저자는 기술 지원을 Anke Rüttgeroth와 카리나 Zimmermann 감사드립니다. 이 작품은 독일 Forschungsgemeinschaft (폰에 부여 NI 1301/1-1)와 괴팅겐 의료 센터의 대학 (폰에 &#39;프로 futura &quot;보조금)에 의해 지원되었다.

<ol>
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Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Measuring+calcium+signaling+using+genetically+targetable+fluorescent+indicators.">Measuring calcium signaling using genetically targetable fluorescent indicators.</a> Nat. Protoc. 1, 1057-1065 (2006).</li><li>Brumbaugh, J., Schleifenbaum, A., Stier, G., Sattler, M., Schultz, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Single-+and+dual-parameter+FRET+kinase+probes+based+on+pleckstrin.">Single- and dual-parameter FRET kinase probes based on pleckstrin.</a> Nat. Protoc. 1, 1044-1055 (2006).</li><li>Aoki, K., Matsuda, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Visualization+of+small+GTPase+activity+with+fluorescence+resonance+energy+transfer-based+biosensors.">Visualization of small GTPase activity with fluorescence resonance energy transfer-based biosensors.</a> Nat. Protoc. 4, 1623-1631 (2009).</li></ol>

관심 없음 충돌이 선언 없습니다.

이 프로토콜에서, 우리는 가능한 바이오 센서의 다양한 일상 응용 프로그램에 대한 간단한 저렴한 비용으로하지만 강력한 걱정 이미징 시스템을 구축하는 방법을 보여줍니다. 여기에 제시된 시스템은 기증자 - 수용체 쌍으로 CFP와 YFP, 또는 형광 단백질의 유사한 유형을 위해 설계되었습니다. 한편, 다른 개인의 바이오 센서는 예를 들어 녹색과 적색 형광 단백질에게 14 사용하는 사용할 ?...

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> 시약 / 장비의 이름 </td><td> 회사 </td><td> 카탈로그 번호 </td><td> 코멘트 </td></tr><tr><td> BES 버퍼 학년 </td><td> AppliChem </td><td> A1062 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> CaCl 2 이수화 </td><td> 시그마 - 알드리치 </td><td> C5010 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 유리 coverslides </td><td> 열 과학 </td><td> 004710781 </td><td> 직경 24mm </td></tr><tr><td> 바닥이 유리로 세포 배양 요리 </td><td> 세계 정밀 계측기 </td><td> FD3510-100 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> D-가상 매체 </td><td> Biochrom AG </td><td> F0445 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 태아 송아지 혈청 (FCS) </td><td> 열 과학 </td><td> SH30073.02 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> L-글루타민 </td><td> Biochrom AG </td><td> K0283 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> HEPES </td><td> 시그마 </td><td> H4034 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> KCl </td><td> 시그마 </td><td> P5405 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> MgCl 2 hexahydrate </td><td> AppliChem </td><td> A4425 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> NaCl </td><td> AppliChem </td><td> A1149 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> NA 2 HPO 4 </td><td> 시그마 - 알드리치 </td><td> S9707 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 페니실린 / 스트렙토 마이신 </td><td> Biochrom AG </td><td> A2213 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 역 형광 현미경 </td><td> 예를 들어 니콘 </td><td> 니콘의 요청 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> CoolLED </td><td> CoolLED </td><td> P E-100 </td><td> 440 nm의 </td></tr><tr><td> DualView </td><td> Photometrics </tD&gt; <td> DV2-SYS </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> DualView 필터 슬라이더 </td><td> Photometrics </td><td> 05-EM </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> CFP / YFP 필터 세트 </td><td> 크로마 기술 </td><td> 49,052 </td><td> 방출 필터없이 </td></tr><tr><td> ORCA-03G 카메라 </td><td> 하마 마츠 포토닉스 </td><td> C8484-03G02 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> I / O 보드를 아두 이노 </td><td> Sparkfun 전자 </td><td> DEV-00666 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Attofluor 셀 챔버 </td><td> Invitrogen </td><td> A-7816 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> WindowsXP 또는 Windows7 시스템과 개인용 컴퓨터 </td><td> 모든 공급 업체 </td><td></td><td> 높은 용량의 하드 드라이브를 포함 </td></tr></tbody></table>

fret microscopy for real-time monitoring of signaling events in live cells using unimolecular biosensors

포스터 공명 에너지 전달은 (걱정) 현미경 라이브 세포와 조직의 생화학 및 신호 이벤트의 실시간 모니터링을위한 기법으로 증가 관심을 얻기 위해 계속합니다. 클래식 생화학 방법에 비해,이 소설 기술은 높은 시간적 공간적 해상도가 특징입니다. 실험 표현하고 원위치 또는 생체 1-2에 시간이 지남에 따라 이미징 될 수있는 다양한 유전자 인코딩 바이오 센서를 사용 초조해. 일반적인 바이오 센서 중 하나 단백질의 형광 태그 쌍 또는 기증자와 3-4 관심 분자에 대한 구속력있는 잔기와 상호 수용체 fluorophores을 비호하는 단일 단백질의 conformational 변화 사이에 걱정 측정하여 단백질 단백질 상호 작용을 신고 할 수 있습니다. 단백질 단백질 상호 작용에 대한 Bimolecular 바이오 센서 포함, 예를 들어, 동안 unimolecular 센서 MEA, 세포 5 G-단백질 활성화를 모니터링하기위한 구성합니다suring conformational 변화 널리 칼슘 6, 캠프 7-8, 이노시톨 인산염 9 cGMP 10-11과 같은 이미지 초 메신저로 사용됩니다. 여기 어떻게 사용자 정의 epifluorescence를 구축하는 것이 하나의 상업적으로 이용 가능한 구성 요소와 방법 마이크로 관리자 프리웨어를 사용하여 전체 설정을 제어하는​​ 방법에서 영상 시스템을 초조해 설명합니다. 이 간단하지만 강력한 계기는 라이브 셀에 걱정 일상이나보다 정교한 측정을 위해 설계되었습니다. 획득 이미지는 그래픽 형식으로 저장되기 전에 모든 실험을하는 동안 실시간으로 초조해 비율의 변화를 시각적으로 자기 작성된 플러그인을 사용하여 처리됩니다와 호환 빌드 된 다음 데이터 분석에 사용 ImageJ 프리웨어. 이 저렴한 비용으로 시스템이 높은 유연성을 특징으로하며 성공적으로 사용할 수의 과다에 의해 다양한 생화학 행사 및 신호 분자를 모니터링하는 데 사용할 수있는 것은 라이브 세포와 조직에 바이오 센서를 안달. 예를 들어, 우리는 H를 보여β-아드레날린 수용체 작용제 및 차단기가있는 자극시 라이브 293A 세포에서 캠프의 실시간 모니터링을 수행하려면이 이미징 시스템을 사용하는 아야.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about FRET Microscopy for Real-time Monitoring of Signaling Events in Live Cells Using Unimolecular Biosensors at JoVE.com

FRET Microscopy for Real-time Monitoring of Signaling Events in Live Cells Using Unimolecular Biosensors

포스터 공명 에너지 전달은 (걱정) 현미경 기자 등 다양한 바이오 센서를 사용하여 라이브 세포에서 이벤트를 신호의 실시간 모니터링을위한 강력한 기술이다. 여기 어떻게 사용자 정의 epifluorescence를 구축하는 것은 상업적으로 이용 가능한 구성 요소와 방법을 실험을 안달을 위해 사용하는 방법에서 영상 시스템을 초조해 설명합니다.

Unimolecular 바이오 센서를 사용하여 라이브 세포에서 이벤트를 신호의 실시간 모니터링을위한 현미경을 안달

F&ouml;rster resonance energy transfer (FRET) microscopy  continues to gain increasing interest as a technique for real-time monitoring  of biochemical ...

fret-microscopy-for-real-time-monitoring-signaling-events-live-cells

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

23.0K 조회수.  Georg August University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany. 포스터 공명 에너지 전달은 (걱정) 현미경 기자 등 다양한 바이오 센서를 사용하여 라이브 세포에서 이벤트를 신호의 실시간 모니터링을위한 강력한 기술이다. 여기 어떻게 사용자 정의 epifluorescence를 구축하는 것은 상업적으로 이용 가능한 구성 요소와 방법을 실험을 안달을 위해 사용하는 방법에서 영상 시스템을 초조해 설명합니다.

비디오: FRET Microscopy for Real-time Monitoring of Signaling Events in Live Cells Using Unimolecular Biosensors

Combining QD-FRET and Microfluidics to Monitor DNA Nanocomplex Self-Assembly in Real-Time

Advances in genomics continue to fuel the development of therapeutics that can target pathogenesis at the cellular and molecular level. Typically functional inside the cell, nucleic acid-based therapeutics require an efficient intracellular delivery system. One widely adopted approach is to complex DNA with a gene carrier to form nanocomplexes via electrostatic self-assembly, facilitating cellular uptake of DNA while protecting it against degradation. The challenge lies in the rational design of efficient gene carriers, since premature dissociation or overly stable binding would be detrimental to the cellular uptake and therapeutic efficacy. Nanocomplexes synthesized by bulk mixing showed a diverse range of intracellular unpacking and trafficking behavior, which was attributed to the heterogeneity in size and stability of nanocomplexes. Such heterogeneity hinders the accurate assessment of the self-assembly kinetics and adds to the difficulty in correlating their physical properties to transfection efficiencies or bioactivities. We present a novel convergence of nanophotonics (i.e. QD-FRET) and microfluidics to characterize the real-time kinetics of the nanocomplex self-assembly under laminar flow. QD-FRET provides a highly sensitive indication of the onset of molecular interactions and quantitative measure throughout the synthesis process, whereas microfluidics offers a well-controlled microenvironment to spatially analyze the process with high temporal resolution (~milliseconds). For the model system of polymeric nanocomplexes, two distinct stages in the self-assembly process were captured by this analytic platform. The kinetic aspect of the self-assembly process obtained at the microscale would be particularly valuable for microreactor-based reactions which are relevant to many micro- and nano-scale applications. Further, nanocomplexes may be customized through proper design of microfludic devices, and the resulting QD-FRET polymeric DNA nanocomplexes could be readily applied for establishing structure-function relationships. 

We present a novel and powerful integration of nanophotonics (QD-FRET) and microfluidics to investigate the formation of polyelectrolyte polyplexes, which is expected to provide better control and synthesis of uniform and customizable polyplexes for future nucleic acid-based therapeutics.

결합 QD - 걱정과 Microfluidics 실시간으로 DNA의 Nanocomplex 자체 어셈블리를 모니터하기 위해

Advances in genomics continue to fuel the development of therapeutics that can target pathogenesis at the cellular and molecular level. Typically ...

연구

생물학

Real-time Monitoring of Ligand-receptor Interactions with Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer

FRET is a process whereby energy is non-radiatively transferred from an excited donor molecule to a ground-state acceptor molecule through long-range dipole-dipole interactions1. In the present sensing assay, we utilize an interesting property of PDA: blue-shift in the UV-Vis electronic absorption spectrum of PDA (Figure 1) after an analyte interacts with receptors attached to PDA2,3,4,7. This shift in the PDA absorption spectrum provides changes in the spectral overlap (J) between PDA (acceptor) and rhodamine (donor) that leads to changes in the FRET efficiency. Thus, the interactions between analyte (ligand) and receptors are detected through FRET between donor fluorophores and PDA. In particular, we show the sensing of a model protein molecule streptavidin. We also demonstrate the covalent-binding of bovine serum albumin (BSA) to the liposome surface with FRET mechanism. These interactions between the bilayer liposomes and protein molecules can be sensed in real-time. The proposed method is a general method for sensing small chemical and large biochemical molecules. Since fluorescence is intrinsically more sensitive than colorimetry, the detection limit of the assay can be in sub-nanomolar range or lower8. Further, PDA can act as a universal acceptor in FRET, which means that multiple sensors can be developed with PDA (acceptor) functionalized with donors and different receptors attached on the surface of PDA liposomes.

We demonstrate FRET between conjugated polymer polydiacetylene (PDA) and fluorophore attached to the surface of PDA liposomes for the sensing of biomolecules. PDA liposomes also contained receptor molecules on their surfaces for biomolecules to be used as probes. Ligand-receptor interactions lead to changes in the FRET efficiency between the fluorophore and PDA which is the basis of the sensing mechanism.

형광 공명 에너지 전송과 리간드 - 수용체 상호 작용의 실시간 모니터링

FRET is a process  whereby energy is non-radiatively transferred from an excited donor molecule to  a ground-state acceptor molecule through long-range ...

Monitoring Plasmid Replication in Live Mammalian Cells over Multiple Generations by Fluorescence Microscopy

Few naturally-occurring plasmids are maintained in mammalian cells. Among these are genomes of gamma-herpesviruses, including Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Kaposi's Sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), which cause multiple human malignancies 1-3. These two genomes are replicated in a licensed manner, each using a single viral protein and cellular replication machinery, and are passed to daughter cells during cell division despite their lacking traditional centromeres 4-8.
Much work has been done to characterize the replications of these plasmid genomes using methods such as Southern blotting and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). These methods are limited, though. Quantitative PCR and Southern blots provide information about the average number of plasmids per cell in a population of cells. FISH is a single-cell assay that reveals both the average number and the distribution of plasmids per cell in the population of cells but is static, allowing no information about the parent or progeny of the examined cell.
Here, we describe a method for visualizing plasmids in live cells. This method is based on the binding of a fluorescently tagged lactose repressor protein to multiple sites in the plasmid of interest 9. The DNA of interest is engineered to include approximately 250 tandem repeats of the lactose operator (LacO) sequence. LacO is specifically bound by the lactose repressor protein (LacI), which can be fused to a fluorescent protein. The fusion protein can either be expressed from the engineered plasmid or introduced by a retroviral vector. In this way, the DNA molecules are fluorescently tagged and therefore become visible via fluorescence microscopy. The fusion protein is blocked from binding the plasmid DNA by culturing cells in the presence of IPTG until the plasmids are ready to be viewed.
This system allows the plasmids to be monitored in living cells through several generations, revealing properties of their synthesis and partitioning to daughter cells. Ideal cells are adherent, easily transfected, and have large nuclei. This technique has been used to determine that 84% of EBV-derived plasmids are synthesized each generation and 88% of the newly synthesized plasmids partition faithfully to daughter cells in HeLa cells. Pairs of these EBV plasmids were seen to be tethered to or associated with sister chromatids after their synthesis in S-phase until they were seen to separate as the sister chromatids separated in Anaphase10. The method is currently being used to study replication of KSHV genomes in HeLa cells and SLK cells. HeLa cells are immortalized human epithelial cells, and SLK cells are immortalized human endothelial cells. Though SLK cells were originally derived from a KSHV lesion, neither the HeLa nor SLK cell line naturally harbors KSHV genomes11. In addition to studying viral replication, this visualization technique can be used to investigate the effects of the addition, removal, or mutation of various DNA sequence elements on synthesis, localization, and partitioning of other recombinant plasmid DNAs.

A method of observing individual DNA molecules in live cells is described. The technique is based on the binding of a fluorescently tagged lac repressor protein to binding sites engineered into the DNA of interest. This method can be adapted to follow many recombinant DNAs in live cells over time.

형광 현미경으로 여러 세대 이상 라이브 포유류의 세포에 플라스미드 복제 모니터링

Few naturally-occurring plasmids are maintained in mammalian cells.  Among these are genomes of gamma-herpesviruses, including Epstein-Barr virus  (EBV) ...

Autonomously Bioluminescent Mammalian Cells for Continuous and Real-time Monitoring of Cytotoxicity

Mammalian cell-based in vitro assays have been widely employed as alternatives to animal testing for toxicological studies but have been limited due to the high monetary and time costs of parallel sample preparation that are necessitated due to the destructive nature of firefly luciferase-based screening methods. This video describes the utilization of autonomously bioluminescent mammalian cells, which do not require the destructive addition of a luciferin substrate, as an inexpensive and facile method for monitoring the cytotoxic effects of a compound of interest. Mammalian cells stably expressing the full bacterial bioluminescence (luxCDABEfrp) gene cassette autonomously produce an optical signal that peaks at 490 nm without the addition of an expensive and possibly interfering luciferin substrate, excitation by an external energy source, or destruction of the sample that is traditionally performed during optical imaging procedures. This independence from external stimulation places the burden for maintaining the bioluminescent reaction solely on the cell, meaning that the resultant signal is only detected during active metabolism. This characteristic makes the lux-expressing cell line an excellent candidate for use as a biosentinel against cytotoxic effects because changes in bioluminescent production are indicative of adverse effects on cellular growth and metabolism. Similarly, the autonomous nature and lack of required sample destruction permits repeated imaging of the same sample in real-time throughout the period of toxicant exposure and can be performed across multiple samples using existing imaging equipment in an automated fashion.

Mammalian cells expressing the bacterial bioluminescence gene cassette (lux) produce light autonomously. The resulting bioluminescent dynamics upon chemical exposure have been demonstrated to reflect the treatment effects on cellular growth and metabolism, making these cells an inexpensive, continuous, real-time toxicity screening tool that can easily be adapted for high-throughput automation.

세포 독성의 지속적인 실시간 모니터링을위한 자율적으로 바이오 루미 네 센트 포유 동물 세포

Mammalian  cell-based in vitro assays have been  widely employed as alternatives to animal testing for toxicological studies but  have been limited due to ...

Real-time Imaging of Single Engineered RNA Transcripts in Living Cells Using Ratiometric Bimolecular Beacons

The growing realization that both the temporal and spatial regulation of gene expression can have important consequences on cell function has led to the development of diverse techniques to visualize individual RNA transcripts in single living cells. One promising technique that has recently been described utilizes an oligonucleotide-based optical probe, ratiometric bimolecular beacon (RBMB), to detect RNA transcripts that were engineered to contain at least four tandem repeats of the RBMB target sequence in the 3&#8217;-untranslated region. RBMBs are specifically designed to emit a bright fluorescent signal upon hybridization to complementary RNA, but otherwise remain quenched. The use of a synthetic probe in this approach allows photostable, red-shifted, and highly emissive organic dyes to be used for imaging. Binding of multiple RBMBs to the engineered RNA transcripts results in discrete fluorescence spots when viewed under a wide-field fluorescent microscope. Consequently, the movement of individual RNA transcripts can be readily visualized in real-time by taking a time series of fluorescent images. Here we describe the preparation and purification of RBMBs, delivery into cells by microporation and live-cell imaging of single RNA transcripts.

Ratiometric bimolecular beacons (RBMBs) can be used to image single engineered RNA transcripts in living cells. Here, we describe the preparation and purification of RBMBs, delivery of RBMBs into cells by microporation and fluorescent imaging of single RNA transcripts in real-time.

비례 생체 분자 비콘을 사용하여 살아있는 세포의 단일 엔지니어링 RNA 성적 증명서의 실시간 영상

The growing realization that both the temporal and spatial regulation of gene expression can have important consequences on cell function has led to the ...

Detection of Intracellular Gene Expression in Live Cells of Murine, Human and Porcine Origin Using Fluorescence-labeled Nanoparticles

The reprogramming of somatic cells to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS) has successfully been performed in different mammalian species including mouse, rat, human, pig and others. The verification of iPS clones mainly relies on the detection of the endogenous expression of different pluripotency genes. These genes mostly represent transcription factors which are located in the cell nucleus. Traditionally, the proof of their endogenous expression is supplied by immunohistochemical staining after fixation of the cells. This approach requires replicate cultures of each clone at this early stage to preserve validated clones for further experiments. The present protocol describes an approach with gene-specific nanoparticles which allows the evaluation of intracellular gene expression directly in live cells by fluorescence. The nanoparticles consist of a central gold particle coupled to a capture strand carrying a sequence complementary to the target mRNA as well as a quenched reporter strand. These nanoparticles are actively endocytosed and the target mRNA displaces the reporter strand which then start to fluoresce. Therefore, specific target gene expression can be detected directly under the microscope. In addition, the emitted fluorescence allows the identification, isolation and enrichment of cells expressing a specific gene by flow cytometry. This method can be applied directly to live cells in culture without any manipulation of the target cells.

This manuscript describes a novel technique which allows the detection of intracellular gene expression after endocytosis of fluorescence-labeled nanoparticles directly in live cells. The method does not require manipulation of the cells and is not restricted with respect to the target gene or species.

형광 표지 된 나노 입자를 사용하여 쥐, 인간과 돼지 유래의 살아있는 세포에서 세포 내 유전자 발현의 검출

The reprogramming of somatic cells to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS) has successfully been performed in different mammalian species including mouse, ...

Imaging G Protein-coupled Receptor-mediated Chemotaxis and its Signaling Events in Neutrophil-like HL60 Cells

Eukaryotic cells sense and move towards a chemoattractant gradient, a cellular process referred as chemotaxis. Chemotaxis plays critical roles in many physiological processes, such as embryogenesis, neuron patterning, metastasis of cancer cells, recruitment of neutrophils to sites of inflammation, and the development of the model organism Dictyostelium discoideum. Eukaryotic cells sense chemo-attractants using G protein-coupled receptors. Visual chemotaxis assays are essential for a better understanding of how eukaryotic cells control chemoattractant-mediated directional cell migration. Here, we describe detailed methods for: 1) real-time, high-resolution monitoring of multiple chemotaxis assays, and 2) simultaneously visualizing the chemoattractant gradient and the spatiotemporal dynamics of signaling events in neutrophil-like HL60 cells.

Visual chemotaxis assays are essential for a better understanding of how eukaryotic cells control chemoattractant-mediated directional cell migration. Here, we describe detailed methods for: 1) real-time, high-resolution monitoring of multiple chemotaxis assays, and 2) simultaneously visualizing the chemoattractant gradient and the spatiotemporal dynamics of signaling events in neutrophil-like HL60 cells.

이미징 G의 호중구와 같은 HL60 세포에서 화성과 시그널링 이벤트 수용체가 매개 단백질 결합

Eukaryotic cells sense and move towards a chemoattractant gradient, a cellular process referred as chemotaxis. Chemotaxis plays critical roles in many ...

Identification of Intracellular Signaling Events Induced in Viable Cells by Interaction with Neighboring Cells Undergoing Apoptotic Cell Death

Cells dying by apoptosis, also referred to as regulated cell death, acquire multiple new activities that enable them to influence the function of adjacent live cells. Vital activities, such as survival, proliferation, growth, and differentiation, are among the many cellular functions modulated by apoptotic cells. The ability to recognize and respond to apoptotic cells appears to be a universal feature of all cells, regardless of lineage or organ of origination. However, the diversity and complexity of the response to apoptotic cells mandates that great care be taken in dissecting the signaling events and pathways responsible for any particular outcome. In particular, one must distinguish among the multiple mechanisms by which apoptotic cells can influence intracellular signaling pathways within viable responder cells, including: receptor-mediated recognition of the apoptotic cell, release of soluble mediators by the apoptotic cell, and/or engagement of the phagocytic machinery. Here, we provide a protocol for identifying intracellular signaling events that are induced in viable responder cells following their exposure to apoptotic cells. A major advantage of the protocol lies in the attention it pays to dissection of the mechanism by which apoptotic cells modulate signaling events within responding cells. While the protocol is specific for a conditionally immortalized mouse kidney proximal tubular cell line (BU.MPT cells), it is easily adapted to cell lines that are non-epithelial in origin and/or derived from organs other than the kidney. The use of dead cells as a stimulus introduces several unique factors that can hinder the detection of intracellular signaling events. These problems, as well as strategies to minimize or circumvent them, are discussed within the protocol. Application of this protocol should aid our expanding knowledge of the broad influence that dead or dying cells exert on their live neighbors, both in health and in disease.

Here, we present a protocol for the determination of intracellular signaling events induced in viable cells by physical interaction with adjacent dead or dying cells. The protocol focuses on signaling events induced by receptor-mediated recognition of the dead cells, as opposed to their phagocytic uptake or release of soluble mediators.

세포 내 이웃 셀을받은 사멸 세포 죽음과의 상호 작용에 의해 실행 가능한 세포에서 유도 된 이벤트를 시그널링의 식별

Cells dying by apoptosis, also referred to as regulated cell death, acquire multiple new activities that enable them to influence the function of adjacent ...

Characterization of Calcification Events Using Live Optical and Electron Microscopy Techniques in a Marine Tubeworm

Characterizing the first event of biological production of calcium carbonate requires a combination of microscopy approaches. First, intracellular pH distribution and calcium ions can be observed using live microscopy over time. This allows identification of the life stage and the tissue with the feature of interest for further electron microscopy studies. Life stage and tissues of interest are typically higher in pH and Ca signals. 
Here, using H. elegans, we present a protocol to characterize the presence of calcium carbonate structures in a biological specimen on the scanning electron microscope (SEM), using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) to visualize elemental composition, using electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) to determine the presence of crystalline structures, and using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to analyze the composition and structure of the material. In this protocol, a focused ion beam (FIB) is used to isolate samples with dimension suitable for TEM analysis. As FIB is a site specific technique, we demonstrate how information from the previous techniques can be used to identify the region of interest, where Ca signals are highest.

We demonstrate the use of various microscopy methods that are useful in observing the calcification of a tubeworm, Hydroides elegans, as well as locating and characterizing the first calcified material. Live microscopy and electron microscopy are used together to provide functional and material information that are important in studying biomineralization.

해양 tubeworm 인 라이브 광학 및 전자 현미경 기술을 사용하여 석회화 이벤트의 특성

Characterizing the first event of biological production of calcium carbonate requires a combination of microscopy approaches. First, intracellular pH ...

Photostimulation by Femtosecond Laser Activates Extracellular-signal-regulated Kinase (ERK) Signaling or Mitochondrial Events in Target Cells

Direct control of cellular defined molecular events is important to life science. Recently, studies have demonstrated that femtosecond laser stimulation can simultaneously activate multiple cellular molecular signaling pathways. In this protocol, we show that through coupling femtosecond laser into a confocal microscope, cells can be stimulated precisely by the tightly-focused laser. Some molecular processes that can be simultaneously observed are subsequently activated. We present detailed protocols of the photostimulation to activate extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK) signaling pathway in Hela cells. Mitochondrial flashes of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and other mitochondrial events can be also stimulated if focusing the femtosecond laser pulse on a certain mitochondrial tubular structure. This protocol includes pretreating cells before photostimulation, delivering the photostimulation by a femtosecond laser flash onto the target, and observing/identifying molecular changes afterwards. This protocol represents an all-optical tool for related biological researches.

Photostimulation by Femtosecond Laser Activates Extracellular-signal-regulated Kinase ERK Signaling or Mitochondrial Events in Target Cells

Tightly-focused femtosecond laser can deliver precise stimulation to cells by being coupled into a confocal microscopy enabling the real-time observation and photostimulation. The photostimulation can activate cell molecular events including ERK signaling pathway and mitochondrial flashes of reactive oxygen species.

펨토초 레이저에 의한 광자극은 대상 세포에서 세포외 신호 조절 키나아제(ERK) 신호 또는 미토콘드리아 이벤트를 활성화합니다.

Direct control of cellular defined molecular events is important to life science. Recently, studies have demonstrated that femtosecond laser stimulation ...