이 작품은 NIH 보조금 R21MH082360 (BGC)와 R01HD056315 (NRM)뿐만 아니라 조지아 대학에서 지원했다.

<ol>
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M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+situ+hybridization:+an+improved+whole-mount+method+for+Xenopus+embryos.">In situ hybridization: an improved whole-mount method for Xenopus embryos.</a> Methods Cell Biol. 36, 685-695 (1991).</li><li>Herrmann, B. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Expression+pattern+of+the+Brachyury+gene+in+whole-mount+TWis/TWis+mutant+embryos.">Expression pattern of the Brachyury gene in whole-mount TWis/TWis mutant embryos.</a> Development. 113, 913-917 (1991).</li><li>Conlon, R. A., Herrmann, B. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Detection+of+messenger+RNA+by+in+situ+hybridization+to+postimplantation+embryo+whole+mounts.">Detection of messenger RNA by in situ hybridization to postimplantation embryo whole mounts.</a> Methods Enzymol. 225, 373-383 (1993).</li><li>Parr, B. A., Shea, M. J., Vassileva, G., McMahon, A. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mouse+Wnt+genes+exhibit+discrete+domains+of+expression+in+the+early+embryonic+CNS+and+limb+buds.">Mouse Wnt genes exhibit discrete domains of expression in the early embryonic CNS and limb buds.</a> Development. 119, 247-261 (1993).</li><li>Rosen, B., Beddington, R. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Whole-mount+in+situ+hybridization+in+the+mouse+embryo:+gene+expression+in+three+dimensions.">Whole-mount in situ hybridization in the mouse embryo: gene expression in three dimensions.</a> Trends Genet. 9, 162-167 (1993).</li><li>Quiring, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Large-scale+expression+screening+by+automated+whole-mount+in+situ+hybridization.">Large-scale expression screening by automated whole-mount in situ hybridization.</a> Mech. Dev. 121, 971-976 (2004).</li><li>Thut, C. J., Rountree, R. B., Hwa, M., Kingsley, D. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+large-scale+in+situ+screen+provides+molecular+evidence+for+the+induction+of+eye+anterior+segment+structures+by+the+developing+lens.">A large-scale in situ screen provides molecular evidence for the induction of eye anterior segment structures by the developing lens.</a> Dev. Biol. 231, 63-76 (2001).</li><li>Neidhardt, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Large-scale+screen+for+genes+controlling+mammalian+embryogenesis,+using+high-throughput+gene+expression+analysis+in+mouse+embryos.">Large-scale screen for genes controlling mammalian embryogenesis, using high-throughput gene expression analysis in mouse embryos.</a> Mech. Dev. 98, 77-94 (2000).</li><li>Gordon, J., Bennett, A. R., Blackburn, C. C., Manley, N. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gcm2+and+Foxn1+mark+early+parathyroid-+and+thymus-specific+domains+in+the+developing+third+pharyngeal.">Gcm2 and Foxn1 mark early parathyroid- and thymus-specific domains in the developing third pharyngeal.</a> 103, 141-143 (2001).</li></ol>

관심 없음 충돌이 선언 없습니다.

이 프로토콜에 설명 된 방법은 다른 소스들로부터 적응 및 전체 마운트 E8.5 - E11.5 일 이전 마우스 배아에 최적화되어 있습니다. 척추 동물의 배아의 현장 하이브리드 화에 전체 마운트하기위한 방법은 먼저 1990 년대 초 2,5-12에 나타났다. 이 프로토콜은 주로 Xenopus의 배아 7,8뿐만 아니라 마우스 2,11 용으로 개발 된 방법에서 적응되었습니다. 우리 프로토콜에서...

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><th> 이름 </th><th> 유형 </th><th> 회사 </th><th> 카탈로그 번호 </th><th> 코멘트 </th></tr><tr><td> Digoxigenin-11-유리 딘 - 5&#39;-삼인산 </td><td> 시약 </td><td> 로슈 </td><td> 11209256910 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Ribonucleoside의 삼인산 세트 </td><td> 시약 </td><td> 로슈 </td><td> 11277057001 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 방사성 동위 원소 표지 된 RNA 정화를위한 빠른 스핀 열 </td><td> 공급 </td><td> 로슈 </td><td> 11274015001 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> T7 RNA 중합 효소의 </td><td> 시약 </td><td> 로슈 </td><td> 10881767001 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> SP6 RNA 중합 효소의 </td><td> 시약 </td><td> 로슈 </td><td> 10810274001 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> T3 RNA의 효소 </td><td> 시약 </td><td> 로슈 </td><td> 11031163001 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> CTP, [α- 32P] - 800Ci/mmol 10mCi/ml, 250 μCi </td><td> 시약 </td><td> Perkin 엘머 </td><td> BLU008X250UC </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> DNase I는 재조합, RNase 무료 </td><td> 시약 </td><td> 로슈 </td><td> 4716728001 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 요소, 무색 - 투 - 흰 색 결정 또는 결정 분말 </td><td> 시약 </td><td> 어부 </td><td> BP169-500 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 젤 로딩 버퍼 </td><td> 시약 </td><td> Ambion </td><td> AM8547 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Hybond-N +, Amersham </td><td> 공급 </td><td> GE 헬스 케어 </td><td> RPN82B </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> UV의 Stratalinker 2400 </td><td> 장비 </td><td> Stratagene </td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 디 에틸 pyrocarbonate </td><td> 시약 </td><td> 시그마 </td><td> D5758-100ML </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 헤파린 나트륨 </td><tD&gt; 시약 </td><td> Acros </td><td> 41121-0010 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 물에 과산화수소 30% </td><td> 시약 </td><td> 피셔 과학 </td><td> BP2633-500 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 글루 테르 알데히드, 8퍼센트 EM 등급 </td><td> 시약 </td><td> Polysciences </td><td> 0 / 710 </td><td> 제조의 지시에 따라주의해서 사용 </td></tr><tr><td> 시약 차단 </td><td> 시약 </td><td> 로슈 </td><td> 11096176001 </td><td> -20 ° C에서 5 %의 주식 및 매장에 확인 </td></tr><tr><td> Proteinase K </td><td> 시약 </td><td> 로슈 </td><td> 3115852001 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Rnase </td><td> 시약 </td><td> 로슈 </td><td> 10109142001 </td><td> 확인으로 -20 ° C. 10 MG / ML 주식 및 매장 </td></tr><tr><td> Rnase T1 </td><td> 시약 </td><td> 로슈 </td><td> 10109193001 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> ULtrapure 포름 아미드 </td><td> 시약 </td><td> Invitrogen </td><td> 15515-026 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Levamisole 히드로 클로라이드 </td><td> 시약 </td><td> ICN의 Biomedicals. 주식회사 </td><td> 155228 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> torula 효모에서 Ribonucleic 산성 타입 VI </td><td> 시약 </td><td> 시그마 </td><td> R6625 </td><td> 페놀 / 클로로포름은 여러 번 추출 유발, DEPC-dH2O에 resuspended 및 -20 ° C에 저장 </td></tr><tr><td> 안티 Digoxigenin-AP 팹 조각 </td><td> 시약 </td><td> 로슈 </td><td> 11093274910 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> precipitating BM 퍼플 AP 기판. 솔루션을 바로 사용하기. </td><td> 시약 </td><td> 로슈 </td><td> 11 44​​2 074 001 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 4mL, 삭제, 휴일 탑, 스토리지 비알 편리 키트 </td><td> 공급 </td><td> 국립 과학 </td><td> B7800-2 </td><td></td></tr><tr&gt; <td> N 베이킹 하이브 리다이 제이션 오븐 흔들어 </td><td> 장비 </td><td> Boekel 과학 </td><td> 136400 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 그래 - 테크을 생검 </td><td> 공급 </td><td> Fisherbrand </td><td> 15-200 - 402C </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Paraplast 플러스 조직 퍼가기 매체 </td><td> 시약 </td><td> Fisherbrand </td><td> 23-021-400 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 필-A-웨이 일회용 플라스틱 조직 퍼가기 금형 </td><td> 공급 </td><td> Polysciences </td><td> 18646A </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Colorfrost 플러스 현미경 슬라이드 </td><td> 공급 </td><td> Fisherbrand </td><td> 12-550-17 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 원자력 빠른 레드 </td><td> 시약 </td><td> 시그마 </td><td> N8002 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Cytoseal 60 </td><td> 시약 </td><td> 리차드 - 앨런 과학 </td><td> 8310-16 </td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

whole mount in situ hybridization of e8.5 to e11.5 mouse embryos

현장 하이브리드 화의 전체 마운트는 배아의 유전자 발현 패턴을 형성하기위한 매우 유익한 방법이다. 현장 하이브리드 절차에는 긴 있으며, 기술적으로 통칭 최종 결과의 질에 기여하는 여러 중요한 단계를 요구.이 프로토콜은 프로브 레이블과 성능을 최적화하기위한 세부 몇 가지 주요 품질 관리 단계에 대해 설명합니다. 전반적으로, 우리의 프로토콜에 대한 자세한 설명을 제공합니다 필요한 중요한 단계 중 reproducibly 고품질의 결과를 얻을 수 있습니다. 첫째, 우리는 PCR에 의해 생성 된 DNA 템플릿의 체외 스크립트의를 통해 digoxygenin (파)이라는 RNA 프로브의 생성을 설명합니다. 우리는 양, 무결성 및 파 - 라벨 프로브의 특정 활동을 결정하는 세 가지 중요한 품질 관리 assays을 설명합니다. 이 단계는 전체 마우스 배아에서 내생 mRNAs를 감지하기에 충분한 감도의 프로브를 생성하기 위해 중요합니다.또한, 우리는 현장 하이브리드 화에 대한 E8.5 - E11.5 일 이전 마우스 배아의 고정 및 저장하는 방법을 설명합니다. 그런 다음, 우리는 하이브리드 조건, 사후 하이브리드 세차 및 비 특정 프로브 하이브 리다이 제이션을 제거하는 RNase 처리의 세부 정보가 rehydrated 배아의 제한 proteinase K는 소화에 대한 자세한 방법을 설명합니다. AP-복합 항체가 표시 프로브를 시각화하고 내생 성적표의 표현 패턴을 표시하는 데 사용됩니다. 대표 결과는 성공적인 실험과 일반 차선 실험에서 표시됩니다.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Whole Mount in Situ Hybridization of E8.5 to E11.5 Mouse Embryos at JoVE.com

Whole Mount in Situ Hybridization of E8.5 to E11.5 Mouse Embryos

이 모든 마운트<em&gt; 현장에서</em&gt; 하이브리드 프로토콜은 E8.5 - E11.5 일 이전 마우스 배아의 유전자 발현 연구에 대한 재현 고품질의 결과를 보장 중요한 단계를 설명합니다.

전체 산<em&gt; 현장에서</emE11.5 마우스 태아에 E8.5의&gt; 하이브리드

Whole mount in situ hybridization is a very informative approach for defining gene expression patterns in embryos. The in situ hybridization procedures ...

whole-mount-in-situ-hybridization-of-e85-to-e115-mouse-embryos

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Whole Mount in Situ Hybridization of E8.5 to E11.5 Mouse Embryos

25.8K 조회수.  University of Georgia. 이 모든 마운트 현장에서 하이브리드 프로토콜은 E8.5 - E11.5 일 이전 마우스 배아의 유전자 발현 연구에 대한 재현 고품질의 결과를 보장 중요한 단계를 설명합니다.

비디오: Whole Mount in Situ Hybridization of E8.5 to E11.5 Mouse Embryos

Double Whole Mount in situ Hybridization of Early Chick Embryos

The chick embryo is a valuable tool in the study of early embryonic development. Its transparency, accessibility and ease of manipulation, make it an ideal tool for studying  gene expression in brain, neural tube, somite and heart primordia formation. This video demonstrates the different steps in 2-color whole mount in situ hybridization; First, the embryo is dissected from the egg and fixed in paraformaldehyde. Second, the embryo is processed for prehybridization. The embryo is then hybridized with two different probes, one coupled to DIG, and one coupled to FITC.  Following overnight hybridization, the embryo is incubated with DIG coupled antibody. Color reaction for DIG substrate is performed, and the region of interest appears blue. The embryo is then incubated with FITC coupled antibody. The embryo is processed for color reaction with FITC, and the region of interest appears red. Finally, the embryo is fixed and processed for phtograph and sectioning. A troubleshooting guide is also presented.

This video demonstrates 2-color whole mount in situ hybridization, a method by which the spatial and temporal expression pattern of 2 different genes can be visualized in young chick embryos. This method was originally introduced by David Wilkinson, Domingos Henrique, Phil Ingham and David Ish -Horowicz.

조기 칙 태아의 현장 하이브리드화에서 더블 전체 산

The chick embryo is a valuable tool in the study of early embryonic development. Its transparency, accessibility and ease of manipulation, make it an ...

연구

생물학

Method for Whole Mount Antibody Staining in Chick

The chick embryo is a valuable tool in the study of early embryonic development. Its transparency, accessibility and ease of manipulation, make it an ideal tool for studying antibody expression in developing brain, neural tube and somite. This video demonstrates the different steps in whole-mount antibody staining using HRP conjugated secondary antibodies; First, the embryo is dissected from the egg and fixed in paraformaldehyde. Second, endogenous peroxidase is inactivated; The embryo is then exposed to primary antibody. After several washes, the embryo is incubated with secondary antibody conjugated to HRP. Peroxidase activity is revealed using reaction with diaminobenzidine substrate. Finally, the embryo is fixed and processed for photography and sectioning. The advantage of this method over the use of fluorescent antibodies is that embryos can be processed for wax sectioning, thus enabling the study of antigen sites in cross section. This method was originally introduced by Jane Dodd and Tom Jessell 1.

This video demonstrates whole mount immunohistochemistry, a method by which the spatial and temporal expression pattern of an antigen can be visualized in young chick embryos. This method was originally introduced by Jane Dodd and Tom Jessell.

칙의 전체 마운트 항체 스테 이닝을위한 방법

Zebrafish Whole Mount High-Resolution Double Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization

Whole mount in situ hybridization is one of the most widely used techniques in developmental biology. Here, we present a high-resolution double fluorescent in situ hybridization protocol for analyzing the precise expression pattern of a single gene and for determining the overlap of the expression domains of two genes. The protocol is a modified version of the standard in situ hybridization using alkaline phosphatase and substrates such as NBT/BCIP and Fast Red 1,2. This protocol utilizes standard digoxygenin and fluorescein labeled probes along with tyramide signal amplification (TSA) 3. The commercially available TSA kits allow flexible experimental design as fluorescence emission from green to far-red can be used in combination with various nuclear stains, such as propidium iodide, or fluorescence immunohistochemistry for proteins. TSA produces a reactive fluorescent substrate that quickly covalently binds to moieties, typically tyrosine residues, in the immediate vicinity of the labeled antisense riboprobe. The resulting staining patterns are high resolution in that subcellular localization of the mRNA can be observed using laser scanning confocal microscopy 3,4. One can observe nascent transcripts at the chromosomal loci, distinguish nuclear and cytoplasmic staining and visualize other patterns such as cortical localization of mRNA. Studies in Drosophila indicate that roughly 70% of mRNAs exhibit specific patterns of subcellular localization that frequently correlate with the function of the encoded protein 5. When combined with computer-aided reconstruction of 3D confocal datasets, our protocol allows the detailed analysis of mRNA distribution with sub-cellular resolution in whole vertebrate embryos.

Zebrafish Whole Mount High-Resolution Double Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization

Whole mount in situ hybridization is one of the most widely used techniques in developmental biology. Here, we present a high-resolution double fluorescent in situ hybridization protocol for analyzing the precise expression pattern of a single gene and for determining the overlap of the expression domains of two genes. We include a propidium iodide nuclear counter-stain to highlight tissue organization.

Zebrafish 전체 마운트 고해상도 더블 형광등 현장에서 하이브 리다이 제이션

Whole mount in situ hybridization is one of the most widely used techniques in developmental biology.  Here, we present a high-resolution double ...

Using Whole Mount in situ Hybridization to Link Molecular and Organismal Biology

Whole mount in situ hybridization (WISH) is a common technique in molecular biology laboratories used to study gene expression through the localization of specific mRNA transcripts within whole mount specimen. This technique (adapted from Albertson and Yelick, 2005) was used in an upper level undergraduate Comparative Vertebrate Biology laboratory classroom at Syracuse University. The first two thirds of the Comparative Vertebrate Biology lab course gave students the opportunity to study the embryology and gross anatomy of several organisms representing various chordate taxa primarily via traditional dissections and the use of models. The final portion of the course involved an innovative approach to teaching anatomy through observation of vertebrate development employing molecular techniques in which WISH was performed on zebrafish embryos. A heterozygous fibroblast growth factor 8 a (fgf8a) mutant line, ace, was used. Due to Mendelian inheritance, ace intercrosses produced wild type, heterozygous, and homozygous ace/fgf8a mutants in a 1:2:1 ratio. RNA probes with known expression patterns in the midline and in developing anatomical structures such as the heart, somites, tailbud, myotome, and brain were used. WISH was performed using zebrafish at the 13 somite and prim-6 stages, with students performing the staining reaction in class. The study of zebrafish embryos at different stages of development gave students the ability to observe how these anatomical structures changed over ontogeny. In addition, some ace/fgf8a mutants displayed improper heart looping, and defects in somite and brain development. The students in this lab observed the normal development of various organ systems using both external anatomy as well as gene expression patterns. They also identified and described embryos displaying improper anatomical development and gene expression (i.e., putative mutants).
For instructors at institutions that do not already own the necessary equipment or where funds for lab and curricular innovation are limited, the financial cost of the reagents and apparatus may be a factor to consider, as will the time and effort required on the part of the instructor regardless of the setting. Nevertheless, we contend that the use of WISH in this type of classroom laboratory setting can provide an important link between developmental genetics and anatomy. As technology advances and the ability to study organismal development at the molecular level becomes easier, cheaper, and increasingly popular, many evolutionary biologists, ecologists, and physiologists are turning to research strategies in the field of molecular biology. Using WISH in a Comparative Vertebrate Biology laboratory classroom is one example of how molecules and anatomy can converge within a single course. This gives upper level college students the opportunity to practice modern biological research techniques, leading to a more diversified education and the promotion of future interdisciplinary scientific research.

Using Whole Mount in situ Hybridization to Link Molecular and Organismal Biology

Whole mount in situ hybridization (WISH) was used in an upper level undergraduate Comparative Vertebrate Biology course in addition to vertebrate dissections. This gave students the opportunity to study gene expression patterns as well as gross anatomy, linking the study of molecular and organismal biology within one course.

전체 마운트를 사용하여 현장에서</em분자 생물학과 Organismal를 링크> 하이브 리다이 제이션

Whole mount in situ hybridization (WISH) is a common technique in molecular biology laboratories used to study gene expression through the localization of ...

A High Throughput in situ Hybridization Method to Characterize mRNA Expression Patterns in the Fetal Mouse Lower Urogenital Tract

Development of the lower urogenital tract (LUT) is an intricate process. This complexity is evidenced during formation of the prostate from the fetal male urethra, which relies on androgenic signals and epithelial-mesenchymal interactions1,2. Understanding the molecular mechanisms responsible for prostate development may reveal growth mechanisms that are inappropriately reawakened later in life to give rise to prostate diseases such as benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer.
The developing LUT is anatomically complex. By the time prostatic budding begins on 16.5 days post conception (dpc), numerous cell types are present. Vasculature, nerves and smooth muscle reside within the mesenchymal stroma3. This stroma surrounds a multilayered epithelium and gives rise to the fetal prostate through androgen receptor-dependent paracrine signals4. The identity of the stromal androgen receptor-responsive genes required for prostate development and the mechanism by which prostate ductal epithelium forms in response to these genes is not fully understood. The ability to precisely identify cell types and localize expression of specific factors within them is imperative to further understand prostate development. In situ hybridization (ISH) allows for localization of mRNAs within a tissue. Thus, this method can be used to identify pattern and timing of expression of signaling molecules and their receptors, thereby elucidating potential prostate developmental regulators.
Here, we describe a high throughput ISH technique to identify mRNA expression patterns in the fetal mouse LUT using vibrating microtome-cut sections. This method offers several advantages over other ISH protocols. Performing ISH on thin sections adhered to a slide is technically difficult; cryosections frequently have poor structural quality while both cryosections and paraffin sections often result in weak signal resolution. Performing ISH on whole mount tissues can result in probe trapping. In contrast, our high throughput technique utilizes thick-cut sections that reveal detailed tissue architecture. Modified microfuge tubes allow easy handling of sections during the ISH procedure. A maximum of 4 mRNA transcripts can be screened from a single 17.5dpc LUT with up to 24 mRNA transcripts detected in a single run, thereby reducing cost and maximizing efficiency. This method allows multiple treatment groups to be processed identically and as a single unit, thereby removing any bias for interpreting data. Most pertinently for prostate researchers, this method provides a spatial and temporal location of low and high abundance mRNA transcripts in the fetal mouse urethra that gives rise to the prostate ductal network.

A High Throughput in situ Hybridization Method to Characterize mRNA Expression Patterns in the Fetal Mouse Lower Urogenital Tract

Here, we describe an efficient high throughput in situ hybridization (ISH) method for visualizing patterns of mRNA expression in developing fetal mouse prostate tissue sections. The method can be easily adapted to visualize mRNA expression patterns in other mouse tissues or in tissues from other species.

높은 처리량 현장에서</em태아 마우스 로우어 Urogenital 트랙트의 mRNA의 표현 패턴을 특성화> 하이브리드화 방법

Development of the lower urogenital tract (LUT) is an intricate process. This complexity is evidenced during formation of the prostate from the fetal male ...

Whole Mount RNA Fluorescent in situ Hybridization of Drosophila Embryos

Assessing the expression pattern of a gene, as well as the subcellular localization properties of its transcribed RNA, are key features for understanding its biological function during development. RNA in situ hybridization (RNA-ISH) is a powerful method used for visualizing RNA distribution properties, be it at the organismal, cellular or subcellular levels 1. RNA-ISH is based on the hybridization of a labeled nucleic acid probe (e.g. antisense RNA, oligonucleotides) complementary to the sequence of an mRNA or a non-coding RNA target of interest 2. As the procedure requires primary sequence information alone to generate sequence-specific probes, it can be universally applied to a broad range of organisms and tissue specimens 3. Indeed, a number of large-scale ISH studies have been implemented to document gene expression and RNA localization dynamics in various model organisms, which has led to the establishment of important community resources 4-11. While a variety of probe labeling and detection strategies have been developed over the years, the combined usage of fluorescently-labeled detection reagents and enzymatic signal amplification steps offer significant enhancements in the sensitivity and resolution of the procedure 12. Here, we describe an optimized fluorescent in situ hybridization method (FISH) employing tyramide signal amplification (TSA) to visualize RNA expression and localization dynamics in staged Drosophila embryos. The procedure is carried out in 96-well PCR plate format, which greatly facilitates the simultaneous processing of large numbers of samples.

Whole Mount RNA Fluorescent in situ Hybridization of Drosophila Embryos

Here we describe a whole-mount fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) protocol for determining the expression and localization properties of RNAs expressed during embryogenesis in the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster.

전체 마운트 RNA 형광<em&gt; 현장에서</em의&gt; 하이브리드<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; 태아

Assessing  the expression pattern of a gene, as well as the subcellular localization  properties of its transcribed RNA, are key features for ...

RNA In situ Hybridization in Whole Mount Embryos and Cell Histology Adapted for Marine Elasmobranchs

Marine elasmobranchs are valued animal models for biomedical and genomic studies as they are the most primitive vertebrates to have adaptive immunity and have unique mechanisms for osmoregulation 1-3. As the most primitive living jawed-vertebrates with paired appendages, elasmobranchs are an evolutionarily important model, especially for studies in evolution and development. Marine elasmobranchs have also been used to study aquatic toxicology and stress physiology in relationship to climate change 4. Thus, development and adaptation of methodologies is needed to facilitate and expand the use of these primitive vertebrates to multiple biological disciplines. Here I present the successful adaptation of RNA whole mount in situ hybridization and histological techniques to study gene expression and cell histology in elasmobranchs.
Monitoring gene expression is a hallmark tool of developmental biologists, and is widely used to investigate developmental processes 5. RNA whole mount in situ hybridization allows for the visualization and localization of specific gene transcripts in tissues of the developing embryo. The expression pattern of a gene's message can provide insight into what developmental processes and cell fate decisions a gene may control. By comparing the expression pattern of a gene at different developmental stages, insight can be gained into how the role of a gene changes during development.
While whole mount in situ's provides a means to localize gene expression to tissue, histological techniques allow for the identification of differentiated cell types and tissues. Histological stains have varied functions. General stains are used to highlight cell morphology, for example hematoxylin and eosin for general staining of nuclei and cytoplasm, respectively. Other stains can highlight specific cell types. For example, the alcian blue stain reported in this paper is a widely used cationic stain to identify mucosaccharides. Staining of the digestive tract with alcian blue can identify the distribution of goblet cells that produce mucosaccharides. Variations in mucosaccharide constituents on short peptides distinguish goblet cells by function within the digestive tract 6. By using RNA whole mount in situ's and histochemical methods concurrently, cell fate decisions can be linked to gene-specific expression.
Although RNA in situ's and histochemistry are widely used by researchers, their adaptation and use in marine elasmobranchs have met limited and varied success. Here I present protocols developed for elasmobranchs and used on a regular basis in my laboratory. Although further modification of the RNA in situ's hybridization method may be needed to adapt to different species, the protocols described here provide a strong starting point for researchers wanting to adapt the use of marine elasmobranchs to their scientific inquiries.

RNA In situ Hybridization in Whole Mount Embryos and Cell Histology Adapted for Marine Elasmobranchs

By combining methods for RNA whole mount in situ hybridization and histology, gene expression can be linked with cell fate decisions in the developing embryo. These methods have been adapted to marine elasmobranchs and facilitate the use of these animals as model organisms for biomedical, toxicology and comparative studies.

RNA<em&gt; 현장에서</em전체 마운트 태아 및 세포 조직학에서&gt; 하이브리드는 해양 Elasmobranchs을위한 적응

Marine  elasmobranchs are valued animal models for biomedical and genomic studies as  they are the most primitive vertebrates to have adaptive immunity ...

High Resolution Whole Mount In Situ Hybridization within Zebrafish Embryos to Study Gene Expression and Function

This article focuses on whole-mount in situ hybridization (WISH) of zebrafish embryos. The WISH technology facilitates the assessment of gene expression both in terms of tissue distribution and developmental stage. Protocols are described for the use of WISH of zebrafish embryos using antisense RNA probes labeled with digoxigenin. Probes are generated by incorporating digoxigenin-linked nucleotides through in vitro transcription of gene templates that have been cloned and linearized. The chorions of embryos harvested at defined developmental stages are removed before incubation with specific probes. Following a washing procedure to remove excess probe, embryos are incubated with anti-digoxigenin antibody conjugated with alkaline phosphatase. By employing a chromogenic substrate for alkaline phosphatase, specific gene expression can be assessed. Depending on the level of gene expression the entire procedure can be completed within 2-3 days.

High Resolution Whole Mount In Situ Hybridization within Zebrafish Embryos to Study Gene Expression and Function

The zebrafish, a small tropical fish, has become a popular model for studying gene function during vertebrate development and disease. The temporal and spatial expression of target genes can be determined by in situ hybridization. Our improved protocol allows for the detection of low abundant transcripts with low non-specific background signal.

높은 해상도 전체 마운트<em&gt; 제자리에서</em유전자 발현 및 기능을 연구하는 제브라 피쉬 배아에서&gt; 하이브리드

This article focuses on whole-mount in situ hybridization (WISH) of zebrafish embryos. The WISH technology facilitates the assessment of gene expression ...

MicroRNA In situ Hybridization for Formalin Fixed Kidney Tissues

In this article we describe a method for colorimetric detection of miRNA in the kidney through in situ hybridization with digoxigenin tagged microRNA probes. This protocol, originally developed by Kloosterman and colleagues for broad use with Exiqon miRNA probes1, has been modified to overcome challenges inherent in miRNA analysis in kidney tissues. These include issues such as structure identification and hard to remove residual probe and antibody. Use of relatively thin, 5 mm thick, tissue sections allowed for clear visualization of kidney structures, while a strong probe signal was retained in cells. Additionally, probe concentration and incubation conditions were optimized to facilitate visualization of microRNA expression with low background and nonspecific signal. Here, the optimized protocol is described, covering the initial tissue collection and preparation through the mounting of slides at the end of the procedure. The basic components of this protocol can be altered for application to other tissues and cell culture models.

MicroRNA In situ Hybridization for Formalin Fixed Kidney Tissues

This article describes an in situ hybridization protocol optimized for colormetric detection of microRNA expression in formalin fixed kidney sections.

마이크로 RNA<em&gt; 현장에서</em&gt; 포르말린 고정 신장 조직에 대한 하이브리드

In this article we describe a method for colorimetric detection of miRNA in the kidney through in situ hybridization with digoxigenin tagged microRNA ...

Analysis of Apoptosis in Zebrafish Embryos by Whole-mount Immunofluorescence to Detect Activated Caspase 3

Whole-mount immunofluorescence to detect activated Caspase 3 (Casp3 assay) is useful to identify cells undergoing either intrinsic or extrinsic apoptosis in zebrafish embryos. The whole-mount analysis provides spatial information in regard to tissue specificity of apoptosing cells, although sectioning and/or colabeling is ultimately required to pinpoint the exact cell types undergoing apoptosis. The whole-mount Casp3 assay is optimized for analysis of fixed embryos between the 4-cell stage and 32 hr-post-fertilization and is useful for a number of applications, including analysis of zebrafish mutants and morphants, overexpression of mutant and wild-type mRNAs, and exposure to chemicals. Compared to acridine orange staining, which can identify apoptotic cells in live embryos in a matter of hours, Casp3 and TUNEL assays take considerably longer to complete (2-4 days). However, because of the dynamic nature of apoptotic cell formation and clearance, analysis of fixed embryos ensures accurate comparison of apoptotic cells across multiple samples at specific time points. We have also found the Casp3 assay to be superior to analysis of apoptotic cells by the whole-mount TUNEL assay in regard to cost and reliability. Overall, the Casp3 assay represents a robust, highly reproducible assay in which to analyze apoptotic cells in early zebrafish embryos.

Certain genetic perturbations or exposure to toxins can disrupt normal developmental processes leading to death of specific cell types. The analysis of activated Caspase 3 by whole-mount immunofluorescence in zebrafish embryos reveals stage- and tissue-specific localization of cells specifically undergoing apoptosis.

Whole-mount immunofluorescence to detect activated Caspase 3 (Casp3 assay) is useful to identify cells undergoing either intrinsic or extrinsic apoptosis ...