이 작품은 FH 안드레 이드하기 위해 국립 안과 연구소 (R01 EY12998)에서 부여에 의해 지원되었다.

1. 버퍼의 준비 <ol><li> 원심 분리기의 5804R 켜고 4로 설정 ° C. 37 ° C.에 Isotemp 3006D 물 욕조와 세트를 켭니다 </li><li> 근육 분리하기 전에 다음과 같은 솔루션을 준비 : <ul><li> PBS : 증류수 (5 정제 / 리터)의 인산 버퍼 호수 (PBS) 정제를 디졸브. 잘 섞는다. </li><li> PBS 추가로 10 MM EDTA (에틸렌 다이아 민 테트라 초산) : 100 ML 솔루션을 준비하려면, PBS의 98 ML 500 MM EDTA (에틸렌 다이아 민 테트라 초산) 2 ML를 추가합니다. </li><li> 8X Mitochondria 버퍼 : 0.6의 최종 농도 M, 자유 지방산 400 MG에 대한 자당의 10.28 g 소 혈청 0.8 %의 최종 농도, 160 mm의 최종 농도에 대한 HEPES의 2.08 g, pH를위한 (BSA) 알부민 증류수로 50 ML에 7.4와 QS. </li><li> 절연 버퍼 1 (IB1가) : 10-10 mm의 최종 농도, 0.392-215 mm의 최종 농도를위한 D - mannitol의 G, 8X mitochondria 버퍼, 산도의 1.25 ML 7.4 및 QS 500 MM EDTA (에틸렌 다이아 민 테트라 초산) 200 μl 추가 증류수와 ML. </li><li> 절연 버퍼 2 (IB2가) 10-3 mm의 최종 농도, 0.392-215 mm의 최종 농도를위한 D - mannitol의 G, 8X mitochondria 버퍼, 산도의 1.25 ML 7.4 및 QS 500 MM의 EGTA 60 μl 추가 증류수와 ML. </li><li> 실험 버퍼 (EB)는 :의 최종 농도 5 mm의 최종 농도, 215 mm의 최종 농도를위한 D - mannitol의 0.392 g, 2.5 mm의 25 μl KH 2 PO 4 500 MM MgCl 2 100 μl 추가 6.25 μm의 20 μm의의 최종 농도 100 MM EGTA 2 μl, mitochondrial 버퍼, 산도 7.4과 QS 증류수 10 ML에의 1.25 ML. </li></ul></li></ol> 2. 근육 절연 <ol><li> 얼음 양동이에 세 10 ML의 비커, 포터 - Elvehjem 조직 그라인더와 얼음 악기 / 용품 기타 필요한 넣어. 모든 실험을하는 동안 얼음처럼 차가운 유지합니다. </li><li> 완료 온수 욕조에 얼음 양동이와 EB에 IB1 및 IB2를 놓습니다. </li><li> 세 10 ML 비커에 다음 솔루션은 추가한다 : <ul><li> 비커 1 PBS 10 ML </li><li> 비커 2 : PBS / EDTA (에틸렌 다이아 민 테트라 초산) 10 ML </li><li> 비커 3 : IB1 3 ML </li></ul></li><li> 편안하게 같은 지역 기관 애니멀 케어 및 사용위원회의 승인을 쥐를 죽여. </li><li> 신속, 골격근의 250-500 밀리그램을 분리 비커 1 린스, 다음 비커 2 전송할 수 있습니다. </li></ol> 3. 균질 / Mitochondrial 절연 <ol><li> 비커 3 근육을 전송하고 가늘게 가위로 근육을 말하다. </li><li> 포터 - Elvehjem 균 질기에 대한 해결책을 전송합니다. 항상 얼음에 튜브를 유지 전동 유봉 (드릴 언론 작업을 다하겠습니다) 10 번 사용하여 근육을 균질. </li><li> 4 10 분 700g ° C.에 사전 냉장 2 ML의 microcentrifuge 튜브와 원심 분리기에 homogenate 전송 </li><li> 새로운 사전 차게 microcentrifuge 관에 뜨는 전송합니다. 펠렛 폐기하십시오. </li><li> 4 10 분 10,500그램에 뜨는 원심 분리기 ° C. </li><li> 새로운 사전 차게 microcentrifuge 관 및 레이블 SN1 (뜨는 숫자 1)와 근육의 유형에 뜨는 전송합니다. </li><li> IB2 500 μl의 펠렛을 다시 일시 중지합니다. </li><li> 4 10 분 10,500그램에서 원심 분리기 ° C. </li><li> 새로운 사전 차게 microcentrifuge 관 및 레이블 SN2 (뜨는 번호 2) 근육의 종류에 뜨는 전송합니다. </li><li> IB2 100 μl의 최종 mitochondrial 펠렛을 일시 중지합니다. </li><li> 몇 초 동안 minifuge에 다시 스핀 최종 mitochondrial 현탁액. 펠렛있다면, 새로운 사전 차게 microcentrifuge 관에 뜨는를 전송하여 펠렛을 삭제. </li><li> 브래드 포드 분석 8을 사용 단백질 농도를 결정합니다. </li></ol> 4. 전극 보정 참고 : mitochondrial 격리하는 동안 완벽한 전극 교정. <ol><li> 250 ML 플라스크에 증류수 100 ML을 추가합니다. 대기 가스와 물을 평형 20 분 동안 적극적으로 저어. </li><li> Oxygraph 전극에 KCl 50 % 몇 방울을 추가합니다. </li><li> 전극 위에 블루 Rizla 롤링 종이의 작은 조각을 넣으십시오. </li><li> 롤링 종이 위에 PTFE 막 조각을 넣으십시오. </li><li> 반지의 작은 주걱을 사용하여 내부 링을 적용한 다음 전극 홈에서 외륜을 놓으십시오. </li><li> 전극을 연결하고 장비의 나머지 부분 조립 : 큰 플라스틱 링베이스, mitochondrial 회의소와 물 호스합니다. </li><li> Oxygraph 박스의 전원을 켜고 Oxygraph 소프트웨어를 시작합니다. </li><li> mitochondrial 챔버에 equilibrated 물을 추가합니다. </li><li> 막대를 저어 60의 속도에 설정 추가합니다. </li><li> 새로운 실험을 시작합니다. </li><li> 교정을 클릭한 다음 상자 1 액상 보정. 37 온도를 변경하는 것은 ° C 및 &quot;확인&quot;을 두 번 누릅니다. </li><li> &quot;OK&quot;를 &quot;무시&quot;변경을 클릭하고 질소 가스 탱크를 열 때. </li><li> 연결된 플레이스 팁챔버에 질소 탱크와 제로 산소를 설정합니다. 그것이에서 스위치 때 &quot;확인&quot;을 클릭 &quot;무시.&quot; </li><li> 물을 기음과 mitochondrial 방으로 EB 버퍼 500 μl를 추가합니다. </li><li> 플런저와 인감 챔버. </li><li> 여러 개의 상자를 사용하여 반복 박스 2의 보정을위한 11-15 단계를하십시오. </li></ol> 5. Mitochondrial 호흡 <ol><li> 새로운 실험을 시작, 그것이 신호를 안정화하기 위해 약 1 분간 실행하자. </li><li> 150 각 챔버에 μg, 마크 이벤트 mitochondrial 정지 필요한 볼륨 (3.11 단계)을 추가하고 1 분 해보죠. </li><li> 10 μl를 추가 따뜻한 250 mM/125 MM 5 mM/2.5 mm의 최종 농도에 대한 글루 탐 산염 / malate. 마크 1 분간 실행하자. 이 상태 2로 정의됩니다. </li><li> 150 μm의, 마크의 최종 농도 10 MM의 ADP의 7.5 μl를 추가하고 30 초 동안 실행하자. 이것은 주 3으로 정의됩니다. </li><li> 10 MM ADP, 마크의 또 다른 7.5 μl을 추가하고 1.5 분 동안 실행하자. </li><li> 1 μm의, 마크의 최종 농도에 대한 차가운 10 MM의 oligomycin 0.5 μl를 추가하고, 3 분 해보죠. 이것은 주 4로 정의됩니다. </li><li> 0.2 μm의, 마크의 최종 농도에 대한 추위 0.1 MM FCCP 1 μl를 추가하고, 3 분 해보죠. 이것은 주 5 말합니다. </li><li> 완료되면 실험을 종료하고 저장합니다. </li><li> Oxygraph 소프트웨어를 사용하여 호흡 속도를 취득. </li><li> 정규화 계수를 입력하십시오 : mitochondrial 단백질 150 μg을 추가하는 경우 정규화 계수는 0.15 것입니다. </li><li> 다른 호흡 상태에 대한 표준 호흡 속도를 계산합니다. </li><li> 주 4로 주 3 나누어 호흡기 제어 비율 (RCR)를 계산합니다. </li></ol> 6. 대표 결과 : <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2452/2452fig1.jpg" alt="그림 1" /> 그림 1. mitochondria 골격근의 산소 소비의 추적 대표를 보여줍니다. 전극 신호가 안정화되면 mitochondria 샘플 Oxygraph 챔버에 추가됩니다. 상태 2 호흡은 조미료와 malate를 추가로 시작합니다. ADP의 또한 주 3 호흡을 정의, 산소 소비를 증가시킵니다. ATP synthase는 상태의 네 호흡을 얻기 위해 oligomycin의 추가에 의해 차단됩니다. 마지막으로, FCCP는 mitochondrial 호흡 (주 5) 떨어지다에 추가됩니다. 표 1 주에서 2, 3, 4 및 5에 대한 대표적인 산소 소비 속도를 보여줍니다. 호흡 조절 비율 (RCR)가 각 실험에 대해 계산됩니다. RCR은 ≥ 4 가능한 mitochondria 준비의 증거로 간주됩니다. <table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> 미국 </td><td> 정규 요금 </td></tr><tr><td> 상태 2 </td><td> 34.74 </td></tr><tr><td> 주 3 </td><td> 153.40 </td></tr><tr><td> 주 4 </td><td> 16.49 </td></tr><tr><td> 주 5 </td><td> 143.70 </td></tr><tr><td> RCR </td><td> 9.30 </td></tr></tbody></table> 표 1. Mitochondrial 호흡 속도. mitochondria 골격근에서 Representativeoxygen 소비 속도. 값이 챔버에 추가 mitochondria의 크기로 정규화됩니다. 호흡 조절 비율 (RCR)는 주 4에 의해 상태가 3 나눔으로써 결정됩니다. RCR ≥ 4 가능한 mitochondria 준비를 나타냅니다.

<ol>
	<li>Frezza, C., Cipolat, S., Scorrano, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Organelle+isolation:+functional+mitochondria+from+mouse+liver,+muscle+and+cultured+fibroblasts.">Organelle isolation: functional mitochondria from mouse liver, muscle and cultured fibroblasts.</a> Nat Protoc. 2, 287-295 (2007).</li><li>Duchen, M. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Roles+of+mitochondria+in+health+and+disease.">Roles of mitochondria in health and disease.</a> Diabetes. 53, S96-S102 (2004).</li><li>Johannsen, D. L., Ravussin, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+role+of+mitochondria+in+health+and+disease.">The role of mitochondria in health and disease.</a> Curr Opin Pharmacol. , (2009).</li><li>Pallotti, F., Lenaz, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+and+subfractionation+of+mitochondria+from+animal+cells+and+tissue+culture+lines.">Isolation and subfractionation of mitochondria from animal cells and tissue culture lines.</a> Methods Cell Biol. 80, 3-44 (2007).</li><li>Pallotti, F., Lenaz, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+and+subfractionation+of+mitochondria+from+animal+cells+and+tissue+culture+lines.">Isolation and subfractionation of mitochondria from animal cells and tissue culture lines.</a> Methods Cell Biol. 65, 1-35 (2001).</li><li>Gamboa, J. L., Andrade, F. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mitochondrial+content+and+distribution+changes+specific+to+mouse+diaphragm+after+chronic+normobaric+hypoxia.">Mitochondrial content and distribution changes specific to mouse diaphragm after chronic normobaric hypoxia.</a> Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. , (2009).</li><li>Patel, S. P., Gamboa, J. L., McMullen, C. A., Rabchevsky, A., Andrade, F. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lower+respiratory+capacity+in+extraocular+muscle+mitochondria:+evidence+for+intrinsic+differences+in+mitochondrial+composition+and+function.">Lower respiratory capacity in extraocular muscle mitochondria: evidence for intrinsic differences in mitochondrial composition and function.</a> Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 50, 180-186 (2009).</li><li>Bradford, M. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+rapid+and+sensitive+method+for+the+quantitation+of+microgram+quantities+of+protein+utilizing+the+principle+of+protein-dye+binding.">A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding.</a> Anal Biochem. 72, 248-254 (1976).</li></ol>

관심 없음 충돌 선언하지 않습니다.

우리는 골격 근육에서 가능한 mitochondria를 분리하는 프로토콜을 제시한다. 수율에 문제가있는 경우, 프로토콜은 얼음에 30 분 PBS/10mM EDTA/0.01 %의 트립신 5 ML에서 분리된 근육을 잠복기로 수정할 수 있습니다. 트립신 완벽한 근육 소화를 확인하기 위해서는 근육이 완전히 다진해야합니다. 30 분 부화 후, PBS/10mM EDTA/0.01 %의 트립신 솔루션은 완전히 절연 버퍼 1 (IB1) 3 ML로 교체해야합니다. 또한, 트립신?...

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		<div>
		<table border="1">
		<thead>
		<tr>
		<th>Material Name</th>
		<th>Type</th>
		<th>Company</th>
		<th>Catalogue Number</th>
		<th>Comment</th>
		</tr>
		</thead>
		<tbody>
		
<tr>
<td>95% CO2 / 5% O2 mix</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Local gas company</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Adenosine 5&#x2032;-diphosphate sodium salt</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>A2754</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Blue Rizla Paper</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Hansatech</td>
<td>890101</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Bradford protein assay</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Bio-Rad</td>
<td>500-0006</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Carbonylcyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone (FCCP)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>C2920</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Centrifuge 5804R</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Eppendorf</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Compressed nitrogen</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Local gas company</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>D-mannitol</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>M9647</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Ethlyene-glycol-bis-tetraacetic acid (EGTA)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>E3889</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Bio-Rad</td>
<td>161-0728</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Free fatty acid bovine serum albumin</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>A8806</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Glutamic acid</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>G5889</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>HEPES sodium salt</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>H7006</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Isotemp 3006D</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Magnesium chloride</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>M8266</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Male Sprague Dawley Rats</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Harlan</td>
<td>300-500g</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Malic acid</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>M9138</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Minifuge</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>ISC Bioexpress</td>
<td>C1301P</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Oligomycin</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>O4876</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Oxygen electrode disc</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Hansatech</td>
<td>S1</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Oxygraph</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Hansatech</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Oxygraph Plus V1.01 Software</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Hansatech</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>pH-meter</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Mettler Toledo</td>
<td>1225506149</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>P4417</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Potassium chloride</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>P3911</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Potassium phosphate</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>P8416</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Potter-Elvehjem homogenizers</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fisher</td>
<td>08-414-14A</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>PTFE (0.0125mm &#215; 25mm) membrane</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Hansatech</td>
<td>S4</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>SKIL 3320 drill press</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Hardware store</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Sucrose</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>S5016</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>		</tbody>
		</table>
		</div>

mitochondrial isolation from skeletal muscle

Mitochondria 세포의 삶과 죽음을 제어 organelles 있습니다. 그들은 주요 신진 대사 반응에 참여, ATP의 대부분을 종합하고, 폭포 2,3 신호의 숫자를 조절. 과거 및 현재 연구는 간, 뇌 및 4,5 마음으로 쥐, 생쥐 조직에서 mitochondria 고립있다. 최근에는 많은 연구자들은 골격 근육에서 mitochondrial 기능을 공부에 집중했습니다. 여기서 우리는 골격 근육 6 mitochondria의 격리를 위해 성공적으로 사용한 방법을 설명합니다. 우리의 절차는 모든 버퍼와 시약은 신선했고 골격근의 250-500에 대한 MG 필요한 것을 요구합니다. 우리는 쥐, 마우스 gastrocnemius 및 격막으로부터 격리 mitochondria을 공부하고, 쥐 extraocular 근육. Mitochondrial 단백질 농도는 브래드 포드 분석과 측정됩니다. mitochondrial 샘플 준비 중 및 기능 연구가 비교적 짧은 시간 (~ 1 시간) 이내에 수행되어야 얼음처럼 차가운 유지하는 것이 중요합니다. Mitochondrial 호흡은 37 클라크 타입 전극 (Oxygraph 시스템) ° C 7 polarography를 사용하여 측정됩니다. 산소 전극의 교정이 프로토콜의 핵심 단계이며, 그것은 매일 수행되어야합니다. 절연 mitochondria는 (150 μg) 실험 버퍼 (EB)의 0.5 ML에 추가됩니다. 상태 2 호흡은 글루 탐 산염 (5mM)와 malate (2.5 ㎜)를 추가로 시작합니다. 그런 다음, 아데노신 diphosphate (ADP) (150 μm의)는 주 3 시작에 추가됩니다. Oligomycin (1 μm의), ATPase의 synthase의 차단은 주 4 추정하는 데 사용됩니다. 마지막으로, 카르보닐 청산 가리 P - [trifluoromethoxy]이 - 페닐 - hydrazone (FCCP, 0.2 μm의)가 5 measurestate 추가하거나, 호흡 6 uncoupled입니다. 호흡 조절 비율 (RCR), 주 4 주 3의 비율은 각 실험 후 계산됩니다. RCR ≥ 4 가능한 mitochondria 준비의 증거로 간주됩니다. 요약, 우리는 생화학 (예를 들어, 효소 활동, 면역, proteomics) 및 기능 연구 (mitochondrial 호흡)에서 사용할 수있는 골격 근육에서 가능한 mitochondria의 분리를위한 방법을 제시한다.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Mitochondrial Isolation from Skeletal Muscle at JoVE.com

Mitochondrial Isolation from Skeletal Muscle

이 프로토콜은 골격 근육에서 격리 mitochondria의 호흡을 연구하는 절차를 설명합니다. 이 방법은 Scorrano에서 적응했다<em&gt; 외.</em&gt; (2007). mitochondrial 절연 절차는 약 2 시간이 필요합니다. mitochondrial 호흡은 약 1 시간에 완료할 수 있습니다.

골격근에서 Mitochondrial 절연

Mitochondria are organelles controlling the life and death of the cell. They participate in key metabolic reactions, synthesize most of the ATP, and ...

mitochondrial-isolation-from-skeletal-muscle

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

28.8K 조회수.  University of Kentucky. 이 프로토콜은 골격 근육에서 격리 mitochondria의 호흡을 연구하는 절차를 설명합니다. 이 방법은 Scorrano에서 적응했다 외. (2007). mitochondrial 절연 절차는 약 2 시간이 필요합니다. mitochondrial 호흡은 약 1 시간에 완료할 수 있습니다.

비디오: Mitochondrial Isolation from Skeletal Muscle

Adult and Embryonic Skeletal Muscle Microexplant Culture and Isolation of Skeletal Muscle Stem Cells

Cultured embryonic and adult skeletal muscle cells have a number of different uses. The micro-dissected explants technique described in this chapter is a robust and reliable method for isolating relatively large numbers of proliferative skeletal muscle cells from juvenile, adult or embryonic muscles as a source of skeletal muscle stem cells. The authors have used micro-dissected explant cultures to analyse the growth characteristics of skeletal muscle cells in wild-type and dystrophic muscles. Each of the components of tissue growth, namely cell survival, proliferation, senescence and differentiation can be analysed separately using the methods described here. The net effect of all components of growth can be established by means of measuring explant outgrowth rates. The micro-explant method can be used to establish primary cultures from a wide range of different muscle types and ages and, as described here, has been adapted by the authors to enable the isolation of embryonic skeletal muscle precursors.
Uniquely, micro-explant cultures have been used to derive clonal (single cell origin) skeletal muscle stem cell (SMSc) lines which can be expanded and used for in vivo transplantation. In vivo transplanted SMSc behave as functional, tissue-specific, satellite cells which contribute to skeletal muscle fibre regeneration but which are also retained (in the satellite cell niche) as a small pool of undifferentiated stem cells which can be re-isolated into culture using the micro-explant method.

The micro-dissected explants technique is a robust and reliable method for isolating proliferative skeletal muscle cells from juvenile, adult or embryonic muscles as a source of skeletal muscle stem cells. Uniquely, these cells have been clonally derived to produce skeletal muscle stem cell lines used for in vivo transplantation.

성인 및 배아 골격근의 Microexplant 문화 및 골격 근육 줄기 세포의 분리

Cultured embryonic and adult skeletal muscle cells have a number of different uses. The micro-dissected explants technique described in this chapter is a ...

연구

생물학

Purification of Progenitors from Skeletal Muscle

Skeletal muscle contains multiple progenitor populations of distinct embryonic origins and developmental potential. Myogenic progenitors, usually residing in a "satellite cell position" between the myofiber plasma membrane and the laminin-rich basement membrane that ensheaths it, are self-renewing cells that are solely committed to the myogenic lineage1,2. We have recently described a second class of vessel associated progenitors that can generate myofibroblasts and white adipocytes, which responds to damage by efficiently entering proliferation and provides trophic support to myogenic cells during tissue regeneration3,4. One of the most trusted assays to determine the developmental and regenerative potential of a given cell population relies on their isolation and transplantation5-7. To this end we have optimized protocols for their purification by flow cytometry from enzymatically dissociated muscle, which we will outline in this article. The populations obtained using this method will contain either myogenic or fibro/adipogenic colony forming cells: no other cell types are capable of expanding in vitro or surviving in vivo delivery. However, when these populations are used immediately after the sort for molecular analysis (e.g qRT-PCR) one must keep in mind that the freshly sorted subsets may contain other contaminant cells that lack the ability of forming colonies or engrafting recipients.

Method for the enzymatic dissociation, surface labeling and purification by flow cytometry of fibro/adipogenic and myogenic progenitors from murine skeletal muscle.

골격근에서 Progenitors의 정화

Skeletal muscle contains multiple progenitor populations of distinct embryonic origins and developmental potential. Myogenic progenitors, usually residing ...

Isolation and Culture of Individual Myofibers and their Satellite Cells from Adult Skeletal Muscle

Muscle regeneration in the adult is performed by resident stem cells called satellite cells. Satellite cells are defined by their position between the basal lamina and the sarcolemma of each myofiber. Current knowledge of their behavior heavily relies on the use of the single myofiber isolation protocol. In 1985, Bischoff described a protocol to isolate single live fibers from the Flexor Digitorum Brevis (FDB) of adult rats with the goal to create an in vitro system in which the physical association between the myofiber and its stem cells is preserved 1. In 1995, Rosenblattmodified the Bischoff protocol such that myofibers are singly picked and handled separately after collagenase digestion instead of being isolated by gravity sedimentation 2, 3. The Rosenblatt or Bischoff protocol has since been adapted to different muscles, age or conditions 3-6. The single myofiber isolation technique is an indispensable tool due its unique advantages. First, in the single myofiber protocol, satellite cells are maintained beneath the basal lamina. This is a unique feature of the protocol as other techniques such as Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorting require chemical and mechanical tissue dissociation 7. Although the myofiber culture system cannot substitute for in vivo studies, it does offer an excellent platform to address relevant biological properties of muscle stem cells. Single myofibers can be cultured in standard plating conditions or in floating conditions. Satellite cells on floating myofibers are subjected to virtually no other influence than the myofiber environment. Substrate stiffness and coating have been shown to influence satellite cells' ability to regenerate muscles 8, 9 so being able to control each of these factors independently allows discrimination between niche-dependent and -independent responses. Different concentrations of serum have also been shown to have an effect on the transition from quiescence to activation. To preserve the quiescence state of its associated satellite cells, fibers should be kept in low serum medium 1-3. This is particularly useful when studying genes involved in the quiescence state. In serum rich medium, satellite cells quickly activate, proliferate, migrate and differentiate, thus mimicking the in vivo regenerative process 1-3. The system can be used to perform a variety of assays such as the testing of chemical inhibitors; ectopic expression of genes by virus delivery; oligonucleotide based gene knock-down or live imaging. This video article describes the protocol currently used in our laboratory to isolate single myofibers from the Extensor Digitorum Longus (EDL) muscle of adult mice (6-8 weeks old).

Isolation and culture of myofibers is the gold standard in vitro system to study the transition of satellite cells through quiescence, activation and differentiation. Importantly, the single myofiber culture system preserves the myofiber/stem cell association, which is an essential component of the muscle stem cell niche.

성인 골격근의 개인 Myofibers 및 위성 세포의 분리와 문화

Muscle  regeneration in the adult is performed by resident stem cells called satellite  cells. Satellite cells are defined by  their position between the ...

Isolation of Blood-vessel-derived Multipotent Precursors from Human Skeletal Muscle

Since the discovery of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs), the native identity and localization&#160;of MSCs have been obscured by their retrospective isolation in culture. Recently, using fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS), we and other researchers prospectively identified and purified three subpopulations of multipotent precursor cells associated with the vasculature of human skeletal muscle. These three cell populations: myogenic endothelial cells (MECs), pericytes (PCs), and adventitial cells (ACs), are localized respectively to the three structural layers of blood vessels: intima, media, and adventitia. All of these human blood-vessel-derived stem cell (hBVSC) populations not only express classic MSC markers but also possess mesodermal developmental potentials similar to typical MSCs. Previously, MECs, PCs, and ACs have been isolated through distinct protocols and subsequently characterized in separate studies. The current isolation protocol, through modifications to the isolation process and adjustments in the selective cell surface markers, allows us to simultaneously purify all three hBVSC subpopulations by FACS from a single human muscle biopsy. This new method will not only streamline the isolation of multiple BVSC subpopulations but also facilitate future clinical applications of hBVSCs for distinct therapeutic purposes.

Blood vessels within human skeletal muscle harbor several multi-lineage precursor populations that are ideal for regenerative applications. This isolation method allows simultaneous purification of three multipotent precursor cell populations respectively from three structural layers of blood vessels: myogenic endothelial cells from intima, pericytes from media, and adventitial cells from adventitia.

인간의 골격 근육에서 혈관 유래 다 능성 전구체의 분리

Since the discovery of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs), the native identity and localization&#160;of MSCs have been obscured by their retrospective ...

Isolation of Mitochondria from Minimal Quantities of Mouse Skeletal Muscle for High Throughput Microplate Respiratory Measurements

Dysfunctional skeletal muscle mitochondria play a role in altered metabolism observed with aging, obesity and Type II diabetes. Mitochondrial respirometric assays from isolated mitochondrial preparations allow for the assessment of mitochondrial function, as well as determination of the mechanism(s) of action of drugs and proteins that modulate metabolism. Current isolation procedures often require large quantities of tissue to yield high quality mitochondria necessary for respirometric assays. The methods presented herein describe how high quality purified mitochondria (~ 450 &#181;g) can be isolated from minimal quantities (~75-100 mg) of mouse skeletal muscle for use in high throughput respiratory measurements. We determined that our isolation method yields 92.5&#177; 2.0% intact mitochondria by measuring citrate synthase activity spectrophotometrically. In addition, Western blot analysis in isolated mitochondria resulted in the faint expression of the cytosolic protein, GAPDH, and the robust expression of the mitochondrial protein, COXIV. The absence of a prominent GAPDH band in the isolated mitochondria is indicative of little contamination from non-mitochondrial sources during the isolation procedure. Most importantly, the measurement of O2 consumption rate with micro-plate based technology and determining the respiratory control ratio (RCR) for coupled respirometric assays shows highly coupled (RCR; &#62;6 for all assays) and functional mitochondria. In conclusion, the addition of a separate mincing step and significantly reducing motor driven homogenization speed of a previously reported method has allowed the isolation of high quality and purified mitochondria from smaller quantities of mouse skeletal muscle that results in highly coupled mitochondria that respire with high function during microplate based respirometirc assays.

Here, we present a modification of a previously reported method that allows for the isolation of high quality and purified mitochondria from smaller quantities of mouse skeletal muscle. This procedure results in highly coupled mitochondria that respire with high function during microplate based respirometirc assays.

높은 처리량 마이크로 호흡 측정을위한 마우스 골격근의 최소 수량에서 미토콘드리아의 분리

Dysfunctional skeletal muscle mitochondria play a role in altered metabolism observed with aging, obesity and Type II diabetes. Mitochondrial ...

Isolation of Intact Mitochondria from Skeletal Muscle by Differential Centrifugation for High-resolution Respirometry Measurements

Mitochondria are involved in cellular energy metabolism and use oxygen to produce energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Differential centrifugation at low- and high-speed is commonly used to isolate mitochondria from tissues and cultured cells. Crude mitochondrial fractions obtained by differential centrifugation are used for respirometry measurements. The differential centrifugation technique is based on the separation of organelles according to their size and sedimentation velocity. The isolation of mitochondria is performed immediately after tissue harvesting. The tissue is immersed in an ice-cold homogenization medium, minced using scissors and homogenized in a glass homogenizer with a loose-fitting pestle. The differential centrifugation technique is efficient, fast and inexpensive and the mitochondria obtained by differential centrifugation are pure enough for respirometry assays. Some of the limitations and disadvantages of isolated mitochondria, based on differential centrifugation, are that the mitochondria can be damaged during the homogenization and isolation procedure and that large amounts of the tissue biopsy or cultured cells are required for the mitochondrial isolation.

Here, a quadriceps muscle specimen is taken from an anaesthetized pig and mitochondria are isolated by differential centrifugation. Then, the respiratory rates of mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes I, II and IV are determined using high-resolution respirometry.

고해상도 호흡율 측정을위한 차동 원심 분리에 의한 골격근에서 본래 미토콘드리아의 분리

Mitochondria are involved in cellular energy metabolism and use oxygen to produce energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Differential ...

Isolation and Characterization of Exosomes from Skeletal Muscle Fibroblasts

Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles released by virtually all cells and secreted in all biological fluids. Many methods have been developed for the isolation of these vesicles, including ultracentrifugation, ultrafiltration, and size exclusion chromatography. However, not all are suitable for large scale exosome purification and characterization. Outlined here is a protocol for establishing cultures of primary fibroblasts isolated from adult mouse skeletal muscles, followed by purification and characterization of exosomes from the culture media of these cells. The method is based on the use of sequential centrifugation steps followed by sucrose density gradients. Purity of the exosomal preparations is then validated by western blot analyses using a battery of canonical markers (i.e., Alix, CD9, and CD81). The protocol describes how to isolate and concentrate bioactive exosomes for electron microscopy, mass spectrometry, and uptake experiments for functional studies. It can easily be scaled up or down and adapted for exosome isolation from different cell types, tissues, and biological fluids.

This protocol illustrates the 1) the isolation and culture of primary fibroblasts from the adult mouse gastrocnemius muscle as well as 2) purification and characterization of exosomes using a differential ultracentrifugation method combined with sucrose density gradients followed by western blot analyses.

골격근 섬유아세포(Skeletal Muscle Fibroblast)에서 엑소좀의 분리 및 특성 분석(Isolation and Characterization of Exosomes from Skeletal Muscle Fibroblasts)

Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles released by virtually all cells and secreted in all biological fluids. Many methods have been developed for the ...

Isolation of Human Ventricular Cardiomyocytes from Vibratome-Cut Myocardial Slices

The isolation of ventricular cardiac myocytes from animal and human hearts is a fundamental method in cardiac research. Animal cardiomyocytes are commonly isolated by coronary perfusion with digestive enzymes. However, isolating human cardiomyocytes is challenging because human myocardial specimens usually do not allow for coronary perfusion, and alternative isolation protocols result in poor yields of viable cells. In addition, human myocardial specimens are rare and only regularly available at institutions with on-site cardiac surgery. This hampers the translation of findings from animal to human cardiomyocytes. Described here is a reliable protocol that enables efficient isolation of ventricular myocytes from human and animal myocardium. To increase the surface-to-volume ratio while minimizing cell damage, myocardial tissue slices 300 &#181;m thick are generated from myocardial specimens with a vibratome. Tissue slices are then digested with protease and collagenase. Rat myocardium was used to establish the protocol and quantify yields of viable, calcium-tolerant myocytes by flow-cytometric cell counting. Comparison with the commonly used tissue-chunk method showed significantly higher yields of rod-shaped cardiomyocytes (41.5 &#177; 11.9 vs. 7.89 &#177; 3.6%, p &#60; 0.05). The protocol was translated to failing and non-failing human myocardium, where yields were similar as in rat myocardium and, again, markedly higher than with the tissue-chunk method (45.0 &#177; 15.0 vs. 6.87 &#177; 5.23 cells/mg, p &#60; 0.05). Notably, with the protocol presented it is possible to isolate reasonable numbers of viable human cardiomyocytes (9&#8211;200 cells/mg) from minimal amounts of tissue (&#60;50 mg). Thus, the method is applicable to healthy and failing myocardium from both human and animal hearts. Furthermore, it is possible to isolate excitable and contractile myocytes from human tissue specimens stored for up to 36 h in cold cardioplegic solution, rendering the method particularly useful for laboratories at institutions without on-site cardiac surgery.

Presented is a protocol for the isolation of human and animal ventricular cardiomyocytes from vibratome-cut myocardial slices. High yields of calcium-tolerant cells (up to 200 cells/mg) can be obtained from small amounts of tissue (&#60;50 mg). The protocol is applicable to myocardium exposed to cold ischemia for up to 36 h.

진동절단 심근슬라이스에서 인간 심실 심근세포의 분리

The isolation of ventricular cardiac myocytes from animal and human hearts is a fundamental method in cardiac research. Animal cardiomyocytes are commonly ...

Isolation of Mitochondria from Mouse Skeletal Muscle for Respirometric Assays

Most of the cell&#39;s energy is obtained through the degradation of glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids by different pathways that converge on the mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) system, which is regulated in response to cellular demands. The lipid molecule Coenzyme Q (CoQ) is essential in this process by transferring electrons to complex III in the electron transport chain (ETC) through constant oxidation/reduction cycles. Mitochondria status and, ultimately, cellular health can be assessed by measuring ETC oxygen consumption using respirometric assays. These studies are typically performed in established or primary cell lines that have been cultured for several days. In both cases, the respiration parameters obtained may have deviated from normal physiological conditions in&#160;any given organ or tissue.
Additionally, the intrinsic characteristics of cultured single fibers isolated from skeletal muscle impede this type of analysis. This paper presents an updated and detailed protocol for the analysis of respiration in freshly isolated mitochondria from mouse skeletal muscle. We also provide solutions to potential problems that could arise at any step of the process. The method presented here could be applied to compare oxygen consumption rates in diverse transgenic mouse models and study the mitochondrial response to drug treatments or other factors such as aging or sex. This is a feasible method to respond to crucial questions about mitochondrial bioenergetics metabolism and regulation.

Here, we describe a detailed method for mitochondria isolation from mouse skeletal muscle and the subsequent analysis of respiration by Oxygen Consumption Rate (OCR) using microplate-based respirometric assays. This pipeline can be applied to study the effects of multiple environmental or genetic interventions on mitochondrial metabolism.

호흡 측정을 위한 마우스 골격근으로부터 미토콘드리아의 분리

Most of the cell&#39;s energy is obtained through the degradation of glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids by different pathways that converge on the ...

Electroporation of Plasmid DNA into Mouse Skeletal Muscle

Transient gene expression modulation in murine skeletal muscle by plasmid electroporation is a useful tool for assessing normal and pathological physiology. Overexpression or knockdown of target genes enables investigators to manipulate individual molecular events and, thus, better understand the mechanisms that impact muscle mass, muscle metabolism, and contractility. In addition, electroporation of DNA plasmids that encode fluorescent tags allows investigators to measure changes in subcellular localization of proteins in skeletal muscle in vivo. A key functional assessment of skeletal muscle includes the measurement of muscle contractility. In this protocol, we demonstrate that whole muscle contractility studies are still possible after plasmid DNA injection, electroporation, and gene expression modulation. The goal of this instructional procedure is to demonstrate the step-by-step method of DNA plasmid electroporation into mouse skeletal muscle to facilitate uptake and expression in the myofibers of the tibialis anterior and extensor digitorum longus muscles, as well as to demonstrate that skeletal muscle contractility is not compromised by injection and electroporation.

Electroporation of plasmid DNA into skeletal muscle is a viable method to modulate gene expression without compromising muscle contractility in mice.