이 작품은 국립 암 연구소 암 연구 센터의 교내 연구 프로그램에 의해 지원되었다.

다음 프로토콜은 마우스의 폐에 그 자료를 제공 할 수있는 비 침습적, 간단하고 빠른 방법을 설명합니다. 이 절차는 국립 암 연구소 동물 관리 및 사용위원회에 의해 승인되었습니다. 1. 마취 <ol><li> 먼저, 케타민 (ketamine)과 자일 라진 (각각 100 ㎎ / kg 체중 및 10 ㎎ / kg 체중)의 혼합물을 사용하여 마우스를 마취. 이 ACUC 마취 및 복용량을 권장합니다. 이 금액으로, 마우스는 적어도 ~ 20 분에 대한 의식이 있습니다. </li><li> 마취 동안 눈의 건조를 방지하기 위하여 마우스 눈 수의사 연고를 적용한다. </li><li> 몇 분 후, 의식을 확인하기 위해 마우스의 다리를 꼬집어. 일단 의식 확인, ~ 60 °로 각도 삽관 스탠드에 마우스를 놓고 받침대의 상단에있는 작은 고무 밴드를 통해 상부 앞니를 후킹하여 제자리에 고정. </li></ol> 2. 기관 내 삽관 </p&gt; <ol><li> 부드럽게 Q-팁을 사용하여 한쪽으로 마우스의 혀를 철회. </li><li> BioLITE 삽관 조명 시스템을 사용하는 경우 후두가 광섬유 라이트 가이드의 도움으로 가시화 될 때까지주의 깊게 삽관 시스템을 삽입합니다. </li><li> 후두개와 조각으로 부서져 연골이 가시화되면 카테터의 적절한 길이가 삽입 될 때까지, 후두개에와 조각으로 부서져 연골 사이에 섬유를 삽입하고 사전. </li></ol> 참고 : 삽입되는 카테터의 적절한 길이를 얻기 위해서는, 처음에 사전에 유사한 크기의 연습 마우스 (도 1)를 사용하여 입과 기관지 분기점 사이의 길이를 측정한다. 길이는 크게 마우스의 크기에 따라 달라집니다. 카테터의 삽입은 분기점 위에 중지해야합니다 (~ 체중 25 ~ G와 마우스 1.5 cm). 이 삽관 물질이 모든 엽 (叶)에 갈 것이라는 점을 보증한다. 적어도 50 연습 마이크전자 기술에 숙달 될 수있는 삽관 법을 수행하는 사람을 위해 요구 될 수있다 (능숙은 삽관의 성공률이 95 % 이상임을 의미합니다). <ol start="4"><li> 카테터가 삽입되면, 신속하게 동물이 일반적으로 숨을 쉴 수 있도록 카테터에서 광섬유 라이트 가이드를 제거합니다. 삽관 조명 시스템을 사용하지 않을 경우 직접 바와 같이 카테터를 삽입한다. </li><li> 카테터의 관심 물질을 함유하는 용액을 추가. 용액을 즉시 첨가 한 후 폐에 흡입되어 있는지 확인합니다. ~에 대한 쉰 마이크로 리터는 25g의 마우스 체중은 일상적으로 사용됩니다. </li></ol> 3. 동물 복구 <ol><li> 즉시 솔루션이 폐에 흡입 될 때 받침대에서 마우스를 내려, 원래의 케이지에 다시 넣어. </li><li> 이 이동 시작할 때까지 마우스를 관찰합니다. </li><li> 일단 마우스가 좋은 상태에 있음을 확인, 랙에 케이지를 반환합니다. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Das, S., Macdonald, K., Chang, H. Y., Mitzner, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+simple+method+of+mouse+lung+intubation.">A simple method of mouse lung intubation.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (73), e50318 (2013).</li><li>Miller, M. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Visualization+of+murine+intranasal+dosing+efficiency+using+luminescent+Francisella+tularensis:+effect+of+instillation+volume+and+form+of+anesthesia.">Visualization of murine intranasal dosing efficiency using luminescent Francisella tularensis: effect of instillation volume and form of anesthesia.</a> PLoS One. 7, e31359 (2012).</li><li>Rayamajhi, M., Redente, E. F., Condon, T. V., Gonzalez-Juarrero, M., Riches, D. W., Lenz, L. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Non-surgical+intratracheal+instillation+of+mice+with+analysis+of+lungs+and+lung+draining+lymph+nodes+by+flow+cytometry.">Non-surgical intratracheal instillation of mice with analysis of lungs and lung draining lymph nodes by flow cytometry.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (51), e2702 (2011).</li><li>Riesenfeld, E. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inhaled+salmeterol+and/or+fluticasone+alters+structure/function+in+a+murine+model+of+allergic+airways+disease.">Inhaled salmeterol and/or fluticasone alters structure/function in a murine model of allergic airways disease.</a> Respir. Res. 11, 22 (2010).</li><li>Rivera, B., Miller, S., Brown, E., Price, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+novel+method+for+endotracheal+intubation+of+mice+and+rats+used+in+imaging+studies.">A novel method for endotracheal intubation of mice and rats used in imaging studies.</a> Contemp. Top. Lab Anim. Sci. 44, 52-55 (2005).</li><li>Bonniaud, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Progressive+transforming+growth+factor+beta1-induced+lung+fibrosis+is+blocked+by+an+orally+active+ALK5+kinase+inhibitor.">Progressive transforming growth factor beta1-induced lung fibrosis is blocked by an orally active ALK5 kinase inhibitor.</a> Am. J. Res. Crit. Care Med. 171, 889-898 (2005).</li><li>Bivas-Benita, M., Zwier, R., Junginger, H. E., Borchard, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Non-invasive+pulmonary+aerosol+delivery+in+mice+by+the+endotracheal+route.">Non-invasive pulmonary aerosol delivery in mice by the endotracheal route.</a> Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 61, 214-218 (2005).</li><li>Haegens, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Myeloperoxidase+deficiency+attenuates+lipopolysaccharide-induced+acute+lung+inflammation+and+subsequent+cytokine+and+chemokine+production.">Myeloperoxidase deficiency attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung inflammation and subsequent cytokine and chemokine production.</a> J. Immunol. 182, 7990-7996 (2009).</li><li>Jackson, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Exposure+of+pregnant+mice+to+carbon+black+by+intratracheal+instillation:+toxicogenomic+effects+in+dams+and+offspring.">Exposure of pregnant mice to carbon black by intratracheal instillation: toxicogenomic effects in dams and offspring.</a> Mutat. Res. 745, 73-83 (2012).</li><li>Bodewes, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pathogenesis+of+Influenza+A/H5N1+virus+infection+in+ferrets+differs+between+intranasal+and+intratracheal+routes+of+inoculation.">Pathogenesis of Influenza A/H5N1 virus infection in ferrets differs between intranasal and intratracheal routes of inoculation.</a> Am. J. Pathol. 179, 30-36 (2011).</li><li>Winslow, M. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Suppression+of+lung+adenocarcinoma+progression+by+Nkx2-1.">Suppression of lung adenocarcinoma progression by Nkx2-1.</a> Nature. 473, 101-104 (2011).</li></ol>

저자는 더 경쟁 재정적 이익이 없다는 것을 선언합니다.

여기에 설명 된 기관 내 삽관은 균등하게 마우스의 폐에 그 자료를 제공 할 수있는 간단하면서도 우수한 비 침습적 인 방법입니다. 이 방법은 폐의 생리 및 / 또는 병리에서 관리 물질의 효과 및 / 또는 역할의 연구를 할 수 있습니다. 관리되는 재료는 사이토 카인, 또는 생체 이물 화학 / 의약품, 발암 물질, 오염 물질, 알레르기, 또는 다양한 인간의 질병 6-10 공부를위한 모델을 나타낼 수있...

폐는 많은 파괴적인 질병은 일반적으로 진단 기관이다. 그 중에서도, 폐암은 남성과 여성 모두에서 두 번째로 가장 암 진단, 암 사망의 가장 흔한 원인이다. 또한 폐기종과 만성 기관지염으로 알려진 만성 폐쇄성 폐 질환은 매우 심각한 질환과 미국에서 사망의 세 번째 주요 원인이다. 2011 년, 그것은 25900000 미국인이 18 세 미만의 710 만 어린이를 포함, 천식을 한 것으로 추정되었다. 천식은 15 일 (미국 폐 협회, 세 미만의 어린이들에게 입원의 세 번째 주요 원인이다 <a href="http://www.lung.org" target="_blank">http://www.lung.org</a> ). 이러한 파괴적인 질병과 그 기본 메커니즘의 병태 생리 및 / 또는 원인을 연구하기 위해, 정확한 모델의 사용은 폐 관심을 다양한 재료의 편리하고 비 침습적 인 관리와 함께 중요합니다. 쥐에게 최고의 모델 중 하나를 제공때문에 녹아웃 및 형질 전환 마우스 및 사용 가능한 유전 정보의 광대 한 양의 증가 가용성의 병리 및 폐 질환의 생리의 기초가되는 분자 메커니즘을 연구. 다양한 방법 흡입, 비강 내 점적, 기관 내 점안 및 기관 내 삽관 1-4를 포함하여 마우스의 폐에 그 자료를 제공하기 위해 다른 설정에서 수사관들에 의해 사용되어왔다. 이를 수행하기 다소 어려운 것으로 간주되기 때문에 후자의 과정은 일상적으로 사용되지 않았다. 여기에 기술 기관 내 삽관 법은 유전자 발현 패턴, 병리 및 / 또는 폐 5의 생리에 전달 물질의 효과를 연구하기 위해 마우스의 폐에 대한 관심의 자료를 제공 할 수있는 비 침습적 간단하고 빠른 방법입니다. 이 기술은 전체 폐에 외인성 물질의 전달을 보장하고 생존 수술을 포함하지 않으며, 따라서 likel 것Y는 기관 동물 관리 및 사용위원회에 의해 승인 된 것이어야합니다.

<table border="1">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>KetaVed</td>
			<td>Vedco</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Ketamine</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>AnaSed Injection 20 mg</td>
			<td>LLOYD</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Xylazine</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BioLite Stand</td>
			<td>Braintree Scientific</td>
			<td>RIS100</td>
			<td>For mice</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BioLite Intubation Illumination System</td>
			<td>Braintree Scientific</td>
			<td>BIO MI-KIT</td>
			<td>For mice</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>22 G, 1 inch i.v. catheter</td>
			<td>Terumo</td>
			<td>SR-OX2225CA</td>
			<td>For mice below 30 g.&#160;Catheter is used only for the case where the Intubation Illumination System is not used.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>or</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>20 G, 1 inch i.v. catheter</td>
			<td>Terumo</td>
			<td>SR-OX2025CA</td>
			<td>For mice over 30 g.&#160;Catheter is used only for the case where the Intubation Illumination System is not used.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Catheter is used only for the case where the Intubation Illumination System is not used</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

noninvasive intratracheal intubation to study the pathology and physiology of mouse lung

인간 폐 질환의 상태를 본뜬 모델의 사용은 특정 질환의 병태 생리학 및 / 또는 병인을 연구 및 치료 적 개입을 개발에 중요하다. 함께 유전 정보의 광대 한 양의 녹아웃 및 유전자 변형 파생 상품의 증가 가용성, 마우스는 폐 질환의 병리 생리학의 기초가되는 분자 메커니즘을 연구하는 가장 좋은 모델 중 하나를 제공합니다. 흡입, 비강 내 점적, 기관 내 점안 및 기관 내 삽관 마우스 폐에 그 자료를 관리 할 수​​있는 연구자들에 의해 가장 널리 사용되는 기술이다. 연구의 목적에 따라 각각의 기술에 대한 장점과 단점이 있습니다. 여기에 직접 마우스의 폐에 외인성 물질을 제공 할 수있는 비 침습적 인 기관 내 삽관 방법이 제시된다. 이 기술은 폐 섬유증을 연구하는 모델로 마우스의 폐에 블레오 마이신을 관리하기 위해 적용되었다. &lt;/ P&gt;

처음에는 녹색으로 염색 한 솔루션은 연습을 위해 마우스를 삽관하는 데 사용되었다. 폐는 색이 폐 (그림 2)에 배포 된 방법을 균일하게 조사 할 삽관 후 즉시 절제했다. 이 기술은 C57BL / 6 마​​우스를 이용하여 블레오 마이신 유발 폐 섬유증을 연구하기 위해 적용되었다. 마우스가 intratracheally 제어 나중에 부검 삼주로 블레오 마이신 또는 식염수 1.2 U / kg으로 삽관 때, 마우스는 조직...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Noninvasive Intratracheal Intubation to Study the Pathology and Physiology of Mouse Lung at JoVE.com

Noninvasive Intratracheal Intubation to Study the Pathology and Physiology of Mouse Lung

인간 폐 질환의 상태를 본뜬 모델의 사용은 특정 질환의 병태 생리학 및 / 또는 병인을 연구 및 치료 적 개입을 개발에 중요하다. 여기에 직접 마우스의 폐에 외인성 물질을 제공 할 수있는 비 침습적 인 기관 내 삽관 방법이 제시된다.

비 침습적 기관 내 삽관 마우스 폐의 병리학 및 생리학을 연구하는

The use of a model that mimics the condition of lung diseases in humans is critical for studying the pathophysiology and/or etiology of a particular ...

noninvasive-intratracheal-intubation-to-study-pathology-physiology

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

24.4K 조회수.  National Institutes of Health.  인간 폐 질환의 상태를 본뜬 모델의 사용은 특정 질환의 병태 생리학 및 / 또는 병인을 연구 및 치료 적 개입을 개발에 중요하다. 여기에 직접 마우스의 폐에 외인성 물질을 제공 할 수있는 비 침습적 인 기관 내 삽관 방법이 제시된다. 

비디오: Noninvasive Intratracheal Intubation to Study the Pathology and Physiology of Mouse Lung

A Simple Method of Mouse Lung Intubation

A simple procedure to intubate mice for pulmonary function measurements would have several advantages in longitudinal studies with limited numbers or expensive animal. One of the reasons that this is not done more routinely is that it is relatively difficult, despite there being several published studies that describe ways to achieve it. In this paper we demonstrate a procedure that eliminates one of the major hurdles associated with this intubation, that of visualizing the trachea during the entire time of intubation. The approach uses a 0.5 mm fiberoptic light source that serves as an introducer to direct the intubation cannula into the mouse trachea. We show that it is possible to use this procedure to measure lung mechanics in individual mice over a time course of at least several weeks. The technique can be set up with relatively little expense and expertise, and it can be routinely accomplished with relatively little training. This should make it possible for any laboratory to routinely carry out this intubation, thereby allowing longitudinal studies in individual mice, thereby minimizing the number of mice needed and increasing the statistical power by using each mouse as its own control.

This paper describes a striaghforward and efficient method of intubating mice for pulmonary function measurements or pulmonary instillation, that allows the mice to recover and be studied at later times. The procedure involves an inexpensive fiberoptic light source that directly illuminates the trachea.

마우스 폐 삽관 법의 간단한 방법

A  simple procedure to intubate mice for pulmonary function measurements would  have several advantages in longitudinal studies with limited numbers or  ...

연구

의학

A Murine Model of Myocardial Ischemia-reperfusion Injury through Ligation of the Left Anterior Descending Artery

Acute or chronic myocardial infarction (MI) are cardiovascular events resulting in high morbidity and mortality. Establishing the pathological mechanisms at work during MI and developing effective therapeutic approaches requires methodology to reproducibly simulate the clinical incidence and reflect the pathophysiological changes associated with MI. Here, we describe a surgical method to induce MI in mouse models that can be used for short-term ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury as well as permanent ligation. The major advantage of this method is to facilitate location of the left anterior descending artery (LAD) to allow for accurate ligation of this artery to induce ischemia in the left ventricle of the mouse heart. Accurate positioning of the ligature on the LAD increases reproducibility of infarct size and thus produces more reliable results. Greater precision in placement of the ligature will improve the standard surgical approaches to simulate MI in mice, thus reducing the number of experimental animals necessary for statistically relevant studies and improving our understanding of the mechanisms producing cardiac dysfunction following MI. This mouse model of MI is also useful for the preclinical testing of treatments targeting myocardial damage following MI.

We introduce a surgical method to induce experimental ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury to simulate myocardial infarction (MI) in mouse models that allows for more clarity in positioning of the ligation on the left anterior descending artery (LAD) to increase the reproducibility of MI experiments in mice.

왼쪽 앞쪽에 내림차순 동맥의 결찰을 통해 심근 허혈 - 재관류 손상의 생쥐 모델

Acute or chronic myocardial infarction (MI) are cardiovascular events resulting in high morbidity and mortality. Establishing the pathological mechanisms ...

Implantation of Fibrin Gel on Mouse Lung to Study Lung-specific Angiogenesis

Recent significant advances in stem cell research and bioengineering techniques have made great progress in utilizing biomaterials to regenerate and repair damage in simple tissues in the orthopedic and periodontal fields. However, attempts to regenerate the structures and functions of more complex three-dimensional (3D) organs such as lungs have not been very successful because the biological processes of organ regeneration have not been well explored. It is becoming clear that angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels, plays key roles in organ regeneration. Newly formed vasculatures not only deliver oxygen, nutrients and various cell components that are required for organ regeneration but also provide instructive signals to the regenerating local tissues. Therefore, to successfully regenerate lungs in an adult, it is necessary to recapitulate the lung-specific microenvironments in which angiogenesis drives regeneration of local lung tissues. Although conventional in vivo angiogenesis assays, such as subcutaneous implantation of extracellular matrix (ECM)-rich hydrogels (e.g., fibrin or collagen gels or Matrigel - ECM protein mixture secreted by Engelbreth-Holm-Swarm mouse sarcoma cells), are extensively utilized to explore the general mechanisms of angiogenesis, lung-specific angiogenesis has not been well characterized because methods for orthotopic implantation of biomaterials in the lung have not been well established. The goal of this protocol is to introduce a unique method to implant fibrin gel on the lung surface of living adult mouse, allowing for the successful recapitulation of host lung-derived angiogenesis inside the gel. This approach enables researchers to explore the mechanisms by which the lung-specific microenvironment controls angiogenesis and alveolar regeneration in both normal and pathological conditions. Since implanted biomaterials release and supply physical and chemical signals to adjacent lung tissues, implantation of these biomaterials on diseased lung can potentially normalize the adjacent diseased tissues, enabling researchers to develop new therapeutic approaches for various types of lung diseases.

Recapitulation of the organ-specific microenvironment, which stimulates local angiogenesis, is indispensable for successful regeneration of damaged tissues. This report demonstrates a novel method to implant fibrin gels on the lung surface of living mouse in order to explore how the lung-specific microenvironment modulates angiogenesis and alveolar regeneration in adult mouse.

마우스 폐에 섬유소 젤의 주입은 폐 관련 신생 혈관 연구에

Recent significant advances in stem cell research and bioengineering techniques have made great progress in utilizing biomaterials to regenerate and ...

Intubation-mediated Intratracheal (IMIT) Instillation: A Noninvasive, Lung-specific Delivery System

Respiratory disease studies typically involve the use of murine models as surrogate systems. However, there are significant physiologic differences between the murine and human respiratory systems, especially in their upper respiratory tracts (URT). In some models, these differences in the murine nasal cavity can have a significant impact on disease progression and presentation in the lower respiratory tract (LRT) when using intranasal instillation techniques, potentially limiting the usefulness of the mouse model to study these diseases. For these reasons, it would be advantageous to develop a technique to instill bacteria directly into the mouse lungs in order to study LRT disease in the absence of involvement of the URT. We have termed this lung specific delivery technique intubation-mediated intratracheal (IMIT) instillation. This noninvasive technique minimizes the potential for instillation into the bloodstream, which can occur during more invasive traditional surgical intratracheal infection approaches, and limits the possibility of incidental digestive tract delivery. IMIT is a two-step process in which mice are first intubated, with an intermediate step to ensure correct catheter placement into the trachea, followed by insertion of a blunt needle into the catheter to mediate direct delivery of bacteria into the lung. This approach facilitates a &#62;98% efficacy of delivery into the lungs with excellent distribution of reagent throughout the lung. Thus, IMIT represents a novel approach to study LRT disease and therapeutic delivery directly into the lung, improving upon the ability to use mice as surrogates to study human respiratory disease. Furthermore, the accuracy and reproducibility of this delivery system also makes it amenable to Good Laboratory Practice Standards (GLPS), as well as delivery of a wide range of reagents which require high efficiency delivery to the lung.

Intubation-mediated Intratracheal IMIT Instillation: A Noninvasive, Lung-specific Delivery System

Intubation-mediated intratracheal (IMIT) instillation of reagents is an excellent, noninvasive method for studying respiratory disease, as well as a method for instilling therapeutic reagents directly into the lung. It is a rapid and highly reproducible method which is suitable for preclinical testing.

삽관 매개 기관 내 (IMIT) 떨어 뜨림 : 비 침습적, 폐 별 전달 시스템

Respiratory disease studies typically involve the use of murine models as surrogate systems. However, there are significant physiologic differences ...

Cardiac Catheterization in Mice to Measure the Pressure Volume Relationship: Investigating the Bowditch Effect

Animal models that mimic human cardiac disorders have been created to test potential therapeutic strategies. A key component to evaluating these strategies is to examine their effects on heart function. There are several techniques to measure in vivo cardiac mechanics (e.g., echocardiography, pressure/volume relations, etc.). Compared to echocardiography, real-time left ventricular (LV) pressure/volume analysis via catheterization is more precise and insightful in assessing LV function. Additionally, LV pressure/volume analysis provides the ability to instantaneously record changes during manipulations of contractility (e.g., &#946;-adrenergic stimulation) and pathological insults (e.g., ischemia/reperfusion injury). In addition to the maximum (+dP/dt) and minimum (-dP/dt) rate of pressure change in the LV, an accurate assessment of LV function via several load-independent indexes (e.g., end systolic pressure volume relationship and preload recruitable stroke work) can be attained. Heart rate has a significant effect on LV contractility such that an increase in the heart rate is the primary mechanism to increase cardiac output (i.e., Bowditch effect). Thus, when comparing hemodynamics between experimental groups, it is necessary to have similar heart rates. Furthermore, a hallmark of many cardiomyopathy models is a decrease in contractile reserve (i.e., decreased Bowditch effect). Consequently, vital information can be obtained by determining the effects of increasing heart rate on contractility. Our and others data has demonstrated that the neuronal nitric oxide synthase (NOS1) knockout mouse has decreased contractility. Here we describe the procedure of measuring LV pressure/volume with increasing heart rates using the NOS1 knockout mouse model.

This article describes the measurement of murine left ventricular function via pressure/volume analysis at different heart rates.

Bowditch 효과 조사 : 압력 볼륨 관계를 측정하기 위해 마우스의 심장 도관

Animal models that mimic human cardiac disorders have been created to test potential therapeutic strategies. A key component to evaluating these ...

Apical Resection Mouse Model to Study Early Mammalian Heart Regeneration

Cardiovascular disease plagues the whole world due to intensive lifestyle changes. Heart regeneration holds great promise for repairing and restoring cardiomyocytes lost due to injury and disease. In contrast to the robust cardiac regeneration of certain lower vertebrates, adult mammalian hearts typically show minimal capacity for heart regeneration and repair. However, recent studies have sparked considerable scientific interest with the finding that, between postnatal day 1 to 7 (P1 to P7), the neonatal mouse heart retains significant regenerative potential after apical resection (i.e., surgical amputation and exposure of left ventricular apex). One major controversy over this finding might be due to the diverse surgery-related procedures used in efforts to replicate or expand upon this important finding. These instructions dynamically present the materials and methodology for apical resection in a mouse model. The salient steps of this rodent survival surgery involve hypothermia anesthesia, thoracotomy, surgical amputation of heart ventricular apex, and suture and recovery of mice. The approach described could expand the application of the apical resection mouse model for cardiovascular research.

A step-by-step video protocol of apical resection is demonstrated in this study. Apical resection is a recently highlighted surgical approach in mammalian heart regeneration research. This study may promote the application of apical resection as a standard methodology in research into the mechanism underlying heart regeneration.

치근단 절제술 마우스 모델은 초기 포유류의 심장 재생을 연구하는

Cardiovascular disease plagues the whole world due to intensive lifestyle changes. Heart regeneration holds great promise for repairing and restoring ...

Combined Intravital Microscopy and Contrast-enhanced Ultrasonography of the Mouse Hindlimb to Study Insulin-induced Vasodilation and Muscle Perfusion

It has been demonstrated that insulin's vascular actions contribute to regulation of insulin sensitivity. Insulin's effects on muscle perfusion regulate postprandial delivery of nutrients and hormones to insulin-sensitive tissues. We here describe a technique for combining intravital microscopy (IVM) and contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS) of the adductor compartment of the mouse hindlimb to simultaneously visualize muscle resistance arteries and perfusion of the microcirculation in vivo. Simultaneously assessing insulin's effect at multiple levels of the vascular tree is important to study relationships between insulin's multiple vasoactive effects and muscle perfusion. Experiments in this study were performed in mice. First, the tail vein cannula is inserted for the infusion of anesthesia, vasoactive compounds and ultrasound contrast agent (lipid-encapsulated microbubbles). Second, a small incision is made in the groin area to expose the arterial tree of the adductor muscle compartment. The ultrasound probe is then positioned at the contralateral upper hindlimb to view the muscles in cross-section. To assess baseline parameters, the arterial diameter is assessed and microbubbles are subsequently infused at a constant rate to estimate muscle blood flow and microvascular blood volume (MBV). When applied before and during a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp, combined IVM and CEUS allow assessment of insulin-induced changes of arterial diameter, microvascular muscle perfusion and whole-body insulin sensitivity. Moreover, the temporal relationship between responses of the microcirculation and the resistance arteries to insulin can be quantified. It is also possible to follow-up the mice longitudinally in time, making it a valuable tool to study changes in vascular and whole-body insulin sensitivity.

Insulin-induced vasodilation regulates muscle perfusion and increases the microvascular surface area (microvascular recruitment) available for solute exchange between blood and tissue interstitium. Combined intravital microscopy and contrast-enhanced ultrasonography is presented to simultaneously assess insulin&#39;s action at the larger vessels and the microcirculation in vivo.

Intravital 현미경 검사 법 및 대비 향상 된 초음파 마우스 Hindlimb의 인슐린 유도 된 혈관과 근육 관류 결합

It has been demonstrated that insulin's vascular actions contribute to regulation of insulin sensitivity. Insulin's effects on muscle perfusion regulate ...

Echocardiographic Measurement of Right Ventricular Diastolic Parameters in Mouse

Diastolic dysfunction is a prominent feature of right ventricular (RV) remodeling associated with conditions of pressure overload. However, the RV diastolic function is rarely quantified in experimental studies. This might be due to technical difficulties in the visualization of the RV in the apical four-chamber view in rodents. Here we describe two positions facilitating the visualization of the apical four-chamber view in mice to assess the RV diastolic function.
The apical four-chamber view is enabled by tilting the mouse fixation platform to the left and caudally (LeCa) or to the right and cranially (RiCr). Both positions provide images of comparable quality. The results of the RV diastolic function obtained from two positions are not significantly different. Both positions are comparably easy to perform. This protocol can be incorporated into published protocols and enables detailed investigations of the RV function.

Here we describe and compare two positions for obtaining the apical four-chamber view in mice. These positions enable the quantification of the right ventricular function, provide comparable results, and can be used interchangeably.

마우스의 우심실 확장기 매개변수의 심초음파 측정

Diastolic dysfunction is a prominent feature of right ventricular (RV) remodeling associated with conditions of pressure overload. However, the RV ...

Inducing Acute Lung Injury in Mice by Direct Intratracheal Lipopolysaccharide Instillation

Airway administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a common way to study pulmonary inflammation and acute lung injury (ALI) in small animal models. Various approaches have been described, such as the inhalation of aerosolized LPS as well as nasal or intratracheal instillation. The presented protocol describes a detailed step-by-step procedure to induce ALI in mice by direct intratracheal LPS instillation and perform FACS analysis of blood samples, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid, and lung tissue. After intraperitoneal sedation, the trachea is exposed and LPS is administered via a 22 G venous catheter. A robust and reproducible inflammatory reaction with leukocyte invasion, upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines, and disruption of the alveolo-capillary barrier is induced within hours to days, depending on the LPS dosage used. Collection of blood samples, BAL fluid, and lung harvesting, as well as the processing for FACS analysis, are described in detail in the protocol. Although the use of the sterile LPS is not suitable to study pharmacologic interventions in infectious diseases, the described approach offers minimal invasiveness, simple handling, and good reproducibility to answer mechanistic immunological questions. Furthermore, dose titration as well as the use of alternative LPS preparations or mouse strains allow modulation of the clinical effects, which can exhibit different degrees of ALI severity or early vs. late onset of disease symptoms.

Presented here is a step-by-step procedure to induce acute lung injury in mice by direct intratracheal lipopolysaccharide instillation and to perform FACS analysis of blood samples, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and lung tissue. Minimal invasiveness, simple handling, good reproducibility, and titration of disease severity are advantages of this approach.

직접 경포당증 주입에 의해 마우스에 있는 심각한 폐 상해를 유도하는

Airway administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a common way to study pulmonary inflammation and acute lung injury (ALI) in small animal models. ...

Noninvasive Electrocardiography in the Perinatal Mouse

Electrocardiography (ECG) has long been relied upon as an effective and reliable method of assessing cardiovascular (and cardiopulmonary) function in both human and animal models of disease. Individual heart rate, rhythm, and regularity, combined with quantitative parameters collected from ECG, serve to assess the integrity of the cardiac conduction system as well as the integrated physiology of the cardiac cycle. This article provides a comprehensive description of the methods and techniques used to perform a noninvasive ECG on perinatal and neonatal mouse pups as early as the first postnatal day, without requiring the use of anesthetics. This protocol was designed to directly address a need for a standardized and repeatable method for obtaining ECG in newborn mice. From a translational perspective, this protocol proves to be entirely effective for characterization of congenital cardiopulmonary defects generated using transgenic mouse lines, and particularly for analysis of defects causing lethality at or during the first postnatal days. This protocol also aims to directly address a gap in the scientific literature to characterize and provide normative data associated with maturation of the early postnatal cardiac conduction system. This method is not limited to a specific postnatal timepoint, but rather allows for ECG data collection in neonatal mouse pups from birth to postnatal day 10 (P10), a window that is of critical importance for modeling human diseases in vivo, with particular emphasis on congenital heart disease (CHD).

Here, we present a noninvasive electrocardiography (ECG) protocol, optimized for early postnatal mice, that does not require the use of anesthetics.

주산기 마우스의 비침습적 전기 검사

Electrocardiography (ECG) has long been relied upon as an effective and reliable method of assessing cardiovascular (and cardiopulmonary) function in both ...