(J. 다드, TM Jessell 및 A. 가와 카미)에 의해 개발된 단클론 항체는 (15.3B9, PAX7) 생물 과학학과, 아이오와 대학에서 NICHD 유지의 후원하에 개발된 발달 연구 브리 도마 은행에서 얻은되었습니다 아이오와. DP는 약물 남용에있는 국립 연구소에서 루스 Kirschstein 수상 1F32 - 01A1 DA021977의받는 사람입니다. 이 작품은 RHF에 마가렛 M. 알켁 재단에 의해 지원되었다.

I. 도식 개요 : 이 비디오는 여자의 배아에서 전체 마운트 immunohistochemistry의 여러 단계를 보여줍니다. 첫째, 배아는 PFA에서 수정된 [IHC1]. 그런 다음, 내생 퍼옥시데이즈 활동은 침묵이다 [IHC2]. 배아는 다음 주 항체 [IHC3]에서 incubated입니다. 여러 세척 후 배아가 이차 항체에 incubated입니다 [IHC4]; 컬러 반응이 DAB [IHC5]를 사용하고 계시이며 항체 얼룩이 나타납니다 오렌지 [IHC6]. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/old/956_2009_1_26_3/figure 1.png" alt="그림 1" width="600" height="573" /> 1 부 : 배아를 고정 <ol><li> 여자의 배아에 대한 전체 마운트 immunohistochemistry를 수행하려면 먼저 집게로 껍질을 감청하고 껍질 조각을 제거하여 계란을 엽니다. </li><li> 포셉와 두꺼운 알부민을 제거하고, 배가 위쪽으로 얼굴을 너무 거친 포셉로 난황을 기울. </li><li> 좋은 가위를 사용하여 배아 주위에 난황의 사각형 잘라. 숟가락으로 노른자에서 배아를 제거하고, PBS를 포함하는 접시에 장소. </li><li> 해부 현미경에서 신중하게 안정과 노른자와 PBS를 포함하는 신선한 요리로 배아 전송을 제거합니다. </li><li> 포셉 및 곤충 핀으로 배아를 핀, 그리고 PBS를 대기음. PBS에서 4퍼센트 PFA이로 교체하고, 배아는 RT에 1H를 해결하실 수 있습니다. </li></ol> 2 부 : 항체 단계에 대비하여 배아 <ol><li> 잠재적인 미생물 오염을 최소화하려면, 다음 단계에서 모든 ddH 2 O를 사용합니다. </li><li> 배아가 수정되면 고정력있는 솔루션을 대기음 화학 폐기물을 적절히 처리. PBS로 요리를 입력합니다. </li><li> 다음, microdissection 나이프를 사용하여 extraembryonic 세포막을 제거하는 배아 주위에 사각형을 했네요. 포셉과 곤충 핀을 제거합니다. </li><li> 핀이 제거된 후, PBT (PBS 산도 7.4, 0.5 % 트리톤 X)를 포함하는 섬광의 약병에 배아를 전송하기 위해 뭉툭한 끝 파스퇴르 피펫을 사용합니다. </li><li> 십분 각, PBT 3 번 배아를 씻으십시오. </li><li> 섬광의 병을에서 PBT를 제거하고, PBTx 잠재 내생 퍼옥시데이즈를 inactivate하기 위해 0.3 % H 2 O 2를 포함하는로 바꿉니다. </li><li> nutator에 RT에서 2 시간을위한 부화. </li><li> 다음 PBT 10 분 각 3 회 30 분 각 3 회와 배아를 씻으십시오. </li></ol> 파트 3 : 항체 인큐베이션 <ol><li> 항체와 배아를 얼룩이, 차단 버퍼 또는 1% BSA / 1 % NGS / PBT (보조 항체가 염소에서 제기되기 때문에 우리가 NGS 사용) 한 시간 동안 배아를 세척하여 시작합니다. RT 한 시간 동안 nutator에 품어. </li><li> 4 이일 ° C nutator에이 솔루션에서 차단 버퍼 및 부화 배 (胚)의 기본 항체 1시 1분을 희석. 차 항체 희석 요소는 기본 항체의 선택에 따라 달라집니다. 여기서 우리는 supernatent대로 제시됩니다 발달 연구 브리 도마 은행에서 항체를 사용합니다. 우리는 버퍼를 차단에서 1시 1분을 희석. </li><li> 다음, PBT 3 1 시간 세척 다음 PBT 3 10 분 세척을 수행합니다. </li><li> 세척 후, 차단 버퍼에 보조 항체를 1:2500 희석 (이 경우 퍼옥시데이즈 복합 - 염소 항 마우스 IgG (H + L),이 솔루션에 품어 배아에서 4 O / N ° nutator에 C. </li><li> PBT 3 1 시간 세척 다음 PBT 3 10 분 세척을 수행합니다. </li></ol> 제 3 부 : 색상 반응 <ol><li> 스테인드 배아의 색상 반응을 개발하려면 먼저 트리스 버퍼 (100mM 트리스 HCL, 산도 7.4) 2 20 분 세척을 수행합니다. </li><li> 한편 펌 후드 아래에 500μg/ml의 트리스 버퍼에 DAB의 기판 (3,3 &#39;- diaminobenzidine의 tetrahydrochloride) 디졸브, 어둠 속에서 솔루션을 유지, 얼음. </li><li> 병을 포함 배아에서 마지막 트리스 버퍼를 제거하고 세척 단계를 3.2에서 5ml DAB 솔루션으로 대체합니다. 20 MN에 대한 nutator에 어둠 속에 보관. DAB를 오염을 제거하다하기 위해 10 % 표백 용액이 들어있는 양동이에 Eppendorf 끝 처리. </li><li> 한편 0.3 %의 주식 얼음 DH 2 O에서 H 2 O 2를 준비합니다. </li><li> DAB의 배아를 포함 유리병에 50μl 재고 H 2 O 2를 추가합니다. 어둠 속에 보관. 1~2분 후, 현미경으로 반응을 모니터링합니다. </li></ol> 4 부 : 사진 및 조직학에 대한 엠브료 처리 <ol><li> 색상 반응이 완료되면, 표백 양동이에 DAB 처분. 5 ML의 수돗물로 대체합니다. </li><li> PBS 2 10 분 세척을 수행합니다. </li><li> 사진 및 왁스 sectioning에 대한 처리하기 위해 10 분 각각에 대해 (25 %, 50 %, 75 % 및 100 %) 에탄올 시리즈 탈수. </li><li> 1 ML 시더 우드 오일 (이것은 배아 반투명하겠습니다) - 0.5와 에탄올을 대체합니다. 삼목 나무 기름의 사진을위한 과정입니다. </li><li> 사진 다음, 유리병에 배아를 반환하고 100 % 에탄올로 삼목 나무 오일을 교체하십시오. 에탄올 단계를 반복합니다. </li><li> E를 교체100 % 에탄올에 5% 빠른 그린 FCF와 thanol, 3 분 (이 단계는 조직학에 대한 배아 볼 것입니다)에 품어. 조직학에 대한 100 %의 에탄올과 프로세스 빠른 그린 FCF 솔루션을 교체합니다. </li></ol> 대표 결과 : <img src="/files/ftp_upload/old/956_2009_1_26_2/figure2.png" alt="그림 2" width="600" height="498" /> 아래의 예제에서, 배아는 단계 HH 10 (A), 12 (B), 11 (C)에서 해부되며 태아는 몸의 신경 crestas에 PAX 7 표현을 보여주뿐만 아니라 somites과 신경 튜브 (A, B)에; 년 (C), notochord가 15.3B9합니다 (- 1) (발달 연구 브리 도마 은행에서 제공하는 항체)에 표시됩니다.

<ol>
	<li>Yamada, T., Placzek, M., Tanaka, H., Dodd, J., Jessell, T. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Control+of+cell+pattern+in+the+developing+nervous+system:+Polarizing+activity+of+the+floor+plate+and+notochord.">Control of cell pattern in the developing nervous system: Polarizing activity of the floor plate and notochord.</a> Cell. 64, 635-647 (1991).</li><li>Streit, A., Stern, C. D., Thery, C., Ireland, G. W., Aparicio, S., Sharpe, M. J., Gherardi, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+role+for+HGF/SF+in+neural+induction+and+its+expression+in+Hensen's+node+during+gastrulation.">A role for HGF/SF in neural induction and its expression in Hensen's node during gastrulation.</a> Development. 121, 813-824 (1995).</li><li>Basch, M., Bronner-Fraser, M., Garcia-Castro, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Specification+of+neural+crest+occurs+during+gastrulation+and+requires+Pax7.">Specification of neural crest occurs during gastrulation and requires Pax7.</a> Nature. 441, 218-222 (2006).</li><li>Psychoyos, D., Stern, C. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Restoration+of+the+organizer+after+radical+ablation+of+Hensen's+node+and+the+anterior+primitive+streak+in+the+chick+embryo.">Restoration of the organizer after radical ablation of Hensen's node and the anterior primitive streak in the chick embryo.</a> Development. 122, 3263-3273 (1996).</li></ol>

이 동영상은 젊은 여자는 배아의 전체 마운트 항체 얼룩을 수행하는 다른 단계를 보여줍니다. 이 프로토콜은 기본적으로 여자가 2,3의 소설 항체의 공간 및 시간적 특성을 위해 사용뿐만 아니라 모욕 4 다음 배아 기형을 결정하는 것으로 알려진 antigenic 마커의 사용입니다.

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<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">	
		
		<div>
		<table border="1">
		<thead>
		<tr>
		<th>Material Name</th>
		<th>Type</th>
		<th>Company</th>
		<th>Catalogue Number</th>
		<th>Comment</th>
		</tr>
		</thead>
		<tbody>
		
<tr>
<td>Eggs</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Charles River Laboratories</td>
<td>Premium Fertile</td>
<td>Fertilized, HH4 (16 hr)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Stereomicroscope</td>
<td>Microscope</td>
<td>Leica Microsystems</td>
<td>MZ9.5 or similar</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Marsh Automatic Incubator</td>
<td>Other</td>
<td>Lyon</td>
<td>RX</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Curved Forceps (1)</td>
<td>Tool</td>
<td>Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
<td>72991-4C</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Forceps (2)</td>
<td>Tool</td>
<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
<td>11002-13</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Fine scissors</td>
<td>Tool</td>
<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
<td>14161-10</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td> Plastic dishes</td>
<td>Tool</td>
<td>Falcon</td>
<td>353001</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Rubber Bulb</td>
<td>Tool</td>
<td>Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
<td>70980</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Pasteur Capillary Pipette</td>
<td>Tool</td>
<td>Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
<td>70950-12</td>
<td>round edge under flame</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Microdissecting knife</td>
<td>Tool</td>
<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
<td>10056-12</td>
<td>Use to cut embryo from surrounding membranes following fixation</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Sylgard 184 Silicon Elastomer Curing Agent and Base</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Dow Corning</td>
<td>0001986475</td>
<td>Mix 1 part Curing Agent, 9 parts Base; set O/N at 37C</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>16% PFA</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
<td>15710</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>30% H2O2</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>H1009</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>BSA</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>A3803</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>NGS</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Jackson Immuno</td>
<td>005-000-121</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Primary Antibodies</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Developmental studies Hybridoma Bank</td>
<td>4G11, 15.3B9, PAX7</td>
<td>For these antibodies, investgators used mouse donnors</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Peroxidase conjugated-Goat Anti-Mouse IgG (H+L) </td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Jackson Immuno</td>
<td>115-035-003</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>3,3&#x2019;-diaminobenzidine tetrahydrochloride</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Pierce</td>
<td>34001</td>
<td>Store at -20; Allow bottle to warm to RT before use.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Cedar wood oil</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>W522503</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Fast green FCF</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>F7252</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Minuten pins 0.2mm diam</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
<td>26002-20 </td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>		</tbody>
		</table>
		</div>

method for whole mount antibody staining in chick

여자의 난자는 초기 배아 발달의 연구에 귀중한 도구입니다. 투명성, 접근성 및 조작 용이성, 그건 뇌, 신경 튜브 및 체절 개발에 항체 표현을 공부를위한 이상적인 도구가합니다. 이 동영상은 HRP 복합 이차 항체를 사용하여 전체 마운트 항체 얼룩의 여러 단계를 보여주는, 첫째, 배아는 난자에서 해부하고 paraformaldehyde에서 해결되었습니다. 둘째, 내생 퍼옥시데이즈은 inactivated이며 배 (胚)는 다음 주 항체에 노출됩니다. 여러 세척 후, 배아는 HRP에 복합 보조 항체와 incubated입니다. 퍼옥시데이즈 활동 diaminobenzidine 기판과 반응을 사용하여 드러났습니다. 마지막으로, 배 (胚)는 고정하고 사진과 sectioning에 대한 처리됩니다. 형광 항체의 사용을 통해이 방법의 장점은 그 배아가 있으므로 단면의 항원 사이트의 연구를 지원, 왁스 sectioning에 대해 처리할 수 있습니다. 이 방법은 원래 제인 다드와 톰 Jessell에 의해 도입되었다<sup&gt; 1</sup&gt;.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Method for Whole Mount Antibody Staining in Chick at JoVE.com

Method for Whole Mount Antibody Staining in Chick

이 동영상은 모든 마운트 immunohistochemistry, 항원의 공간 및 시간적 표현식 패턴이 젊은 여자는 태아의 시각 될 수있는 방법을 보여줍니다. 이 방법은 원래 제인 다드와 톰 Jessell에 의해 도입되었다.

칙의 전체 마운트 항체 스테 이닝을위한 방법

The chick embryo is a valuable tool in the study of early embryonic development. Its transparency, accessibility and ease of manipulation, make it an ...

method-for-whole-mount-antibody-staining-in-chick

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Biology

15.7K 조회수.  Texas A&M University (TAMU). 이 동영상은 모든 마운트 immunohistochemistry, 항원의 공간 및 시간적 표현식 패턴이 젊은 여자는 태아의 시각 될 수있는 방법을 보여줍니다. 이 방법은 원래 제인 다드와 톰 Jessell에 의해 도입되었다.

비디오: Method for Whole Mount Antibody Staining in Chick

Double Whole Mount in situ Hybridization of Early Chick Embryos

The chick embryo is a valuable tool in the study of early embryonic development. Its transparency, accessibility and ease of manipulation, make it an ideal tool for studying  gene expression in brain, neural tube, somite and heart primordia formation. This video demonstrates the different steps in 2-color whole mount in situ hybridization; First, the embryo is dissected from the egg and fixed in paraformaldehyde. Second, the embryo is processed for prehybridization. The embryo is then hybridized with two different probes, one coupled to DIG, and one coupled to FITC.  Following overnight hybridization, the embryo is incubated with DIG coupled antibody. Color reaction for DIG substrate is performed, and the region of interest appears blue. The embryo is then incubated with FITC coupled antibody. The embryo is processed for color reaction with FITC, and the region of interest appears red. Finally, the embryo is fixed and processed for phtograph and sectioning. A troubleshooting guide is also presented.

This video demonstrates 2-color whole mount in situ hybridization, a method by which the spatial and temporal expression pattern of 2 different genes can be visualized in young chick embryos. This method was originally introduced by David Wilkinson, Domingos Henrique, Phil Ingham and David Ish -Horowicz.

조기 칙 태아의 현장 하이브리드화에서 더블 전체 산

연구

생물학

Zebrafish Whole Mount High-Resolution Double Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization

Whole mount in situ hybridization is one of the most widely used techniques in developmental biology. Here, we present a high-resolution double fluorescent in situ hybridization protocol for analyzing the precise expression pattern of a single gene and for determining the overlap of the expression domains of two genes. The protocol is a modified version of the standard in situ hybridization using alkaline phosphatase and substrates such as NBT/BCIP and Fast Red 1,2. This protocol utilizes standard digoxygenin and fluorescein labeled probes along with tyramide signal amplification (TSA) 3. The commercially available TSA kits allow flexible experimental design as fluorescence emission from green to far-red can be used in combination with various nuclear stains, such as propidium iodide, or fluorescence immunohistochemistry for proteins. TSA produces a reactive fluorescent substrate that quickly covalently binds to moieties, typically tyrosine residues, in the immediate vicinity of the labeled antisense riboprobe. The resulting staining patterns are high resolution in that subcellular localization of the mRNA can be observed using laser scanning confocal microscopy 3,4. One can observe nascent transcripts at the chromosomal loci, distinguish nuclear and cytoplasmic staining and visualize other patterns such as cortical localization of mRNA. Studies in Drosophila indicate that roughly 70% of mRNAs exhibit specific patterns of subcellular localization that frequently correlate with the function of the encoded protein 5. When combined with computer-aided reconstruction of 3D confocal datasets, our protocol allows the detailed analysis of mRNA distribution with sub-cellular resolution in whole vertebrate embryos.

Zebrafish Whole Mount High-Resolution Double Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization

Whole mount in situ hybridization is one of the most widely used techniques in developmental biology. Here, we present a high-resolution double fluorescent in situ hybridization protocol for analyzing the precise expression pattern of a single gene and for determining the overlap of the expression domains of two genes. We include a propidium iodide nuclear counter-stain to highlight tissue organization.

Zebrafish 전체 마운트 고해상도 더블 형광등 현장에서 하이브 리다이 제이션

Whole mount in situ hybridization is one of the most widely used techniques in developmental biology.  Here, we present a high-resolution double ...

Whole Mount in Situ Hybridization of E8.5 to E11.5 Mouse Embryos

Whole mount in situ hybridization is a very informative approach for defining gene expression patterns in embryos. The in situ hybridization procedures are lengthy and technically demanding with multiple important steps that collectively contribute to the quality of the final result. This protocol describes in detail several key quality control steps for optimizing probe labeling and performance. Overall, our protocol provides a detailed description of the critical steps necessary to reproducibly obtain high quality results. First, we describe the generation of digoxygenin (DIG) labeled RNA probes via in vitro transcription of DNA templates generated by PCR. We describe three critical quality control assays to determine the amount, integrity and specific activity of the DIG-labeled probes. These steps are important for generating a probe of sufficient sensitivity to detect endogenous mRNAs in a whole mouse embryo. In addition, we describe methods for the fixation and storage of E8.5-E11.5 day old mouse embryos for in situ hybridization. Then, we describe detailed methods for limited proteinase K digestion of the rehydrated embryos followed by the details of the hybridization conditions, post-hybridization washes and RNase treatment to remove non-specific probe hybridization. An AP-conjugated antibody is used to visualize the labeled probe and reveal the expression pattern of the endogenous transcript. Representative results are shown from successful experiments and typical suboptimal experiments.

Whole Mount in Situ Hybridization of E8.5 to E11.5 Mouse Embryos

This whole mount in situ hybridization protocol discusses critical steps that ensure reproducible high quality results for gene expression studies in E8.5-E11.5 day old mouse embryos.

전체 산<em&gt; 현장에서</emE11.5 마우스 태아에 E8.5의&gt; 하이브리드

Whole mount in situ hybridization is a very informative approach for defining gene expression patterns in embryos. The in situ hybridization procedures ...

Whole Mount RNA Fluorescent in situ Hybridization of Drosophila Embryos

Assessing the expression pattern of a gene, as well as the subcellular localization properties of its transcribed RNA, are key features for understanding its biological function during development. RNA in situ hybridization (RNA-ISH) is a powerful method used for visualizing RNA distribution properties, be it at the organismal, cellular or subcellular levels 1. RNA-ISH is based on the hybridization of a labeled nucleic acid probe (e.g. antisense RNA, oligonucleotides) complementary to the sequence of an mRNA or a non-coding RNA target of interest 2. As the procedure requires primary sequence information alone to generate sequence-specific probes, it can be universally applied to a broad range of organisms and tissue specimens 3. Indeed, a number of large-scale ISH studies have been implemented to document gene expression and RNA localization dynamics in various model organisms, which has led to the establishment of important community resources 4-11. While a variety of probe labeling and detection strategies have been developed over the years, the combined usage of fluorescently-labeled detection reagents and enzymatic signal amplification steps offer significant enhancements in the sensitivity and resolution of the procedure 12. Here, we describe an optimized fluorescent in situ hybridization method (FISH) employing tyramide signal amplification (TSA) to visualize RNA expression and localization dynamics in staged Drosophila embryos. The procedure is carried out in 96-well PCR plate format, which greatly facilitates the simultaneous processing of large numbers of samples.

Whole Mount RNA Fluorescent in situ Hybridization of Drosophila Embryos

Here we describe a whole-mount fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) protocol for determining the expression and localization properties of RNAs expressed during embryogenesis in the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster.

전체 마운트 RNA 형광<em&gt; 현장에서</em의&gt; 하이브리드<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; 태아

Assessing  the expression pattern of a gene, as well as the subcellular localization  properties of its transcribed RNA, are key features for ...

RNA In situ Hybridization in Whole Mount Embryos and Cell Histology Adapted for Marine Elasmobranchs

Marine elasmobranchs are valued animal models for biomedical and genomic studies as they are the most primitive vertebrates to have adaptive immunity and have unique mechanisms for osmoregulation 1-3. As the most primitive living jawed-vertebrates with paired appendages, elasmobranchs are an evolutionarily important model, especially for studies in evolution and development. Marine elasmobranchs have also been used to study aquatic toxicology and stress physiology in relationship to climate change 4. Thus, development and adaptation of methodologies is needed to facilitate and expand the use of these primitive vertebrates to multiple biological disciplines. Here I present the successful adaptation of RNA whole mount in situ hybridization and histological techniques to study gene expression and cell histology in elasmobranchs.
Monitoring gene expression is a hallmark tool of developmental biologists, and is widely used to investigate developmental processes 5. RNA whole mount in situ hybridization allows for the visualization and localization of specific gene transcripts in tissues of the developing embryo. The expression pattern of a gene's message can provide insight into what developmental processes and cell fate decisions a gene may control. By comparing the expression pattern of a gene at different developmental stages, insight can be gained into how the role of a gene changes during development.
While whole mount in situ's provides a means to localize gene expression to tissue, histological techniques allow for the identification of differentiated cell types and tissues. Histological stains have varied functions. General stains are used to highlight cell morphology, for example hematoxylin and eosin for general staining of nuclei and cytoplasm, respectively. Other stains can highlight specific cell types. For example, the alcian blue stain reported in this paper is a widely used cationic stain to identify mucosaccharides. Staining of the digestive tract with alcian blue can identify the distribution of goblet cells that produce mucosaccharides. Variations in mucosaccharide constituents on short peptides distinguish goblet cells by function within the digestive tract 6. By using RNA whole mount in situ's and histochemical methods concurrently, cell fate decisions can be linked to gene-specific expression.
Although RNA in situ's and histochemistry are widely used by researchers, their adaptation and use in marine elasmobranchs have met limited and varied success. Here I present protocols developed for elasmobranchs and used on a regular basis in my laboratory. Although further modification of the RNA in situ's hybridization method may be needed to adapt to different species, the protocols described here provide a strong starting point for researchers wanting to adapt the use of marine elasmobranchs to their scientific inquiries.

RNA In situ Hybridization in Whole Mount Embryos and Cell Histology Adapted for Marine Elasmobranchs

By combining methods for RNA whole mount in situ hybridization and histology, gene expression can be linked with cell fate decisions in the developing embryo. These methods have been adapted to marine elasmobranchs and facilitate the use of these animals as model organisms for biomedical, toxicology and comparative studies.

RNA<em&gt; 현장에서</em전체 마운트 태아 및 세포 조직학에서&gt; 하이브리드는 해양 Elasmobranchs을위한 적응

Marine  elasmobranchs are valued animal models for biomedical and genomic studies as  they are the most primitive vertebrates to have adaptive immunity ...

Antibody Staining in C. Elegans Using &quot;Freeze-Cracking&quot;

To stain C. elegans with antibodies, the relatively impermeable cuticle must be bypassed by chemical or mechanical methods. "Freeze-cracking" is one method used to physically pull the cuticle from nematodes by compressing nematodes between two adherent slides, freezing them, and pulling the slides apart. Freeze-cracking provides a simple and rapid way to gain access to the tissues without chemical treatment and can be used with a variety of fixatives. However, it leads to the loss of many of the specimens and the required compression mechanically distorts the sample. Practice is required to maximize recovery of samples with good morphology. Freeze-cracking can be optimized for specific fixation conditions, recovery of samples, or low non-specific staining, but not for all parameters at once. For antibodies that require very hard fixation conditions and tolerate the chemical treatments needed to chemically permeabilize the cuticle, treatment of intact nematodes in solution may be preferred. If the antibody requires a lighter fix or if the optimum fixation conditions are unknown, freeze-cracking provides a very useful way to rapidly assay the antibody and can yield specific subcellular and cellular localization information for the antigen of interest.

Antibody Staining in C. Elegans Using "Freeze-Cracking"

"Freeze-cracking," a method for exposing the inner tissues of the nematode C. elegans to antibodies for protein localization, is demonstrated.

항체 염색법에<em&gt; C. 엘레</em&gt; &quot;동결 크래킹 사용&quot;

To stain C.  elegans with antibodies, the relatively impermeable cuticle must be  bypassed by chemical or mechanical methods.  "Freeze-cracking" is one ...

An Efficient Method for Quantitative, Single-cell Analysis of Chromatin Modification and Nuclear Architecture in Whole-mount Ovules in Arabidopsis

In flowering plants, the somatic-to-reproductive cell fate transition is marked by the specification of spore mother cells (SMCs) in floral organs of the adult plant. The female SMC (megaspore mother cell, MMC) differentiates in the ovule primordium and undergoes meiosis. The selected haploid megaspore then undergoes mitosis to form the multicellular female gametophyte, which will give rise to the gametes, the egg cell and central cell, together with accessory cells. The limited accessibility of the MMC, meiocyte and female gametophyte inside the ovule is technically challenging for cytological and cytogenetic analyses at single cell level. Particularly, direct or indirect immunodetection of cellular or nuclear epitopes is impaired by poor penetration of the reagents inside the plant cell and single-cell imaging is demised by the lack of optical clarity in whole-mount tissues.
Thus, we developed an efficient method to analyze the nuclear organization and chromatin modification at high resolution of single cell in whole-mount embedded Arabidopsis ovules. It is based on dissection and embedding of fixed ovules in a thin layer of acrylamide gel on a microscopic slide. The embedded ovules are subjected to chemical and enzymatic treatments aiming at improving tissue clarity and permeability to the immunostaining reagents. Those treatments preserve cellular and chromatin organization, DNA and protein epitopes. The samples can be used for different downstream cytological analyses, including chromatin immunostaining, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), and DNA staining for heterochromatin analysis. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) imaging, with high resolution, followed by 3D reconstruction allows for quantitative measurements at single-cell resolution.

An Efficient Method for Quantitative, Single-cell Analysis of Chromatin Modification and Nuclear Architecture in Whole-mount Ovules in Arabidopsis

We provide here an efficient and reliable protocol for immunostaining, Fluorescence in&#160;situ Hybridization, DNA staining followed by quantitative, high-resolution imaging in whole-mount Arabidopsis thaliana ovules. This method was successfully used to analyze chromatin modifications and nuclear architecture.

전체 마운트 난자에있는 염색질 수정 및 핵 구조의 정량, 단일 세포 분석을위한 효율적인 방법<em&gt; 애기 장대</em

In flowering plants, the somatic-to-reproductive cell fate transition is marked by the specification of spore mother cells (SMCs) in floral organs of the ...

Flat Mount Preparation for Observation and Analysis of Zebrafish Embryo Specimens Stained by Whole Mount In situ Hybridization

The zebrafish embryo is now commonly used for basic and biomedical research to investigate the genetic control of developmental processes and to model congenital abnormalities. During the first day of life, the zebrafish embryo progresses through many developmental stages including fertilization, cleavage, gastrulation, segmentation, and the organogenesis of structures such as the kidney, heart, and central nervous system. The anatomy of a young zebrafish embryo presents several challenges for the visualization and analysis of the tissues involved in many of these events because the embryo develops in association with a round yolk mass. Thus, for accurate analysis and imaging of experimental phenotypes in fixed embryonic specimens between the tailbud and 20 somite stage (10 and 19 hours post fertilization (hpf), respectively), such as those stained using whole mount in situ hybridization (WISH), it is often desirable to remove the embryo from the yolk ball and to position it flat on a glass slide. However, performing a flat mount procedure can be tedious. Therefore, successful and efficient flat mount preparation is greatly facilitated through the visual demonstration of the dissection technique, and also helped by using reagents that assist in optimal tissue handling. Here, we provide our WISH protocol for one or two-color detection of gene expression in the zebrafish embryo, and demonstrate how the flat mounting procedure can be performed on this example of a stained fixed specimen. This flat mounting protocol is broadly applicable to the study of many embryonic structures that emerge during early zebrafish development, and can be implemented in conjunction with other staining methods performed on fixed embryo samples.

Flat Mount Preparation for Observation and Analysis of Zebrafish Embryo Specimens Stained by Whole Mount In situ Hybridization

The zebrafish embryo is an excellent model for developmental biology research. During embryogenesis, zebrafish develop with a yolk mass, which presents three-dimensional challenges for sample observation and analysis. This protocol describes how to create two-dimensional flat mount preparations of whole mount in situ (WISH) stained zebrafish embryo specimens.

전체 마운트하여 제브라 피쉬 배아 시편 스테인드 관찰 및 분석을위한 평면 마운트 준비<em&gt; 현장에서</em&gt; 하이브리드

The zebrafish embryo is now commonly used for basic and biomedical research to investigate the genetic control of developmental processes and to model ...

A Whole Mount In Situ Hybridization Method for the Gastropod Mollusc Lymnaea stagnalis

Whole mount in situ hybridization (WMISH) is a technique that allows for the spatial resolution of nucleic acid molecules (often mRNAs) within a &#39;whole mount&#39; tissue preparation, or developmental stage (such as an embryo or larva) of interest. WMISH is extremely powerful because it can significantly contribute to the functional characterization of complex metazoan genomes, a challenge that is becoming more of a bottleneck with the deluge of next generation sequence data. Despite the conceptual simplicity of the technique much time is often needed to optimize the various parameters inherent to WMISH experiments for novel model systems; subtle differences in the cellular and biochemical properties between tissue types and developmental stages mean that a single WMISH method may not be appropriate for all situations. We have developed a set of WMISH methods for the re-emerging gastropod model Lymnaea stagnalis that generate consistent and clear WMISH signals for a range of genes, and across all developmental stages. These methods include the assignment of larvae of unknown chronological age to an ontogenetic window, the efficient removal of embryos and larvae from their egg capsules, the application of an appropriate Proteinase-K treatment for each ontogenetic window, and hybridization, post-hybridization and immunodetection steps. These methods provide a foundation from which the resulting signal for a given RNA transcript can be further refined with probe specific adjustments (primarily probe concentration and hybridization temperature).

A Whole Mount In Situ Hybridization Method for the Gastropod Mollusc Lymnaea stagnalis

The goal of this protocol is to provide users with a set of methods for the high-throughput decapsulation of Lymnaea stagnalis embryos and larvae in preparation for whole mount in situ hybridization, and for subsequent pre- and post-hybridization treatments.

전체 산<em&gt; 현장에서</em복족류 연체 동물 용&gt; 하이브리드 방법<em&gt; Lymnaea의 stagnalis</em

Whole mount in situ hybridization (WMISH) is a technique that allows for the spatial resolution of nucleic acid molecules (often mRNAs) within a ...

CUBIC Protocol Visualizes Protein Expression at Single Cell Resolution in Whole Mount Skin Preparations

The skin is essential for our survival. The outer epidermal layer consists of the interfollicular epidermis, which is a stratified squamous epithelium covering most of our body, and epidermal appendages such as the hair follicles and sweat glands. The epidermis undergoes regeneration throughout life and in response to injury. This is enabled by K14-expressing basal epidermal stem/progenitor cell populations that are tightly regulated by multiple regulatory mechanisms active within the epidermis and between epidermis and dermis. This article describes a simple method to clarify full thickness mouse skin biopsies, and visualize K14 protein expression patterns, Ki67 labeled proliferating cells, Nile Red labeled sebocytes, and DAPI nuclear labeling at single cell resolution in 3D. This method enables accurate assessment and quantification of skin anatomy and pathology, and of abnormal epidermal phenotypes in genetically modified mouse lines. The CUBIC protocol is the best method available to date to investigate molecular and cellular interactions in full thickness skin biopsies at single cell resolution.

This report describes a CUBIC protocol to clarify full thickness mouse skin biopsies, and visualize protein expression patterns, proliferating cells, and sebocytes at the single cell resolution in 3D. This method enables accurate assessment of skin anatomy and pathology, and of abnormal epidermal phenotypes in genetically modified mouse lines.

CUBIC 프로토콜 전체 마운트 피부 준비 단일 셀 해상도에서 단백질 발현을 시각화합니다

The skin is essential for our survival. The outer epidermal layer consists of the interfollicular epidermis, which is a stratified squamous epithelium ...