이 연구는 UT 사우스 웨스턴 시작 기금 (SK)에 의해 지원되었다.

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<li>Novak, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Nanoscale-targeted+patch-clamp+recordings+of+functional+presynaptic+ion+channels%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Neuron%22%5BJournal%5D)">Nanoscale-targeted patch-clamp recordings of functional presynaptic ion channels.</a> Neuron. 79 (6), 1067-1077 (2013).</li>
</ol>

저자의 아무도는 경쟁의 이익 또는 충돌하는 이해 관계가 없습니다.

이 프로토콜은 뇌 조각의 뉴런에서 전체 셀 패치 클램프 실험을 수행하기위한 기본 절차를 설명합니다. 그러나,이 기술의 복잡성 전위 감도 완전이 문서에서 설명 될 수 없다. 여기, 우리는 가장 기본적인 단계를 묘사하고 성공적이고 엄격한 전체 세포 녹음을 달성하기위한 제어해야합니다 중요한 매개 변수를 강조하기 위해 노력했다. 더 이론적 인 학습, 많은 책과 기사는 뇌 조각 3,21-24과</su...

패치 클램프 기술은, 1970 년대 후반에 개발 1,2-되었습니다 전기 생리 기술은 실시간 조직에서 단일 또는 다중 이온 채널의 기능을 연구하기위한 기본 툴이다. 달성 될 수있는 다른 패치 구성 중에서, 전체 셀 패치 클램프 기록은 뉴런의 주요부의 전기적 성질의 조사를 허용한다. 고전적으로,이 기술은 시험 관내에서 두 뇌 조각 갓 해리 뉴런 또는 세포 배양 모델 (3)에 행해진 다. 뇌 조각 뉴런에서 수행하는 경우,이 기술은 여러 가지 장점을 제공한다. 특히, (I) 신경 세포는 다소 상대적으로 보존 된 뇌 회로에 기록되고, 세포 배양 용 제제에 비해 3 생리 관련이있는 환경을 제공한다. 이것은 급성 pharmacolog 임의의 유형에 의해 유발되는 세포 및 분자 사건을 초기에 포착, 또는 실시간으로 모니터링 할 수있게iCal의 조작 - 생체 내 조건의 전형적인 사용하여 달성 될 수없는 시간 해상도; 시각적으로 뇌 조각에 뇌 영역을 식별에 (II) 기능은 모두가 형광 마커를 표현 할 때 뇌 영역은 공부에 대한 특정 신경 세포에 대한 높은 지역 특이성 3 수 있습니다; (ⅲ) (세포 내 레코딩을위한 날카로운 마이크로 피펫으로 막을 천공 대조적으로) 원형질막의 상당 부분을 열어 세포의 세포 내 공간에 접근 4. 차례로,이 내부 용액을 구성하는 특정 이온의 함량 또는 농도가 너무 분자 표적을 수정할 또는 셀룰러 메커니즘이 상이한 조건 하에서 조사 될 수 있습니다. 예를 들어, 전체 셀 구성, 특정 약학 제 (예 : 길항제) 설정시 한 기록 마이크로 피펫 (패치 피펫) 용액에 직접 세포질 내로 확산 및 putat에 역할을 추가 할 수 있다는이웃하는 셀들에 상기 타겟의 기능을 변경하지 않고 세포 내 표적 필자. 또한, 마이크로 피펫 날카로운 기록 비교 패치 클램프 전극의 선단에 큰 개구 낮은 저항, 낮은 경쟁중인 잡음 및 셀 (4)의 내부로 더 따라서 전기적 접속을 제공한다. 그러나, 피펫 팁에 큰 구멍이 셀 투석으로 이어질 및 연구 5,6에서있는 생명 현상의 발현에 중요 할 수있다 세포 내 분자 기계함으로써 손실 할 수 있습니다. 이 경우, 날카로운 전극 녹음이 더 적합 할 수있다. 녹음이 유형시켜 세포 내 공간과 내부 피펫 용액의 이온 교환을 최대한 방지 전체 셀 녹음에 사용되는 것보다 훨씬 작은 기공을 가진 마이크로 피펫을 필요로한다. (급성 또는 만성) 경험의 모든 형태를 포함 남용 11,1의 약물에 노출 7-10 학습2 등 응력 13,14은 특정 뇌 영역에서의 신경 기능의 다양한 측면을 변경할 수있다. 이러한 변화는 종종 (일 시간)을 개발하기 위해 시간을 필요로하기 때문에, 특정 경험을받은 동물의 뇌 조각에서 전체 셀 녹음 연구자들은 이러한 변화를 식별 할 수 있습니다. 기본적으로 (모든 경우) 신경 세포의 기능 (예를 들면, 리간드 - 활성화 된 이온 채널 전압 관문 이온 채널, 신경 전달 물질 트랜스 포터)함으로써 뇌 회로 활동 및 동작 환경에 의해 변경 될 수있다 (환경 의존성 참여 요소 많은 소성) 10,15-17. 신경 수준에서 뇌 회로의 활동이 시냅스 사이의 지속적인 상호 작용 (예를 들면, 글루타메이트 전송) 및 고유 세포의 흥분 요인 (예를 들어, axosomato-수지상 이온 채널에서 나온다 : 칼륨, K +, 나트륨, 나트륨 + 칼슘, 칼슘 2 + ). 도 ë을 사용하여 특정 조건에서전자 셀 패치 클램프 전기 생리학 기술, 시냅스 대 고유 흥분의 변화에​​서 특히 발생하는 신호 변경은 분리 될 수있다. 대부분의 경우, 시냅스 흥분성 전체 셀 전압 - 클램프 기술을 이용하여 평가된다. 본 촬영 모드는 α 아미노 -3- 히드 록시 -5- 메틸 -4- isoxazolepropionic 산 수용체에 의해 매개되는 예를 들어, 이온 전류 [의 측정 (허용 AMPA 수용체)와 신경 세포막을 통한 N 메틸 -D- 아스파르트 산 수용체 (NMDA 수용체)] 세트 전압의 막전위 채. 여기에서, 실험자는 세슘을 포함하는 내부 마이크로 피펫 솔루션 (고사 +), K + 채널의 폭 넓은 차단제 (키 고유 흥분 요인)를 사용합니다. 전체 셀 구성의 확립되면, 세포 내 공간에서 고사 +의 확산은 K + 채널을 차단하고, 이에 상대적으로 효율적인 공간 클램프 및 사전을 모두 허용다른 측정치들에 내재 흥분성 요인의 영향 벤트. 불규칙한 모양의 세포 (예를 들어, 신경 세포), 그리고 18, 19 아버 광대하고 복잡한 수지상 특히 신경을 녹음 할 때 공간 클램프의 문제, 즉, 전압 클램프에 어려움 전체 셀은 발생한다. 체세포 전압 클램프 저조한 제어 뉴런의 수지상 트리 전압 때문에, 연구중인 수지상 전기 신호의 다양한 양태는 수지상의 거리에 비례하여 변형된다. (인공 뇌 - 척수액, ACSF) 세포 외 용액에 용해 된 이러한 피크로 톡신 (감마 - 아미노 산, GABA 수용체 길항제) 또는 kynurenic 산 (글루타메이트 수용체의 광범위한 차단제)와 같은 약물 학적 도구와 결합하여,이 기술은 글루타메이트를 측정 할 수 있도록 수용체 -와 GABA 각기 전류를 R은 중재. 대조적으로, 극한의 흥분은 일반적으로 전류 - 클램프 기록 모드에서 평가된다.전압 클램프 기록 반대로, 본 촬영 모드는 신경 세포막에 흐르는 이온 전류에 의한 막 전위의 변화를 측정 할 수있다. 뉴런 나 +와 K + 채널 모두를 필요로 활동 전위를 생성하기 위해 일반적으로 고유 흥분의 변화는 능력의 변화를 통해 평가된다. 현재 클램프 녹음을 수행 할 때 따라서, 가능한 Micropipette는 K + 대신 고사 +를 포함하는 내부 용액으로 채워집니다. 글루타메이트와 GABA에게 ACSF에 용해 된 수용체 매개 전류 차단되는 약물과 결합하여,이 실험 설계 시냅스 흥분성의 전위 변화에 의해 오염되지 않고 신경 소성 본질적인 요인 (예를 들면, K는 + 채널)의 기여를 측정 할 수 있도록 요인. 이 문서에서는 t 기본 필요한 절차 단계를 설명합니다O (I) 건강한 뇌 조각을 제조; (ⅱ) 전체 셀 구성을 달성하고, (ⅲ) 극한 흥분성 시냅스 및 평가하는 기본 파라미터를 모니터링한다.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Isolated pulse stimulus generator</td><td>A.M.P.I</td><td>Master-8</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Isolation unit (ISO-Flex)</td><td>A.M.P.I</td><td>ISO-Flex</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Computer controlled Amplifier&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Molecular Devices</td><td>Multiclamp 700B</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Digital Acquisition system</td><td>Molecular Devices</td><td>Digidata 1500</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Microscope</td><td>Olympus</td><td>BX-51</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Micromanipulator</td><td>Sutter Instruments</td><td>MPC-200</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Chamber and in-line Heater</td><td>Warner Instruments</td><td>TC-344B</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Vibratome Slicer</td><td>Leica&amp;nbsp;</td><td>VT1000 S</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Micropipette Puller</td><td>Narishige</td><td>PC-10</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Imaging Camera</td><td>Q Imaging</td><td>QIClick-F-M-12</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Narishige pipette puller PC-10</td><td>Narishige</td><td>PC-10</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Glass capillaries</td><td>WPI</td><td>TW150F-3</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Slice hold-down (harp)</td><td>Warner Instruments</td><td>64-0255</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Slice Chamber</td><td>Warner Instruments</td><td>RC-26</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Nonmetallic syringe needle</td><td>World Precision Instruments</td><td>MF28G67-5</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Syringe filters</td><td>Nalgene</td><td>176-0045</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Glue Gun</td><td>Home Depot</td><td>various</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Gas dispersion tube</td><td>Ace Glass Inc.</td><td>various</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Decapitation scissors</td><td>Home Depot</td><td>100649198</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Scalpel Handle #3</td><td>World Precision Instruments</td><td>500236</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Small straight sharp tips scissors</td><td>World Precision Instruments</td><td>14218</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Vessel canulation forceps&amp;nbsp;</td><td>World Precision Instruments</td><td>500453</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Curved hemostatic forceps</td><td>World Precision Instruments</td><td>501288</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Economy Tweezers #3</td><td>World Precision Instruments</td><td>501976-6</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Spatula</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>14357Q</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Scooping spatula</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>14-357Q</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Petri dish</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>08-747B</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Filter paper</td><td>Lab Depot</td><td>CFP1-110</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">&lt;strong&gt;Solutions&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">&lt;strong&gt;Cs-Gluconate internal solution (pH 7.2&amp;ndash;7.3, 280&amp;ndash;290 mOsm)&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>D-gluconic acid 50%&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma Aldrich/various</td><td>G1951</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cesium-OH (CsOH) 50%&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma Aldrich/various</td><td>232041</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>NaCl, 2.8 mM</td><td>Sigma Aldrich/various</td><td>S7653</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>HEPES, 20 mM</td><td>Sigma Aldrich/various</td><td>H3375</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>EGTA, 0.4 mM</td><td>Sigma Aldrich/various</td><td>E4378</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>tetraethylammonium-Cl, 5 mM</td><td>Sigma Aldrich/various</td><td>T2265</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Na&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;GTP, 0.3 mM</td><td>Sigma Aldrich/various</td><td>G8877</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MgATP, 2 mM</td><td>Sigma Aldrich/various</td><td>A9187</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">&lt;strong&gt;K-Gluconate internal solution (pH 7.2&amp;ndash;7.3, 280&amp;ndash;290 mOsm)&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>K D-gluconate, 120 mM</td><td>Sigma Aldrich/various</td><td>G4500</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>KCl, 20 mM</td><td>Sigma Aldrich/various</td><td>P3911</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>HEPES, 10 mM</td><td>Sigma Aldrich/various</td><td>H3375</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>EGTA, 0.2 mM</td><td>Sigma Aldrich/various</td><td>E4378</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MgCl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;</td><td>Sigma Aldrich/various</td><td>M8266</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Na&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;GTP, 0.3 mM</td><td>Sigma Aldrich/various</td><td>G8877</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MgATP, 2 mM</td><td>Sigma Aldrich/various</td><td>A9187</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">&lt;strong&gt;Standard artificial cerebrospinal fluid (ACSF, osmolarity &amp;asymp; 300-310 mOsm)&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>KCl, 2.5 mM</td><td>Sigma Aldrich/various</td><td>P3911</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>NaCl, 119 mM</td><td>Sigma Aldrich/various</td><td>S7653</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>NaH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;PO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;&amp;#8226;H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O, 1 mM</td><td>Sigma Aldrich/various</td><td>S9638</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>NaHCO&lt;sub&gt;3,&lt;/sub&gt; 26.2 mM</td><td>Sigma Aldrich/various</td><td>S8875</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Glucose, 11 mM</td><td>Sigma Aldrich/various</td><td>G8270</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MgSO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;-7H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O, 1.3 mM</td><td>Sigma Aldrich/various</td><td>230391</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>CaCl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;-2H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O, 2.5 mM</td><td>Sigma Aldrich/various</td><td>C3881</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">&lt;strong&gt;Additional compounds used for solutions preparation&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>KOH</td><td>various</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Kynurenic acid</td><td>Sigma Aldrich/various</td><td>K3375</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

whole-cell patch-clamp recordings in brain slices

전체 셀 패치 클램프 기록은 신경 세포의 상당한 부분의 전기적 특성의 조사를 허용하는 전기 생리 기술이다. 이러한 구성에서, 마이크로 피펫은 이전에 사용 된 세포 날카로운 전극 기록 방법보다 더욱 정확한 이온 전류 측정 전류 누설을 방지함으로써 제공 세포막에 밀착된다. 고전적으로, 전체 셀 기록 세포 배양 모델 해리 신경 뇌 조각 뉴런 제제를 포함하는 다양한 형태의 신경 세포에서 수행하고, 그대로 마취 또는 웨이크 동물 일 수있다. 요약하면,이 기술은 대단히 흥분 세포의 수동 및 능동 생물 물리학 적 특성의 이해에 기여하고있다. 이 기술의 주요 장점은 조작 (예, 약물은 실험자 유도 가소성)는 특정한 신경 기능 또는 C를 변경할 수있는 방법의 특정 정보를 제공하는 것이다실시간 hannels. 또한 세포막의 중요한 개구 내부 피펫 용액 자유롭게 도입하는 약물, 예를 들어 작용제 또는 특정 세포 단백질의 길항제를위한 수단을 제공하며 인접 셀의 기능을 변경하지 않고 이러한 대상을 조작하는 세포질 내로 확산 할 수있다. 전체 셀 기록에 초점이 문서는 뇌 조각의 뉴런에 생리 학적으로 관련 맥락에서, 즉 상대적으로 잘 보존 된 뇌 회로에 신경을 기록하는 장점을 가지고 준비를 시행 하였다. 특히, 적절한 약리학과 결합 될 때, 이러한 기술은 학습, 약물 남용에 대한 노출, 스트레스 등의 경험 중 어느 방식에 따른 구체적인 neuroadaptations 발생을 식별 할 수있는 강력한 도구이다. 요약하면, 뇌 조각에서 전체 셀 패치 클램프 녹음은 생체 준비를 오래 지속 변화를 측정 할 수있는 수단을 제공신경 기능에 해당 그대로 깨어 동물에서 개발했습니다.

온도 용이 실험자에 의해 제어되는 요소는, 이온 채널과 수용체의 생물 리 학적 특성에 영향을 미치는, 이로써 시냅스 전류 (PSC를) (EPSC 및 IPSCs) 스파이크를 유발하는 신경 기능의 파형.도 3 도 4는 신경 세포에 소성 온도의 영향을 각각 유발 EPSCs (eEPSCs)의 기울기를 나타낸다. 소성 패턴 (도 3)는 초과되어 조정 개구 특정 전압 - 게이트 ?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Whole-cell Patch-clamp Recordings in Brain Slices at JoVE.com

Whole-cell Patch-clamp Recordings in Brain Slices

이 프로토콜은 전체 셀 패치 클램프 녹음을 수행하기위한 기본 절차 단계를 설명합니다. 이 기술은 신경 세포의 전기적 동작의 연구를 허용하고, 뇌 조각에서 수행하는 경우, 여전히 상대적으로 잘 보존 된 뇌 회로에 통합되어 신경 세포에서 다양한 신경 기능의 평가를 할 수 있습니다.

뇌 조각에서 전체 셀 패치 클램프 녹음

Whole-cell patch-clamp recording is an electrophysiological technique that allows the study of the&#160;electrical properties of a substantial part of the ...

whole-cell-patch-clamp-recordings-in-brain-slices

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

59.7K 조회수.  University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center.  이 프로토콜은 전체 셀 패치 클램프 녹음을 수행하기위한 기본 절차 단계를 설명합니다. 이 기술은 신경 세포의 전기적 동작의 연구를 허용하고, 뇌 조각에서 수행하는 경우, 여전히 상대적으로 잘 보존 된 뇌 회로에 통합되어 신경 세포에서 다양한 신경 기능의 평가를 할 수 있습니다. 

비디오: Whole-cell Patch-clamp Recordings in Brain Slices

Slice It Hot: Acute Adult Brain Slicing in Physiological Temperature

Here we present a protocol for preparation of acute brain slices. This procedure is a critical element for electrophysiological patch-clamp experiments that largely determines the quality of results. It has been shown that omitting the cooling step during cutting procedure is beneficial in obtaining healthy slices and cells, especially when dealing with highly myelinated brain structures from mature animals. Even though the precise mechanism whereby elevated temperature supports neural health can only be speculated upon, it stands to reason that, whenever possible, the temperature in which the slicing is performed should be close to physiological conditions to prevent temperature related artifacts. Another important advantage of this method is the simplicity of the procedure and therefore the short preparation time. In the demonstrated method adult mice are used but the same procedure can be applied with younger mice as well as rats. Also, the following patch clamp experiment is performed on horizontal cerebellar slices, but the same procedure can also be used in other planes as well as other posterior areas of the brain.

In this paper we show a method for preparing acute brain slices in physiological temperature, using a conventional physiological solution without special modifications for the cutting (such as adding sucrose) and without intracardial perfusion of the animal before slice preparation.

슬라이스 뜨거운 것이 : 생리적 온도에서 급성 성인 뇌 슬라이스

Here we present a protocol for preparation of acute brain slices. This procedure is a critical element for electrophysiological patch-clamp experiments ...

연구

신경과학

Electrophysiological and Morphological Characterization of Neuronal Microcircuits in Acute Brain Slices Using Paired Patch-Clamp Recordings

The combination of patch clamp recordings from two (or more) synaptically coupled neurons (paired recordings) in acute brain slice preparations with simultaneous intracellular biocytin filling allows a correlated analysis of their structural and functional properties. With this method it is possible to identify and characterize both pre- and postsynaptic neurons by their morphology and electrophysiological response pattern. Paired recordings allow studying the connectivity patterns between these neurons as well as the properties of both chemical and electrical synaptic transmission. Here, we give a step-by-step description of the procedures required to obtain reliable paired recordings together with an optimal recovery of the neuron morphology. We will describe how pairs of neurons connected via chemical synapses or gap junctions are identified in brain slice preparations. We will outline how neurons are reconstructed to obtain their 3D morphology of the dendritic and axonal domain and how synaptic contacts are identified and localized. We will also discuss the caveats and limitations of the paired recording technique, in particular those associated with dendritic and axonal truncations during the preparation of brain slices because these strongly affect connectivity estimates. However, because of the versatility of the paired recording approach it will remain a valuable tool in characterizing different aspects of synaptic transmission at identified neuronal microcircuits in the brain.

Patch-clamp recordings and simultaneous intracellular biocytin filling of synaptically coupled neurons in acute brain slices allow a correlated analysis of their structural and functional properties. The aim of this protocol is to describe the essential technical steps of electrophysiological recording from neuronal microcircuits and their subsequent morphological analysis.

급성 뇌 조각에서 신경 세포의 미세 회로의 전기 생리 및 형태 학적 특성은 페어 패치 클램프 녹음을 사용하여

The combination of patch clamp recordings from two (or more) synaptically coupled neurons (paired recordings) in acute brain slice preparations with ...

Preparation of Acute Brain Slices Using an Optimized N-Methyl-D-glucamine Protective Recovery Method

This protocol is a practical guide to the N-methyl-D-glucamine (NMDG) protective recovery method of brain slice preparation. Numerous recent studies have validated the utility of this method for enhancing neuronal preservation and overall brain slice viability. The implementation of this technique by early adopters has facilitated detailed investigations into brain function using diverse experimental applications and spanning a wide range of animal ages, brain regions, and cell types. Steps are outlined for carrying out the protective recovery brain slice technique using an optimized NMDG artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF) media formulation and enhanced procedure to reliably obtain healthy brain slices for patch clamp electrophysiology. With this updated approach, a substantial improvement is observed in the speed and reliability of gigaohm seal formation during targeted patch clamp recording experiments while maintaining excellent neuronal preservation, thereby facilitating challenging experimental applications. Representative results are provided from multi-neuron patch clamp recording experiments to assay synaptic connectivity in neocortical brain slices prepared from young adult transgenic mice and mature adult human neurosurgical specimens. Furthermore, the optimized NMDG protective recovery method of brain slicing is compatible with both juvenile and adult animals, thus resolving a limitation of the original methodology. In summary, a single media formulation and brain slicing procedure can be implemented across various species and ages to achieve excellent viability and tissue preservation.

Preparation of Acute Brain Slices Using an Optimized N-Methyl-D-glucamine Protective Recovery Method

This protocol demonstrates the implementation of an optimized N-methyl-D-glucamine (NMDG) protective recovery method of brain slice preparation. A single media formulation is used to reliably obtain healthy brain slices from animals of any age and for diverse experimental applications.

최적화 된 N를 사용 하 여 급성 뇌 조각의 준비-메 틸-D-glucamine 보호 복구 방법

This protocol is a practical guide to the N-methyl-D-glucamine (NMDG) protective recovery method of brain slice preparation. Numerous recent studies have ...

Slice Patch Clamp Technique for Analyzing Learning-Induced Plasticity

The slice patch clamp technique is a powerful tool for investigating learning-induced neural plasticity in specific brain regions. To analyze motor-learning induced plasticity, we trained rats using an accelerated rotor rod task. Rats performed the task 10 times at 30-s intervals for 1 or 2 days. Performance was significantly improved on the training days compared to the first trial. We then prepared acute brain slices of the primary motor cortex (M1) in untrained and trained rats. Current-clamp analysis showed dynamic changes in resting membrane potential, spike threshold, afterhyperpolarization, and membrane resistance in layer II/III pyramidal neurons. Current injection induced many more spikes in 2-day trained rats than in untrained controls.
To analyze contextual-learning induced plasticity, we trained rats using an inhibitory avoidance (IA) task. After experiencing foot-shock in the dark side of a box, the rats learned to avoid it, staying in the lighted side. We prepared acute hippocampal slices from untrained, IA-trained, unpaired, and walk-through rats. Voltage-clamp analysis was used to sequentially record miniature excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs and mIPSCs) from the same CA1 neuron. We found different mean mEPSC and mIPSC amplitudes in each CA1 neuron, suggesting that each neuron had different postsynaptic strengths at its excitatory and inhibitory synapses. Moreover, compared with untrained controls, IA-trained rats had higher mEPSC and mIPSC amplitudes, with broad diversity. These results suggested that contextual learning creates postsynaptic diversity in both excitatory and inhibitory synapses at each CA1 neuron.
AMPA or GABAA receptors seemed to mediate the postsynaptic currents, since bath treatment with CNQX or bicuculline blocked the mEPSC or mIPSC events, respectively. This technique can be used to study different types of learning in other regions, such as the sensory cortex and amygdala.

The slice patch clamp technique is an effective method for analyzing learning-induced changes in the intrinsic properties and plasticity of excitatory or inhibitory synapses.

조각 패치 클램프 기술 학습 유도 소성을 분석 하기 위한

The slice patch clamp technique is a powerful tool for investigating learning-induced neural plasticity in specific brain regions. To analyze ...

Evaluation of Synaptic Multiplicity Using Whole-cell Patch-clamp Electrophysiology

In the central nervous system, a pair of neurons often form&#160;multiple synaptic contacts and/or functional neurotransmitter release sites (synaptic multiplicity). Synaptic multiplicity is plastic and changes throughout development and in different physiological conditions, being an important determinant for the efficacy of synaptic transmission. Here, we outline experiments for estimating the degree of multiplicity of synapses terminating onto a given postsynaptic neuron using whole-cell patch clamp electrophysiology in acute brain slices. Specifically, voltage-clamp recording is used to compare the difference between the amplitude of spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents (sEPSCs) and miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs). The theory behind this method is that afferent inputs that exhibit multiplicity will show large, action potential-dependent sEPSCs due to the synchronous release that occurs at each synaptic contact. In contrast, action potential-independent release (which is asynchronous) will generate smaller amplitude mEPSCs. This article outlines a set of experiments and analyses to characterize the existence of synaptic multiplicity and discusses the requirements and limitations of the technique. This technique can be applied to investigate how different behavioral, pharmacological or environmental interventions in vivo affect the organization of synaptic contacts in different brain areas.

Here, we present a protocol for evaluating the functional synaptic multiplicity using whole-cell patch clamp electrophysiology in acute brain slices.

전기 생리학 전체 셀 패치 클램프를 사용 하 여 시 냅 스 다양성의 평가

In the central nervous system, a pair of neurons often form&#160;multiple synaptic contacts and/or functional neurotransmitter release sites (synaptic ...

Hypothalamic Kisspeptin Neurons as a Target for Whole-Cell Patch-Clamp Recordings

Kisspeptins are essential for the maturation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis and fertility. Hypothalamic kisspeptin neurons located in the anteroventral periventricular nucleus and rostral periventricular nucleus, as well as the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus, project to gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons, among other cells. Previous studies have demonstrated that kisspeptin signaling occurs through the Kiss1 receptor (Kiss1r), ultimately exciting GnRH neuron activity. In humans and experimental animal models, kisspeptins are sufficient for inducing GnRH secretion and, consequently, luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulant hormone (FSH) release. Since kisspeptins play an essential role in reproductive functions, researchers are working to assess how the intrinsic activity of hypothalamic kisspeptin neurons contributes to reproduction-related actions and identify the primary neurotransmitters/neuromodulators capable of changing these properties. The whole-cell patch-clamp technique has become a valuable tool for investigating kisspeptin neuron activity in rodent cells. This experimental technique allows researchers to record and measure spontaneous excitatory and inhibitory ionic currents, resting membrane potential, action potential firing, and other electrophysiological properties of cell membranes. In the present study, crucial aspects of the whole-cell patch-clamp technique, known as electrophysiological measurements that define hypothalamic kisspeptin neurons, and a discussion of relevant issues about the technique, are reviewed.

Here, we present a protocol to perform a whole-cell patch-clamp on brain slices containing kisspeptin neurons, the primary modulator of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) cells. By adding knowledge about kisspeptin neuron activity, this electrophysiological tool has served as the basis for significant advancements in the neuroendocrinology field over the last 20 years.

시상하부 키스펩틴 뉴런은 전체 세포 패치 클램프 기록의 표적입니다.

Kisspeptins are essential for the maturation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis and fertility. Hypothalamic kisspeptin neurons located in ...

Establishing a Whole-Cell Configuration through the Patch Clamp Method

Source: Segev, A. et al., <a href="https://app.jove.com/v/54024">Whole-cell Patch-clamp Recordings in Brain Slices.</a>&#160;J. Vis. Exp.&#160;(2016)
This video demonstrates the whole-cell patch clamp technique in a mouse brain slice. This technique establishes a stable connection between micropipette and neuron membrane, which is further disrupted to establish a whole-cell configuration to study the neuron&#39;s health and physiological responses.

Patch Clamp 방법을 통한 전체 셀 구성 설정

All procedures involving animal models have been reviewed by the local institutional animal care committee and the JoVE veterinary review board.
1. Slice ...

JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments

Neurophysiology

Electrophysiology Techniques

Patch-Clamp Recordings from the Dendrite of a Dopaminergic Neuron in a Brain Slice

Source: Engel, D. <a href="https://app.jove.com/v/54601">Subcellular Patch-clamp Recordings from the Somatodendritic Domain of Nigral Dopamine Neurons.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (2016).
This video demonstrates a technique for patch-clamp recording from the dendritic membrane surface. This helps to directly examine the electrical properties of dendrites and underlying voltage-gated ion channels in dopaminergic neurons.

All procedures involving animal models have been reviewed by the local institutional animal care committee and the JoVE veterinary review board.
1. ...

Establishing a Whole-Cell Voltage-Clamp Configuration for Electrophysiological Recordings in Brain Slices

Source: Sunstrum, J. K., et al. <a href="https://app.jove.com/v/59461">Evaluation of synaptic multiplicity using whole-cell patch-clamp electrophysiology.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (2019)
This video demonstrates positioning a fine-pointed pipette near brain slices, forming a seal with a neuronal cell. Suction breaks the cell membrane, thereby creating a whole-cell patch clamp that enables current measurements for electrophysiology experiments.

Brain Slices의 전기생리학적 기록을 위한 전체 셀 전압 클램프 구성 설정

All procedures involving animal models have been reviewed by the local institutional animal care committee and the JoVE veterinary review ...

Automated Image-Guided Patch Clamp Technique for Studying Neurons in Brain Slices

Source: Wu, Q., et al. <a href="https://app.jove.com/v/56010">Application of automated image-guided patch clamp for the study of neurons in brain slices.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (2017).
In this video, brain slices are immobilized in a recording chamber, and cells of interest are located and focused on using a computer-controlled microscope. The automated image processing system then precisely positions a patch pipette to seal the cell membrane and monitor electrical signals.

뇌 절편의 뉴런 연구를 위한 자동화된 이미지 유도 패치 클램프 기법

All procedures involving animal samples have been reviewed and approved by the appropriate animal ethical review committee.
1. System Setup

	Construct ...