당신이 시작하기 전에 <ol><li> 모든 문화가 25 ° C.에 성장한다 </li><li> HL3.1 해부 버퍼는 사전에 준비 수 있습니다. HL3.1 50 ML의 나누어지는을 가지고하고 얼음에 보관하십시오. </li><li> HL3.1에 ​​신선한 3.5 %의 포름 알데히드의 15 ML을 준비합니다. 그 얼음 보관하십시오. </li></ol> 애벌레 해부 <ol><li> 해부 접시에 감기 HL3.1 한 방울을 넣어. 이것은 쉽게 사용할 수 있도록 동물을 건조하고 기절에서 동물을 유지합니다. </li><li> 긴 집게를 사용하여 떠도는 셋째 instar의 유충을 선택하고 HL3.1의 드롭에 놓으십시오. </li><li> 첫째, minutien 핀을 파악하기 위해 짧은 집게를 사용합니다. 뒷부분 spiracles 사이에 핀을 놓습니다. 동물은 보통 자체를 스트레칭하고 입 후크 근처 유충의 머리에 정면 핀 배치하는 것이 쉽게 핀 멀리 크롤 링을 시도합니다. 길이 동물 내밀 어라. 이것은 당신이 절삭하는 동안 얻을 수 있습니다 노출된 신체 벽의 양을 최대화하는 데 도움이됩니다. 참고 : 먼저 머리를 핀을 선택하면, 동물은 핀 주위의 시신을 포장하거나 어려운 핀 수 있도록 앞뒤로 그 몸에 채찍 수 있습니다. 당신은 일반적으로 HL3.1를 제거하고 다시 멋진 새로운 감기 드롭 동물을 넣어 이것을 카운터 수 있습니다. 양손 잡이 과학자는 단지 동물을 잡고 제자리에 고정하실 수 있습니다. </li><li> 를 사용하여 스프링 가위는 유충의 등의 측면에서 사후 핀 단 앞쪽에 수평 절개를합니다. 절개에 가위 중 하나 블레이드를 삽입하고 유충의 주동이의 끝을 향해 등의 정중선을 따라 수직으로 절단합니다. 동물의 연단에서 오른쪽 핀의 왼쪽 및 수평 incisions는합니다. 참고 : 완성된 결과가 rostrocaudal 축을 따라 유충의 지느러미 측면에 나처럼 보이게한다. </li><li> 장기를 제거합니다. 유충에 HL3.1 여러 추가 방울을 넣어 시작합니다. 이것은 장기가 더 쉽게 제거할 수 있도록 신체의 밖으로 최대 부동 수 있도록합니다. 첫째, tracheal 시스템을 제거합니다. 둘째, 장기의 나머지 부분을 움켜 포셉를 사용하여 그들을 제거합니다. </li><li> 3 단계 동안 시체는 벽에서 왼쪽 및 오른쪽 플랩 플랩을했다. 모두 수직 및 수평 몸을 벽을 스트레칭해야하고 시계 방향 순서로 펄럭를 핀. </li></ol> 정치 25 분 HL3.1에서 3.5 %의 포름 알데히드의 각 동물을 수정. 5 분 두 번 HL3.1에있는 동물을 씻으십시오. 저장 핀을 제거하고 1X PBS를 포함하는 1.5 ML 튜브에 애벌레를 전송할 수 있습니다. 이 이미지를 융합 형광 태그를 사용하여 NMJ를 계획하는 경우 이틀 이내에 이미지가 동물을해야합니다. 당신은 4 ° C. 한 주일에 대한 해부 애벌레를 저장할 수 있습니다 대표 결과 제대로 해부 Drosophila의 유충 몇 가지 주요 구성 요소가 있습니다. 첫째, 하나는 특히 근육, 근육 4, 6, 7을 손상하지 않도록 여분의 처리한다. 이러한 연구에 가장 인기있는 근육이며, 그들이 손상된 경우 등심 준비를 버리고 다른 동물을 해부하다. 둘째, 하나는 동물 maximally 각 근육 NMJ가 구분할 수 있도록 뻗어 있는지 확인합니다.

<ol>
	<li>Jan, L. Y., Jan, Y. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Properties+of+the+larval+neuromuscular+junction+in+Drosophila+Melanogaster.">Properties of the larval neuromuscular junction in Drosophila Melanogaster.</a> J. Physiol. 262, 189-214 (1976).</li><li>Johansen, J., Halpern, M. E., Johansen, K. M., Keshishian, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stereotypic+morphology+of+glutamatergic+synapses+on+identified+muscle+cells+of+Drosophila+larvae.">Stereotypic morphology of glutamatergic synapses on identified muscle cells of Drosophila larvae.</a> J Neurosci. 9, 710-725 (1989).</li><li>Kesheshian, H., Broadie, K., Chiba, A., Bate, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Drosophila+neuromuscular+junction:+a+model+system+for+studying+synaptic+development+and+function.">The Drosophila neuromuscular junction: a model system for studying synaptic development and function.</a> Annu Rev Neurosci. 19, 545-575 (1996).</li><li>Vactor, D. V., Sink, H., Fambrough, D., Tsoo, R., Goodman, C. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genes+that+control+neuromuscular+specificity+in+Drosophila.">Genes that control neuromuscular specificity in Drosophila.</a> Cell. , 73-1137 (1993).</li><li>Feng, . <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+modified+minimal+hemolymph-like+solution,+HL3.1,+for+physiological+recordings+at+the+neuromuscular+junctions+of+normal+and+mutant+Drosophila+larvae.">A modified minimal hemolymph-like solution, HL3.1, for physiological recordings at the neuromuscular junctions of normal and mutant Drosophila larvae.</a> J Neurogenet. 18 (2), 377-402 (2004).</li></ol>

이 동영상에서 보여주 절개 기법은 실험 기법의 다양한 Drosophila의 애벌레를 준비하는 데 사용할 수 있습니다. 형광 단백질 태그가 존재하는 경우, 애벌레가 탑재 바로 몇 군데 있습니다. 그렇지 않으면, immunostaining는 특정 신경 구획을 표시하기 위해 수행할 수 있습니다. 또한, 전기 생리학 쉽게 neurotransmission의 기능을 평가할 수있는 해부 애벌레에서 수행할 수 있습니다. <p class="jove_conten...

HL3 해부 버퍼 : (MM)를 70 NaCl, 5 KCl, CaCl2 0.2, 20 MgCl2, 10 NaHCO3, 5 trehalose, 115 자당, 5 HEPES, pH를 7.3.<br /<br /&gt; Sylgard 분석 해 봅시다 플레이트 : 부드럽게 혼합 (거품을 피하기 위해) 비커에 10시 1분. 페트리 접시 (모든 크기)로 혼합 하거라. SylGard은 37C 배양기에서 하룻밤 치료 수 있습니다.

drosophila larval nmj dissection

<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; 신경근육학 교차점 (NMJ)은 시냅스 개발 및 소성 연구에 사용되는 기존 모델 시스템입니다. 의 널리 사용<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; 모터 시스템은 높은 접근성 때문입니다. 이것은 단일 셀 해상도 분석하실 수 있습니다. 그의 배열 주변 본문 벽 내에 알려져 있습니다 hemisegment 30 근육이 있습니다. 35 모터 뉴런의 총 높은 충실도를 가진 패턴 이러한 근육을 첨부합니다. 분자 생물학과 유전학을 사용, 하나는 유전자 변형 동물이나 돌연변이를 만들 수 있습니다. 그런 다음, 하나는 NMJ의 형태와 기능의 발달 결과를 공부할 수 있습니다. 연구 NMJ에 액세스하려면, 그것은 신중하게 각각의 유충을 해부하다하는 것이 필요합니다. 이 문서에서 우리는 제대로 해부하다하는 방법을 보여줍니다<em&gt; Drosophila</em신체 벽은 그대로 둔 동안 모든 내장을 제거하여 NMJ의 연구&gt; 애벌레. 이 기술은 이미징, immunohistochemistry, 또는 전기 생리학에 대한 유충을 준비하기 위해 적합합니다.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Drosophila Larval NMJ Dissection at JoVE.com

Drosophila Larval NMJ Dissection

이 프로토콜은 해부하다하는 방법을 보여줍니다<em&gt; Drosophila</emimmunohistochemistry 및 / 또는 신경근육학 교차점의 이미징을위한 준비&gt; 애벌레.

Drosophila 애벌레 NMJ의 해부

The Drosophila neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is an established model system used for the study of synaptic development and plasticity. The widespread use ...

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34.7K 조회수.  Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons. 이 프로토콜은 해부하다하는 방법을 보여줍니다 Drosophila 애벌레.

비디오: Drosophila Larval NMJ Dissection

Dissection of Drosophila Ovaries

Drosophila 난소의 해부

연구

생물학

Dissection of Larval CNS in Drosophila Melanogaster

The central nervous system (CNS) of Drosophila larvae is complex and poorly understood.  One way to investigate the CNS is to use immunohistochemistry to examine the expression of various novel and marker proteins.  Staining of whole larvae is impractical because the tough cuticle prevents antibodies from penetrating inside the body cavity.  In order to stain these tissues it is necessary to dissect the animal prior to fixing and staining.  In this article we demonstrate how to dissect Drosophila larvae without damaging the CNS.  Begin by tearing the larva in half with a pair of fine forceps, and then turn the cuticle "inside-out" to expose the CNS.  If the dissection is performed carefully the CNS will remain attached to the cuticle.  We usually keep the CNS attached to the cuticle throughout the fixation and staining steps, and only completely remove the CNS from the cuticle just prior to mounting the samples on glass slides.  We also show some representative images of a larval CNS stained with Eve, a transcription factor expressed in a subset of neurons in the CNS.  The article concludes with a discussion of some of the practical uses of this technique and the potential difficulties that may arise.

In this article we demonstrate how to dissect the central nervous system from third instar Drosophila larvae.

Drosophila Melanogaster에서 애벌레 CNS의 해부

The central nervous system (CNS) of Drosophila larvae is complex and poorly understood.  One way to investigate the CNS is to use immunohistochemistry to ...

Dissection of Imaginal Discs from 3rd Instar Drosophila Larvae

This protocol demonstrates the dissection technique used for isolating imaginal discs from drosophila larvae at the 3rd instar stage. Methods for fixing the tissue after saying and removing the wing, leg, and eye discs are demonstrated directly on a microscope slide for subsequent visualization.

셋째 Instar Drosophila의 유충에서 Imaginal 디스크의 해부

Drosophila Larval NMJ Immunohistochemistry

The Drosophila neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is an established model system used for the study of synaptic development and plasticity. The widespread use of the Drosophila motor system is due to its high accessibility. It can be analyzed with single-cell resolution. There are 30 muscles per hemisegment whose arrangement within the peripheral body wall are known. A total of 31 motor neurons attach to these muscles in a pattern that has high fidelity. Using molecular biology and genetics, one can create transgenic animals or mutants. Then, one can study the developmental consequences on the morphology and function of the NMJ. Immunohistochemistry can be used to clearly image the components of the NMJ. In this article, we demonstrate how to use antibody staining to visualize the Drosophila larval NMJ.

Drosophila Larval NMJ Immunohistochemistry

This protocol demonstrates how to perform immunohistochemistry on dissected Drosophila larva.

Drosophila 애벌레 NMJ Immunohistochemistry

Electrophysiological Methods for Recording Synaptic Potentials from the NMJ of Drosophila Larvae

In this video, we describe the electrophysiological methods for recording synaptic transmission at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) of Drosophila larva. The larval neuromuscular system is a model synapse for the study of synaptic physiology and neurotransmission, and is a valuable research tool that has defined genetics and is accessible to experimental manipulation. Larvae can be dissected to expose the body wall musculature, central nervous system, and peripheral nerves. The muscles of Drosophila and their innervation pattern are well characterized and muscles are easy to access for intracellular recording. Individual muscles can be identified by their location and orientation within the 8 abdominal segments, each with 30 muscles arranged in a pattern that is repeated in segments A2 - A7. Dissected drosophila larvae are thin and individual muscles and bundles of motor neuron axons can be visualized by transillumination1. Transgenic constructs can be used to label target cells for visual identification or for manipulating gene products in specific tissues. In larvae, excitatory junction potentials (EJP&#8217;s) are generated in response to vesicular release of glutamate from the motoneurons at the synapse. In dissected larvae, the EJP can be recorded in the muscle with an intracellular electrode. Action potentials can be artificially evoked in motor neurons that have been cut posterior to the ventral ganglion, drawn into a glass pipette by gentle suction and stimulated with an electrode. These motor neurons have distinct firing thresholds when stimulated, and when they fire simultaneously, they generate a response in the muscle. Signals transmitted across the NMJ synapse can be recorded in the muscles that the motor neurons innervate. The EJP&#8217;s and minature excitatory junction potentials (mEJP&#8217;s) are seen as changes in membrane potential. Electrophysiological responses are recorded at room temperature in modified minimal hemolymph-like solution2 (HL3) that contains 5 mM Mg2+ and 1.5 mM Ca2+. Changes in the amplitude of evoked EJP&#8217;s can indicate differences in synaptic function and structure. Digitized recordings are analyzed for EJP amplitude, mEJP frequency and amplitude, and quantal content.

Here we describe electrophysiological methods for measuring synaptic transmission at the neuromuscular junction of Drosophila larva. Evoked release is initiated artificially by stimulating the motor neuron axons, and transmission through the NMJ can be measured by the postsynaptic response evoked in the muscle.

Drosophila의 애벌레의 NMJ에서 시냅틱 후보를 녹음 Electrophysiological 방법

In this video, we describe the electrophysiological methods for recording synaptic transmission at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) of Drosophila larva. ...

Dissection of Oenocytes from Adult Drosophila melanogaster

In Drosophila melanogaster, as in other insects, a waxy layer on the outer surface of the cuticle, composed primarily of hydrocarbon compounds, provides protection against desiccation and other environmental challenges. Several of these cuticular hydrocarbon (CHC) compounds also function as semiochemical signals, and as such mediate pheromonal communications between members of the same species, or in some instances between different species, and influence behavior. Specialized cells referred to as oenocytes are regarded as the primary site for CHC synthesis. However, relatively little is known regarding the involvement of the oenocytes in the regulation of the biosynthetic, transport, and deposition pathways contributing to CHC output. Given the significant role that CHCs play in several aspects of insect biology, including chemical communication, desiccation resistance, and immunity, it is important to gain a greater understanding of the molecular and genetic regulation of CHC production within these specialized cells. The adult oenocytes of D. melanogaster are located within the abdominal integument, and are metamerically arrayed in ribbon-like clusters radiating along the inner cuticular surface of each abdominal segment. In this video article we demonstrate a dissection technique used for the preparation of oenocytes from adult D. melanogaster. Specifically, we provide a detailed step-by-step demonstration of (1) how to fillet prepare an adult Drosophila abdomen, (2) how to identify the oenocytes and discern them from other tissues, and (3) how to remove intact oenocyte clusters from the abdominal integument. A brief experimental illustration of how this preparation can be used to examine the expression of genes involved in hydrocarbon synthesis is included. The dissected preparation demonstrated herein will allow for the detailed molecular and genetic analysis of oenocyte function in the adult fruit fly.

Dissection of Oenocytes from Adult Drosophila melanogaster

In insects, the oenocytes produce cuticular hydrocarbon compounds. These compounds protect against desiccation and facilitate chemical communication. Here we demonstrate a dissection technique used to isolate the oenocytes from adult Drosophila melanogaster, and illustrate how this preparation can be utilized to study genes involved in hydrocarbon synthesis.

성인에서 Oenocytes의 해부 Drosophila melanogaster</em

In Drosophila melanogaster, as in other insects, a waxy layer on the outer surface of the cuticle, composed primarily of hydrocarbon compounds, provides ...

Dissection and Staining of Drosophila Larval Ovaries

Many organs depend on stem cells for their development during embryogenesis and for maintenance or repair during adult life. Understanding how stem cells form, and how they interact with their environment is therefore crucial for understanding development, homeostasis and disease. The ovary of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster has served as an influential model for the interaction of germ line stem cells (GSCs) with their somatic support cells (niche) 1, 2. The known location of the niche and the GSCs, coupled to the ability to genetically manipulate them, has allowed researchers to elucidate a variety of interactions between stem cells and their niches 3-12.
Despite the wealth of information about mechanisms controlling GSC maintenance and differentiation, relatively little is known about how GSCs and their somatic niches form during development. About 18 somatic niches, whose cellular components include terminal filament and cap cells (Figure 1), form during the third larval instar 13-17. GSCs originate from primordial germ cells (PGCs). PGCs proliferate at early larval stages, but following the formation of the niche a subgroup of PGCs becomes GSCs 7, 16, 18, 19. Together, the somatic niche cells and the GSCs make a functional unit that produces eggs throughout the lifetime of the organism.
Many questions regarding the formation of the GSC unit remain unanswered. Processes such as coordination between precursor cells for niches and stem cell precursors, or the generation of asymmetry within PGCs as they become GSCs, can best be studied in the larva. However, a methodical study of larval ovary development is physically challenging. First, larval ovaries are small. Even at late larval stages they are only 100&mu;m across. In addition, the ovaries are transparent and are embedded in a white fat body. Here we describe a step-by-step protocol for isolating ovaries from late third instar (LL3) Drosophila larvae, followed by staining with fluorescent antibodies. We offer some technical solutions to problems such as locating the ovaries, staining and washing tissues that do not sink, and making sure that antibodies penetrate into the tissue. This protocol can be applied to earlier larval stages and to larval testes as well.

Dissection and Staining of Drosophila Larval Ovaries

How niches and stem cells form during development is an important question with practical implications. In the Drosophila ovary, germ line stem cells and their somatic niches form during larval development. This video demonstrates how to dissect, stain and mount female gonads from late third instar (LL3) Drosophila larvae.

해부 그리고 스테 이닝 Drosophila 애벌레 난소

Many organs depend on stem cells for their development during embryogenesis and for maintenance or repair during adult life. Understanding how stem cells ...

Heart Dissection in Larval, Juvenile and Adult Zebrafish, Danio rerio

Zebrafish have become a beneficial and practical model organism for the study of embryonic heart development (see recent reviews1-6), however, work examining post-embryonic through adult cardiac development has been limited7-10. Examining the changing morphology of the maturing and aging heart are restricted by the lack of techniques available for staging and isolating juvenile and adult hearts. In order to analyze heart development over the fish's lifespan, we dissect zebrafish hearts at numerous stages and photograph them for further analysis11. The morphological features of the heart can easily be quantified and individual hearts can be further analyzed by a host of standard methods. Zebrafish grow at variable rates and maturation correlates better with fish size than age, thus, post-fixation, we photograph and measure fish length as a gauge of fish maturation. This protocol explains two distinct, size dependent dissection techniques for zebrafish, ranging from larvae 3.5mm standard length (SL) with hearts of 100&mu;m ventricle length (VL), to adults, with SL of 30mm and VL 1mm or larger. Larval and adult fish have quite distinct body and organ morphology. Larvae are not only significantly smaller, they have less pigment and each organ is visually very difficult to identify. For this reason, we use distinct dissection techniques.
We used pre-dissection fixation procedures, as we discovered that hearts dissected directly after euthanization have a more variable morphology, with very loose and balloon like atria compared with hearts removed following fixation. The fish fixed prior to dissection, retain in vivo morphology and chamber position (data not shown). In addition, for demonstration purposes, we take advantage of the heart (myocardial) specific GFP transgenic Tg(myl7:GFP)twu34 (12), which allows us to visualize the entire heart and is particularly useful at early stages in development when the cardiac morphology is less distinct from surrounding tissues. Dissection of the heart makes further analysis of the cell and molecular biology underlying heart development and maturation using in situ hybridization, immunohistochemistry, RNA extraction or other analytical methods easier in post-embryonic zebrafish. This protocol will provide a valuable technique for the study of cardiac development maturation and aging.

Heart Dissection in Larval, Juvenile and Adult Zebrafish, Danio rerio

A clear, standardized method for dissection and isolation of the zebrafish heart at multiple developmental stages are described. Annotation and quantification techniques are also discussed.

애벌레의 심장 해부, 소년과 성인 Zebrafish, Danio rerio</em

Zebrafish have become a beneficial and practical model organism for the study of embryonic heart development (see recent reviews1-6), however, work ...

Examination of Drosophila Larval Tracheal Terminal Cells by Light Microscopy

Cell shape is critical for cell function. However, despite the importance of cell morphology, little is known about how individual cells generate specific shapes. Drosophila tracheal terminal cells have become a powerful genetic model to identify and elucidate the roles of genes required for generating cellular morphologies. Terminal cells are a component of a branched tubular network, the tracheal system that functions to supply oxygen to internal tissues. Terminal cells are an excellent model for investigating questions of cell shape as they possess two distinct cellular architectures. First, terminal cells have an elaborate branched morphology, similar to complex neurons; second, terminal cell branches are formed as thin tubes and contain a membrane-bound intracellular lumen. Quantitative analysis of terminal cell branch number, branch organization and individual branch shape, can be used to provide information about the role of specific genetic mechanisms in the making of a branched cell. Analysis of tube formation in these cells can reveal conserved mechanisms of tubulogenesis common to other tubular networks, such as the vertebrate vasculature. Here we describe techniques that can be used to rapidly fix, image, and analyze both branching patterns and tube formation in terminal cells within Drosophila larvae. These techniques can be used to analyze terminal cells in wild-type and mutant animals, or genetic mosaics. Because of the high efficiency of this protocol, it is also well suited for genetic, RNAi-based, or drug screens in the Drosophila tracheal system.

Examination of Drosophila Larval Tracheal Terminal Cells by Light Microscopy

Here, we present a method for light microscopy analysis of tracheal terminal cells in Drosophila larvae. This method allows for quick examination of branch and lumen morphology in whole animals and would be useful for analysis of individual mutants or screens for mutations affecting terminal cell development.

의 검사<em&gt; 초파리</em가벼운 현미경으로&gt; 애벌레 기관 내 터미널 셀

Cell shape is critical for cell function. However, despite the importance of cell morphology, little is known about how individual cells generate specific ...

Dissection and Immunostaining of Imaginal Discs from Drosophila melanogaster

A significant portion of post-embryonic development in the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, takes place within a set of sac-like structures called imaginal discs. These discs give rise to a high percentage of adult structures that are found within the adult fly. Here we describe a protocol that has been optimized to recover these discs and prepare them for analysis with antibodies, transcriptional reporters and protein traps. This procedure is best suited for thin tissues like imaginal discs, but can be easily modified for use with thicker tissues such as the larval brain and adult ovary. The written protocol and accompanying video will guide the reader/viewer through the dissection of third instar larvae, fixation of tissue, and treatment of imaginal discs with antibodies. The protocol can be used to dissect imaginal discs from younger first and second instar larvae as well. The advantage of this protocol is that it is relatively short and it has been optimized for the high quality preservation of the dissected tissue. Another advantage is that the fixation procedure that is employed works well with the overwhelming number of antibodies that recognize Drosophila proteins. In our experience, there is a very small number of sensitive antibodies that do not work well with this procedure. In these situations, the remedy appears to be to use an alternate fixation cocktail while continuing to follow the guidelines that we have set forth for the dissection steps and antibody incubations.

Dissection and Immunostaining of Imaginal Discs from Drosophila melanogaster

The adult structures of Drosophila are derived from sac-like structures called imaginal discs. Analysis of these discs provides insight into many developmental processes including tissue determination, compartment boundary establishment, cell proliferation, cell fate specification, and planar cell polarity. This protocol is used to prepare imaginal discs for light/fluorescent microscopy.

해부하고, 상상 디스크의 면역 염색에서<em&gt; 초파리</em

A significant portion of post-embryonic development in the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, takes place within a set of sac-like structures called ...