Name: neisseria meningitidis infection of induced pluripotent stem-cell derived brain endothelial cells
Uploaded: 2020-07-14T15:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 10 min 12 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Neisseria meningitidis Infection of Induced Pluripotent Stem-Cell Derived Brain Endothelial Cells at JoVE.com

L.M.E.は、A.S-U.に授与された「ヒト病原体による微生物感染を研究するための3D組織モデル」と題されたDFG研究トレーニングプログラムGRK2157によってサポートされています。B.J.K.は、アレクサンダー・フォン・フンボルト財団のポスドク研究員の支援を受けています。さらに、培養におけるiPS細胞-BECの作製における技術支援を行ったLena Wolter氏に感謝します。

<ol>
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S., Greenwood, B., Brandtzaeg, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Epidemic+meningitis,+meningococcaemia,+and+Neisseria+meningitidis.">Epidemic meningitis, meningococcaemia, and Neisseria meningitidis.</a> Lancet. 369 (9580), 2196-2210 (2007).</li><li>Le Guennec, L., Coureuil, M., Nassif, X., Bourdoulous, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Strategies+used+by+bacterial+pathogens+to+cross+the+blood-brain+barrier.">Strategies used by bacterial pathogens to cross the blood-brain barrier.</a> Cellular Microbiology. , (2020).</li><li>Doran, K. 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J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Modeling+Group+B+Streptococcus+and+Blood-Brain+Barrier+Interaction+by+Using+Induced+Pluripotent+Stem+Cell-Derived+Brain+Endothelial+Cells.">Modeling Group B Streptococcus and Blood-Brain Barrier Interaction by Using Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Brain Endothelial Cells.</a> mSphere. , (2017).</li><li>Kim, B. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Streptococcus+agalactiae+disrupts+P-glycoprotein+function+in+brain+endothelial+cells.">Streptococcus agalactiae disrupts P-glycoprotein function in brain endothelial cells.</a> Fluids and Barriers of the CNS. 16 (1), 26 (2019).</li><li>Kim, B. J., Shusta, E. V., Doran, K. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Past+and+Current+Perspectives+in+Modeling+Bacteria+and+Blood&#8211;Brain+Barrier+Interactions.">Past and Current Perspectives in Modeling Bacteria and Blood&#8211;Brain Barrier Interactions.</a> Frontiers in Microbiology. , (2019).</li><li>Martins Gomes, S. F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Induced+Pluripotent+Stem+Cell-Derived+Brain+Endothelial+Cells+as+a+Cellular+Model+to+Study+Neisseria+meningitidis+Infection.">Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Brain Endothelial Cells as a Cellular Model to Study Neisseria meningitidis Infection.</a> Frontiers in Microbiology. , (2019).</li><li>Vatine, G. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Modeling+Psychomotor+Retardation+using+iPSCs+from+MCT8-Deficient+Patients+Indicates+a+Prominent+Role+for+the+Blood-Brain+Barrier.">Modeling Psychomotor Retardation using iPSCs from MCT8-Deficient Patients Indicates a Prominent Role for the Blood-Brain Barrier.</a> Cell Stem Cell. , (2016).</li><li>Lim, R. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Huntington's+Disease+iPSC-Derived+Brain+Microvascular+Endothelial+Cells+Reveal+WNT-Mediated+Angiogenic+and+Blood-Brain+Barrier+Deficits.">Huntington's Disease iPSC-Derived Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells Reveal WNT-Mediated Angiogenic and Blood-Brain Barrier Deficits.</a> Cell Reports. 19 (7), 1365-1377 (2017).</li><li>Stebbins, M. J., Wilson, H. K., Canfield, S. G., Qian, T., Palecek, S. P., Shusta, E. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differentiation+and+characterization+of+human+pluripotent+stem+cell-derived+brain+microvascular+endothelial+cells.">Differentiation and characterization of human pluripotent stem cell-derived brain microvascular endothelial cells.</a> Methods. 101, 93-102 (2016).</li><li>Neal, E. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Simplified,+Fully+Defined+Differentiation+Scheme+for+Producing+Blood-Brain+Barrier+Endothelial+Cells+from+Human+iPSCs.">A Simplified, Fully Defined Differentiation Scheme for Producing Blood-Brain Barrier Endothelial Cells from Human iPSCs.</a> Stem Cell Reports. 12 (6), 1380-1388 (2019).</li><li>Wilson, H. K., Canfield, S. G., Hjortness, M. K., Palecek, S. P., Shusta, E. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Exploring+the+effects+of+cell+seeding+density+on+the+differentiation+of+human+pluripotent+stem+cells+to+brain+microvascular+endothelial+cells.">Exploring the effects of cell seeding density on the differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells to brain microvascular endothelial cells.</a> Fluids and Barriers of the CNS. , (2015).</li><li>Wilson, H. K., Faubion, M. G., Hjortness, M. K., Palecek, S. P., Shusta, E. 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G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+isogenic+blood-brain+barrier+model+comprising+brain+endothelial+cells,+astrocytes,+and+neurons+derived+from+human+induced+pluripotent+stem+cells.">An isogenic blood-brain barrier model comprising brain endothelial cells, astrocytes, and neurons derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells.</a> Journal of Neurochemistry. , (2017).</li><li>Kurosawa, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Application+of+Rho-associated+protein+kinase+(ROCK)+inhibitor+to+human+pluripotent+stem+cells.">Application of Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) inhibitor to human pluripotent stem cells.</a> Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering. , (2012).</li><li>Schubert-Unkmeir, A., Sokolova, O., Panzner, U., Eigenthaler, M., Frosch, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gene+expression+pattern+in+human+brain+endothelial+cells+in+response+to+Neisseria+meningitidis.">Gene expression pattern in human brain endothelial cells in response to Neisseria meningitidis.</a> Infection and Immunity. 75 (2), 899-914 (2007).</li><li>Sokolova, O., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interaction+of+Neisseria+meningitidis+with+human+brain+microvascular+endothelial+cells:+Role+of+MAP-+and+tyrosine+kinases+in+invasion+and+inflammatory+cytokine+release.">Interaction of Neisseria meningitidis with human brain microvascular endothelial cells: Role of MAP- and tyrosine kinases in invasion and inflammatory cytokine release.</a> Cellular Microbiology. 6 (12), 1153-1166 (2004).</li><li>Alimonti, J. 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著者は何も開示していません。

BECとBBBのモデリングには課題があり、一次および不死化ヒトBECは、in vitroでは頑健なバリア表現型を欠く傾向があります。ヒト幹細胞技術の出現により、内皮マーカー、タイトジャンクション発現、バリア特性、他のCNS細胞タイプへの応答、機能的排出トランスポーターなどの期待される特徴的なBBB表現型を保持するiPS細胞由来のBEC様細胞の作製が可能になりました<sup class="xre...

An erratum was issued for:&#160;<a href="https://www.jove.com/t/61400">Neisseria meningitidis Infection of Induced Pluripotent Stem-Cell Derived Brain Endothelial Cells Larvae</a>. The Authors section was updated from:
Leo M. Endres1 
Alexandra Schubert-Unkmeir1 
Brandon J. Kim1,2 
1Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, University of W&#252;rzburg 
2Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama
to:
Leo M. Endres1 
Sarah F. Hathcock2 
Alexandra Schubert-Unkmeir1 
Brandon J. Kim1,2 
1Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, University of W&#252;rzburg 
2Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama

An erratum was issued for:&#160;<a href="https://www.jove.com/t/61400">Neisseria meningitidis Infection of Induced Pluripotent Stem-Cell Derived Brain Endothelial Cells Larvae</a>. The Authors section was updated.

Erratum: Neisseria meningitidis Infection of Induced Pluripotent Stem-Cell Derived Brain Endothelial Cells

血液脳関門(BBB)と髄膜血液CSF関門(mBCSFB)は、循環と中枢神経系(CNS)を分離する非常にタイトな細胞関門であり、主に高度に特殊化された脳内皮細胞(BEC)で構成されています1,2。BECは、多くの毒素、薬物、病原体を排除しながら、脳内外の栄養素や老廃物を調節することで、適切な脳の恒常性を維持しています1,2。細菌性髄膜炎は、血液媒介細菌がBECによって形成されたバリアと相互作用して貫通し、炎症を引き起こすことができる場合に発生します。髄膜炎菌(Nm、髄膜炎菌)は、健康な人の10〜40%の鼻咽頭にコロニーを形成するグラム陰性菌ですが、場合によっては重篤な全身性疾患を引き起こす可能性があります3。罹患した個人では、Nmは血流にアクセスして紫斑病の劇症を引き起こしたり、髄膜炎を引き起こす中枢神経系へのアクセスを得るBECに侵入したりする可能性があります3。Nmは世界中の細菌性髄膜炎の主な原因であり、ワクチン接種の努力にもかかわらず、依然として髄膜炎の主な原因です4。抗生物質治療などの現代の医学的介入により、これらの状態は生存可能になりましたが、髄膜炎に罹患した人は、多くの場合、永続的な神経学的損傷が残ります5,6。
これまでの研究では、Nm-BEC相互作用に寄与する細菌因子と宿主シグナル伝達が特定されています7,8,9,10,11。同定されたアドヒシンや、混濁タンパク質Opc、IV型線毛などの侵入因子、およびCD147などの受容体は、in vitroでさまざまなBECモデルで実施されていますが、これらのモデルには多くの決定的なBBB特性がありません7,9,11,12。Nm-BEC相互作用の完全な理解は、in vivoモデルを利用できないこと、ワクチン接種防御が不完全であること、in vitroで頑健なヒトBECモデルがないことなどにより、依然としてとらえどころのないままです。
in vitroでのhBECのモデリングは、BECのユニークな特性のために困難でした。末梢内皮細胞と比較して、BECは、複雑なタイトジャンクション12による高い経内皮電気抵抗(TEER)など、バリア特性を強化する多くの表現型を有する。一旦脳微小環境から取り除かれると、BECは急速にバリア特性を失い、弱いバリアしか形成しない一次モデルや不死化in vitroモデルの有用性が制限される12,13。Nm感染のヒト特異性、頑健なin vivoモデルの欠如、およびin vitroでのヒトBECのモデリングの課題が組み合わさることで、NmとBECの間の複雑な宿主と病原体の相互作用を理解するためのより良いモデルの必要性が生じています。最近では、モデルヒト人工多能性幹細胞(iPS細胞)技術を用いて、in vivoでBECをよりよく模倣したiPS細胞からBEC様細胞が作製されています12,13,14,15。iPS細胞-BECはヒト由来であり、拡張が容易であり、一次または不死化の対応物と比較して予想されるBEC表現型を持っています12,13,14,15。さらに、iPS細胞-BECは、宿主と病原体の相互作用、ハンチントン病、アラン・ハーンドン・ダドリー症候群の原因となるMCT8欠損症など、中枢神経系の様々な疾患のモデル化に有用であることを実証しています16,17,18,19,20,21.ここでは、再生可能なiPS細胞からiPS細胞BECを誘導する方法と、iPS細胞BECにNmを感染させることで自然免疫応答が活性化する様子を紹介します。このモデルは、他のin vitroモデルでは再現できない宿主と病原体の相互作用を調べるのに有用であり、Nmなどのヒト特異的な病原体との相互作用を調べる場合に特に有用であると考えています。

<table><tbody><tr><td>Accutase (1x)</td><td>Sigma</td><td>A6964</td><td>Enzymatic cell dissociation reagent</td></tr><tr><td>Acetic acid</td><td>Sigma</td><td>A6283</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>All-trans retinoic acid (RA)</td><td>Sigma</td><td>R2625</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Anti-CD31 (PECAM-1)</td><td>Thermo Scientific (Labvision)</td><td>RB-10333</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Anti-Claudin-5</td><td>Invitrogen</td><td>4C3C2</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Anti-Glut-1</td><td>Thermo Scientific (Labvision)</td><td>SPM498 (MA5-11315)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Anti-Occludin</td><td>Invitrogen</td><td>33-1500</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Anti-VE-cadherin</td><td>Santa Cruz</td><td>sc-52751</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Anti-ZO-1</td><td>Invitrogen</td><td>33-9100</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Bacto Proteose Peptone</td><td>BD</td><td>211684</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>b-Mercaptoethanol</td><td>Merck (Sigma-Aldrich)</td><td>805740</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cell culture plates and flasks</td><td>Sarstedt</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Centrifuge (Heraeus Megafuge 1.0R)</td><td>Thermo Scientific</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Class II biosafety cabinet</td><td>Nuaire</td><td>NU-437-400E</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>CO2 Incubator (DHD Autoflow CO2 Air-Jacketed Incubator)</td><td>Nuaire</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Collagen IV</td><td>Sigma</td><td>C5533</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Columbia ager + 5 % sheep blood</td><td>Biomerieux</td><td>43049</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Costar Transwell polyester filters (12- or 24-well)</td><td>Corning</td><td>3460, 3470</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>D(+)-Glucose</td><td>Merck (Sigma-Aldrich)</td><td>G8270</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>DAPI</td><td>Invitrogen</td><td>D1306</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>DMEM/F12</td><td>Gibco</td><td>31330-038</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>DMSO</td><td>ROTH</td><td>A994.1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dulbecco&#039;s phosphate-buffered saline (DPBS)</td><td>Gibco</td><td>21600-069</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Epithelial Volt-Ohm Meter (Millicell ERS-2) with STX electrode</td><td>Merck (Millipore)</td><td>MERS00002</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fe(NO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;</td><td>ROTH</td><td>5632.1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fibronectin</td><td>Sigma</td><td>F1141</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fluoresence microscope (Eclipse Ti)</td><td>Nikon</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Hemacytometer (Neubauer)</td><td>A. Hartenstein</td><td>ZK06</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Human basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF)</td><td>PeproTech</td><td>100-18B</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Human Endothelial Serum Free Medium (hESFM)</td><td>Gibco</td><td>11111-044</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Inverted microscope (Wilovert)</td><td>Hund (Will Wetzlar)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>iPS(IMR90)-4 cells</td><td>WiCell</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Kellogg&#039;s supplement</td><td></td><td></td><td>To prepare 110 ml of Kellogg&#039;s supplement, prepare 100 ml of 4 g/ml glucose, 0.1 g/ml glutamine, and 0.2 mg/ml thiamine pyrophosphate and 10 ml of 5 mg/ml Fe(NO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; and combine the solutions. Filter sterilize and store aliquoted at -20 &amp;deg;C.</td></tr><tr><td>Knockout serum replacement (KOSR)</td><td>Gibco</td><td>10828-028</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>L-glutamine (GlutaMAX)</td><td>Invitrogen</td><td>35050-038</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>LunaScript RT SuperMix Kit</td><td>NEB</td><td>E3010L</td><td>cDNA synthesis kit</td></tr><tr><td>Matrigel Matrix</td><td>Corning</td><td>354230</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Methanol</td><td>ROTH</td><td>4627.5</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MgCl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;</td><td>ROTH</td><td>KK36.1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Micropipettes (Research Plus)</td><td>Eppendorf</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>NaHCO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;</td><td>ROTH</td><td>6329</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Nonessential amino acids (NEAA)</td><td>Gibco</td><td>11140-035</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>NucleoSpin RNA isolation kit</td><td>Machery-Nagel</td><td>740955</td><td>RNA isolation kit</td></tr><tr><td>Pipette boy (Accu-Jet Pro)</td><td>Brand</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Platelet poor plasma-derived serum, bovine (PDS)</td><td>Fisher</td><td>50-443-029</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PowerUp SYBR Green Master Mix</td><td>Applied Biosystems</td><td>A25742</td><td>qPCR master mix</td></tr><tr><td>qPCR film (MicroAmp Optical Adhesive Film)</td><td>Applied Biosystems</td><td>4211971</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>qPCR plates (MicroAmp Fast 96-well)</td><td>Applied Biosystems</td><td>4346907</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>ROCK inhibitor, Y27632 dihydrochloride</td><td>Tocris</td><td>1254</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>RT-PCR thermo cycler (StepOnePlus)</td><td>Applied Biosystems</td><td>4376600</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Serological pipettes</td><td>Sarstedt</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>StemFlex basal medium + 50x StemFlex supplement</td><td>Gibco</td><td>A3349401</td><td>Stem-cell maintenance medium</td></tr><tr><td>Swinging Bucket Rotor (Heraeus #2704)</td><td>Thermo Scientific</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Thiamine pyrophosphate</td><td>Sigma</td><td>C8754-5G</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Trypan Blue Solution, 0.4%</td><td>Gibco</td><td>15250061</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Versene</td><td>Gibco</td><td>15040-033</td><td>Non-enzymatic cell dissociation reagent (EDTA)</td></tr></tbody></table>

neisseria meningitidis infection of induced pluripotent stem-cell derived brain endothelial cells

髄膜炎菌性髄膜炎は、髄膜炎菌(髄 膜 炎菌、Nm)が高度に特殊化された脳内皮細胞(BEC)を貫通することにより中枢神経系(CNS)にアクセスできるときに発生する生命を脅かす感染症です。Nmはヒト特異的な病原体であるため、堅牢な in vivo モデルシステムがないため、NmとBEC間の宿主と病原体の相互作用の研究は困難であり、ネイティブBECを模倣するヒトベースのモデルの必要性が確立されています。BECは、複雑なタイトジャンクションと高い経内皮電気抵抗(TEER)を特徴とする末梢内皮細胞と比較して、より厳しいバリア特性を持っています。しかし、一次BECや不死化BECなどの多くの in vitro モデルは、天然の神経微小環境から除去した後、バリア特性を欠くか、急速に失われます。近年のヒト幹細胞技術の進歩により、人工多能性幹細胞(iPS細胞)から脳様内皮細胞を誘導する方法が開発され、他の in vitro ヒトモデルと比較して表現型コピーBECが優れています。iPS細胞由来BEC(iPS細胞-BEC)を用いてNm-BEC相互作用をモデル化すると、BECバリア特性を持つヒト細胞を利用できるという利点があり、バリア破壊、自然免疫活性化、細菌間相互作用を調べることができます。ここでは、iPS細胞からiPS細胞-BECを誘導する方法と、細菌の調製、感染、解析のためのサンプル採取の方法を紹介します。

ここで説明するプロトコルは、Stebbinsらから採用され、iPS細胞をBBB特性を持つ脳様内皮細胞に分化させるプロセスと、このモデルをNm19,22のiPSC-BECを用いた感染症研究に利用する方法に焦点を当てています。iPS細胞-BECは、適切に分化すれば、TEERで測定した2000 Ωcm2を超えるタイトなバリア特性を示し、VEカドヘリンやCD31(PECAM)などの内皮マーカ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Neisseria meningitidis Infection of Induced Pluripotent Stem-Cell Derived Brain Endothelial Cells at JoVE.com

Neisseria meningitidis Infection of Induced Pluripotent Stem-Cell Derived Brain Endothelial Cells

ここに記述されているプロトコルは伝染のための Neisseriaの髄膜炎 の準備、および他の分子分析のためのサンプル収集を分化させる誘導された多能性幹細胞によって得られる脳そっくりのendothelialセル、準備の主要なステップを強調する。

髄膜炎菌 人工多能性幹細胞由来脳内皮細胞の感染

Meningococcal meningitis is a life-threatening infection that occurs when Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcus, Nm) can gain access to the central ...

neisseria-meningitidis-infection-induced-pluripotent-stem-cell

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

Neisseria meningitidis Infection of Induced Pluripotent Stem-Cell Derived Brain Endothelial Cells

2.3K ビュー.  University of Würzburg. ここに記述されているプロトコルは伝染のための Neisseriaの髄膜炎 の準備、および他の分子分析のためのサンプル収集を分化させる誘導された多能性幹細胞によって得られる脳そっくりのendothelialセル、準備の主要なステップを強調する。

ビデオ: Neisseria meningitidis Infection of Induced Pluripotent Stem-Cell Derived Brain Endothelial Cells

Humanized Mouse Model to Study Bacterial Infections Targeting the Microvasculature

Neisseria meningitidis causes a severe, frequently fatal sepsis when it enters the human blood stream. Infection leads to extensive damage of the blood vessels resulting in vascular leak, the development of purpuric rashes and eventual tissue necrosis. Studying the pathogenesis of this infection was previously limited by the human specificity of the bacteria, which makes in vivo models difficult. In this protocol, we describe a humanized model for this infection in which human skin, containing dermal microvessels, is grafted onto immunocompromised mice. These vessels anastomose with the mouse circulation while maintaining their human characteristics. Once introduced into this model, N. meningitidis adhere exclusively to the human vessels, resulting in extensive vascular damage, inflammation and in some cases the development of purpuric rash. This protocol describes the grafting, infection and evaluation steps of this model in the context of N. meningitidis infection. The technique may be applied to numerous human specific pathogens that infect the blood stream.

Neisseria meningitidis is a human specific pathogen that infects blood vessels. In this protocol human microvessels are introduced into a mouse by grafting human skin onto immunocompromised mice. Bacteria adhere extensively to the human vessels, leading to vascular damage and development of the purpuric rash typically observed in human cases.

微小血管系を対象に細菌感染を研究するためのヒト化マウスモデル

Neisseria meningitidis causes a severe, frequently fatal sepsis when it enters the human blood stream. Infection leads to extensive damage of the blood ...

免疫・感染学

Systemic Injection of Neural Stem/Progenitor Cells in Mice with Chronic EAE

Neural stem/precursor cells (NPCs) are a promising stem cell source for transplantation approaches aiming at brain repair or restoration in regenerative neurology. This directive has arisen from the extensive evidence that brain repair is achieved after focal or systemic NPC transplantation in several preclinical models of neurological diseases.
These experimental data have identified the cell delivery route as one of the main hurdles of restorative stem cell therapies for brain diseases that requires urgent assessment. Intraparenchymal stem cell grafting represents a logical approach to those pathologies characterized by isolated and accessible brain lesions such as spinal cord injuries and Parkinson's disease. Unfortunately, this principle is poorly applicable to conditions characterized by a multifocal, inflammatory and disseminated (both in time and space) nature, including multiple sclerosis (MS). As such, brain targeting by systemic NPC delivery has become a low invasive and therapeutically efficacious protocol to deliver cells to the brain and spinal cord of rodents and nonhuman primates affected by experimental chronic inflammatory damage of the central nervous system (CNS).
This alternative method of cell delivery relies on the NPC pathotropism, specifically their innate capacity to (i) sense the environment via functional cell adhesion molecules and inflammatory cytokine and chemokine receptors; (ii) cross the leaking anatomical barriers after intravenous (i.v.) or intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection; (iii) accumulate at the level of multiple perivascular site(s) of inflammatory brain and spinal cord damage; and (i.v.) exert remarkable tissue trophic and immune regulatory effects onto different host target cells in vivo.
Here we describe the methods that we have developed for the i.v. and i.c.v. delivery of syngeneic NPCs in mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), as model of chronic CNS inflammatory demyelination, and envisage the systemic stem cell delivery as a valuable technique for the selective targeting of the inflamed brain in regenerative neurology.

The transplantation of neural stem/progenitor cells (NPCs) holds great promises in regenerative neurology. The systemic delivery of NPCs has turned into effective, low invasive, and therapeutically very efficacious protocol to deliver stem cells in the brain and spinal cord of rodents and nonhuman primates affected by experimental chronic inflammatory damage of the central nervous system.

慢性EAEを有するマウスにおける神経幹/前駆細胞の全身注射

Neural stem/precursor cells (NPCs) are a promising stem cell source for transplantation approaches aiming at brain repair or restoration in regenerative ...

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>iPS細胞由来HPCを用いた常在性ミクログリアを用いたヒト脳オルガノイドの作製

Derivation of a Human Brain Organoid with Microglia Development

Three-dimensional (3D) brain organoid cultures derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) provide an important alternative in vitro tool&#160;for studying human brain development and pathogenesis of neurological diseases. However, the lack of incorporation of microglia in the human brain organoids is still a major hurdle for 3D models of neuroinflammation. Current approaches include either the incorporation of fully differentiated microglia into mature brain organoids or the induction of microglial differentiation from the early stage of iPSC-derived embryoid bodies (EBs). The first approach misses the stage when microglial differentiation interacts with the adjacent neural environment, and the later approach is technically challenging, resulting in inconsistency among the final organoids in terms of the quantity and quality of microglia. To model brain organoids with microglia to study the early interactions between microglial and neuronal development, highly pure hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPC) differentiated from human iPSCs were incorporated&#160;into iPSC-derived EBs to make brain organoids. Using immunostaining and single-cell RNA sequencing (sc-RNA-seq) analysis, we confirmed that HPCs were incorporated into the 3D organoids, which eventually developed into brain organoids with both microglia and neurons. Compared to brain organoids without HPCs, this approach produces significant microglial incorporation in the brain organoids. This novel 3D organoid model, which consists of both microglial and neural development properties, can be used to study the early interactions between innate immune and nervous system development and potentially as a model for neuroinflammation and neuroinfectious disorders.

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>ミクログリア発生によるヒト脳オルガノイドの導出

We present a protocol to generate a human brain organoid with resident microglia by incorporating Induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) into organoid development.

ミクログリア発生によるヒト脳オルガノイドの導出

Three-dimensional (3D) brain organoid cultures derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) provide an important alternative in vitro tool&#160;for ...

発生生物学

Inducing Meningococcal Meningitis Serogroup C in Mice via Intracisternal Delivery

Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcus) is a narrow-host-range microorganism, globally recognized as the leading cause of bacterial meningitis. Meningococcus is a transient colonizer of human nasopharynx of approximately 10% of healthy subject. In particular circumstances, it acquires an invasive ability to penetrate the mucosal barrier and invades the bloodstream causing septicaemia. In the latest case, fulminating sepsis could arise even without the consequent development of meningitis. Conversely, bacteria could poorly multiply in the bloodstream, cross the blood brain barrier, reach the central nervous system, leading to fulminant meningitis. The murine models of bacterial meningitis represent a useful tool to investigate the host-pathogen interactions and to analyze the pathogenetic mechanisms responsible for this lethal disease. Although, several experimental model systems have been evaluated over the last decades, none of these were able to reproduce the characteristic pathological events of meningococcal disease. In this experimental protocol, we describe a detailed procedure for the induction of meningococcal meningitis in a mouse model based on the intracisternal inoculation of bacteria. The peculiar signs of human meningitis were recorded in the murine host through the assessment of clinical parameters (e.g., temperature, body weight), evaluation of survival rate, microbiological analysis and histological examination of brain injury. When using intracisternal (i.cist.) inoculum, meningococci complete delivery directly into cisterna magna, leading to a very efficient meningococcal replication in the brain tissue. A 1,000-fold increase of viable count of bacteria is observed in about 18 h. Moreover, meningococci are also found in the spleen, and liver of infected mice, suggesting that the liver may represent a target organ for meningococcal replication.

Here, we describe a method to induce meningococcal meningitis through an intracisternal route of infection in adult mice. We present a step by step protocol of meningococcal infection from the preparation of inoculum to the intracisternal infection; then record the animal survival and evaluate the bacterial loads in murine tissues.

インティリカレルナルデリバリーによるマウスにおける髄膜炎球炎血清群Cの誘導

Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcus) is a narrow-host-range microorganism, globally recognized as the leading cause of bacterial meningitis. ...

Differentiation of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells to Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cell-Like Cells with a Mature Immune Phenotype

Blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction is a pathological hallmark of many neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory diseases affecting the central nervous system (CNS). Due to the limited access to disease-related BBB samples, it is still not well understood whether BBB malfunction is causative for disease development or rather a consequence of the neuroinflammatory or neurodegenerative process. Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) therefore provide a novel opportunity to establish in vitro BBB models from healthy donors and patients, and thus to study disease-specific BBB characteristics from individual patients. Several differentiation protocols have been established for deriving brain microvascular endothelial cell (BMEC)-like cells from hiPSCs. Consideration of the specific research question is mandatory for the correct choice of the respective BMEC-differentiation protocol. Here, we describe the extended endothelial cell culture method (EECM), which is optimized to differentiate hiPSCs into BMEC-like cells with a mature immune phenotype, allowing the study of immune cell-BBB interactions. In this protocol, hiPSCs are first differentiated into endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) by activating Wnt/&#946;-catenin signaling. The resulting culture, which contains smooth muscle-like cells (SMLCs), is then sequentially passaged to increase the purity of endothelial cells (ECs) and to induce BBB-specific properties. Co-culture of EECM-BMECs with these SMLCs or conditioned medium from SMLCs allows for the reproducible, constitutive, and cytokine-regulated expression of EC adhesion molecules. Importantly, EECM-BMEC-like cells establish barrier properties comparable to primary human BMECs, and due to their expression of all EC adhesion molecules, EECM-BMEC-like cells are different from other hiPSC-derived in vitro BBB models. EECM-BMEC-like cells are thus the model of choice for investigating the potential impact of disease processes at the level of the BBB, with an impact on immune cell interaction in a personalized fashion.

Here, we describe a protocol, the extended endothelial cell culture method (EECM), that allows differentiation of pluripotent stem cells to brain microvascular endothelial cell (BMEC)-like cells. These cells show endothelial cell adhesion molecule expression and are thus a human blood-brain barrier model suitable to study immune cell interactions in vitro.

ヒト人工多能性幹細胞の成熟免疫表現型を有する脳微小血管内皮細胞様細胞への分化

Blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction is a pathological hallmark of many neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory diseases affecting the central nervous ...

生物工学

Induction of Leptomeningeal Cells Modification Via Intracisternal Injection

The protocol outlined here describes how to safely and manually inject solutions through the cisterna magna while eliminating the risk of damage to the underlying parenchyma. Previously published protocols recommend using straight needles that should be lowered to a maximum of 1-2 mm from the dural surface. The sudden drop in resistance once the dural membrane has been punctured makes it difficult to maintain the needle in a steady position. Our method, instead, employs a needle bent at the tip that can be stabilized against the occipital bone of the skull, thus preventing the syringe from penetrating into the tissue after perforation of the dural membrane. The procedure is straightforward, reproducible, and does not cause long-lasting discomfort in the operated animals. We describe the intracisternal injection strategy in the context of genetic fate mapping of vascular leptomeningeal cells. The same technique can, furthermore, be utilized to address a wide range of research questions, such as probing the role of leptomeninges in neurodevelopment and the spreading of bacterial meningitis, through genetic ablation of genes putatively implicated in these phenomena. Additionally, the procedure can be combined with an automatized infusion system for a constant delivery and used for tracking cerebrospinal fluid movement via injection of fluorescently labelled molecules.

We describe an intracisternal injection that employs a needle bent at the tip that can be stabilized to the skull, thus eliminating the risk of damage to the underlying parenchyma. The approach can be used for genetic fate mapping and manipulations of leptomeningeal cells and for tracking cerebrospinal fluid movement.

インタビセナーリナーリ注射によるレプトメニンゲ細胞改変の誘導

The protocol outlined here describes how to safely and manually inject solutions through the cisterna magna while eliminating the risk of damage to the ...

神経科学

Derivation, Expansion, Cryopreservation and Characterization of Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs) can be differentiated from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) to develop ex vivo cellular models for studying blood-brain barrier (BBB) function. This modified protocol provides detailed steps to derive, expand, and cryopreserve BMECs from human iPSCs using a different donor and reagents than those reported in previous protocols. iPSCs are treated with essential 6 medium for 4 days, followed by 2 days of human endothelial serum-free culture medium supplemented with basic fibroblast growth factor, retinoic acid, and B27 supplement. At day 6, cells are sub-cultured onto a collagen/fibronectin matrix for 2 days. Immunocytochemistry is performed at day 8 for BMEC marker analysis using CLDN5, OCLN, TJP1, PECAM1, and SLC2A1. Western blotting is performed to confirm BMEC marker expression, and absence of SOX17, an endodermal marker. Angiogenic potential is demonstrated with a sprouting assay. Trans-endothelial electrical resistance (TEER) is measured using chopstick electrodes and voltohmmeter starting at day 7. Efflux transporter activity for ATP binding cassette subfamily B member 1 and ATP binding cassette subfamily C member 1 is measured using a multi-plate reader at day 8. Successful derivation of BMECs is confirmed by the presence of relevant cell markers, low levels of SOX17, angiogenic potential, transporter activity, and TEER values ~2000 &#937; x cm2. BMECs are expanded until day 10 before passaging onto freshly coated collagen/fibronectin plates or cryopreserved. This protocol demonstrates that iPSC-derived BMECs can be expanded and passaged at least once. However, lower TEER values and poorer localization of BMEC markers was observed after cryopreservation. BMECs can be utilized in co-culture experiments with other cell types (neurons, glia, pericytes), in three-dimensional brain models (organ-chip and hydrogel), for vascularization of brain organoids, and for studying BBB dysfunction in neuropsychiatric disorders.

This protocol details an adapted method to derive, expand, and cryopreserve brain microvascular endothelial cells obtained by differentiating human induced pluripotent stem cells, and to study blood brain barrier properties in an ex vivo model.

ヒト人工多能性幹細胞由来脳微小血管内皮細胞の誘導、拡大、凍結保存および特性評価

Brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs) can be differentiated from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) to develop ex vivo cellular models ...

Efficient Generation Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from Human Somatic Cells with Sendai-virus

A few years ago, the establishment of human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) ushered in a new era in biomedicine. Potential uses of human iPSCs include modeling pathogenesis of human genetic diseases, autologous cell therapy after gene correction, and personalized drug screening by providing a source of patient-specific and symptom relevant cells. However, there are several hurdles to overcome, such as eliminating the remaining reprogramming factor transgene expression after human iPSCs production. More importantly, residual transgene expression in undifferentiated human iPSCs could hamper proper differentiations and misguide the interpretation of disease-relevant in vitro phenotypes. With this reason, integration-free and/or transgene-free human iPSCs have been developed using several methods, such as adenovirus, the piggyBac system, minicircle vector, episomal vectors, direct protein delivery and synthesized mRNA. However, efficiency of reprogramming using integration-free methods is quite low in most cases.
Here, we present a method to isolate human iPSCs by using Sendai-virus (RNA virus) based reprogramming system. This reprogramming method shows consistent results and high efficiency in cost-effective manner.

Here, we present our established method to reprogram human somatic cells into transgene-free human iPSCs with Sendai virus, which shows consistent outcome and enhanced efficiency.

仙台ウイルスのヒト体細胞からの効率的な次世代ヒューマン誘導多能性幹細胞

A few years ago, the establishment of human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) ushered in a new era in biomedicine. Potential uses of human iPSCs ...

髄膜炎菌人工多能性幹細胞由来脳内皮細胞の感染

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この動画の章

微小血管系を対象に細菌感染を研究するためのヒト化マウスモデル

慢性EAEを有するマウスにおける神経幹/前駆細胞の全身注射

ミクログリア発生によるヒト脳オルガノイドの導出

ミクログリア発生によるヒト脳オルガノイドの導出

ミクログリア発生によるヒト脳オルガノイドの導出

インティリカレルナルデリバリーによるマウスにおける髄膜炎球炎血清群Cの誘導

ヒト人工多能性幹細胞の成熟免疫表現型を有する脳微小血管内皮細胞様細胞への分化

インタビセナーリナーリ注射によるレプトメニンゲ細胞改変の誘導

ヒト人工多能性幹細胞由来脳微小血管内皮細胞の誘導、拡大、凍結保存および特性評価

仙台ウイルスのヒト体細胞からの効率的な次世代ヒューマン誘導多能性幹細胞

髄膜炎菌 人工多能性幹細胞由来脳内皮細胞の感染

要約

さらに動画を探す

この動画の章

微小血管系を対象に細菌感染を研究するためのヒト化マウスモデル

慢性EAEを有するマウスにおける神経幹/前駆細胞の全身注射

ミクログリア発生によるヒト脳オルガノイドの導出

ミクログリア発生によるヒト脳オルガノイドの導出

ミクログリア発生によるヒト脳オルガノイドの導出

インティリカレルナルデリバリーによるマウスにおける髄膜炎球炎血清群Cの誘導

ヒト人工多能性幹細胞の成熟免疫表現型を有する脳微小血管内皮細胞様細胞への分化

インタビセナーリナーリ注射によるレプトメニンゲ細胞改変の誘導

ヒト人工多能性幹細胞由来脳微小血管内皮細胞の誘導、拡大、凍結保存および特性評価

仙台ウイルスのヒト体細胞からの効率的な次世代ヒューマン誘導多能性幹細胞

髄膜炎菌人工多能性幹細胞由来脳内皮細胞の感染