우리는 비디오 사운드 트랙 녹음, 전투 편대 - EGFP 플라스미드 준비 3D 애니메이션 박사 피터 Blaesse에 대한 이반 Molotkov와 관련하여 도움이 예카 Karelina 감사합니다. 작품은 핀란드의 국제 이동성, 핀란드어 문화 재단과 핀란드의 아카데미의 센터에서 부여에 의해 지원되었다.

1. 소개 유전자 변형 동물의 창조 동물 1 생활과 무너지고 질병 메커니즘 2,3뿐만 아니라 세포 4 속성을 조작을위한 유전자 기능 조사의 강력한 방법입니다. 그러나, 절차 따라서 이러한 바이러스 주사 5, electroporation 6과 utero electroporation 7,8에서 신생아 심실 주입과 같은 다른 유전자 전달 방법의 사용을 warranting, 매우 시간이 소요되고 비용이 상당히 힘드는입니다. ; 관심 지역의 지역 표현식 패턴을 만들 가능성, 비 철새 세포 유형의 현장 transfection에, 예를 들어 대뇌 피질 이외의 바이러스 유전자 구조의 사용 : 출생 후의 비 심실 주입과 electroporation의 방법은 장점의 고유 설정을 가지고 astrocytes. 이 비디오에서는, 우리는 CMV 확장기 (pCAG - EGFP) 9 닭고기 베타 굴지 프로 모터에서 향상된 녹색 형광 단백질에 대한 플라스미드 인코딩을 사용하여 신생아 쥐의 뇌에 출생 후의 유전자 전달의 세부 절차를 보여줍니다. 우리는 얇은 유리 pipettes의 제조 및 stereotactic 악기에 microinjector의 조립, 플라스미드 함유 사출 솔루션의 준비를 보여줍니다. 그럼 우리가 사출 및 절차에 대한 집게 전극 및 생체내의 porator의를 사용하여 electroporation에 대해, 수술을 수행에 대한, isoflurane와 쥐 새끼를 anaesthetizing 이야기. 마지막으로, 우리는 간단히 예상 결과 관점 이러한 실험을하는 동안 발생할 수있는 어려움을 논의합니다. 2. Electroporation에 대한 플라스미드 준비 <ol><li> 우리는 일반적으로 200 μl 얇은 벽 튜브의 플라스미드 주입 용액 10 μl를 준비합니다. 이 솔루션은 여러 가지 실험을 위해 충분합니다. </li><li> 우리는 10X PBS 1 μl (재료 및 장비를 참조) 0,1 % 빠른 그린 수용액 (재료 및 장비를 참조) 1 μl와 플라스미드 솔루션 8 μl를 (재료 및 장비를 참조) 섞는다. </li><li> 사출 솔루션에 플라스미드의 최종 농도는 μg / μl 1 ~ 3해야합니다. 높은 DNA 농도는 유리 모세관의 얇은 팁을 통해 사출 너무 점성되지만 플라스미드 DNA의 낮은 농도는 transfection 효율을 줄일 수 있습니다. </li></ol> 3. 유리 니들 준비 <ol><li> 유리 피펫의 준비, 우리는 최대 매개 변수를 당기는 난방에 필라멘트와 모세관 borosilicate 유리 (재료 및 장비를 참조)과 수직 전극 유리를 풀러 (재료 및 장비를 참조)을 사용합니다. </li><li> 그런 다음 직경의 팁을 10-20 μm의를 달성하기 위해 종이를 사용하여 피펫의 팁을 휴식. </li><li> 우리는 현미경 목표 아래 팁 직경과 모양을 확인합니다. </li></ol> 4. Microinjector은 조립 <ol><li> 모세관 얇은 중합체 (재료 및 장비를 참조) 우리는 (재료 및 장비를 참조) 광유와 (과​​ 재료 및 장비를 참조) 약 삼분의 일 10 μl 해밀턴 주사기의 볼륨을 채우기를 사용하여. 공기 방울을 피하십시오! </li><li> 그렇다면 우리는 미네랄 오일과 유리 피펫을 입력하고 해밀턴 주사기에 피펫를 삽입합니다. 공기 방울을 피하십시오! </li><li> 유리 피펫과 주사기는 다음 (재료 및 장비를 참조) 컨트롤러에 연결된 microinjector에 고정됩니다. </li><li> stereotactic 악기 (재료 및 장비를 참조)에 고정 microinjection 설정은 우리가 안전하게 플라스미드 주입 솔루션으로 튜브에 유리 피펫의 팁을 젖어 수 있습니다. </li><li> 팁이 솔루션의 표면을 접촉하면 추가로 1 또는 2mm를 찍어 마이크로 인젝터 컨트롤러를 사용하여 사출 믹스의 약 1 μl로 피펫을 채울. </li></ol> 5. Anaesthetizing 동물 모든 절차를 여기에 소개는 동물 실험에 대한 규제 헬싱키 대학에 따라 수행되었다. <ol><li> 각 실험에 대한, 우리는 (재료 및 장비를 참조) isoflurane의 약 2 ML과 가스 기밀 주사기 (재료 및 장비를 참조) 작성하십시오. </li><li> 주사기가 공기 흐름 소스에 연결된 마취 장치 (재료 및 장비를 참조)에 고정보다, 동물 상자와 마스크 stereotactic 설정에 고정. </li><li> 마취 장치에, 우리는 약 250 ML / 분 및 isoflurane 수준 4 %까지로 공기 흐름을 조정합니다. </li><li> 우리는 2~5분에 대한 동물의 상자에 강아지 쥐를 놓습니다. </li><li> 강아지 중지가 이동할 때, stereotactic 설치에 부착된 가열 패드 (재료 및 장비를 참조)에 놓으십시오. </li><li> anaesthetizing 마스크로 강아지의 머리의 주동이의 일부를 놓으십시오. </li><li> 그것은을 위해 5~10분 걸립니다깊은 마취를 입력 펍. </li><li> 꼬리 핀치와 마취의 깊이를 확인하고 2.0-1.5 % 정도로 isoflurane 유입을 감소. </li></ol> 6. 수술, Microinjection 및 Electroporation <ol><li> 70 % 에탄올로의 강아지 머리에 피부를 취급. </li><li> 작은 가위 (재료 및 장비를 참조) 얇은 집게를 사용하면 (재료 및 장비를 참조), 그 이마에 강아지의 아저씨로부터 피부를 잘라. </li><li> 옆으로 피부 조각 벤드와 약간 머리와 피부 고정에 대한 두개골의 청각 orifices에 귀 막대를 가져옵니다. </li><li> 쌍안경 현미경을 사용하여, 우리는 두개골에 bregma 지점을 찾습니다. </li><li> stereotactic 좌표를 사용하여 관심 영역을 식별합니다. </li><li> 이 지역 위의 사출 피펫을 위치하고 두개골 표면에 분사 솔루션의 25-50 NL 놓아 그것을 표시합니다. </li><li> 액체가 뚫고 영역에 나타날 때까지 현미경 고속 수술 훈련 (재료 및 장비를 참조)를 사용하여 표시된 지점에 부드럽게하고 신중하게 두개골을 드릴. </li><li> 좋은 전도성을 달성하기 위해 현재의 전도성 젤로 두개골의 측면에 electropotation의 집게 전극을 (재료 및 장비 참조) (재료 및 장비를 볼 수) 이후의 수정 프로그램입니다. </li><li> 작은 탐폰을 사용하여 뚫고 구멍에서 액체 방울 (재료 및 장비를 참조) 제거하고 사출 사이트의 좌표에 따라 구멍에 유리 바늘을 찍어. </li><li> 5-20 NL / 초의 속도로 사출 솔루션의 25-100 NL을 달이다. </li><li> 신속하게 피펫을 제거하고 즉시 electroporate. Electroporation는 1 Hz의 주파수에서 99 V의 50 MS와 진폭의 기간이있는 5 직사각형 펄스를 적용하여 수행됩니다. </li><li> 전극과 귀 바 제거합니다. </li><li> 바보 (재료 및 장비를 참조)과 날카로운 집게, 외과 스레드 (재료 및 장비를 참조)의 조합을 사용하여 피부를 잘라 바느질. </li><li> 마취 후의 복구를 돕기 위해 15-30분에 대한 따뜻한 챔버에 강아지를 놓습니다. </li><li> 다음 강아지 다시는 어머니의 케이지에 넣어. </li></ol> 7. 대표 결과 성공적으로 transfected 세포에 transgene의 표현은 electroporation 후 약 10 시간이 나타납니다, 그리고 그것은 몇 주 동안 안정적으로 유지됩니다. 위에서 설명한대로 우리는 깊은 대뇌 피질 레이어 또는 출생 후의 일 2 (P2) 위스타 랫 새끼의 striatum 지역에 중 플라스미드를 microinjected 및 생체내 electroporation에서 수행했습니다. 뇌 슬라이스 (두께 400 μm의)은 2~6일 후 절단 (P4 - P8) (Hepes은 얼의 밸런스드 소금 솔루션을 버퍼) 차가운 깔끔히 매체 10 vibrotome을 사용 하였다. 이미지 수집은 상온에서 깔끔히 매체 자이스 혈구 Axioplan이 LSM5 파스칼 공촛점​​ 현미경 (자이스 혈구, 독일)를 사용하여 수행되었습니다. 깊은 대뇌 피질의 레이어와 striatum에 주입 사이트는 직경 (그림 1A, B)에서 약 200-300 μm의의 소형 지역에 위치하고 있었다 EGFP을 표현하는 여러 transfected 세포가 포함되어 있습니다. transfected 세포 내에 EGFP 표현 수준은 다른 모양 (그림 1D)와 축삭 번들 (그림 1E)의 쪽이과 dendrites을 포함하여 얇은 세포 프로세스 (그림 1C)의 이미징을 허용하도록 충분히 높습니다. EGFP뿐만 아니라 electroporation 후 세포 생존의 강력한 안정성은 대뇌 피질 터미널 (그림 1 층)로 axons의 말초 부분 (최대 1.5-2 mm까지 세포 기관에서) 추적 허용. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2244/2244fig1.jpg" alt="그림 1" /> 그림 1. (A) 성공적으로 플라스미드 주사 사이트를 delineating P4 랫 두뇌의 striatum 지역에서 세포를 transfected. (B) P5 랫 두뇌의 깊은 피질 층에서 Transfected 세포 (대뇌 피질의 표면 아래 약 1000 μm의). P8 쥐 두뇌의 striatum 지역 (C) transfected 세포. (D) P8 쥐 두뇌의 striatum 지역에서 transfected 세포의 돌기 프로세스, 화살표가 돌기 쪽이 및 filopodia의 다른 유형을 나타냅니다. (E) 부수적인 경로 내에 transfected 세포 Axons. (F) Axons는 P8 쥐의 피질 (화살촉)의 pial 표면에 종료. 스케일 바는 A, B, E와 F에 100 μm의되며 C와 D. 10 μm의

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생활 쥐 두뇌에 유전자 전달 방법은 잘 출생 후의 electroporation 6보다 최근 utero electroporation 7,8,11,12에 대한 설립하고 있습니다. 그러나 이러한 방법은 여러 어플 리케이션에 제한 수있는 플라스미드 DNA의 심실 주사를 기반으로합니다. 예를 들어, 이러한 방법은 해마, 대뇌 피질이나 ast​​rocytes 같은 비 철새 세포 유형의 transfection와 같은 특정 뇌 영역에서 세포를 대상?...

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<td>2A-sa dumb Tweezers, 115mm</td>
<td>equipment</td>
<td>XYtronic</td>
<td>XY-2A-SA</td>
<td>Treat with 70% ethanol for disinfection before use in surgical manipulations</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Biological Temperature Controller with stainless steel heating pad</td>
<td>equipment</td>
<td>Supertech</td>
<td>TMP-5b</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Borosilicate tube with filament</td>
<td>material</td>
<td>Sutter Instruments</td>
<td>BF120-69-10</td>
<td>Glass needle</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Disposable drills</td>
<td>material</td>
<td>Meisinger</td>
<td>HP 310 104 001 001 008</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Dulbeco's PBS 10X</td>
<td>reagent</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>D1408</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Dumont #5 forceps, 110 mm</td>
<td>equipment</td>
<td>FST</td>
<td>91150-20</td>
<td>Treat with 70% ethanol for disinfection before use in surgical manipulations</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Ealing microelectrode puller</td>
<td>equipment</td>
<td>Ealing</td>
<td>50-2013</td>
<td>Vertical electrode glass puller</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Ethilon monofil polyamide 6-0 FS-3 16 mm 3/8c</td>
<td>material</td>
<td>Johnson &amp; Johnson Medical</td>
<td>EH7177H</td>
<td>Surgical threads</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Exmire micro syringe 10.0 ml</td>
<td>equipment</td>
<td>Exmire</td>
<td>MS*GLLX00</td>
<td>Gas-tight syringe</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Fast Green</td>
<td>reagent</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>F7252</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Forceps electrodes</td>
<td>equipment</td>
<td>BEX</td>
<td>LF650P3</td>
<td>Treat with 70% ethanol for disinfection prior to use</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Foredom drill control</td>
<td>equipment</td>
<td>Foredom </td>
<td>FM3545</td>
<td>Surgical drill power supply and control. Currently available analogue is micromotor kit K.1070 (Foredom) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Foredom micro motor handpiece</td>
<td>equipment</td>
<td>Foredom</td>
<td>MH-145</td>
<td>Currently available analogue is micromotor kit K.1070 (Foredom)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Gas anesthesia platform for mice</td>
<td>equipment</td>
<td>Stoelting</td>
<td>50264</td>
<td>Assembled on stereotaxic instrument</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Isoflurane</td>
<td>reagent</td>
<td>Baxter</td>
<td>FDG9623</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Micro dressing forceps, 105 mm</td>
<td>equipment</td>
<td>Aesculap</td>
<td>BD302R</td>
<td>Treat with 70% ethanol for disinfection before use in surgical manipulations</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Microfil</td>
<td>material</td>
<td>WPI</td>
<td>MF34G-5</td>
<td>Micro syringe filling capillaries</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Mineral oil</td>
<td>reagent</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>M8410</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>NanoFil Syringe 10 microliter</td>
<td>equipment</td>
<td>WPI</td>
<td>NANOFIL</td>
<td>Hamilton syringe</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>plasmid CAG-EGFP</td>
<td>reagent</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Extracted and purified with EndoFree Plasmid Maxi Kit (Qiagen) and dissolved in nuclease free water to concentration 1.5 mg/ml</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Pulse generator CUY21Vivo-SQ</td>
<td>equipment</td>
<td>BEX</td>
<td>CUY21Vivo-SQ</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Schiller electrode gel</td>
<td>reagent</td>
<td>Schiller AG</td>
<td>2.158000</td>
<td>Conductive gel</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Small animal stereotaxic instrument</td>
<td>equipment</td>
<td>David Kopf Instruments</td>
<td>900</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Stoelting mouse and neonatal rat adaptor</td>
<td>equipment</td>
<td>Stoelting</td>
<td>51625</td>
<td>Assembled on stereotaxic instrument.
Treat earbars with 70% ethanol for disinfection before use in surgical manipulations</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Student iris scissors, straight 11.5 cm</td>
<td>equipment</td>
<td>FST</td>
<td>91460-11</td>
<td>Treat with 70% ethanol for disinfection before use in surgical manipulations</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Sugi absorbent swabs 17 x 8 mm</td>
<td>material</td>
<td>Kettenbach</td>
<td>31602</td>
<td>Surgical tampons</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>UMP3 microsyringe pump and Micro 4 microsyringe pump controller</td>
<td>equipment</td>
<td>WPI</td>
<td>UMP3-1</td>
<td>Microinjector and controller</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Univentor 400 Anesthesia Unit</td>
<td>equipment</td>
<td>Univentor</td>
<td>8323001</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>		</tbody>
		</table>
		</div>

gene delivery to postnatal rat brain by non-ventricular plasmid injection and electroporation

유전자 변형 동물의 창조는 생체내에 대한 관심의 유전자의 기능을 연구의 표준 방법입니다. 그러나 대부분의 녹아웃이나 유전자 변형 동물은 수정 유전자가 표현하거나 전체 유기체에서 삭제됩니다 이러한 경우에는 가능한하지 않습니다. 또한, 보상 메커니즘의 다양한 종종 어려운 결과를 해석하는 있도록. 보상 효과는 어느 타이밍 유전자 발현이나 transfected 세포의 양을 제한하여 완화된 수 있습니다. 출생 후의 비 심실 microinjection 및 생체내의 electroporation의 방법은 직접 신생아 쥐 두뇌에 대한 관심의 작은 지역으로 유전자, siRNA 또는 염료 분자 타겟으로 배달을 허용합니다. 기존의 심실 사출 기술에 대조적으로,이 방법 이외의 철새 세포 유형의 transfection 수 있습니다. 방법 여기에서 설명한 방식으로 transfected 동물 생체내 이미징이나 급성 뇌 조각에 electrophysiological 실험에서 두 광자에 대한 예를 들어, 사용할 수 있습니다.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Gene Delivery to Postnatal Rat Brain by Non-ventricular Plasmid Injection and Electroporation at JoVE.com

Gene Delivery to Postnatal Rat Brain by Non-ventricular Plasmid Injection and Electroporation

이 프로토콜은 살아있는 쥐 두뇌의 특정 영역에 유전자 구성의 제공이 아닌 바이러스 방법을 설명합니다. 방법은 플라스미드 준비, micropipette 제조, 신생아 쥐 새끼 수술, 구조의 microinjection과로 구성되어 있습니다<em&gt; 생체내에</em&gt; electroporation.

비 심실 플라스미드 주입 및 Electroporation에 의해 출생 후의 쥐 뇌에 유전자 전달

Creation of transgenic animals is a standard approach in studying functions of a gene of interest in vivo. However, many knockout or transgenic animals ...

gene-delivery-to-postnatal-rat-brain-non-ventricular-plasmid

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

15.0K 조회수.  University of Helsinki. 이 프로토콜은 살아있는 쥐 두뇌의 특정 영역에 유전자 구성의 제공이 아닌 바이러스 방법을 설명합니다. 방법은 플라스미드 준비, micropipette 제조, 신생아 쥐 새끼 수술, 구조의 microinjection과로 구성되어 있습니다 생체내에 electroporation.

비디오: Gene Delivery to Postnatal Rat Brain by Non-ventricular Plasmid Injection and Electroporation

In utero Electroporation followed by Primary Neuronal Culture for Studying Gene Function in Subset of Cortical Neurons

In vitro study of primary neuronal cultures allows for quantitative analyses of neurite outgrowth. In order to study how genetic alterations affect neuronal process outgrowth, shRNA or cDNA constructs can be introduced into primary neurons via chemical transfection or viral transduction. However, with primary cortical cells, a heterogeneous pool of cell types (glutamatergic neurons from different layers, inhibitory neurons, glial cells) are transfected using these methods. The use of in utero electroporation to introduce DNA constructs in the embryonic rodent cortex allows for certain subsets of cells to be targeted: while electroporation of early embryonic cortex targets deep layers of the cortex, electroporation at late embryonic timepoints targets more superficial layers. Further, differential placement of electrodes across the heads of individual embryos results in the targeting of dorsal-medial versus ventral-lateral regions of the cortex. Following electroporation, transfected cells can be dissected out, dissociated, and plated in vitro for quantitative analysis of neurite outgrowth. Here, we provide a step-by-step method to quantitatively measure neuronal process outgrowth in subsets of cortical cells.
The basic protocol for in utero electroporation has been described in detail in two other JoVE articles from the Kriegstein lab 1, 2. We will provide an overview of our protocol for in utero electroporation, focusing on the most important details, followed by a description of our protocol that applies in utero electroporation to the study of gene function in neuronal process outgrowth.

In utero Electroporation followed by Primary Neuronal Culture for Studying Gene Function in Subset of Cortical Neurons

In utero electroporation is a valuable method for transfecting neuronal progenitor cells in vivo. Depending upon the placement of the electrodes and the developmental timepoint of electroporation, certain subsets of cortical cells can be targeted. Targeted cells can then be analyzed in vivo or in vitro for effects of genetic alteration.

utero에서 Electroporation은 두피 뉴런의 하위 집합의 유전자 기능을 학습에 대한 기본의 연결을 문화 뒤에

In vitro study of primary neuronal cultures allows for quantitative analyses of neurite outgrowth. In order to study how genetic alterations affect ...

연구

신경과학

Mosaic Analysis of Gene Function in Postnatal Mouse Brain Development by Using Virus-based Cre Recombination

Normal brain function relies not only on embryonic development when major neuronal pathways are established, but also on postnatal 
development when neural circuits are matured and refined. Misregulation at this stage may lead to neurological and psychiatric disorders such as autism 
and schizophrenia1,2. Many genes have been studied in the prenatal brain and found crucial to many developmental processes3-5. However, their 
function in the postnatal brain is largely unknown, partly because their deletion in mice often leads to lethality during neonatal development, and partly because their requirement in early development hampers the postnatal analysis. To overcome these obstacles, floxed alleles of these genes are currently being generated in mice 6. When combined with transgenic alleles that express Cre recombinase in specific cell types, conditional deletion can be achieved to study gene function in the postnatal brain. However, this method requires additional alleles and extra time (3-6 months) to generate the mice with appropriate genotypes, thereby limiting the expansion of the genetic analysis to a large scale in the mouse brain.
Here we demonstrate a complementary approach that uses virally-expressed Cre to study these floxed alleles rapidly and 
systematically in postnatal brain development. By injecting recombinant adeno-associated viruses (rAAVs)7,8 encoding Cre into the neonatal brain, 
we are able to delete the gene of interest in different regions of the brain. By controlling the viral titer and coexpressing a fluorescent 
protein marker, we can simultaneously achieve mosaic gene inactivation and sparse neuronal labeling. This method bypasses the requirement of 
many genes in early development, and allows us to study their cell autonomous function in many critical processes in postnatal brain development,
 including axonal and dendritic growth, branching, and tiling, as well as synapse formation and refinement. This method has been used successfully 
in our own lab (unpublished results) and others8,9, and can be extended to other viruses, such as lentivirus 9, as well as to the expression of 
shRNA or dominant active proteins 10. Furthermore, by combining this technique with electrophysiology as well as recently-developed optical 
imaging tools 11, this method provides a new strategy to study how genetic pathways influence neural circuit development and function in mice 
and rats.

An in vivo method to test gene function in postnatal brain is described. Recombinant AAVs expressing Cre and/or a fluorescent protein are injected into neonatal mouse brain. Mosaic gene inactivation and sparse neuronal labeling are achieved, allowing rapid analysis of gene function in processes critical to neural circuit development.

바이러스 기반 Cre 호텔의 재조합을 사용하여 출생 후의 마우스 두뇌 개발의 유전자 기능의 모자이크 분석

Normal brain function relies not only on embryonic development when major neuronal pathways are established, but also on postnatal 
development when ...

Efficient Gene Delivery into Multiple CNS Territories Using In Utero Electroporation

The ability to manipulate gene expression is the cornerstone of modern day experimental embryology, leading to the elucidation of multiple developmental pathways. Several powerful and well established transgenic technologies are available to manipulate gene expression levels in mouse, allowing for the generation of both loss- and gain-of-function models. However, the generation of mouse transgenics is both costly and time consuming. Alternative methods of gene manipulation have therefore been widely sought. In utero electroporation is a method of gene delivery into live mouse embryos1,2 that we have successfully adapted3,4. It is largely based on the success of in ovo electroporation technologies that are commonly used in chick5. Briefly, DNA is injected into the open ventricles of the developing brain and the application of an electrical current causes the formation of transient pores in cell membranes, allowing for the uptake of DNA into the cell. In our hands, embryos can be efficiently electroporated as early as embryonic day (E) 11.5, while the targeting of younger embryos would require an ultrasound-guided microinjection protocol, as previously described6. Conversely, E15.5 is the latest stage we can easily electroporate, due to the onset of parietal and frontal bone differentiation, which hampers microinjection into the brain. In contrast, the retina is accessible through the end of embryogenesis. Embryos can be collected at any time point throughout the embryonic or early postnatal period. Injection of a reporter construct facilitates the identification of transfected cells.
To date, in utero electroporation has been most widely used for the analysis of neocortical development1,2,3,4. More recent studies have targeted the embryonic retina7,8,9 and thalamus10,11,12. Here, we present a modified in utero electroporation protocol that can be easily adapted to target different domains of the embryonic CNS. We provide evidence that by using this technique, we can target the embryonic telencephalon, diencephalon and retina. Representative results are presented, first showing the use of this technique to introduce DNA expression constructs into the lateral ventricles, allowing us to monitor progenitor maturation, differentiation and migration in the embryonic telencephalon. We also show that this technique can be used to target DNA to the diencephalic territories surrounding the 3rd ventricle, allowing the migratory routes of differentiating neurons into diencephalic nuclei to be monitored. Finally, we show that the use of micromanipulators allows us to accurately introduce DNA constructs into small target areas, including the subretinal space, allowing us to analyse the effects of manipulating gene expression on retinal development.

Efficient Gene Delivery into Multiple CNS Territories Using In Utero Electroporation

In utero electroporation allows for rapid gene delivery in a spatially- and temporally-controlled manner in the developing central nervous system (CNS). Here we describe a highly adaptable in utero electroporation protocol that can be used to deliver expression constructs into multiple embryonic CNS domains, including the telencephalon, diencephalon and retina.

사용하여 여러 개의 CNS 준주로 효율적인 유전자 전달 Utero에서 Electroporation

The ability to manipulate gene expression is the cornerstone of modern day experimental embryology, leading to the elucidation of multiple developmental ...

Mouse in Utero Electroporation: Controlled Spatiotemporal Gene Transfection

In order to understand the function of genes expressed in specific region of the developing brain, including signaling molecules and axon guidance molecules, local gene transfer or knock- out is required. Gene targeting knock-in or knock-out into local regions is possible to perform with combination with a specific CRE line, which is laborious, costly, and time consuming. Therefore, a simple transfection method, an in utero electroporation technique, which can be performed with short time, will be handy to test the possible function of candidate genes prior to the generation of transgenic animals 1,2. In addition to this, in utero electroporation targets areas of the brain where no specific CRE line exists, and will limit embryonic lethality 3,4. Here, we present a method of in utero electroporation combining two different types of electrodes for simple and convenient gene transfer into target areas of the developing brain. First, a unique holding method of embryos using an optic fiber optic light cable will make small embryos (from E9.5) visible for targeted DNA solution injection into ventricles and needle type electrodes insertion to the targeted brain area 5,6. The patterning of the brain such as cortical area occur at early embryonic stage, therefore, these early electroporation from E9.5 make a big contribution to understand entire area patterning event. Second, the precise shape of a capillary prevents uterine damage by making holes by insertion of the capillary. Furthermore, the precise shape of the needle electrodes are created with tungsten and platinum wire and sharpened using sand paper and insulated with nail polish 7, a method which is described in great detail in this protocol. This unique technique allows transfection of plasmid DNA into restricted areas of the brain and will enable small embryos to be electroporated. This will help to, open a new window for many scientists who are working on cell differentiation, cell migration, axon guidance in very early embryonic stage. Moreover, this technique will allow scientists to transfect plasmid DNA into deep parts of the developing brain such as thalamus and hypothalamus, where not many region-specific CRE lines exist for gain of function (GOF) or loss of function (LOF) analyses.

Mouse in Utero Electroporation: Controlled Spatiotemporal Gene Transfection

A gene transfer method into the developing mouse brain is described by using a unique surgical method and special shape of electrodes. This unique technique allows transfection of plasmid DNA temporally and spatially, which will aid many neuroscientists in studying brain development.

마우스 Utero에 Electroporation : 통제 Spatiotemporal 진 Transfection

In order to understand the function of genes expressed in specific region of the developing brain, including signaling molecules and axon guidance ...

Gene Transfer to the Developing Mouse Inner Ear by In Vivo Electroporation

The mammalian inner ear has 6 distinct sensory epithelia: 3 cristae in the ampullae of the semicircular canals; maculae in the utricle and saccule; and the organ of Corti in the coiled cochlea. The cristae and maculae contain vestibular hair cells that transduce mechanical stimuli to subserve the special sense of balance, while auditory hair cells in the organ of Corti are the primary transducers for hearing 1. Cell fate specification in these sensory epithelia and morphogenesis of the semicircular canals and cochlea take place during the second week of gestation in the mouse and are largely completed before birth 2,3. Developmental studies of the mouse inner ear are routinely conducted by harvesting transgenic embryos at different embryonic or postnatal stages to gain insight into the molecular basis of cellular and/or morphological phenotypes 4,5. We hypothesize that gene transfer to the developing mouse inner ear in utero in the context of gain- and loss-of-function studies represents a complimentary approach to traditional mouse transgenesis for the interrogation of the genetic mechanisms underlying mammalian inner ear development6.
The experimental paradigm to conduct gene misexpression studies in the developing mouse inner ear demonstrated here resolves into three general steps: 1) ventral laparotomy; 2) transuterine microinjection; and 3) in vivo electroporation. Ventral laparotomy is a mouse survival surgical technique that permits externalization of the uterus to gain experimental access to the implanted embryos7. Transuterine microinjection is the use of beveled, glass capillary micropipettes to introduce expression plasmid into the lumen of the otic vesicle or otocyst. In vivo electroporation is the application of square wave, direct current pulses to drive expression plasmid into progenitor cells8-10. 
We previously described this electroporation-based gene transfer technique and included detailed notes on each step of the protocol11. Mouse experimental embryological techniques can be difficult to learn from prose and still images alone. In the present work, we demonstrate the 3 steps in the gene transfer procedure. Most critically, we deploy digital video microscopy to show precisely how to: 1) identify embryo orientation in utero; 2) reorient embryos for targeting injections to the otocyst; 3) microinject DNA mixed with tracer dye solution into the otocyst at embryonic days 11.5 and 12.5; 4) electroporate the injected otocyst; and 5) label electroporated embryos for postnatal selection at birth. We provide representative examples of successfully transfected inner ears; a pictorial guide to the most common causes of otocyst mistargeting; discuss how to avoid common methodological errors; and present guidelines for writing an in utero gene transfer animal care protocol.

Gene Transfer to the Developing Mouse Inner Ear by In Vivo Electroporation

The mouse inner ear is a placode-derived sensory organ whose developmental program is elaborated during gestation. We define an in utero gene transfer technique consisting of three steps: mouse ventral laparotomy, transuterine microinjection, and in vivo electroporation. We use digital video microscopy to demonstrate the critical experimental embryological techniques.

에 의해 개발 마우스 내이 (内耳)에 진 전송<em&gt; VIVO에서</em&gt; Electroporation

The mammalian inner ear has 6 distinct sensory epithelia: 3 cristae in the ampullae of the semicircular canals; maculae in the utricle and saccule; and ...

Expansion of Embryonic and Adult Neural Stem Cells by In Utero Electroporation or Viral Stereotaxic Injection

Somatic stem cells can divide to generate additional stem cells (expansion) or more differentiated cell types (differentiation), which is fundamental for tissue formation during embryonic development and tissue homeostasis during adulthood 1. Currently, great efforts are invested towards controlling the switch of somatic stem cells from expansion to differentiation because this is thought to be fundamental for developing novel strategies for regenerative medicine 1,2. However, a major challenge in the study and use of somatic stem cell is that their expansion has been proven very difficult to control.
Here we describe a system that allows the control of neural stem/progenitor cell (altogether referred to as NSC) expansion in the mouse embryonic cortex or the adult hippocampus by manipulating the expression of the cdk4/cyclinD1 complex, a major regulator of the G1 phase of the cell cycle and somatic stem cell differentiation 3,4. Specifically, two different approaches are described by which the cdk4/cyclinD1 complex is overexpressed in NSC in vivo. By the first approach, overexpression of the cell cycle regulators is obtained by injecting plasmids encoding for cdk4/cyclinD1 in the lumen of the mouse telencephalon followed by in utero electroporation to deliver them to NSC of the lateral cortex, thus, triggering episomal expression of the transgenes 5-8. By the second approach, highly concentrated HIV-derived viruses are stereotaxically injected in the dentate gyrus of the adult mouse hippocampus, thus, triggering constitutive expression of the cell cycle regulators after integration of the viral construct in the genome of infected cells 9. Both approaches, whose basic principles were already described by other video protocols 10-14, were here optimized to i) reduce tissue damage, ii) target wide portions of very specific brain regions, iii) obtain high numbers of manipulated cells within each region, and iv) trigger high expression levels of the transgenes within each cell. Transient overexpression of the transgenes using the two approaches is obtained by different means i.e. by natural dilution of the electroporated plasmids due to cell division or tamoxifen administration in Cre-expressing NSC infected with viruses carrying cdk4/cyclinD1 flanked by loxP sites, respectively 9,15.
These methods provide a very powerful platform to acutely and tissue-specifically manipulate the expression of any gene in the mouse brain. In particular, by manipulating the expression of the cdk4/cyclinD1 complex, our system allows the temporal control of NSC expansion and their switch to differentiation, thus, ultimately increasing the number of neurons generated in the mammalian brain. Our approach may be critically important for basic research and using somatic stem cells for therapy of the mammalian central nervous system while providing a better understanding of i) stem cell contribution to tissue formation during development, ii) tissue homeostasis during adulthood, iii) the role of adult neurogenesis in cognitive functions, and perhaps, iv) better using somatic stem cells in models of neurodegenerative diseases.

Expansion of Embryonic and Adult Neural Stem Cells by In Utero Electroporation or Viral Stereotaxic Injection

Controlling the expansion of somatic stem cells is a major factor hampering their study and use in therapy. Here we describe a system to temporally control neural stem cells expansion during development and adulthood, which can be used to increase the number of neurons generated in the mouse brain.

의 배아와 성인 신경 줄기 세포의 확장<em&gt; 자궁에</em&gt; Electroporation 또는 바이러스 성 Stereotaxic 주입

Somatic stem cells can divide to generate additional stem cells (expansion) or more differentiated cell types (differentiation), which is fundamental for ...

In vivo Postnatal Electroporation and Time-lapse Imaging of Neuroblast Migration in Mouse Acute Brain Slices

The subventricular zone (SVZ) is one of the main neurogenic niches in the postnatal brain. Here, neural progenitors proliferate and give rise to neuroblasts able to move along the rostral migratory stream (RMS) towards the olfactory bulb (OB). This long-distance migration is required for the subsequent maturation of newborn neurons in the OB, but the molecular mechanisms regulating this process are still unclear. Investigating the signaling pathways controlling neuroblast motility may not only help understand a fundamental step in neurogenesis, but also have therapeutic regenerative potential, given the ability of these neuroblasts to target brain sites affected by injury, stroke, or degeneration.
In this manuscript we describe a detailed protocol for in vivo postnatal electroporation and subsequent time-lapse imaging of neuroblast migration in the mouse RMS. Postnatal electroporation can efficiently transfect SVZ progenitor cells, which in turn generate neuroblasts migrating along the RMS. Using confocal spinning disk time-lapse microscopy on acute brain slice cultures, neuroblast migration can be monitored in an environment closely resembling the in vivo condition. Moreover, neuroblast motility can be tracked and quantitatively analyzed. As an example, we describe how to use in vivo postnatal electroporation of a GFP-expressing plasmid to label and visualize neuroblasts migrating along the RMS. Electroporation of shRNA or CRE recombinase-expressing plasmids in conditional knockout mice employing the LoxP system can also be used to target genes of interest. Pharmacological manipulation of acute brain slice cultures can be performed to investigate the role of different signaling molecules in neuroblast migration. By coupling in vivo electroporation with time-lapse imaging, we hope to understand the molecular mechanisms controlling neuroblast motility and contribute to the development of novel approaches to promote brain repair.

In vivo Postnatal Electroporation and Time-lapse Imaging of Neuroblast Migration in Mouse Acute Brain Slices

Neuroblast migration is a fundamental event in postnatal neurogenesis. We describe a protocol for efficient labeling of neuroblasts by in vivo postnatal electroporation and subsequent visualization of their migration using time-lapse imaging of acute brain slices. We include a description for the quantitative analysis of neuroblast dynamics by video tracking.

마우스 급성 뇌 조각의 Neuroblast 마이그레이션의 생체 내 출생 일렉트로 및 시간 경과 영상

The subventricular zone (SVZ) is one of the main neurogenic niches in the postnatal brain. Here, neural progenitors proliferate and give rise to ...

Subtype-selective Electroporation of Cortical Interneurons

The study of central nervous system (CNS) maturation relies on genetic targeting of neuronal populations. However, the task of restricting the expression of genes of interest to specific neuronal subtypes has proven remarkably challenging due to the relative scarcity of specific promoter elements. GABAergic interneurons constitute a neuronal population with extensive genetic and morphological diversity. Indeed, more than 11 different subtypes of GABAergic interneurons have been characterized in the mouse cortex1. Here we present an adapted protocol for selective targeting of GABAergic populations. We achieved subtype selective targeting of GABAergic interneurons by using the enhancer element of the homeobox transcription factors Dlx5 and Dlx6, homologues of the Drosophila distal-less (Dll) gene2,3, to drive the expression of specific genes through in utero electroporation.

This procedure shows how to target interneurons in the developing mouse forebrain by means of in utero electroporation. This technique was particularly efficient to achieve selective gene expression in interneuron subtypes destined to the superficial layers of the cortex.

두피의 interneurons의 하위 유형 선택적 일렉트로

The study of central nervous system (CNS) maturation relies on genetic targeting of neuronal populations. However, the task of restricting the expression ...

Analysis of Gene Expression Changes in the Rat Hippocampus After Deep Brain Stimulation of the Anterior Thalamic Nucleus

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) surgery, targeting various regions of the brain such as the basal ganglia, thalamus, and subthalamic regions, is an effective treatment for several movement disorders that have failed to respond to medication. Recent progress in the field of DBS surgery has begun to extend the application of this surgical technique to other conditions as diverse as morbid obesity, depression and obsessive compulsive disorder. Despite these expanding indications, little is known about the underlying physiological mechanisms that facilitate the beneficial effects of DBS surgery. One approach to this question is to perform gene expression analysis in neurons that receive the electrical stimulation. Previous studies have shown that neurogenesis in the rat dentate gyrus is elicited in DBS targeting of the anterior nucleus of the thalamus1. DBS surgery targeting the ATN is used widely for treatment refractory epilepsy. It is thus of much interest for us to explore the transcriptional changes induced by electrically stimulating the ATN. In this manuscript, we describe our methodologies for stereotactically-guided DBS surgery targeting the ATN in adult male Wistar rats. We also discuss the subsequent steps for tissue dissection, RNA isolation, cDNA preparation and quantitative RT-PCR for measuring gene expression changes. This method could be applied and modified for stimulating the basal ganglia and other regions of the brain commonly clinically targeted. The gene expression study described here assumes a candidate target gene approach for discovering molecular players that could be directing the mechanism for DBS.

The mechanism underlying the therapeutic effects of Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) surgery needs investigation. The methods presented in this manuscript describe an experimental approach to examine the cellular events triggered by DBS by analyzing the gene expression profile of candidate genes that can facilitate neurogenesis post DBS surgery.

전방 시상 핵의 깊은 뇌 자극 후 쥐 해마의 유전자 발현 변화 분석

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) surgery, targeting various regions of the brain such as the basal ganglia, thalamus, and subthalamic regions, is an effective ...

Using Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorting to Examine Cell-Type-Specific Gene Expression in Rat Brain Tissue

The brain is comprised of four primary cell types including neurons, astrocytes, microglia and oligodendrocytes. Though they are not the most abundant cell type in the brain, neurons are the most widely studied of these cell types given their direct role in impacting behaviors. Other cell types in the brain also impact neuronal function and behavior via the signaling molecules they produce. Neuroscientists must understand the interactions between the cell types in the brain to better understand how these interactions impact neural function and disease. To date, the most common method of analyzing protein or gene expression utilizes the homogenization of whole tissue samples, usually with blood, and without regard for cell type. This approach is an informative approach for examining general changes in gene or protein expression that may influence neural function and behavior; however, this method of analysis does not lend itself to a greater understanding of cell-type-specific gene expression and the effect of cell-to-cell communication on neural function. Analysis of behavioral epigenetics has been an area of growing focus which examines how modifications of the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) structure impact long-term gene expression and behavior; however, this information may only be relevant if analyzed in a cell-type-specific manner given the differential lineage and thus epigenetic markers that may be present on certain genes of individual neural cell types. The Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorting (FACS) technique described below provides a simple and effective way to isolate individual neural cells for the subsequent analysis of gene expression, protein expression, or epigenetic modifications of DNA. This technique can also be modified to isolate more specific neural cell types in the brain for subsequent cell-type-specific analysis.

The goal of this protocol is to use the fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) technique to sort specific types of neural cells for subsequent analysis of cell-type-specific gene expression, epigenetic markers, and or protein expression.

쥐 뇌 조직 검사 정렬 형광 활성 셀을 사용하여 셀 타입 별 유전자 발현

The brain is comprised of four primary cell types including neurons, astrocytes, microglia and oligodendrocytes. Though they are not the most abundant ...