筋線維の分析

The zebrafish has  proven to be a valuable model system for exploring skeletal muscle function and  for studying human muscle diseases. Despite  the many ...

Combining Single-molecule Manipulation and Imaging for the Study of Protein-DNA Interactions

The paper describes the combination of optical tweezers and single molecule fluorescence detection for the study of protein-DNA interaction. The method offers the opportunity of investigating interactions occurring in solution (thus avoiding problems due to closeby surfaces as in other single molecule methods), controlling the DNA extension and tracking interaction dynamics as a function of both mechanical parameters and DNA sequence. The methods for establishing successful optical trapping and nanometer localization of single molecules are illustrated. We illustrate the experimental conditions allowing the study of interaction of lactose repressor (lacI), labeled with Atto532, with a DNA molecule containing specific target sequences (operators) for LacI binding. The method allows the observation of specific interactions at the operators, as well as one-dimensional diffusion of the protein during the process of target search. The method is broadly applicable to the study of protein-DNA interactions but also to molecular motors, where control of the tension applied to the partner track polymer (for example actin or microtubules) is desirable.

Here we describe the instrumentation and methods for detecting single fluorescently-labeled protein molecules interacting with a single DNA molecule suspended between two optically trapped microspheres.

タンパク質-DNA相互作用の研究のための単一分子マニピュレーションとイメージングを組み合わせる

The paper describes the combination of optical tweezers and single molecule fluorescence detection for the study of protein-DNA interaction. The method ...

Real-time Imaging of Single Engineered RNA Transcripts in Living Cells Using Ratiometric Bimolecular Beacons

The growing realization that both the temporal and spatial regulation of gene expression can have important consequences on cell function has led to the development of diverse techniques to visualize individual RNA transcripts in single living cells. One promising technique that has recently been described utilizes an oligonucleotide-based optical probe, ratiometric bimolecular beacon (RBMB), to detect RNA transcripts that were engineered to contain at least four tandem repeats of the RBMB target sequence in the 3&#8217;-untranslated region. RBMBs are specifically designed to emit a bright fluorescent signal upon hybridization to complementary RNA, but otherwise remain quenched. The use of a synthetic probe in this approach allows photostable, red-shifted, and highly emissive organic dyes to be used for imaging. Binding of multiple RBMBs to the engineered RNA transcripts results in discrete fluorescence spots when viewed under a wide-field fluorescent microscope. Consequently, the movement of individual RNA transcripts can be readily visualized in real-time by taking a time series of fluorescent images. Here we describe the preparation and purification of RBMBs, delivery into cells by microporation and live-cell imaging of single RNA transcripts.

Ratiometric bimolecular beacons (RBMBs) can be used to image single engineered RNA transcripts in living cells. Here, we describe the preparation and purification of RBMBs, delivery of RBMBs into cells by microporation and fluorescent imaging of single RNA transcripts in real-time.

レシオメトリック二分子ビーコンを使用して、生細胞における単エンジニアのRNA転写物のリアルタイムイメージング

The growing realization that both the temporal and spatial regulation of gene expression can have important consequences on cell function has led to the ...

Reduced-gravity Environment Hardware Demonstrations of a Prototype Miniaturized Flow Cytometer and Companion Microfluidic Mixing Technology

Until recently, astronaut blood samples were collected in-flight, transported to earth on the Space Shuttle, and analyzed in terrestrial laboratories. If humans are to travel beyond low Earth orbit, a transition towards space-ready, point-of-care (POC) testing is required. Such testing needs to be comprehensive, easy to perform in a reduced-gravity environment, and unaffected by the stresses of launch and spaceflight. Countless POC devices have been developed to mimic laboratory scale counterparts, but most have narrow applications and few have demonstrable use in an in-flight, reduced-gravity environment. In fact, demonstrations of biomedical diagnostics in reduced gravity are limited altogether, making component choice and certain logistical challenges difficult to approach when seeking to test new technology. To help fill the void, we are presenting a modular method for the construction and operation of a prototype blood diagnostic device and its associated parabolic flight test rig that meet the standards for flight-testing onboard a parabolic flight, reduced-gravity aircraft. The method first focuses on rig assembly for in-flight, reduced-gravity testing of a flow cytometer and a companion microfluidic mixing chip. Components are adaptable to other designs and some custom components, such as a microvolume sample loader and the micromixer may be of particular interest. The method then shifts focus to flight preparation, by offering guidelines and suggestions to prepare for a successful flight test with regard to user training, development of a standard operating procedure (SOP), and other issues. Finally, in-flight experimental procedures specific to our demonstrations are described.

Spaceflight blood diagnostics need innovation. Few demonstrations have been published illustrating in-flight, reduced-gravity health diagnostic technology. Here we present a method for construction and operation of a parabolic flight test rig for a prototype point-of-care flow-cytometry design, with components and preparation strategies adaptable to other setups.

プロトタイプ小型化フローサイトメーターおよびコンパニオンマイクロ流体混合技術の縮小重力環境ハードウェアデモンストレーション

Until recently, astronaut blood samples were collected in-flight, transported to earth on the Space Shuttle, and analyzed in terrestrial laboratories. If ...

Amplification, Next-generation Sequencing, and Genomic DNA Mapping of Retroviral Integration Sites

Retroviruses exhibit signature integration preferences on both the local and global scales. Here, we present a detailed protocol for (1) generation of diverse libraries of retroviral integration sites using ligation-mediated PCR (LM-PCR) amplification and next-generation sequencing (NGS), (2) mapping the genomic location of each virus-host junction using BEDTools, and (3) analyzing the data for statistical relevance. Genomic DNA extracted from infected cells is fragmented by digestion with restriction enzymes or by sonication. After suitable DNA end-repair, double-stranded linkers are ligated onto the DNA ends, and semi-nested PCR is conducted using primers complementary to both the long terminal repeat (LTR) end of the virus and the ligated linker DNA. The PCR primers carry sequences required for DNA clustering during NGS, negating the requirement for separate adapter ligation. Quality control (QC) is conducted to assess DNA fragment size distribution and adapter DNA incorporation prior to NGS. Sequence output files are filtered for LTR-containing reads, and the sequences defining the LTR and the linker are cropped away. Trimmed host cell sequences are mapped to a reference genome using BLAT and are filtered for minimally 97% identity to a unique point in the reference genome. Unique integration sites are scrutinized for adjacent nucleotide (nt) sequence and distribution relative to various genomic features. Using this protocol, integration site libraries of high complexity can be constructed from genomic DNA in three days. The entire protocol that encompasses exogenous viral infection of susceptible tissue culture cells to integration site analysis can therefore be conducted in approximately one to two weeks. Recent applications of this technology pertain to longitudinal analysis of integration sites from HIV-infected patients.

We describe a protocol for amplifying retroviral integration sites from the genomic DNA of infected cells, sequencing the amplified virus-host junctions, and then mapping these sequences to a reference genome. We also describe techniques to quantify the distribution of integration sites relative to various genomic annotations using BEDTools.

レトロウイルス統合サイトの増幅、次世代シーケンシング、およびゲノムDNAのマッピング

Retroviruses exhibit signature integration preferences on both the local and global scales. Here, we present a detailed protocol for (1) generation of ...