この研究は、サウスウエスタン大学のスタートアップ資金（SK）によってサポートされていました。

<ol>
	<li>Neher, E., Sakmann, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Single-channel+currents+recorded+from+membrane+of+denervated+frog+muscle+fibres.">Single-channel currents recorded from membrane of denervated frog muscle fibres.</a> Nature. 260 (5554), 799-802 (1976).</li><li>Sakmann, B., Neher, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Patch+clamp+techniques+for+studying+ionic+channels+in+excitable+membranes.">Patch clamp techniques for studying ionic channels in excitable membranes.</a> Annu Rev Physiol. 46, 455-472 (1984).</li><li>Cahalan, M., Neher, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Patch+clamp+techniques:+an+overview.">Patch clamp techniques: an overview.</a> Methods Enzymol. 207, 3-14 (1992).</li><li>Staley, K. J., Otis, T. S., Mody, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Membrane+properties+of+dentate+gyrus+granule+cells:+comparison+of+sharp+microelectrode+and+whole-cell+recordings.">Membrane properties of dentate gyrus granule cells: comparison of sharp microelectrode and whole-cell recordings.</a> J Neurophysiol. 67 (5), 1346-1358 (1992).</li><li>Horn, R., Marty, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Muscarinic+activation+of+ionic+currents+measured+by+a+new+whole-cell+recording+method.">Muscarinic activation of ionic currents measured by a new whole-cell recording method.</a> J Gen Physiol. 92 (2), 145-159 (1988).</li><li>Pusch, M., Neher, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rates+of+diffusional+exchange+between+small+cells+and+a+measuring+patch+pipette.">Rates of diffusional exchange between small cells and a measuring patch pipette.</a> Pflugers Arch. 411 (2), 204-211 (1988).</li><li>Kandel, E. R., Dudai, Y., Mayford, M. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+molecular+and+systems+biology+of+memory.">The molecular and systems biology of memory.</a> Cell. 157 (1), 163-186 (2014).</li><li>Kourrich, S., Bonci, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chapter+5:+Synaptic+and+Neural+plasticity.">Chapter 5: Synaptic and Neural plasticity.</a> Neurobiology of Mental Illness. 4th edn. , (2013).</li><li>Mozzachiodi, R., Byrne, J. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=More+than+synaptic+plasticity:+role+of+nonsynaptic+plasticity+in+learning+and+memory.">More than synaptic plasticity: role of nonsynaptic plasticity in learning and memory.</a> Trends Neurosci. 33 (1), 17-26 (2010).</li><li>Zhang, W., Linden, D. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+other+side+of+the+engram:+experience-driven+changes+in+neuronal+intrinsic+excitability.">The other side of the engram: experience-driven changes in neuronal intrinsic excitability.</a> Nat Rev Neurosci. 4 (11), 885-900 (2003).</li><li>Kourrich, S., Calu, D. J., Bonci, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intrinsic+plasticity:+an+emerging+player+in+addiction.">Intrinsic plasticity: an emerging player in addiction.</a> Nat Rev Neurosci. 16 (3), 173-184 (2015).</li><li>Luscher, C., Malenka, R. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Drug-evoked+synaptic+plasticity+in+addiction:+from+molecular+changes+to+circuit+remodeling.">Drug-evoked synaptic plasticity in addiction: from molecular changes to circuit remodeling.</a> Neuron. 69 (4), 650-663 (2011).</li><li>McEwen, B. S., Morrison, J. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+brain+on+stress:+vulnerability+and+plasticity+of+the+prefrontal+cortex+over+the+life+course.">The brain on stress: vulnerability and plasticity of the prefrontal cortex over the life course.</a> Neuron. 79 (1), 16-29 (2013).</li><li>Sandi, C., Haller, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stress+and+the+social+brain:+behavioural+effects+and+neurobiological+mechanisms.">Stress and the social brain: behavioural effects and neurobiological mechanisms.</a> Nat Rev Neurosci. 16 (5), 290-304 (2015).</li><li>Kim, S. J., Linden, D. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ubiquitous+plasticity+and+memory+storage.">Ubiquitous plasticity and memory storage.</a> Neuron. 56 (4), 582-592 (2007).</li><li>Ganguly, K., Poo, M. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Activity-dependent+neural+plasticity+from+bench+to+bedside.">Activity-dependent neural plasticity from bench to bedside.</a> Neuron. 80 (3), 729-741 (2013).</li><li>Kullmann, D. M., Moreau, A. W., Bakiri, Y., Nicholson, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Plasticity+of+inhibition.">Plasticity of inhibition.</a> Neuron. 75 (6), 951-962 (2012).</li><li>Bar-Yehuda, D., Korngreen, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Space-clamp+problems+when+voltage+clamping+neurons+expressing+voltage-gated+conductances.">Space-clamp problems when voltage clamping neurons expressing voltage-gated conductances.</a> J Neurophysiol. 99 (3), 1127-1136 (2008).</li><li>Williams, S. R., Mitchell, S. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Direct+measurement+of+somatic+voltage+clamp+errors+in+central+neurons.">Direct measurement of somatic voltage clamp errors in central neurons.</a> Nat Neurosci. 11 (7), 790-798 (2008).</li><li>Neher, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Correction+for+liquid+junction+potentials+in+patch+clamp+experiments.">Correction for liquid junction potentials in patch clamp experiments.</a> Methods Enzymol. 207, 123-131 (1992).</li><li>Defelice, L. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Electrical Properties of Cells-Patch Clamp for Biologists. , (1997).</li><li>Kornreich, B. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+patch+clamp+technique:+principles+and+technical+considerations.">The patch clamp technique: principles and technical considerations.</a> J Vet Cardiol. 9 (1), 25-37 (2007).</li><li>Molleman, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Patch Clamping: An Introductory Guide To Patch Clamp Electrophysiology. , (2003).</li><li>Neher, E., Sakmann, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+patch+clamp+technique.">The patch clamp technique.</a> Sci Am. 266 (3), 44-51 (1992).</li><li>Richerson, G. B., Messer, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+composition+of+experimental+solutions+on+neuronal+survival+during+rat+brain+slicing.">Effect of composition of experimental solutions on neuronal survival during rat brain slicing.</a> Exp Neurol. 131 (1), 133-143 (1995).</li><li>Tanaka, Y., Tanaka, Y., Furuta, T., Yanagawa, Y., Kaneko, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+effects+of+cutting+solutions+on+the+viability+of+GABAergic+interneurons+in+cerebral+cortical+slices+of+adult+mice.">The effects of cutting solutions on the viability of GABAergic interneurons in cerebral cortical slices of adult mice.</a> J Neurosci Methods. 171 (1), 118-125 (2008).</li><li>Ye, J. H., Zhang, J., Xiao, C., Kong, J. Q. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Patch-clamp+studies+in+the+CNS+illustrate+a+simple+new+method+for+obtaining+viable+neurons+in+rat+brain+slices:+glycerol+replacement+of+NaCl+protects+CNS+neurons.">Patch-clamp studies in the CNS illustrate a simple new method for obtaining viable neurons in rat brain slices: glycerol replacement of NaCl protects CNS neurons.</a> J Neurosci Methods. 158 (2), 251-259 (2006).</li><li>Kourrich, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dynamic+interaction+between+sigma-1+receptor+and+Kv1.2+shapes+neuronal+and+behavioral+responses+to+cocaine.">Dynamic interaction between sigma-1 receptor and Kv1.2 shapes neuronal and behavioral responses to cocaine.</a> Cell. 152 (1-2), 236-247 (2013).</li><li>Kourrich, S., Klug, J. R., Mayford, M., Thomas, M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=AMPAR-Independent+Effect+of+Striatal+aCaMKII+Promotes+the+Sensitization+of+Cocaine+Reward.">AMPAR-Independent Effect of Striatal aCaMKII Promotes the Sensitization of Cocaine Reward.</a> J Neurosci. , (2012).</li><li>Kourrich, S., Rothwell, P. E., Klug, J. R., Thomas, M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cocaine+experience+controls+bidirectional+synaptic+plasticity+in+the+nucleus+accumbens.">Cocaine experience controls bidirectional synaptic plasticity in the nucleus accumbens.</a> J Neurosci. 27 (30), 7921-7928 (2007).</li><li>Kourrich, S., Thomas, M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Similar+neurons,+opposite+adaptations:+psychostimulant+experience+differentially+alters+firing+properties+in+accumbens+core+versus+shell.">Similar neurons, opposite adaptations: psychostimulant experience differentially alters firing properties in accumbens core versus shell.</a> J Neurosci. 29 (39), 12275-12283 (2009).</li><li>Rothwell, P. E., Kourrich, S., Thomas, M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Environmental+novelty+causes+stress-like+adaptations+at+nucleus+accumbens+synapses:+implications+for+studying+addiction-related+plasticity.">Environmental novelty causes stress-like adaptations at nucleus accumbens synapses: implications for studying addiction-related plasticity.</a> Neuropharmacology. 61 (7), 1152-1159 (2011).</li><li>Rothwell, P. E., Kourrich, S., Thomas, M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Synaptic+adaptations+in+the+nucleus+accumbens+caused+by+experiences+linked+to+relapse.">Synaptic adaptations in the nucleus accumbens caused by experiences linked to relapse.</a> Biol Psychiatry. 69 (11), 1124-1126 (2011).</li><li>Koya, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Silent+synapses+in+selectively+activated+nucleus+accumbens+neurons+following+cocaine+sensitization.">Silent synapses in selectively activated nucleus accumbens neurons following cocaine sensitization.</a> Nat Neurosci. 15 (11), 1556-1562 (2012).</li><li>Conrad, K. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Formation+of+accumbens+GluR2-lacking+AMPA+receptors+mediates+incubation+of+cocaine+craving.">Formation of accumbens GluR2-lacking AMPA receptors mediates incubation of cocaine craving.</a> Nature. 454 (7200), 118-121 (2008).</li><li>Kruskal, P. B., Jiang, Z., Gao, T., Lieber, C. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Beyond+the+patch+clamp:+nanotechnologies+for+intracellular+recording.">Beyond the patch clamp: nanotechnologies for intracellular recording.</a> Neuron. 86 (1), 21-24 (2015).</li><li>Novak, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nanoscale-targeted+patch-clamp+recordings+of+functional+presynaptic+ion+channels.">Nanoscale-targeted patch-clamp recordings of functional presynaptic ion channels.</a> Neuron. 79 (6), 1067-1077 (2013).</li></ol>

著者はいずれも、競合する利益や利害を持っていません。

このプロトコルは、脳切片におけるニューロンの全細胞パッチクランプ実験を行うための基本的な手順を説明します。しかし、この技術の複雑さ、可能性と感度は完全にこの資料に記載することはできません。ここでは、最も基本的な手順を描写し、成功と厳格なホールセル記録を達成するために制御されなければならない重要なパラメータを強調しようとしています。さらに理論的な学習?...

パッチクランプ法、1970年代後半1,2に開発された電気生理学的技術は、生きている組織では、単一または複数のイオンチャネルの機能を研究するための主要なツールです。達成することができる別のパッチ構成の中で、全細胞パッチクランプ記録は、ニューロンの要部の電気的​​挙動の研究を可能にします。古典的には、この技術は、脳スライス、新たに解離ニューロンの、または細胞培養モデル3のいずれかでインビトロで行われます。脳スライス中のニューロン上で実行するとき、この手法にはいくつかの利点を提供します。具体的には、（i）ニューロンは、ある程度相対的に保存脳回路に記録され、そして細胞培養調製物と比較して、3生理学的に関連する環境を提供します。これは、急性pharmacologのいずれかのタイプによってトリガされた細胞および分子事象を早期に取り込む、あるいはリアルタイムでモニタリングすることができますiCalの操作- 生体内条件の古典用いて達成することができない時間分解能。視覚的に脳スライスに脳領域を識別するために、（ii）の機能は、両方の彼らは、蛍光マーカーを発現時に脳領域が研究のために、特定のニューロンのための高い地域の特異性3を可能にします。 （ⅲ）（細胞内記録のための鋭いマイクロピペットで膜に穴を開けるとは対照的に）形質膜4のかなりの部分を開放することにより、細胞の細胞内空間へのアクセスを。今度は、これは、内部​​液を構成する特定のイオンの含有量または濃度が非常に分子標的を変更するか、細胞のメカニズムが異なる条件下で研究することができることができます。例えば、全細胞構成、任意の特定の薬理学的薬剤（ 例えば 、アンタゴニスト）を確立時に1が記録マイクロピペット（パッチピペット）溶液は、直接細胞質内に拡散し、そのputatに作用しに追加できます隣接するセル内のターゲット関数を変更することなく、細胞内標的をアイブ。さらに、シャープなマイクロピペットの記録と比較して、パッチクランプ電極の先端の大きな開口部は低抵抗、あまり競合ノイズ、ひいてはセル4の内側へのより良い電気的アクセスを提供します。しかし、ピペットチップでの大きな開口部はセル透析、および研究5,6の下にある生物学的現象の発現に重要であり得る細胞内分子機構のそれによって損失につながる可能性があることに注意してください。この場合には、シャープ電極記録は、より適切であり得ます。録音のこのタイプは、それによって細胞内空間と内部ピペット溶液との間のイオン交換を最大限に防止する、全細胞記録のために使用されるものよりもはるかに小さい孔を有するマイクロピペットを必要とします。 7月10日の学習を含む（急性または慢性）経験のいずれかの形、乱用11,1の薬物への曝露2 等ストレス13,14は 、特定の脳領域における神経機能の様々な態様を変化させることができます。これらの変化は、多くの場合、（数時間から数日）を開発するために時間が必要であるため、具体的な経験を受けた動物からの脳スライスにおける全細胞記録は、研究者は、これらの変更を識別することができます。基本的に、（すべてではない）、ニューロンの機能に関与する成分（ 例えば 、リガンド活性化イオンチャネル、電位依存性イオンチャンネル、神経伝達物質トランスポーター）、それによって脳回路の活動および行動の多くは、経験によって変化させることができる（経験に依存可塑性）10,15-17。神経細胞レベルでは、脳の回路の活動は、シナプスの間に一定の相互作用（ 例えば 、グルタミン酸伝達）および固有細胞の興奮因子（ 例えば 、axosomato樹状イオンチャネルから出：;カリウム、K +、ナトリウム、Na +およびカルシウム、 の Ca 2+ ）。 wholを使用して、特定の条件の下で電子細胞は、パッチクランプ電気生理学的手法、シナプス対固有興奮性の変化から、具体的発信信号の変化を単離することができます。 ほとんどの場合、シナプスの興奮は、全細胞電圧クランプ技術を用いて評価され 、この記録モードは、αアミノ-3-ヒドロキシ-5-メチル-4- isoxazolepropionic酸受容体（によって媒介される、 例えば [イオン電流の測定を可能にしますAMPA受容体）および神経原形質膜を介してN-メチル-D-アスパラギン酸受容体（NMDA受容体）]のセット電圧で膜電位を保持しています。ここでは、実験者は、セシウム（Cs +）を含有する内部マイクロピペットソリューション、K +チャネル（キー固有興奮要因）の幅広いブロッカーを使用します。全細胞構成の確立時に、細胞内空間内のCs +の拡散は、K +チャンネルを遮断し、それによって、比較的効率的なスペースでクランプと事前の両方を許可します他の測定上の本質的な興奮の要因の影響をベント。不規則な形の細胞（ 例えば 、ニューロン）、および18,19アーバ広大で複雑 ​​な樹状で、特にニューロンを記録するときにスペースクランプの問題は、 すなわち 、電圧クランプに難易全細胞は、発生します。体細胞電圧クランプ不十分コントロールニューロンの樹状突起における電圧ので、研究対象の樹状電気信号の様々な態様は、樹状距離依存的に歪んでいます。 （人工脳脊髄液、ACSF）細胞外溶液に溶解し、このようなピクロトキシン（ガンマ-アミノ酪酸、GABA受容体拮抗薬）またはキヌレン酸（グルタミン酸受容体の広いブロッカー）などの薬理学的なツールと組み合わせることで、この技術は、グルタミン酸の測定を可能にしますそれぞれ受容体とGABA A R媒介電流。 対照的に、本質的な興奮性は、通常、電流 - クランプ記録モードで評価されます。電圧クランプ記録とは対照的に、この記録モードは、神経細胞膜を通って流れるイオン電流により誘導される膜電位の変化を測定することができます。典型的には、内因性の興奮性の変化は、両方のNa +及びK +チャネルを必要とする活動電位を生成するニューロンのための能力の変化を介して評価されます。電流クランプ記録を行う際したがって、マイクロピペットは、K +の代わりのCs +を含有する内部溶液で満たされています。グルタミン酸やGABA ACSFに溶解し、受容体媒介電流を遮断する薬理学的薬剤と組み合わせることで、この実験デザインは、シナプスの興奮の潜在的な変化によって汚染されることなく、ニューロンの発火に固有の要因（ 例えば 、K +チャネル）の寄与を測定することができます要因。 この記事では、トンの基本的な必要な手続きの手順を説明しますO（ⅰ）健康な脳スライスを準備します。 （ii）の全細胞構成を達成し、および（iii）シナプスおよび固有興奮性を評価するための基本的なパラメータを監視します。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="689">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">Isolated pulse stimulus generator</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">A.M.P.I</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Master-8</td>
			<td style="width:155px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Isolation unit (ISO-Flex)</td>
			<td>A.M.P.I</td>
			<td>ISO-Flex</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Computer controlled Amplifier&#160;</td>
			<td>Molecular Devices</td>
			<td>Multiclamp 700B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Digital Acquisition system</td>
			<td>Molecular Devices</td>
			<td>Digidata 1500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Microscope</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>BX-51</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Micromanipulator</td>
			<td>Sutter Instruments</td>
			<td>MPC-200</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Chamber and in-line Heater</td>
			<td>Warner Instruments</td>
			<td>TC-344B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Vibratome Slicer</td>
			<td>Leica&#160;</td>
			<td>VT1000 S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Micropipette Puller</td>
			<td>Narishige</td>
			<td>PC-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Imaging Camera</td>
			<td>Q Imaging</td>
			<td>QIClick-F-M-12</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Narishige pipette puller PC-10</td>
			<td>Narishige</td>
			<td>PC-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Glass capillaries</td>
			<td>WPI</td>
			<td>TW150F-3</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Slice hold-down (harp)</td>
			<td>Warner Instruments</td>
			<td>64-0255</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Slice Chamber</td>
			<td>Warner Instruments</td>
			<td>RC-26</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Nonmetallic syringe needle</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td>MF28G67-5</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Syringe filters</td>
			<td>Nalgene</td>
			<td>176-0045</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Glue Gun</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Home Depot</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">various</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Gas dispersion tube</td>
			<td>Ace Glass Inc.</td>
			<td>various</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Decapitation scissors</td>
			<td>Home Depot</td>
			<td>100649198</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Scalpel Handle #3</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td>500236</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Small straight sharp tips scissors</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td>14218</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Vessel canulation forceps&#160;</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td>500453</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Curved hemostatic forceps</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td>501288</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Economy Tweezers #3</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td>501976-6</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Spatula</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>14357Q</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Scooping spatula</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>14-357Q</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Petri dish</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>08-747B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Filter paper</td>
			<td>Lab Depot</td>
			<td>CFP1-110</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">Name of Material/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Solutions</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;"></td>
			<td style="width:183px;"></td>
			<td style="width:139px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td colspan="3" height="21" style="height:21px;">Cs-Gluconate internal solution (pH 7.2&#8211;7.3, 280&#8211;290 mOsm)</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">D-gluconic acid 50%&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich/various</td>
			<td>G1951</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Cesium-OH (CsOH) 50%&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich/various</td>
			<td>232041</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">NaCl, 2.8 mM</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich/various</td>
			<td>S7653</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">HEPES, 20 mM</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich/various</td>
			<td>H3375</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">EGTA, 0.4 mM</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich/various</td>
			<td>E4378</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">tetraethylammonium-Cl, 5 mM</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich/various</td>
			<td>T2265</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Na2GTP, 0.3 mM</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich/various</td>
			<td>G8877</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">MgATP, 2 mM</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich/various</td>
			<td>A9187</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">Name of Material/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td colspan="3" height="21" style="height:21px;">K-Gluconate internal solution (pH 7.2&#8211;7.3, 280&#8211;290 mOsm)</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">K D-gluconate, 120 mM</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich/various</td>
			<td>G4500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">KCl, 20 mM</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich/various</td>
			<td>P3911</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">HEPES, 10 mM</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich/various</td>
			<td>H3375</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">EGTA, 0.2 mM</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich/various</td>
			<td>E4378</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">MgCl2</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich/various</td>
			<td>M8266</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Na2GTP, 0.3 mM</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich/various</td>
			<td>G8877</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">MgATP, 2 mM</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich/various</td>
			<td>A9187</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">Name of Material/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td colspan="3" height="21" style="height:21px;">Standard artificial cerebrospinal fluid (ACSF, osmolarity &#8776; 300-310 mOsm)</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">KCl, 2.5 mM</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich/various</td>
			<td>P3911</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">NaCl, 119 mM</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich/various</td>
			<td>S7653</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">NaH2PO4-H20, 1 mM</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich/various</td>
			<td>S9638</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">NaHCO3, 26.2 mM</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich/various</td>
			<td>S8875</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Glucose, 11 mM</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich/various</td>
			<td>G8270</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">MgSO4-7H2O, 1.3 mM</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich/various</td>
			<td>230391</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">CaCl2-2H20, 2.5 mM</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich/various</td>
			<td>C3881</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">Name of Material/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td colspan="2" height="21" style="height:21px;">Additional compounds used for solutions preparation</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">KOH</td>
			<td>various</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Kynurenic acid</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich/various</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">K3375</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

whole-cell patch-clamp recordings in brain slices

全細胞パッチクランプ記録は、ニューロンの要部の電気的​​特性の研究を可能にする電気生理学的手法です。この構成では、マイクロピペットは、リーク電流を防止し、それによって以前に使用され、細胞内シャープ電極記録方法よりも正確なイオン電流の測定値を提供する細胞膜と密着しています。古典的には、全細胞記録は、細胞培養モデル、解離ニューロン、脳切片におけるニューロンを含む製剤の各種におけるニューロン上で実行し、完全な麻酔または覚醒動物であることができます。要約すると、この技術は非常に興奮性細胞のパッシブとアクティブの生物物理学的特性の理解に貢献してきました。この手法の主な利点は、特定のニューロンの機能またはCを変化させることができる方法の特定の操作（ 例えば 、薬理学的、実験誘起塑性）に関する情報を提供することですリアルタイムでhannels。また、原形質膜の重要な開口部は、特定の細胞内タンパク質の薬物、 例えば 、アゴニストまたはアンタゴニストを導入し、そして隣接セルにおけるそれらの機能を変更することなく、これらのターゲットを操作するための手段を提供し、自由に細胞質中に拡散するための内部ピペット溶液を可能にします。この記事では、脳切片におけるニューロンの生理学的に関連する文脈で、 すなわち 、比較的よく保存され、脳の回路内のニューロンを記録するという利点があるの準備を行って全細胞記録に焦点を当てます。具体的には、適切な薬理学と組み合わせたときに、この技術は、このような学習、乱用薬物への曝露、ストレスなどの経験、任意のタイプ以下の発生した特定の神経適応の同定を可能にする強力なツールです。要約すると、脳切片における全細胞パッチクランプ記録は、ex vivoで調製長期的な変化を測定する手段を提供します無傷の覚醒した動物で開発した神経細胞の機能インチ

温度、容易に実験者によって制御される因子は、イオンチャネル及び受容体の生物物理学的特性に影響を及ぼし、それによってシナプス後電流（のPSC）（EPSCと性IPSC）のスパイクを誘発するニューロンの能力の波形は図3 図4は、ニューロン発火とそれぞれ誘発EPSCs（eEPSCs）の傾きに対する温度の効果を示します。発火パターン（ 図3）（1...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Whole-cell Patch-clamp Recordings in Brain Slices at JoVE.com

Whole-cell Patch-clamp Recordings in Brain Slices

このプロトコルは、全細胞パッチクランプ記録を実行するための基本的な処理手順を説明します。この技術は、神経細胞の電気的挙動の研究を可能にし、脳スライスに行ったときに、まだ比較的よく保存脳の回路に集積されているニューロンからの様々な神経機能の評価を可能にします。

脳スライスにおける全細胞パッチクランプ記録

Whole-cell patch-clamp recording is an electrophysiological technique that allows the study of the&#160;electrical properties of a substantial part of the ...

whole-cell-patch-clamp-recordings-in-brain-slices

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

59.3K ビュー.  University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center. このプロトコルは、全細胞パッチクランプ記録を実行するための基本的な処理手順を説明します。この技術は、神経細胞の電気的挙動の研究を可能にし、脳スライスに行ったときに、まだ比較的よく保存脳の回路に集積されているニューロンからの様々な神経機能の評価を可能にします。 

ビデオ: Whole-cell Patch-clamp Recordings in Brain Slices

Patch Clamp Recordings in Inner Ear Hair Cells Isolated from Zebrafish

Patch clamp analyses of the voltage-gated channels in sensory hair cells isolated from a variety of species have been described previously1-4 but this video represents the first application of those techniques to hair cells from zebrafish. Here we demonstrate a method to isolate healthy, intact hair cells from all of the inner ear end-organs: saccule, lagena, utricle and semicircular canals. Further, we demonstrate the diversity in hair cell size and morphology and give an example of the kinds of patch clamp recordings that can be obtained. The advantage of the use of this zebrafish model system over others stems from the availability of zebrafish mutants that affect both hearing and balance. In combination with the use of transgenic lines and other techniques that utilize genetic analysis and manipulation, the cell isolation and electrophysiological methods introduced here should facilitate greater insight into the roles hair cells play in mediating these sensory modalities.

The purpose of this video is to demonstrate procedures for obtaining healthy, intact hair cells from the inner ear organs of adult zebrafish and then using them for patch clamp studies aimed at characterizing the biophysical properties of their voltage-gated channels.

内耳有毛細胞におけるパッチクランプ記録は、単離されたゼブラフィッシュから

Patch  clamp analyses of the voltage-gated channels in sensory hair cells isolated  from a variety of species have been described previously1-4 but this  ...

神経科学

Whole Cell Patch Clamp for Investigating the Mechanisms of Infrared Neural Stimulation

It has been demonstrated in recent years that pulsed, infrared laser light can be used to elicit electrical responses in neural tissue, independent of any further modification of the target tissue. Infrared neural stimulation has been reported in a variety of peripheral and sensory neural tissue in vivo, with particular interest shown in stimulation of neurons in the auditory nerve. However, while INS has been shown to work in these settings, the mechanism (or mechanisms) by which infrared light causes neural excitation is currently not well understood. The protocol presented here describes a whole cell patch clamp method designed to facilitate the investigation of infrared neural stimulation in cultured primary auditory neurons. By thoroughly characterizing the response of these cells to infrared laser illumination in vitro under controlled conditions, it may be possible to gain an improved understanding of the fundamental physical and biochemical processes underlying infrared neural stimulation.

Infrared nerve stimulation has been proposed as an alternative to electrical stimulation in a range of nerve types, including those associated with the auditory system. This protocol describes a patch clamp method for studying the mechanism of infrared nerve stimulation in a culture of primary auditory neurons.

赤外線神経刺激のメカニズムを調査するための全細胞パッチクランプ

It has been  demonstrated in recent years that pulsed, infrared laser light can be used to  elicit electrical responses in neural tissue, independent of ...

Patch Clamp Recordings from Embryonic Zebrafish Mauthner Cells

Mauthner cells (M-cells) are large reticulospinal neurons located in the hindbrain of teleost fish. They are key neurons involved in a characteristic behavior known as the C-start or escape response that occurs when the organism perceives a threat. The M-cell has been extensively studied in adult goldfish where it has been shown to receive a wide range of excitatory, inhibitory and neuromodulatory signals1. We have been examining M-cell activity in embryonic zebrafish in order to study aspects of synaptic development in a vertebrate preparation. In the late 1990s Ali and colleagues developed a preparation for patch clamp recording from M-cells in zebrafish embryos, in which the CNS was largely intact2,3,4. The objective at that time was to record synaptic activity from hindbrain neurons, spinal cord neurons and trunk skeletal muscle while maintaining functional synaptic connections within an intact brain-spinal cord preparation. This preparation is still used in our laboratory today. To examine the mechanisms underlying developmental synaptic plasticity, we record excitatory (AMPA and NMDA-mediated)5,6 and inhibitory (GABA and glycine) synaptic currents from developing M-cells. Importantly, this unique preparation allows us to return to the same cell (M-cell) from preparation to preparation to carefully examine synaptic plasticity and neuro-development in an embryonic organism. The benefits provided by this preparation include 1) intact, functional synaptic connections onto the M-cell, 2) relatively inexpensive preparations, 3) a large supply of readily available embryos 4) the ability to return to the same cell type (i.e. M-cell) in every preparation, so that synaptic development at the level of an individual cell can be examined from fish to fish, and 5) imaging of whole preparations due to the transparent nature of the embryos.

We have developed an intact brain-spinal cord preparation to record and monitor electrical activity via patch clamp recording from the Mauthner neurons and other reticulospinal cells in zebrafish embryos. Thus, we are able to record excitatory and inhibitory synaptic currents, voltage-gated channel activity and action potentials from key neurons in a developing embryo.

胚ゼブラフィッシュマウスナー細胞からパッチクランプ記録

Mauthner cells (M-cells) are large  reticulospinal neurons located in the hindbrain of teleost fish. They are key  neurons involved in a characteristic ...

A Computer-assisted Multi-electrode Patch-clamp System

The patch-clamp technique is today the most well-established method for recording electrical activity from individual neurons or their subcellular compartments. Nevertheless, achieving stable recordings, even from individual cells, remains a time-consuming procedure of considerable complexity. Automation of many steps in conjunction with efficient information display can greatly assist experimentalists in performing a larger number of recordings with greater reliability and in less time. In order to achieve large-scale recordings we concluded the most efficient approach is not to fully automatize the process but to simplify the experimental steps and reduce the chances of human error while efficiently incorporating the experimenter's experience and visual feedback. With these goals in mind we developed a computer-assisted system which centralizes all the controls necessary for a multi-electrode patch-clamp experiment in a single interface, a commercially available wireless gamepad, while displaying experiment related information and guidance cues on the computer screen. Here we describe the different components of the system which allowed us to reduce the time required for achieving the recording configuration and substantially increase the chances of successfully recording large numbers of neurons simultaneously.

Multi-electrode patch-clamp recordings constitute a complex task. Here we show how, by automating of many of the experimental steps, it is possible to accelerate the process leading to qualitative improvement in performance and number of recordings.

コンピュータ支援多電極パッチクランプシステム

The patch-clamp technique is today the most  well-established method for recording electrical activity from individual  neurons or their subcellular ...

Whole-cell Patch-clamp Recordings from Morphologically- and Neurochemically-identified Hippocampal Interneurons

GABAergic inhibitory interneurons play a central role within neuronal circuits of the brain. Interneurons comprise a small subset of the neuronal population (10-20%), but show a high level of physiological, morphological, and neurochemical heterogeneity, reflecting their diverse functions. Therefore, investigation of interneurons provides important insights into the organization principles and function of neuronal circuits. This, however, requires an integrated physiological and neuroanatomical approach for the selection and identification of individual interneuron types. Whole-cell patch-clamp recording from acute brain slices of transgenic animals, expressing fluorescent proteins under the promoters of interneuron-specific markers, provides an efficient method to target and electrophysiologically characterize intrinsic and synaptic properties of specific interneuron types. Combined with intracellular dye labeling, this approach can be extended with post-hoc morphological and immunocytochemical analysis, enabling systematic identification of recorded neurons. These methods can be tailored to suit a broad range of scientific questions regarding functional properties of diverse types of cortical neurons.

Cortical networks are controlled by a small, but diverse set of inhibitory interneurons. Functional investigation of interneurons therefore requires targeted recording and rigorous identification. Described here is a combined approach involving whole-cell recordings from single or synaptically-coupled pairs of neurons with intracellular labeling, post-hoc morphological and immunocytochemical analysis.

Morphologically-と神経化学的に特定し海馬介在ニューロンからホールセルパッチクランプ記録

GABAergic inhibitory interneurons play a central role within neuronal circuits of the brain. Interneurons comprise a small subset of the neuronal ...

Paired Whole Cell Recordings in Organotypic Hippocampal Slices

Pair recordings involve simultaneous whole cell patch clamp recordings from two synaptically connected neurons, enabling not only direct electrophysiological characterization of the synaptic connections between individual neurons, but also pharmacological manipulation of either the presynaptic or the postsynaptic neuron. When carried out in organotypic hippocampal slice cultures, the probability that two neurons are synaptically connected is significantly increased. This preparation readily enables identification of cell types, and the neurons maintain their morphology and properties of synaptic function similar to that in native brain tissue. A major advantage of paired whole cell recordings is the highly precise information it can provide on the properties of synaptic transmission and plasticity that are not possible with other more crude techniques utilizing extracellular axonal stimulation. Paired whole cell recordings are often perceived as too challenging to perform. While there are challenging aspects to this technique, paired recordings can be performed by anyone trained in whole cell patch clamping provided specific hardware and methodological criteria are followed. The probability of attaining synaptically connected paired recordings significantly increases with healthy organotypic slices and stable micromanipulation allowing independent attainment of pre- and postsynaptic whole cell recordings. While CA3-CA3 pyramidal cell pairs are most widely used in the organotypic slice hippocampal preparation, this technique has also been successful in CA3-CA1 pairs and can be adapted to any neurons that are synaptically connected in the same slice preparation. In this manuscript we provide the detailed methodology and requirements for establishing this technique in any laboratory equipped for electrophysiology.

Pair recordings are simultaneous whole cell patch clamp recordings from two synaptically connected neurons, enabling precise electrophysiological and pharmacological characterization of the synapses between individual neurons. Here we describe the detailed methodology and requirements for establishing this technique in organotypic hippocampal slice cultures in any laboratory equipped for electrophysiology.

器官型海馬スライスにおけるペア全細胞記録

Pair recordings involve simultaneous whole cell patch clamp recordings from two synaptically connected neurons, enabling not only direct ...

Electrophysiological and Morphological Characterization of Neuronal Microcircuits in Acute Brain Slices Using Paired Patch-Clamp Recordings

The combination of patch clamp recordings from two (or more) synaptically coupled neurons (paired recordings) in acute brain slice preparations with simultaneous intracellular biocytin filling allows a correlated analysis of their structural and functional properties. With this method it is possible to identify and characterize both pre- and postsynaptic neurons by their morphology and electrophysiological response pattern. Paired recordings allow studying the connectivity patterns between these neurons as well as the properties of both chemical and electrical synaptic transmission. Here, we give a step-by-step description of the procedures required to obtain reliable paired recordings together with an optimal recovery of the neuron morphology. We will describe how pairs of neurons connected via chemical synapses or gap junctions are identified in brain slice preparations. We will outline how neurons are reconstructed to obtain their 3D morphology of the dendritic and axonal domain and how synaptic contacts are identified and localized. We will also discuss the caveats and limitations of the paired recording technique, in particular those associated with dendritic and axonal truncations during the preparation of brain slices because these strongly affect connectivity estimates. However, because of the versatility of the paired recording approach it will remain a valuable tool in characterizing different aspects of synaptic transmission at identified neuronal microcircuits in the brain.

Patch-clamp recordings and simultaneous intracellular biocytin filling of synaptically coupled neurons in acute brain slices allow a correlated analysis of their structural and functional properties. The aim of this protocol is to describe the essential technical steps of electrophysiological recording from neuronal microcircuits and their subsequent morphological analysis.

急性脳スライスにおけるニューロンマイクロ回路の電気生理学的および形態学的特徴は、ペアパッチクランプ記録を使用して、

The combination of patch clamp recordings from two (or more) synaptically coupled neurons (paired recordings) in acute brain slice preparations with ...

Whole-cell Patch-clamp Recordings for Electrophysiological Determination of Ion Selectivity in Channelrhodopsins

Over the past decade, channelrhodopsins became indispensable in neuroscientific research where they are used as tools to non-invasively manipulate electrical processes in target cells. In this context, ion selectivity of a channelrhodopsin is of particular importance. This article describes the investigation of chloride selectivity for a recently identified anion-conducting channelrhodopsin of Proteomonas sulcata via electrophysiological patch-clamp recordings on HEK293 cells. The experimental procedure for measuring light-gated photocurrents demands a fast switchable &#8211; ideally monochromatic &#8211; light source coupled into the microscope of an otherwise conventional patch-clamp setup. Preparative procedures prior to the experiment are outlined involving preparation of buffered solutions, considerations on liquid junction potentials, seeding and transfection of cells, and pulling of patch pipettes. The actual recording of current-voltage relations to determine the reversal potentials for different chloride concentrations takes place 24 h to 48 h after transfection. Finally, electrophysiological data are analyzed with respect to theoretical considerations of chloride conduction.

This article describes how the ion selectivity of channelrhodopsin is determined with electrophysiological whole-cell patch-clamp recordings using HEK293 cells. Here, the experimental procedure for investigating chloride selectivity of an anion-selective channelrhodopsin is demonstrated. However, the procedure is transferable to other channelrhodopsins of distinct selectivity.

チャンネルロドプシンにおけるイオン選択性の電気生理学的測定のための全細胞パッチクランプ記録

Over the past decade, channelrhodopsins became indispensable in neuroscientific research where they are used as tools to non-invasively manipulate ...

Application of Automated Image-guided Patch Clamp for the Study of Neurons in Brain Slices

Whole-cell patch clamp is the gold-standard method to measure the electrical properties of single cells. However, the in vitro patch clamp remains a challenging and low-throughput technique due to its complexity and high reliance on user operation and control. This manuscript demonstrates an image-guided automatic patch clamp system for in vitro whole-cell patch clamp experiments in acute brain slices. Our system implements a computer vision-based algorithm to detect fluorescently labeled cells and to target them for fully automatic patching using a micromanipulator and internal pipette pressure control. The entire process is highly automated, with minimal requirements for human intervention. Real-time experimental information, including electrical resistance and internal pipette pressure, are documented electronically for future analysis and for optimization to different cell types. Although our system is described in the context of acute brain slice recordings, it can also be applied to the automated image-guided patch clamp of dissociated neurons, organotypic slice cultures, and other non-neuronal cell types.

This protocol describes how to conduct automatic image-guided patch-clamp experiments using a system recently developed for standard in vitro electrophysiology equipment.

脳スライスにおけるニューロン研究のための自動画像誘導パッチクランプの応用

Whole-cell patch clamp is the gold-standard method to measure the electrical properties of single cells. However, the in vitro patch clamp remains a ...

Auditory Brainstem Response and Outer Hair Cell Whole-cell Patch Clamp Recording in Postnatal Rats

The outer hair cell is one of the two types of sensory hair cells in the mammalian cochlea. They alter their cell length with the receptor potential to amplify the weak vibration of low-level sound signal. The morphology and electrophysiological property of outer hair cells (OHCs) develop in early postnatal ages. The maturation of outer hair cell may contribute to the development of the auditory system. However, the process of OHCs development is not well studied. This is partly because of the difficulty to measure their function by an electrophysiological approach. With the purpose of developing a simple method to address the above issue, here we describe a step-by-step protocol to study the function of OHCs in acutely dissociated cochlea from postnatal rats. With this method, we can evaluate the cochlear response to pure tone stimuli and examine the expression level and function of the motor protein prestin in OHCs. This method can also be used to investigate the inner hair cells (IHCs).

This protocol describes methods to record the auditory brainstem response from postnatal rat pups. To examine the functional development of outer hair cells, the experimental procedure of whole-cell patch clamp recording in isolated outer hair cells is described step-by-step.

聴性脳幹反応と生後ラットの外有毛細胞細胞パッチ ・ クランプ記録

The outer hair cell is one of the two types of sensory hair cells in the mammalian cochlea. They alter their cell length with the receptor potential to ...