우리는 그들의 비디오 현미경 작업 스테이션의 사용을 위해 WM 중사님의 Bioimaging 연구소 주셔서 감사합니다. 이 연구는 NSF 부여 이븐 - 0,615,435에 의해 지원되었다.

<ol>
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관심 없음 충돌 선언하지 않습니다.

amoeboid 운동이나 flagella 구동 수영에 의해 움직이는 세포의 Chemotaxis은 많은 생물 학적 문맥에서 발견하고이 현상의 연구는 실용적이고 안정적​​인 assays의 가용성을해야합니다. 이러한 성게 계란이나 fruiting기구를 형성 점액 금형 세포의 모임에 정자의 매력으로 현상의 몇 가지 예입니다, 즉각적인 시각적 영향을 미칠. 이러한 현상의 Quantitation는 Eisenbach 18에서 설명한대로 다양한 방법으...

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> 항목의 이름 </td><td> 회사 </td><td> 카탈로그 번호 </td><td> 댓글 </td></tr><tr><td> 24 잘 접시 </td><td> Becton - Dickenson </td><td> 1,147분의 35 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 12 μm의 기공 멤브레인와 12mm 외경 삽입 </td><td> Millipore </td><td> PIXP01250 </td><td> 우리는 이전에 Costar - 코닝 transwell 플레이트 # 3403 - 지금은 중단하는데 </td></tr><tr><td> Zigmond 챔버 </td><td> Neuroprobe </td><td> Z02 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 실리콘 오일 </td><td> 제너럴 일렉트릭 </td><td> SF1154 </td><td> 다우 코닝 550의 유체에 해당 </td></tr><tr><td> 이미지 J 소프트웨어 </td><td> 웨인 Rasband, 연구 서비스 지점, 정신 건강의 국립 연구소 </td><td> 에서 무료 다운로드 http://rsbweb.nih.gov/ij </td><td> 윈도우 린에서 실행되는 자바 프로그램UX 및 Mac </td></tr><tr><td> MtrackJ 소프트웨어 </td><td> 에릭 Meijering / Imagescience / <a href="http://www.bigr.nl/">바이오 메디컬 이미징 그룹</a> , Erasmus MC - 대학 의료 센터 로테르담 </td><td> 사이트에서 무료로 다운로드할 <a href="http://www.imagescience.org/meijering/software/mtrackj/">http://www.imagescience.org/meijering/software/mtrackj/</a> </td><td> 윈도우, 리눅스 및 Mac에서 실행되는 자바 프로그램 </td></tr><tr><td> 가상 재녹음 소프트웨어 </td><td> <a href="http://www.virtualdub.org/gpl.html">GNU 일반 공중 라이센스</a> 소프트웨어 </td><td> 를 통해 무료 다운로드 <a href="http://www.virtualdub.org/index.html">http://www.virtualdub.org/index.html</a> </td><td> 플러그인에서 이미지 J 웹사이트에서 설치 지침, 전용 Windows 용 </td></tr><tr><td> cellSens 소프트웨어 </td><td> 올림포스 산 </td><td> : 홈페이지 참조 <a href="http://www.olympusamerica.com/seg_section/product.asp?product=1070">http://www.olympusamerica.com/seg_section/p을</a>roduct.asp? 제품 = 1,070 </td><td> 컨트롤 및 카메라의 다양한 이미지를 얻습니다. 또한 이미지 처리 능력을 가지고 </td></tr></tbody></table>

two types of assays for detecting frog sperm chemoattraction

무척추 동물의 정자 chemoattraction 하나는 정자 서스펜션에 매력적인 펩티드를 포함하는 피펫을 배치하고 미세 피펫 1 시경 정자 축적을 시각화 수있는 충분한 강력한하실 수 있습니다. 같은 개구리, 설치류 동물과 인간과 같은 척추 동물의 정자 chemoattraction 감지하기가 더 어렵습하고 양적 assays가 필요합니다. chemoattractant의 소스, 이른바 정자의 누적 assays, 실제로 개별적인 정자의 수영 궤도를 추적 assays하기 위해 정자의 움직임을 quantitate assays - 이러한 assays는 크게 두 가지 유형의 수 있습니다. 정자의 누적 assays하므로 선량 반응 곡선 및 시간 코스가 상대적으로 빠르게 진행 될 수 있도록 비교적 빠른 있도록 수십 또는 하루에 할 수 assays 수백 있습니다. assays 이러한 종류의 많은 잘 설립 chemoattraction 시스템을 특성화하기 위해 광범위하게 사용되었습니다 - BAC에 예를 들어, 호중구은 chemotaxisfollicular 유체에 terial 펩티드와 정자의 chemotaxis. 정자 추적 assays 집중보다 노동 수 있지만 chemoattractancts 실제로 정자가 들어있는 수영장 경로를 변경 방법에 대한 자세한 데이터를 제공할 수 있습니다. 분석의이 유형은 chemoattrractant 그라데이션 축에 비해 정자 운동의 방향을 설명하고 특성을 전환하거나 달걀에 가깝게 정자를 가지고 방향의 변화를 시각화하기 위해 필요합니다. 여기 assays 이러한 두 가지 유형의 각각의 사용 방법을 설명합니다. 활용 정자 축적 분석은 &quot;두 챔버&quot;분석이라고합니다. 수륙 양용의 정자는 12 μm의 직경의 모공을 가진 폴리 카보 네이트 필터 층과 조직 문화 플레이트 삽입에 배치됩니다. 정자와 삽입물은 버퍼와 신중하게 바닥이 벽을 (그림을 참조하십시오. 1) &#39;요건을 충족하고 잘 하단에 pipetted chemoatttractant를 포함하는 조직 문화 판 우물에 게재됩니다. 부화 후, 정자 저수지를 포함하는 상위 삽입은 신중하게 r이된다막 통과가 아래쪽 챔버에 emoved, 그리고 정자가 제거 pelleted 후 hemocytometer 또는 흐름 cytometer로 계산됩니다. 정자 추적 분석은 원래 호중구의 chemotaxis을 준수를위한 개발 Giojalas 동료 2,3에 의해 정자의 관찰에 대한 수정 Zigmond 챔버를 사용합니다. 챔버는 두 세로 골짜기가 가공되어이있는에 두꺼운 유리 슬라이드로 구성되어 있습니다. 이들은 1mm 폭 전망대로 구분됩니다. 커버 유리, 정자의 응용 프로그램을 하나의 구유에로드되고 나면, 개별 정자의 다른과 운동으로 chemoattractant 에이전트 비디오 현미경에 의해 시각. 비디오 영상은 다음 각 정자의 궤도를 형성 시간 (xyt 데이터 세트)의 함수로 XY 평면에 2 차원 세포 움직임을 파악하는 소프트웨어를 사용하여 분석합니다.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Two Types of Assays for Detecting Frog Sperm Chemoattraction at JoVE.com

Two Types of Assays for Detecting Frog Sperm Chemoattraction

달걀 주위에 계란과 세포외 코팅 자주 정자와 통신이이를 수정을 홍보 계란 그들을 안내하는 것을 펩티드, 단백질, 작은 분자를 놓습니다. 정자의 누적 assays와 정자 추적 assays - 우리가 정자 chemoattraction를 감지하는 데 사용되는 assays 두 가지 클래스를 설명하고 비교 개구리 정자를 사용하여.

감지 개구리 정자 Chemoattraction에 대한 Assays 두 종류의

Sperm chemoattraction in invertebrates can be sufficiently robust that one can place a pipette containing the attractive peptide into a sperm suspension ...

two-types-of-assays-for-detecting-frog-sperm-chemoattraction

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

19.0K 조회수.  University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign. 달걀 주위에 계란과 세포외 코팅 자주 정자와 통신이이를 수정을 홍보 계란 그들을 안내하는 것을 펩티드, 단백질, 작은 분자를 놓습니다. 정자의 누적 assays와 정자 추적 assays - 우리가 정자 chemoattraction를 감지하는 데 사용되는 assays 두 가지 클래스를 설명하고 비교 개구리 정자를 사용하여.

비디오: Two Types of Assays for Detecting Frog Sperm Chemoattraction

Harvesting Sperm and Artificial Insemination of Mice

Rodents of the genus Peromyscus (deer mice) are the most prevalent native North American mammals. Peromyscus species are used in a wide range of research including toxicology, epidemiology, ecology, behavioral, and genetic studies. Here they provide a useful model for demonstrations of artificial insemination. 

Methods similar to those displayed here have previously been used in several deer mouse studies, yet no detailed protocol has been published. Here we demonstrate the basic method of artificial insemination. This method entails extracting the testes from the rodent, then isolating the sperm from the epididymis and vas deferens. The mature sperm, now in a milk mixture, are placed in the female&#x2019;s reproductive tract at the time of ovulation. Fertilization is counted as day 0 for timing of embryo development. Embryos can then be retrieved at the desired time-point and manipulated.

Artificial insemination can be used in a variety of rodent species where exact embryo timing is crucial or hard to obtain. This technique is vital for species or strains (including most Peromyscus) which may not mate immediately and/or where mating is hard to assess. In addition, artificial insemination provides exact timing for embryo development either in mapping developmental progress and/or transgenic work. Reduced numbers of animals can be used since fertilization is guaranteed. This method has been vital to furthering the Peromyscus system, and will hopefully benefit others as well.

This protocol demonstrates methods for extracting sperm from the testes of males and then inseminating female mice. This procedure is useful when precise time is needed in developmental studies as well as transgenic work.

수확 정자와 마우스의 인공 수정

Rodents of the genus Peromyscus (deer mice) are the most prevalent native North American mammals.  Peromyscus species are used in a wide range of research ...

연구

생물학

A High-Throughput Method For Zebrafish Sperm Cryopreservation and In Vitro Fertilization

This is a method for zebrafish sperm cryopreservation that is an adaptation of the Harvey method (Harvey et al., 1982).  We have introduced two changes to the original protocol that both streamline the procedure and increase sample uniformity.  First, we normalize all sperm volumes using freezing media that does not contain the cryoprotectant. Second, cryopreserved sperm are stored in cryovials instead of capillary tubes.  The rates of sperm freezing and thawing (&delta;&deg;C/time) are probably the two most critical variables to control in this procedure.  For this reason, do not substitute different tubes for those specified.  Working in teams of 2 it is possible to freeze the sperm of 100 males per team in ~2 hrs.  Sperm cryopreserved using this protocol has an average of 25% fertility (measured as the number of viable embryos generated in an in vitro fertilization divided by the total number of eggs fertilized) and this percent fertility is stable over many years.

A High-Throughput Method For Zebrafish Sperm Cryopreservation and In Vitro Fertilization

This is a high-throughput sperm cryopreservation protocol for zebrafish. Sperm cryopreserved using this protocol has an average of 25% fertility in subsequent vitro fertilization and is stable over many years.

높은 처리량 Zebrafish의 정자 Cryopreservation에 대한 방법과 체외에서 수정

This is a method for zebrafish sperm cryopreservation that is an adaptation of the Harvey method (Harvey et al., 1982).  We have introduced two changes to ...

Techniques for Imaging Ca2+ Signaling in Human Sperm

Fluorescence microscopy of cells loaded with fluorescent, Ca2+-sensitive dyes is used for measurement of spatial and temporal aspects of Ca2+ signaling in live cells. Here we describe the method used in our laboratories for loading suspensions of human sperm with Ca2+-reporting dyes and measuring the fluorescence signal during physiological stimulation. Motile cells are isolated by direct swim-up and incubated under capacitating conditions for 0-24 h, depending upon the experiment. The cell-permeant AM (acetoxy methyl ester) ester form of the Ca2+-reporting dye is then added to a cell aliquot and a period of 1 h is allowed for loading of the dye into the cytoplasm. We use visible wavelength dyes to minimize photo-damage to the cells, but this means that ratiometric recording is not possible. Advantages and disadvantages of this approach are discussed. During the loading period cells are introduced into an imaging chamber and allowed to adhere to a poly-D-lysine coated coverslip. At the end of the loading period excess dye and loose cells are removed by connection of the chamber to the perfusion apparatus. The chamber is perfused continuously, stimuli and modified salines are then added to the perfusion header. Experiments are recorded by time-lapse acquisition of fluorescence images and analyzed in detail offline, by manually drawing regions of interest. Data are normalized to pre-stimulus levels such that, for each cell (or part of a cell), a graph showing the Ca2+ response as % change in fluorescence is obtained.

Techniques for Imaging Ca2+ Signaling in Human Sperm

Stimulus-evoked [Ca2+]i signals of individual human sperm are assessed. Motile cells are loaded with Ca2+-sensitive fluorescent dye (AM-ester method) and immobilised in a perfusable chamber. Cells are imaged by time-lapse fluorescence microscopy and stimulated via the perfusing medium. Responses of single cells (or regions) are analysed offline using Excel.

이미징 CA의 기술 2 + 인간 정자의 시그널링

Fluorescence microscopy of cells loaded with fluorescent, Ca2+-sensitive dyes is used for measurement of spatial and temporal aspects of Ca2+ signaling in ...

Analysis of Schwann-astrocyte Interactions Using In Vitro Assays

Schwann cells are one of the commonly used cells in repair strategies following spinal cord injuries. Schwann cells are capable of supporting axonal regeneration and sprouting by secreting growth factors 1,2 and providing growth promoting adhesion molecules 3 and extracellular matrix molecules 4. In addition they myelinate the demyelinated axons at the site of injury 5.
However following transplantation, Schwann cells do not migrate from the site of implant and do not intermingle with the host astrocytes 6,7. This results in formation of a sharp boundary between the Schwann cells and astrocytes, creating an obstacle for growing axons trying to exit the graft back into the host tissue proximally and distally. Astrocytes in contact with Schwann cells also undergo hypertrophy and up-regulate the inhibitory molecules 8-13.
In vitro assays have been used to model Schwann cell-astrocyte interactions and have been important in understanding the mechanism underlying the cellular behaviour.
These in vitro assays include boundary assay, where a co-culture is made using two different cells with each cell type occupying different territories with only a small gap separating the two cell fronts. As the cells divide and migrate, the two cellular fronts get closer to each other and finally collide. This allows the behaviour of the two cellular populations to be analyzed at the boundary. Another variation of the same technique is to mix the two cellular populations in culture and over time the two cell types segregate with Schwann cells clumped together as islands in between astrocytes together creating multiple Schwann-astrocyte boundaries.
The second assay used in studying the interaction of two cell types is the migration assay where cellular movement can be tracked on the surface of the other cell type monolayer 14,15. This assay is commonly known as inverted coverslip assay. Schwann cells are cultured on small glass fragments and they are inverted face down onto the surface of astrocyte monolayers and migration is assessed from the edge of coverslip.
Both assays have been instrumental in studying the underlying mechanisms involved in the cellular exclusion and boundary formation. Some of the molecules identified using these techniques include N-Cadherins 15, Chondroitin Sulphate proteoglycans(CSPGs) 16,17, FGF/Heparin 18, Eph/Ephrins19.
This article intends to describe boundary assay and migration assay in stepwise fashion and elucidate the possible technical problems that might occur.

Analysis of Schwann-astrocyte Interactions Using In Vitro Assays

This article intends to describe in stepwise fashion the commonly used in vitro assays used in studying Schwann cell-asrtocyte interactions.

사용 Schwann - astrocyte 상호 작용 분석 체외에서 Assays

Schwann cells are one of the commonly used cells in repair strategies following spinal cord injuries. Schwann cells are capable of supporting axonal ...

Isolation and In vitro Activation of Caenorhabditis elegans Sperm

Males and hermaphrodites are the two naturally found sexual forms in the nematode C. elegans. The amoeboid sperm are produced by both males and hermaphrodites. In the earlier phase of gametogenesis, the germ cells of hermaphrodites differentiate into limited number of sperm - around 300 - and are stored in a small 'bag' called the spermatheca. Later on, hermaphrodites continually produce oocytes1. In contrast, males produce exclusively sperm throughout their adulthood. The males produce so much sperm that it accounts for &gt;50% of the total cells in a typical adult worm2. Therefore, isolating sperm from males is easier than from that of hermaphrodites.
Only a small proportion of males are naturally generated due to spontaneous non-disjunction of X chromosome3. Crossing hermaphrodites with males or more conveniently, the introduction of mutations to give rise to Him (High Incidence of Males) phenotype are some of strategies through which one can enrich the male population3.
Males can be easily distinguished from hermaphrodites by observing the tail morphology4. Hermaphrodite's tail is pointed, whereas male tail is rounded with mating structures.
Cutting the tail releases vast number of spermatids stored inside the male reproductive tract. Dissection is performed under a stereo microscope using 27 gauge needles. Since spermatids are not physically connected with any other cells, hydraulic pressure expels internal contents of male body, including spermatids2.
Males are directly dissected on a small drop of 'Sperm Medium'. Spermatids are sensitive to alteration in the pH. Hence, HEPES, a compound with good buffering capacity is used in sperm media. Glucose and other salts present in sperm media help maintain osmotic pressure to maintain the integrity of sperm.
Post-meiotic differentiation of spermatids into spermatozoa is termed spermiogenesis or sperm activation. Shakes5, and Nelson6 previously showed that round spermatids can be induced to differentiate into spermatozoa by adding various activating compounds including Pronase E. Here we demonstrate in vitro spermiogenesis of C. elegans spermatids using Pronase E.
Successful spermiogenesis is pre-requisite for fertility and hence the mutants defective in spermiogenesis are sterile. Hitherto several mutants have been shown to be defective specifically in spermiogenesis process7. Abnormality found during in vitro activation of novel Spe (Spermatogenesis defective) mutants would help us discover additional players participating in this event.

Isolation and In vitro Activation of Caenorhabditis elegans Sperm

A protocol for isolating and activating spermatids from male C. elegans is described here. Cutting the posterior end of male releases spermatids. The spermatids can be activated by addition of protease.

분리 및 체외에서</em의> 활성화 Caenorhabditis 엘레간스 정자

Males and hermaphrodites are the two naturally found sexual forms in the nematode C. elegans. The amoeboid sperm are produced by both males and ...

Extraction of Tissue Antigens for Functional Assays

Many of the antigen targets of adaptive immune response, recognized by B and T cells, have not been defined 1. This is particularly true in autoimmune diseases and cancer2. Our aim is to investigate the antigens recognized by human T cells in the autoimmune disease type 1 diabetes 1,3,4,5. To analyze human T-cell responses against tissue where the antigens recognized by T cells are not identified we developed a method to extract protein antigens from human tissue in a format that is compatible with functional assays 6. Previously, T-cell responses to unpurified tissue extracts could not be measured because the extraction methods yield a lysate that contained detergents that were toxic to human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Here we describe a protocol for extracting proteins from human tissues in a format that is not toxic to human T cells. The tissue is homogenized in a mixture of butan-1-ol, acetonitrile and water (BAW). The protein concentration in the tissue extract is measured and a known mass of protein is aliquoted into tubes. After extraction, the organic solvents are removed by lyophilization. Lyophilized tissue extracts can be stored until required. For use in assays of immune function, a suspension of immune cells, in appropriate culture media, can be added directly to the lyophilized extract. Cytokine production and proliferation by PBMC, in response to extracts prepared using this method, were readily measured. Hence, our method allows the rapid preparation of human tissue lysates that can be used as a source of antigens in the analysis of T-cell responses. We suggest that this method will facilitate the analysis of adaptive immune responses to tissues in transplantation, cancer and autoimmunity.

A simple protocol for preparing extracts of human tissue to be used as a source of antigens in functional T-cell assays is described. This method allows T-cell responses to tissue-derived antigens to be measured in vitro.

기능 Assays을위한 조직 항원의 추출

Many of the antigen targets of adaptive immune response, recognized by B and T cells, have not been defined 1. This is particularly true in autoimmune ...

Assessing Differences in Sperm Competitive Ability in Drosophila

Competition among conspecific males for fertilizing the ova is one of the mechanisms of sexual selection, i.e. selection that operates on maximizing the number of successful mating events rather than on maximizing survival and viability 1. Sperm competition represents the competition between males after copulating with the same female 2, in which their sperm are coincidental in time and space. This phenomenon has been reported in multiple species of plants and animals 3. For example, wild-caught D. melanogaster females usually contain sperm from 2-3 males 4. The sperm are stored in specialized organs with limited storage capacity, which might lead to the direct competition of the sperm from different males 2,5.
Comparing sperm competitive ability of different males of interest (experimental male types) has been performed through controlled double-mating experiments in the laboratory 6,7. Briefly, a single female is exposed to two different males consecutively, one experimental male and one cross-mating reference male. The same mating scheme is then followed using other experimental male types thus facilitating the indirect comparison of the competitive ability of their sperm through a common reference. The fraction of individuals fathered by the experimental and reference males is identified using markers, which allows one to estimate sperm competitive ability using simple mathematical expressions 7,8. In addition, sperm competitive ability can be estimated in two different scenarios depending on whether the experimental male is second or first to mate (offense and defense assay, respectively) 9, which is assumed to be reflective of different competence attributes.
Here, we describe an approach that helps to interrogate the role of different genetic factors that putatively underlie the phenomenon of sperm competitive ability in D. melanogaster.

Assessing Differences in Sperm Competitive Ability in Drosophila

Differential sperm competitive ability among Drosophila males with distinct genotypes can be ascertained through double-mating experiments. Each of these experiments involves one of the males of interest and a reference male. Readily identifiable markers in the progeny allow inference of the fraction of individuals fathered by each male.

정자 경쟁의 능력에 대한 평가의 차이<em&gt; 초파리</em

Competition among conspecific males for fertilizing the ova is one of the mechanisms of sexual selection, i.e. selection that operates on maximizing the ...

Viability Assays for Cells in Culture

Manual cell counts on a microscope are a sensitive means of assessing cellular viability but are time-consuming and therefore expensive. Computerized viability assays are expensive in terms of equipment but can be faster and more objective than manual cell counts. The present report describes the use of three such viability assays. Two of these assays are infrared and one is luminescent. Both infrared assays rely on a 16&#160;bit Odyssey Imager. One infrared assay uses the DRAQ5 stain for nuclei combined with the Sapphire stain for cytosol and is visualized in the 700 nm channel. The other infrared assay, an In-Cell Western, uses antibodies against cytoskeletal proteins (&#945;-tubulin or microtubule associated protein 2) and labels them in the 800 nm channel. The third viability assay is a commonly used luminescent assay for ATP, but we use a quarter of the recommended volume to save on cost. These measurements are all linear and correlate with the number of cells plated, but vary in sensitivity. All three assays circumvent time-consuming microscopy and sample the entire well, thereby reducing sampling error. Finally, all of the assays can easily be completed within one day of the end of the experiment, allowing greater numbers of experiments to be performed within short timeframes. However, they all rely on the assumption that cell numbers remain in proportion to signal strength after treatments, an assumption that is sometimes not met, especially for cellular ATP. Furthermore, if cells increase or decrease in size after treatment, this might affect signal strength without affecting cell number. We conclude that all viability assays, including manual counts, suffer from a number of caveats, but that computerized viability assays are well worth the initial investment. Using all three assays together yields a comprehensive view of cellular structure and function.

Therapeutic compounds are often first examined in vitro with viability assays. Blind cell counts by a human observer can be highly sensitive to small changes in cell number but do not assess function. Computerized viability assays, as described here, can assess both structure and function in an objective manner.

문화의 세포에 대한 생존 분석 실험

Manual cell counts on a microscope are a sensitive means of assessing cellular viability but are time-consuming and therefore expensive. Computerized ...

Development of an Insert Co-culture System of Two Cellular Types in the Absence of Cell-Cell Contact

The role of secreted soluble factors in the modification of cellular responses is a recurrent theme in the study of all tissues and systems. In an attempt to make straightforward the very complex relationships between the several cellular subtypes that compose multicellular organisms, in vitro techniques have been developed to help researchers acquire a detailed understanding of single cell populations. One of these techniques uses inserts with a permeable membrane allowing secreted soluble factors to diffuse. Thus, a population of cells grown in inserts can be co-cultured in a well or dish containing a different cell type for evaluating cellular changes following paracrine signaling in the absence of cell-cell contact. Such insert co-culture systems offer various advantages over other co-culture techniques, namely bidirectional signaling, conserved cell polarity and population-specific detection of cellular changes. In addition to being utilized in the field of inflammation, cancer, angiogenesis and differentiation, these co-culture systems are of prime importance in the study of the intricate relationships that exist between the different cellular subtypes present in the central nervous system, particularly in the context of neuroinflammation. This article offers general methodological guidelines in order to set up an experiment in order to evaluating cellular changes mediated by secreted soluble factors using an insert co-culture system. Moreover, a specific protocol to measure the neuroinflammatory effects of cytokines secreted by lipopolysaccharide-activated N9 microglia on neuronal PC12 cells will be detailed, offering a concrete understanding of insert co-culture methodology.

In multicellular organisms, secreted soluble factors elicit responses from different cell types as a result of paracrine signaling. Insert co-culture systems offer a simple way to assess the changes mediated by secreted soluble factors in the absence of cell-cell contact.

세포 - 세포 연락이없는 두 세포 유형의 삽입 공동 배양 시스템 개발

The role of secreted soluble factors in the modification of cellular responses is a recurrent theme in the study of all tissues and systems. In an attempt ...

Sperm Collection of Differential Quality Using Density Gradient Centrifugation

In sexual reproduction, a male gamete or sperm cell fuses with a female gamete to bring about fertilization. However, a large number of sperm cells with fertilizing ability are required to interact with a female gamete to ensure fertilization. As such, the fertilizing ability of individual sperm cells is critical for successful reproduction. Density gradient centrifugation has been utilized for several decades as a reproducible, fast, efficient, effective and extremely adaptable method to collect only high-quality sperm to be used in assisted reproductive technology. The protocols we described herein focus on the utilization of the discontinuous Percoll density gradient centrifugation (PDGC) technique to isolate three distinct populations of rooster sperm by their quality. We were able to collect low-, medium- and high-quality sperm. We also describe reproducible protocols that entail determining fertility potential of sperm by assessing their viability, mobility and penetrability. Collection of sperm by their quality using PDGC technique would be useful to accurately and thoroughly characterize sperm with differential fertility potential.

In this paper, we aim to describe the performance of the density gradient centrifugation technique and its application in sperm physiology research.

조밀도 기온 변화도 원심 분리를 사용 하 여 차동 품질의 정자 컬렉션

In sexual reproduction, a male gamete or sperm cell fuses with a female gamete to bring about fertilization. However, a large number of sperm cells with ...