Name: ex utero electroporation and organotypic slice culture of mouse hippocampal tissue
Uploaded: 2015-03-04T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Ex Utero Electroporation and Organotypic Slice Culture of Mouse Hippocampal Tissue at JoVE.com

This work was supported by grants from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft to SB (BR-2215; SFB 497/A9).

NOTE: All animal experiments were carried out in accordance with the German law and were approved by the government offices in T&#252;bingen.
1. Preparation of Micropipettes, Solutions and Membranes
<ol>
	<li>Preparation of Micropipettes
	<ol>
		<li>Pull glass micropipettes using a micropipette puller with the following program: Heat: 540, Pull: 125, Velocity: 20 and Delay: 140. The needle length amounts to 5.5 cm.</li>
		<li>Bevel needles using a microgrinder to obtain a suitable tip size o...

<ol>
	<li>Kempermann, G., Jessberger, S., Steiner, B., Kronenberg, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Milestones+of+neuronal+development+in+the+adult+hippocampus.">Milestones of neuronal development in the adult hippocampus.</a> Trends Neurosci. 27, 447-452 (2004).</li><li>Frotscher, M., Zhao, S., Forster, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+cell+and+fiber+layers+in+the+dentate+gyrus.">Development of cell and fiber layers in the dentate gyrus.</a> Prog Brain Res. 163, 133-142 (2007).</li><li>Muramatsu, R., Ikegaya, Y., Matsuki, N., Koyama, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neonatally+born+granule+cells+numerically+dominate+adult+mice+dentate+gyrus.">Neonatally born granule cells numerically dominate adult mice dentate gyrus.</a> Neuroscience. 148, 593-598 (2007).</li><li>Li, G., Pleasure, S. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Morphogenesis+of+the+dentate+gyrus:+what+we+are+learning+from+mouse+mutants.">Morphogenesis of the dentate gyrus: what we are learning from mouse mutants.</a> Dev Neurosci. 27, 93-99 (2005).</li><li>Hsieh, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Orchestrating+transcriptional+control+of+adult+neurogenesis.">Orchestrating transcriptional control of adult neurogenesis.</a> Genes Dev. 26, 1010-1021 (2012).</li><li>Li, G., Pleasure, S. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genetic+regulation+of+dentate+gyrus+morphogenesis.">Genetic regulation of dentate gyrus morphogenesis.</a> Prog Brain Res. 163, 143-152 (2007).</li><li>Collas, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+current+state+of+chromatin+immunoprecipitation.">The current state of chromatin immunoprecipitation.</a> Mol Biotechnol. 45, 87-100 (2010).</li><li>Simon, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+dual+function+of+Bcl11b/Ctip2+in+hippocampal+neurogenesis.">A dual function of Bcl11b/Ctip2 in hippocampal neurogenesis.</a> Embo J. 31, 2922-2936 (2012).</li><li>Pilaz, L. J., Silver, D. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Live+imaging+of+mitosis+in+the+developing+mouse+embryonic+cortex.">Live imaging of mitosis in the developing mouse embryonic cortex.</a> J Vis Exp. (88), (2014).</li><li>Pacary, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Visualization+and+genetic+manipulation+of+dendrites+and+spines+in+the+mouse+cerebral+cortex+and+hippocampus+using+in+utero+electroporation.">Visualization and genetic manipulation of dendrites and spines in the mouse cerebral cortex and hippocampus using in utero electroporation.</a> J Vis Exp. (65), (2012).</li><li>Hand, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Phosphorylation+of+Neurogenin2+specifies+the+migration+properties+and+the+dendritic+morphology+of+pyramidal+neurons+in+the+neocortex.">Phosphorylation of Neurogenin2 specifies the migration properties and the dendritic morphology of pyramidal neurons in the neocortex.</a> Neuron. 48, 45-62 (2005).</li><li>Polleux, F., Ghosh, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+slice+overlay+assay:+a+versatile+tool+to+study+the+influence+of+extracellular+signals+on+neuronal+development.">The slice overlay assay: a versatile tool to study the influence of extracellular signals on neuronal development.</a> Sci STKE. (136), 19 (2002).</li><li>Shea, K., Geijsen, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dissection+of+6.5+dpc+mouse+embryos.">Dissection of 6.5 dpc mouse embryos.</a> J Vis Exp. (2), (2007).</li><li>Sugiyama, T., Osumi, N., Katsuyama, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+germinal+matrices+in+the+developing+dentate+gyrus+are+composed+of+neuronal+progenitors+at+distinct+differentiation+stages.">The germinal matrices in the developing dentate gyrus are composed of neuronal progenitors at distinct differentiation stages.</a> Dev Dyn. 242, 1442-1453 (2013).</li><li>Lechler, T., Fuchs, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Desmoplakin:+an+unexpected+regulator+of+microtubule+organization+in+the+epidermis.">Desmoplakin: an unexpected regulator of microtubule organization in the epidermis.</a> J Cell Biol. 176, 147-154 (2007).</li><li>Nichols, A. J., O'Dell, R. S., Powrozek, T. A., Olson, E. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ex+utero+electroporation+and+whole+hemisphere+explants:+a+simple+experimental+method+for+studies+of+early+cortical+development.">Ex utero electroporation and whole hemisphere explants: a simple experimental method for studies of early cortical development.</a> J Vis Exp. (74), (2013).</li></ol>

The hippocampus has an important function in learning and memory. The dentate gyrus is also one of two brain regions where neurogenesis occurs not only during development but also throughout adulthood. Postnatal and adult hippocampal neurogenesis proceeds in a similar way involving many common factors. Defining the regulatory mechanisms of these factors will be very helpful in understanding neurodegenerative diseases which in turn will lead to new therapies and preventive measures. To obtain this information one requires...

The hippocampus plays an important role in memory and learning as well as emotional behavior. One main function consists of the consolidation of short-term memory into long-term memory, which requires high plasticity of the nervous system. The dentate gyrus of the hippocampus acts as the primary gateway for input information and is also one of two brain regions with ongoing neurogenesis throughout adulthood1,2. The development of the hippocampal structure occurs during late embryogenesis and particularly during the first 3 to 4 weeks postnatal3. During early development of the dentate gyrus a stem cell pool is established required for postnatal as well as adult neurogenesis4. Developing neurons pass through various stages, from the stem cell through several stages of progenitor cells to the immature and finally the mature neuron during postnatal as well as adult neurogenesis. At different stages of neurogenesis the expression of specific genes is required to allow the maturation and integration of new neurons into the hippocampal circuitry5,6.
Using mouse genetics and phenotype analysis by immunohistochemistry as well as molecular methods allowed defining the expression pattern and function of many of these genes. In addition microarray analysis as well as chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) provided information about potential direct and indirect target genes7,8. However, there are still many open questions concerning the regulatory mechanisms of hippocampal development, in particular the development of the dentate gyrus. To gain further insight how specific genes are regulated a system is required allowing the manipulation of a small number of cells by down- or up-regulation of the gene of interest and/or its target genes and follow their fate during development. In utero electroporation of shRNAs, cDNA of genes of interest or Cre recombinase provides such a tool. To ensure the presence of the desired DNA or small RNAs expression plasmids should be used for electroporation. This approach is very successfully implemented in studying cortical development9,10, but is a more challenging approach examining the development of the dentate gyrus due to the position of the hippocampal structures in deeper brain layers.
Ex utero electroporation followed by organotypic slice culture is one approach to circumvent this problem11,12. In contrast to in utero electroporation not the whole embryo but only the head is used allowing therefore to place the electrodes in a more favorable way to direct the shRNA/DNA towards the hippocampus and dentate gyrus. Our group successfully employed ex utero electroporation to study the role of the transcription factor Bcl11b during dentate gyrus development8. Bcl11b has a dual role in dentate gyrus development by regulating progenitor cell proliferation as well as differentiation as was demonstrated by immunohistochemistry. To further define a mechanism for Bcl11b involvement in these processes, protocols of the Polleux group11,12 were adjusted to study the dentate gyrus as described below in the protocol section. In a first approach the question was addressed whether Bcl11b is regulating neuronal cell differentiation cell autonomously. A second approach examined whether Desmoplakin, a direct target gene of Bcl11b, is sufficient to rescue the Bcl11b phenotype.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="271">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="106">
			<td height="106" style="height:106px;width:71px;">Name of Reagent/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:73px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:63px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:64px;">Comments/ Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="106">
			<td height="106" style="height:106px;width:71px;">Flaming/ Brown Micropipette Puller</td>
			<td style="width:73px;">Sutter Instruments Company (USA)</td>
			<td style="width:63px;">P-97</td>
			<td style="width:64px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="64">
			<td height="64" style="height:64px;width:71px;">Fine Glass Pipettes</td>
			<td style="width:73px;">Warner Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:63px;">G100F-4</td>
			<td style="width:64px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:71px;">Microgrinder</td>
			<td style="width:73px;">Narishige, Japan</td>
			<td style="width:63px;">EG-44</td>
			<td style="width:64px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="85">
			<td height="85" style="height:85px;width:71px;">Anesthetic Bracket unit</td>
			<td style="width:73px;">Harvard Apparatus</td>
			<td style="width:63px;">PY2 34-0412</td>
			<td style="width:64px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="64">
			<td height="64" style="height:64px;width:71px;">Halovet Vaporizer</td>
			<td style="width:73px;">Harvard Apparatus</td>
			<td style="width:63px;">PY2 34-0398</td>
			<td style="width:64px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="64">
			<td height="64" style="height:64px;width:71px;">Fluovac System</td>
			<td style="width:73px;">Harvard Apparatus</td>
			<td style="width:63px;">PY2 34-0387</td>
			<td style="width:64px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="64">
			<td height="64" style="height:64px;width:71px;">IMS Fluosorber</td>
			<td style="width:73px;">Harvard Apparatus</td>
			<td style="width:63px;">PY2 34-0415</td>
			<td style="width:64px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="64">
			<td height="64" style="height:64px;width:71px;">Anesthetizing Chamber</td>
			<td style="width:73px;">Harvard Apparatus</td>
			<td style="width:63px;">PY2 34-0460</td>
			<td style="width:64px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="64">
			<td height="64" style="height:64px;width:71px;">Electroporator</td>
			<td style="width:73px;">BEX Company</td>
			<td style="width:63px;">CUY21 EDIT</td>
			<td style="width:64px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="106">
			<td height="106" style="height:106px;width:71px;">Tweezers with disk electrodes</td>
			<td style="width:73px;">BEX Company</td>
			<td style="width:63px;">LF650P3</td>
			<td style="width:64px;">3 mm electrodes for E15.5</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="106">
			<td height="106" style="height:106px;width:71px;">Tweezers with disk electrodes</td>
			<td style="width:73px;">BEX Company</td>
			<td style="width:63px;">LF650P5</td>
			<td style="width:64px;">5 mm electrodes for E18.5</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="85">
			<td height="85" style="height:85px;width:71px;">Picospritzer III</td>
			<td style="width:73px;">Parker Hannifin Corporation</td>
			<td style="width:63px;">P/N 052-0500-900</td>
			<td style="width:64px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="148">
			<td height="148" style="height:148px;width:71px;">HM 650V Vibrating Blade Microtome, 230V</td>
			<td style="width:73px;">Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:63px;">920120</td>
			<td style="width:64px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="106">
			<td height="106" style="height:106px;width:71px;">Dissection Microscope</td>
			<td style="width:73px;">Carl Zeiss Microscopy Gmbh</td>
			<td style="width:63px;">Stemi SV8</td>
			<td style="width:64px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="64">
			<td height="64" style="height:64px;width:71px;">Inverted Microscope</td>
			<td style="width:73px;">Leica</td>
			<td style="width:63px;">Leica DM IL LED</td>
			<td style="width:64px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="64">
			<td height="64" style="height:64px;width:71px;">Confocal Microscope</td>
			<td style="width:73px;">Leica</td>
			<td style="width:63px;">Sp5II</td>
			<td style="width:64px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="42" rowspan="2" style="height:42px;width:71px;">6 well dish</td>
			<td rowspan="2" style="width:73px;">BD Falcon</td>
			<td rowspan="2" style="width:63px;">#353502</td>
			<td rowspan="2" style="width:64px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:71px;">6 well dish</td>
			<td style="width:73px;">CELLSTAR</td>
			<td style="width:63px;">#657160</td>
			<td style="width:64px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="64">
			<td height="64" style="height:64px;width:71px;">Tissue culture inserts</td>
			<td style="width:73px;">BD Falcon</td>
			<td style="width:63px;">#353090</td>
			<td style="width:64px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:71px;">Fast Green</td>
			<td style="width:73px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:63px;">F7252</td>
			<td style="width:64px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:71px;">Laminin</td>
			<td style="width:73px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:63px;">#L2020</td>
			<td style="width:64px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:71px;">Poly-L-lysine</td>
			<td style="width:73px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:63px;">#P5899</td>
			<td style="width:64px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="64">
			<td height="64" style="height:64px;width:71px;">Spring scissors</td>
			<td style="width:73px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td style="width:63px;">15003-08</td>
			<td style="width:64px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="85">
			<td height="85" style="height:85px;width:71px;">Extra Fine Bonn Scissors</td>
			<td style="width:73px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td style="width:63px;">14084-08</td>
			<td style="width:64px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:71px;">Forceps</td>
			<td style="width:73px;">Dumont #55</td>
			<td style="width:63px;">11255-20 Inox</td>
			<td style="width:64px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="64">
			<td height="64" style="height:64px;width:71px;">HBSS 10X</td>
			<td style="width:73px;">Life Technology</td>
			<td style="width:63px;">14180-046</td>
			<td style="width:64px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="64">
			<td height="64" style="height:64px;width:71px;">BME</td>
			<td style="width:73px;">Life Technology</td>
			<td style="width:63px;">41010-26</td>
			<td style="width:64px;"></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

ex utero electroporation and organotypic slice culture of mouse hippocampal tissue

Mouse genetics offers a powerful tool determining the role of specific genes during development. Analyzing the resulting phenotypes by immunohistochemical and molecular methods provides information of potential target genes and signaling pathways. To further elucidate specific regulatory mechanisms requires a system allowing the manipulation of only a small number of cells of a specific tissue by either overexpression, ablation or re-introduction of specific genes and follow their fate during development. To achieve this ex utero electroporation of hippocampal structures, especially the dentate gyrus, followed by organotypic slice culture provides such a tool. Using this system to generate mosaic deletions allows determining whether the gene of interest regulates cell-autonomously developmental processes like progenitor cell proliferation or neuronal differentiation. Furthermore it facilitates the rescue of phenotypes by re-introducing the deleted gene or its target genes. In contrast to in utero electroporation the ex utero approach improves the rate of successfully targeting deeper layers of the brain like the dentate gyrus. Overall ex utero electroporation and organotypic slice culture provide a potent tool to study regulatory mechanisms in a semi-native environment mirroring endogenous conditions.

Ablation of the transcription factor Bcl11b causes the impairment of progenitor cell proliferation and neuronal differentiation resulting in a reduced dentate gyrus size and cell number. Furthermore mutant neurons fail to integrate into the hippocampal circuitry causing learning and memory impairment8. To answer questions concerning the regulatory mechanism(s) of Bcl11b in these processes ex utero electroporation was employed.
Addressing the question whether Bcl11b cell-aut...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Ex Utero Electroporation and Organotypic Slice Culture of Mouse Hippocampal Tissue at JoVE.com

Ex Utero Electroporation and Organotypic Slice Culture of Mouse Hippocampal Tissue

Here we present a protocol providing a tool to examine regulatory mechanisms of specific genes during hippocampal development. Employing ex utero electroporation and organotypic slice culture allows the up- and down-regulation of the expression of genes of interest in single cells and follow their fate during development.

Ex Utero Electroporation and Organotypic Slice Culture of Mouse Hippocampal Tissue

Mouse genetics offers a powerful tool determining the role of specific genes during development. Analyzing the resulting phenotypes by immunohistochemical ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

Induction of Protein Deletion Through In Utero Electroporation to Define Deficits in Neuronal Migration in Transgenic Models

Induction of Protein Deletion Through In Utero Electroporation to Define Deficits in Neuronal Migration in Transgenic Models

Genetic deletion using the Cre-Lox system in transgenic mouse lines is a powerful tool used to study protein function. However, except in very specific ...

Efficient Gene Transfer in Chick Retinas for Primary Cell Culture Studies: An Ex-ovo Electroporation Approach

Efficient Gene Transfer in Chick Retinas for Primary Cell Culture Studies: An Ex-ovo Electroporation Approach

The cone photoreceptor-enriched cultures derived from embryonic chick retinas have become an indispensable tool for researchers around the world studying ...

Culture of Embryonic Mouse Cochlear Explants and Gene Transfer by Electroporation

Auditory hair cells located within the mouse organ of Corti detect and transmit sound information to the central nervous system. The mechanosensory hair ...

Organotypic Slice Cultures for Studies of Postnatal Neurogenesis

Here we describe a technique for studying hippocampal postnatal neurogenesis in the rodent brain using the organotypic slice culture technique. This ...

Culture and Co-Culture of Mouse Ovaries and Ovarian Follicles

The mammalian ovary is composed of ovarian follicles, each follicle consisting of a single oocyte surrounded by somatic granulosa cells, enclosed together ...

Ex Vivo Culture of Chick Cerebellar Slices and Spatially Targeted Electroporation of Granule Cell Precursors

Ex Vivo Culture of Chick Cerebellar Slices and Spatially Targeted Electroporation of Granule Cell Precursors

The cerebellar external granule layer (EGL) is the site of the largest transit amplification in the developing brain, and an excellent model for studying ...

Dissection and Culture of Mouse Embryonic Kidney

The goal of this protocol is to describe a method for the dissection, isolation, and culture of mouse metanephric rudiments. 
During mammalian kidney ...

Dissection and Coronal Slice Preparation of Developing Mouse Pituitary Gland

The pituitary gland or hypophysis is an important endocrine organ secreting hormones essential for homeostasis. It consists of two glands with separate ...

CRISPR-mediated Loss of Function Analysis in Cerebellar Granule Cells Using In Utero Electroporation-based Gene Transfer

CRISPR-mediated Loss of Function Analysis in Cerebellar Granule Cells Using In Utero Electroporation-based Gene Transfer

Brain malformation is often caused by genetic mutations. Deciphering the mutations in patient-derived tissues has identified potential causative factors ...

Organotypic Culture Method to Study the Development Of Embryonic Chicken Tissues

The embryonic chicken is commonly used as a reliable model organism for vertebrate development. Its accessibility and short incubation period makes it ...