방향 조정 데이터를 공유해 주신 Yingtian He에게 감사드립니다. 이 연구는 Canadian Foundation of Innovation 및 Ontario Research Fund(CFI/ORF 프로젝트 번호 37597), NSERC(RGPIN-2019-06479), CIHR(Project Grant 437007) 및 Connaught New Researcher Awards의 보조금으로 지원되었습니다.

생쥐의 광동태 반사 반응 평가: 새로운 고정밀 프로토콜

<ol>
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저자는 상충되는 이해관계가 없음을 선언합니다.

여기에 제시된 OKR 행동 분석 방법은 몇 가지 이점을 제공합니다. 첫째, 컴퓨터로 생성된 시각적 자극은 물리적 드럼의 본질적인 문제를 해결합니다. 물리적 드럼이 공간 주파수, 방향 또는 대비 튜닝8의 체계적인 검사를 지원하지 않는다는 문제를 해결하기 위해 가상 드럼을 사용하면 이러한 시각적 매개변수를 시험별로 변경할 수 있으므로 OKR 동작의 특징 선택성에 대한 체계적...

환경의 시각적 자극에 반응하여 우리의 눈은 시선을 이동하거나, 망막 이미지를 안정화하거나, 움직이는 표적을 추적하거나, 두 눈의 중심와를 관찰자로부터 서로 다른 거리에 있는 표적과 정렬하기 위해 움직이며, 이는 적절한 시력에 매우 중요합니다 1,2. 안구 운동 행동은 건강과 질병의 신경 회로를 이해하기 위한 감각 운동 통합의 매력적인 모델로 널리 사용되어 왔는데, 이는 적어도 부분적으로는 안구 운동 시스템의 단순성때문이다 3. 세 쌍의 외안근에 의해 조절되는 눈은 주로 횡축을 따라 상승 및 하강, 수직 축을 따라 내전과 외전, 전후 축을 따라 내전과 외전, 1,2. 이러한 간단한 시스템을 통해 연구자들은 실험실 환경에서 쥐의 안구 운동 행동을 쉽고 정확하게 평가할 수 있습니다.
주요 안구 운동 행동 중 하나는 광동태 반사(OKR)입니다. 이 비자발적 안구 운동은 망막의 느린 표류 또는 이미지의 미끄러짐에 의해 유발되며 동물의 머리 또는 그 주변이 움직일 때 망막 이미지를 안정화하는 역할을합니다 2,4. 행동 패러다임으로서의 OKR은 여러 가지 이유로 연구자들에게 흥미롭습니다. 첫째, 안정적으로 자극되고 정확하게 정량화할 수 있습니다 5,6. 둘째, 이러한 행동을 정량화하는 절차는 비교적 간단하고 표준화되어 있으며, 대규모 동물 집단의 시각 기능을 평가하는 데 적용할 수 있다7. 셋째, 이 타고난 행동은 매우 가소적이다 5,8,9. 그 진폭은 반복적인 망막 미끄러짐이 장시간 발생할 때 강화될 수 있다 5,8,9 또는 전정 입력2에 의해 유발되는 망막 이미지를 안정화시키는 또 다른 메커니즘인 작업 파트너인 전정 안구 반사(VOR)가 손상되었을 때 5. OKR 강화에 대한 이러한 실험적 패러다임은 연구자들이 안구 운동 학습의 기초가 되는 회로 기반을 밝힐 수 있도록 합니다.
이전 연구에서 OKR을 평가하기 위해 주로 두 가지 비침습적 방법이 사용되었습니다: (1) 물리적 드럼과 결합된 비디오 안구 조영술(7,10,11,12,13) 또는 (2) 가상 드럼(6,14,15,16)과 결합된 머리 회전의 임의 결정. 그들의 응용 프로그램은 안구 운동 가소성의 분자 및 회로 메커니즘을 이해하는 데 유익한 발견을 했지만 이 두 가지 방법은 각각 OKR의 특성을 정량적으로 검사하는 능력을 제한하는 몇 가지 단점이 있습니다. 첫째, 흑백 줄무늬 또는 점의 인쇄 패턴이 있는 물리적 드럼은 시각적 패턴의 쉽고 빠른 변경을 허용하지 않으며, 이는 움직이는 격자의 공간 주파수, 방향 및 대비와 같은 특정 시각적 특징에 대한 OKR의 의존성 측정을 크게 제한합니다 8,17. 대신, 이러한 시각적 특징에 대한 OKR의 선택성 테스트는 시각적 특징을 시도마다 편리하게 수정할 수 있는 컴퓨터화된 시각적 자극의 이점을 얻을 수 있습니다. 이러한 방식으로 연구원은 다차원 시각적 매개 변수 공간에서 OKR 동작을 체계적으로 검사할 수 있습니다. 더욱이, OKR 분석의 두 번째 방법은 식별 가능한 OKR을 유발하는 시각적 매개변수의 임계값만 보고하지만 눈 또는 머리 움직임의 진폭은 보고하지 않습니다 6,14,15,16. 따라서 정량적 검정력이 부족하기 때문에 튜닝 곡선의 모양과 선호하는 시각적 특징을 분석하거나 정상 상태와 병리학적 조건에서 개별 마우스 간의 미묘한 차이를 감지할 수 없습니다. 위와 같은 한계를 극복하기 위해 비디오 안구 조영술과 컴퓨터 가상 시각 자극을 결합하여 최근 연구 5,17,18,19,20에서 OKR 행동을 분석했습니다. 그러나 이전에 발표된 이러한 연구는 충분한 기술적 세부 사항이나 단계별 지침을 제공하지 않았기 때문에 연구자가 자신의 연구를 위해 이러한 OKR 테스트를 설정하는 것은 여전히 어렵습니다.
여기에서는 비디오 안구 조영술과 컴퓨터화된 가상 시각 자극의 조합을 통해 포토픽 또는 스코토픽 조건에서 OKR 행동의 시각적 특징 선택성을 정확하게 정량화하는 프로토콜을 제시합니다. 쥐는 전정 자극에 의해 유발되는 안구 운동을 피하기 위해 머리를 고정합니다. 고속 카메라는 시각적 매개변수가 변경되는 움직이는 격자를 보는 마우스의 안구 움직임을 기록하는 데 사용됩니다. 개별 마우스의 안구의 물리적 크기는 안구 운동의 각도를 유도하는 정확성을 보장하기 위해 보정된다21. 이 정량적 방법을 사용하면 서로 다른 연령 또는 유전적 배경을 가진 동물 간의 OKR 행동을 비교하거나 약리학적 치료 또는 시각 운동 학습으로 인한 변화를 모니터링할 수 있습니다.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>2D translational stage</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td>XYT1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Acrylic resin</td>
			<td>Lang Dental</td>
			<td>B1356</td>
			<td>For fixing headplate on skull and protecting skull</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bupivacaine</td>
			<td>STERIMAX</td>
			<td>ST-BX223</td>
			<td>Bupivacaine Injection BP 0.5%. Local anesthesia</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Carprofen</td>
			<td>RIMADYL</td>
			<td>8507-14-1</td>
			<td>Analgesia</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Compressed air</td>
			<td>Dust-Off</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Eye ointment</td>
			<td>Alcon</td>
			<td>Systane</td>
			<td>For maintaining moisture of eyes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Graphic card</td>
			<td>NVIDIA</td>
			<td>Geforce GTX 1650 or Quadro P620.</td>
			<td>For generating single screen among three monitors</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Heating pad</td>
			<td>Kent Scientific</td>
			<td>HTP-1500</td>
			<td>For maintaining body temperature</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>High-speed infrared (IR) camera</td>
			<td>Teledyne Dalsa</td>
			<td>G3-GM12-M0640</td>
			<td>For recording eye rotation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>IR LED</td>
			<td>Digikey</td>
			<td>PDI-E803-ND</td>
			<td>For CR reference and the illumination of the eye</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>IR mirror</td>
			<td>Edmund optics</td>
			<td>64-471</td>
			<td>For reflecting image of eye</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isoflurane</td>
			<td>FRESENIUS KABI</td>
			<td>CP0406V2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Labview</td>
			<td>National instruments</td>
			<td>version 2014</td>
			<td>eye tracking</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lactated ringer</td>
			<td>BAXTER</td>
			<td>JB2324</td>
			<td>Water and energy supply</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lidocaine and epinephrine mix</td>
			<td>Dentsply Sirona</td>
			<td>82215-1</td>
			<td>XYLOCAINE. Local anesthesia</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Luminance Meter</td>
			<td>Konica Minolta</td>
			<td>LS-150</td>
			<td>for calibration of monitors</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Matlab</td>
			<td>MathWorks</td>
			<td>version xxx</td>
			<td>analysis of eye movements</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Meyhoefer Curette</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td>501773</td>
			<td>For scraping skull and removing fascia</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microscope calibration slide</td>
			<td>Amscope</td>
			<td>MR095</td>
			<td>to measure the magnification of video-oculography</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Monitors</td>
			<td>Acer&#160;</td>
			<td>B247W</td>
			<td>Visual stimulation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Neutral density filter</td>
			<td>Lee filters</td>
			<td>299</td>
			<td>to generate scotopic visual stimulation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nigh vision goggle</td>
			<td>Alpha optics</td>
			<td>AO-3277</td>
			<td>for scotopic OKR</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Photodiode</td>
			<td>Digikey</td>
			<td>TSL254-R-LF-ND</td>
			<td>to synchronize visual stimulation and video-oculography</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pilocarpine hydrochloride</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P6503</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Post</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td>TR1.5</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Post holder</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td>PH1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PsychoPy</td>
			<td>open source software</td>
			<td>version xxx</td>
			<td>visual stimulation toolkit</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scissor</td>
			<td>RWD</td>
			<td>S12003-09</td>
			<td>For skin removal</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Superglue</td>
			<td>Krazy Glue</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Type: All purpose. For adhering headplate on the skull</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

quantification of visual feature selectivity of the optokinetic reflex in mice

광동태 반사(OKR)는 시각 환경의 전체적인 움직임에 의해 유발되고 망막 이미지를 안정화하는 역할을 하는 필수적인 타고난 안구 운동입니다. OKR의 중요성과 견고성으로 인해 OKR은 시각 운동 학습을 연구하고 다양한 유전적 배경, 연령 및 약물 치료를 가진 마우스의 시각 기능을 평가하는 데 사용되었습니다. 여기에서는 머리 고정 마우스의 OKR 응답을 높은 정확도로 평가하는 절차를 소개합니다. 머리 고정은 전정 자극이 안구 운동에 미치는 영향을 배제할 수 있으므로 시각적 움직임에 의해서만 유발되는 안구 운동을 측정할 수 있습니다. OKR은 가상 드럼 시스템에 의해 유도되며, 3개의 컴퓨터 모니터에 표시되는 수직 격자가 진동 방식으로 수평으로 또는 일정한 속도로 단방향으로 드리프트됩니다. 이 가상 현실 시스템을 통해 공간 주파수, 시간/진동 주파수, 대비, 휘도 및 격자 방향과 같은 시각적 매개변수를 체계적으로 변경하고 시각적 특징 선택성의 튜닝 곡선을 정량화할 수 있습니다. 고속 적외선 비디오 안과 조영술은 안구 운동의 궤적을 정확하게 측정합니다. 개별 쥐의 눈은 다양한 연령, 성별 및 유전적 배경을 가진 동물 간의 OKR을 비교할 수 있는 기회를 제공하도록 보정됩니다. 이 기술의 정량적 능력을 통해 이 행동이 노화, 감각 경험 또는 운동 학습으로 인해 소성적으로 적응할 때 OKR의 변화를 감지할 수 있습니다. 따라서 이 기술은 안구 행동의 가소성을 조사하는 데 사용되는 도구 레퍼토리에 귀중한 추가 기능을 제공합니다.

In response to visual stimuli in the environment, our eyes move to shift our gaze, stabilize retinal images, track moving targets, or align the foveae of two eyes with targets located at different distances from the observer, which are vital to proper vision1,2. Oculomotor behaviors have been widely used as attractive models of sensorimotor integration to understand the neural circuits in health and disease, at least partly because of the simplicity of the oculomotor system3. Controlled by three pairs of extraocular muscles, the eye rotates in the socket primarily around three corresponding axes: elevation and depression along the transverse axis, adduction and abduction along the vertical axis, and intorsion and extorsion along the anteroposterior axis1,2. Such a simple system allows researchers to evaluate the oculomotor behaviors of mice easily and accurately in a lab environment.
One prime oculomotor behavior is the optokinetic reflex (OKR). This involuntary eye movement is triggered by slow drifts or slips of images on the retina and serves to stabilize retinal images as an animal&#39;s head or its surroundings move2,4. The OKR, as a behavioral paradigm, is interesting to researchers for several reasons. First, it can be stimulated reliably and quantified accurately5,6. Second, the procedures of quantifying this behavior are relatively simple and standardized and can be applied to evaluate the visual functions of a large cohort of animals7. Third, this innate behavior is highly plastic5,8,9. Its amplitude can be potentiated when repetitive retinal slips occur for a long time5,8,9, or when its working partner vestibular ocular reflex (VOR), another mechanism of stabilizing retinal images triggered by vestibular input2, is impaired5. These experimental paradigms of OKR potentiation empower researchers to unveil the circuit basis underlying oculomotor learning.
Two non-invasive methods have primarily been used to evaluate the OKR in previous studies: (1) video-oculography combined with a physical drum7,10,11,12,13 or (2) arbitrary determination of head turns combined with a virtual drum6,14,15,16. Although their applications have made fruitful discoveries in understanding the molecular and circuit mechanisms of oculomotor plasticity, these two methods each have some drawbacks which limit their powers in quantitatively examining the properties of the OKR. First, physical drums, with printed patterns of black and white stripes or dots, do not allow easy and quick changes of visual patterns, which largely restricts the measurement of the dependence of the OKR on certain visual features, such as spatial frequency, direction, and contrast of moving gratings8,17. Instead, tests of the selectivity of the OKR to these visual features can benefit from computerized visual stimulation, in which visual features can be conveniently modified from trial to trial. In this way, researchers can systematically examine the OKR behavior in the multi-dimensional visual parameter space. Moreover, the second method of the OKR assay reports only the thresholds of visual parameters that trigger discernible OKRs, but not the amplitudes of eye or head movements6, 14,15,16. The lack of quantitative power thus prevents analyzing the shape of tuning curves and the preferred visual features, or detecting subtle differences between individual mice in normal and pathological conditions. To overcome the above limitations, video-oculography and computerized virtual visual stimulation had been combined to assay the OKR behavior in recent studies5,17,18,19,20. However, these previously published studies did not provide enough technical details or step-by-step instructions, and consequently it is still challenging for researchers to establish such an OKR test for their own research.
Here, we present a protocol to precisely quantify the visual feature selectivity of OKR behavior under photopic or scotopic conditions with the combination of video-oculography and computerized virtual visual stimulation. Mice are head-fixed to avoid the eye movement evoked by vestibular stimulation. A high-speed camera is used to record the ocular movements from mice viewing moving gratings with changing visual parameters. The physical size of the eyeballs of individual mice is calibrated to ensure the accuracy of deriving the angle of eye movements21. This quantitative method allows comparing OKR behavior between animals of different ages or genetic backgrounds, or monitoring its change caused by pharmacological treatments or visual-motor learning.

저자 스포트라이트: 생쥐에서 광학 동태 반사의 시각적 특징 선택성을 연구하기 위한 정확하고 정량적인 접근 방식 

생쥐에서 광동태 반사의 시각적 특징 선택성 정량화

We're interested in the capacity of retinal system in health and disease mouse model. Currently, we are using optokinetic reflex or OKR insured, which is our involuntary eye movement that serves to stabilize retinal images to understand how the retinal system contributes to the adaptive plasticity in retinal innate behaviors. OKR model studies have advanced our understanding of innate behavior plasticity by demonstrating that prolonged retinal stimulation or impaired by similar ocular reflex can increase the behavior amplitude.And by investigating the underlying molecular synaptic and secretory mechanisms. We combined video oculargraphy and computerized virtual visual stimulation to precisely quantify the OKR behavior invokes by truncating with freely changing parameters. This procedure is relatively simple and can be standardized to accommodate large scale studies.Our protocol accurately analyzes to include shapes and prefer visual features, detects subtle differences in normal and pathological conditions, and also can monitor changes in OKR due to pharmacological treatments or visual motor learning. The high precision and the quantitative power make it possible to compare repetitive OKR measurements of the same eyes in longitudinal studies and their different pharmacological treatments or under neurosurpreterations. It also provides opportunities to study the neurosurpres and the circuit mechanisms of OKR plasticity.

위에서 자세히 설명한 절차를 통해 여러 시각적 기능에 대한 OKR의 종속성을 평가했습니다. 여기에 표시된 예제 추적은 보충 코딩 파일 1에 제공된 분석 코드를 사용하여 파생되었으며, 예제 추적 원시 파일은 보충 코딩 파일 2에서 찾을 수 있습니다. 드럼 격자가 정현파 궤적(0.4Hz)으로 표류할 때 동물의 눈은 유사한 진동 방식으로 격자의 움직임을 자동으로 따라갔으며(<st...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about An Accurate and Quantitative Approach to Study Visual Feature Selectivity of the Optokinetic Reflex in Mice at JoVE.com

여기에서는 광동태 반사를 정량화하기 위한 표준 프로토콜을 설명합니다. 가상 드럼 자극과 비디오 안구 촬영을 결합하여 동작의 특징 선택성과 적응 가소성을 정확하게 평가할 수 있습니다.

The optokinetic reflex (OKR) is an essential innate eye movement that is triggered by the global motion of the visual environment and serves to stabilize ...

우리는 건강 및 질병 마우스 모델에서 망막 시스템의 용량에 관심이 있습니다. 현재 우리는 망막 시스템이 망막 선천적 행동의 적응 가소성에 어떻게 기여하는지 이해하기 위해 망막 이미지를 안정화하는 역할을 하는 비자발적 안구 운동인 광동태 반사 또는 OKR 보험을 사용하고 있습니다. OKR 모델 연구는 장기간의 망막 자극 또는 유사한 안구 반사에 의한 손상이 행동 진폭을 증가시킬 수 있음을 입증함으로써 타고난 행동 가소성에 대한 이해를 발전시켰습니다.그리고 근본적인 분자 시냅스와 분비 메커니즘을 조사합니다. 비디오 안구 촬영과 컴퓨터화된 가상 시각적 자극을 결합하여 자유롭게 변화하는 매개변수로 잘라내어 OKR 동작 호출을 정확하게 정량화했습니다. 이 절차는 비교적 간단하며 대규모 연구를 수용하도록 표준화할 수 있습니다.당사의 프로토콜은 모양과 선호하는 시각적 특징을 포함하도록 정확하게 분석하고, 정상 및 병리학적 상태의 미묘한 차이를 감지하며, 약물 치료 또는 시각 운동 학습으로 인한 OKR의 변화를 모니터링할 수 있습니다. 높은 정밀도와 정량적 능력을 통해 종단 연구와 다른 약리학적 치료 또는 신경 초가증 하에서 동일한 눈의 반복적인 OKR 측정을 비교할 수 있습니다. 또한 신경서프레와 OKR 가소성의 회로 메커니즘을 연구할 수 있는 기회를 제공합니다.

quantification-visual-feature-selectivity-optokinetic-reflex

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Quantification of Visual Feature Selectivity of the Optokinetic Reflex in Mice

1.3K 조회수.  University of Toronto Mississauga. 우리는 건강 및 질병 마우스 모델에서 망막 시스템의 용량에 관심이 있습니다. 현재 우리는 망막 시스템이 망막 선천적 행동의 적응 가소성에 어떻게 기여하는지 이해하기 위해 망막 이미지를 안정화하는 역할을 하는 비자발적 안구 운동인 광동태 반사 또는 OKR 보험을 사용하고 있습니다. OKR 모델 연구는 장기간의 망막 자극 또는 유사한 안구 반사에 의한 손상이 행동 진폭?...

비디오: 저자 스포트라이트: 생쥐에서 광학 동태 반사의 시각적 특징 선택성을 연구하기 위한 정확하고 정량적인 접근 방식 

The optokinetic reflex (OKR) is an essential innate eye movement that is triggered by the global motion of the visual environment and serves to stabilize retinal images. Due to its importance and robustness, the OKR has been used to study visual-motor learning and to evaluate the visual functions of mice with different genetic backgrounds, ages, and drug treatments. Here, we introduce a procedure for evaluating OKR responses of head-fixed mice with high accuracy. Head fixation can rule out the contribution of vestibular stimulation on eye movements, making it possible to measure eye movements triggered only by visual motion. The OKR is elicited by a virtual drum system, in which a vertical grating presented on three computer monitors drifts horizontally in an oscillatory manner or unidirectionally at a constant velocity. With this virtual reality system, we can systematically change visual parameters like spatial frequency, temporal/oscillation frequency, contrast, luminance, and the direction of gratings, and quantify tuning curves of visual feature selectivity. High-speed infrared video-oculography ensures accurate measurement of the trajectory of eye movements. The eyes of individual mice are calibrated to provide opportunities to compare the OKRs between animals of different ages, genders, and genetic backgrounds. The quantitative power of this technique allows it to detect changes in the OKR when this behavior plastically adapts due to aging, sensory experience, or motor learning; thus, it makes this technique a valuable addition to the repertoire of tools used to investigate the plasticity of ocular behaviors.

Here, we describe a standard protocol for quantifying the optokinetic reflex. It combines virtual drum stimulation and video-oculography, and thus allows precise evaluation of the feature selectivity of the behavior and its adaptive plasticity.

연구

신경과학

Implantation of a Head Bar on Top of the Mouse Skull

After anesthetizing the mouse, place it on a heating pad to maintain its body temperature. Apply a layer of lubricant eye ointment to both eyes and cover them with aluminum foil to protect them from light illumination. Then inject carprofen subcutaneously at a dose of 20 milligrams per kilogram to reduce the pain.Wet the fur on top of the skull with 4%chlorhexidine gluconate and shave the area. Disinfect the exposed scalp twice using 70%isopropyl alcohol and chlorhexidine alcohol. Next, inject bupivacaine subcutaneously at the incision site.Then remove the scalp with scissors to expose the dorsal surface of the skull, including the posterior frontal bone, parietal bone and interparietal bone. Apply several drops of 1%lidocaine and one to 100, 000 epinephrine on the exposed skull to reduce local pain and bleeding. Then scrape the skull with a Meyhoefer curette to remove the fascia, and clean it with PBS.Gently blow compressed air onto the skull surface until the moisture is gone and the bone turns whitish. Then apply a thin layer of super glue to the exposed surface of the skull, including the edge of the cut scalp. Followed by a layer of acrylic resin.Now place a stainless-steel head bar along the midline on top of the skull. And apply more acrylic resin, starting from the edge of the head bar, until its base is completely embedded in the acrylic resin. Wait for about 15 minutes until the acrylic resin hardens.Subcutaneously inject one milliliter of lactated Ringer's solution. Then return the mouse to a cage placed on a heating pad until the animal is fully mobile.

쥐 두개골 위에 헤드 바 이식

Calibration of Mouse Eye Movements

After setting up the virtual drum and video oculography, fix the animal's head on a customized stage. Adjust the tilt of the head so that the left and right eyes are leveled and the nasal and temporal corners of the eyes are aligned horizontally. Transfer the stage with the head-fixed animal to the center of the enclosure formed by the three monitors.Open the eye tracking software and click Free run. Then, click the Run button to turn on the camera. Adjust the position of the right eye until it appears at the center of the video.Rotate the camera arm to the left extreme end. Then, manually move the animal's right eye position on the horizontal plane perpendicular to the optical axis with fine adjustment of the 2D translational stage until the X-corneal reflection is at the horizontal center of the image. Now rotate the camera arm to the other end, and if the X-corneal reflection runs away from the center of the image, move the right eye along the optical axis with the fine adjustment until the X-corneal reflection comes to the center.Repeat several times until the X-corneal reflection stays in the center when the camera arm swings left and right. Click on the Calibration button and then the Run button. Turn on the Y-corneal reflection LED and record its position on the video.Then, switch to the X-corneal reflection LED and record its position. To measure the radius of pupil rotation, rotate the camera arm to the left end. Record the positions of the pupil and X-corneal reflection on the video by right-clicking the mouse, then rotate the camera arm to the right end.Record the positions of the pupil and X-corneal reflection on the video. Based on the recorded values, calculate the radius of pupil rotation, Rp, using this formula. To develop the relationship between pupil rotation and pupil diameter, adjust the luminance of the monitors from 0 to 160 candela per square meter to control the pupil size, and record the pupil diameter for each luminance value.For each luminance value, measure the radius of pupil rotation 8 to 10 times and record the diameter of the pupil. Then, use linear regression to analyze the relationship between the radius of pupil rotation, Rp, and pupil diameter, and to derive the slope and intercept of the linear model.

쥐의 눈 움직임 보정

Recording Eye Movements of the Optokinetic Reflex (OKR)

After fixing the head of the mouse in the rig and calibrating the eye movements, lock the camera arm at the central position. Run the visual stimulation and eye tracking software. For photopic OKR measurement, ensure the drum grating oscillates horizontally with a sinusoidal trajectory.For scotopic OKR, to achieve scotopic visual stimulation, cover the screen of each monitor with a customized filter made of five layers of 1.2 neutral density film, and turn the room light off. Apply one drop of pilocarpine solution to the right eye, and wait 15 minutes to shrink the pupil to a proper size for eye tracking under the scotopic condition. Ensure the drop stays on the eye and is not wiped away by the mouse.Afterward, rinse the right eye with saline to thoroughly wash away the pilocarpine solution. Finally, pull down the curtain to completely seal the enclosure, which prevents stray light from interfering with the scotopic vision. Run the visual stimulation and the eye tracking software.For scotopic OKR measurement, ensure the drum grating drifts at a constant velocity from left to right, the temporonasal direction about the left eye. The OKR gain varied with the values of spatial frequency, oscillation frequency, and the direction of movement grating. The spatial frequency tuning curve of the OKR behavior peaked at an intermediate spatial frequency of 0.16 cycles per degree.The oscillation frequency tuning curve monotonically declined as the oscillation frequency of the drum grating increased. The horizontal OKR could also be induced by gratings moving in different directions, but the strongest horizontal OKR behavior was elicited by the temporonasal motion. Following 45 minutes of continuous OKR stimulation, the amplitude of the OKR behavior was significantly potentiated.