이 작품은 건강 MH097163의 국립 연구소에서 기금에 의해 지원되었다. 일부 균주 연구 인프라 프로그램의 NIH 사무소 (P40-OD010440)에 의해 투자 된 CGC에 의해 제공되었다.

<ol>
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저자는 더 경쟁 재정적 이익이 없다는 것을 선언합니다.

우리는 C.에 대형 화면을 수행하기 위해 시판하는 dsRNA 수유 라이브러리를 사용하는 프로토콜을 기술했다 엘레. 우리는 라이브러리를 복제하고 효과적으로 사용하는 모든 지침을 제공합니다. 우리는이 방법은 동물의 조직에서 다른 여러 생물학적 과정에 관여하는 유전자를 식별 할 수 있다는 것을 보여준다. 우리가 여기에서 설명하는 표현형 (UNC, EGL, 그리고 DPY) 쉽게 관찰 할 수 있?...

C. 역사적으로, 유전 화면 엘레 DNA 내에 무작위 돌연변이를 만들 에틸 메탄 술폰산 등의 화학적으로 돌연변이 동물을 처리하여 수행되었다. 돌연변이 동물의 자손 또는 grandprogeny는 그 전시에게 원하는 이상 표현형을 격리됩니다. 표현형의 원인에 대한 책임 돌연변이 후 노동 집약적 매핑 절차를 통해 또는 돌연변이 벌레의 전체 게놈을 시퀀싱에 의해 식별됩니다. 이 그들이 모두 이득 함수 지점 기능 상실 표현형을 초래할 수 웜 게놈 내의 영구 병변을 생성 같은 화학적 돌연변이 스크린을 수행하는 많은 장점이 있지만 매핑 절차가 느리고 비싸다. 이중 가닥 RNA 간섭 (dsRNAi)가 중요한 생물 학적 과정에 관련된 유전자를 확인하는 다른 방법을 제공합니다. 이 방법에서, 내생 유전자의 코딩 서열과 일치하는 dsRNA는 웜에 도입된다.dsRNA에이 가이드가 파괴 1을 대상으로 일치하는 내생의 mRNA를 찾아 바인딩하는 역할을 소형 (21 ~ 22 염기) RNA를 생성하기 위해 생체 내에서 처리된다. 이 절차는 비교적 빠른이지만 dsRNA에 오히려보다 DNA의 mRNA를 표적으로하기 때문에, 단지 환원의 기능 표현형이이 방법을 사용하여 관찰된다. 동물에 dsRNA에 도입 dsRNA를 3 동물을 담가, 또는 dsRNA에 4을 표현하는 동물 박테리아를 공급함으로써, dsRNA에 2의 직접 주입에 의해 달성 될 수있다. 동물의 대부분의 세포는 SID-1, dsRNA에 5를 가져올 수있는 횡단 채널을 표현하는 이러한 전달 방법의 각 조직 최저 효과를 일으킬 수 있습니다. 원래시 개별 유전자의 발현을 녹다운하는 역 유전학 방식으로 사용이 급전 라이브러리의 개발은 지금은 대규모 유전자 스크린을 허용한다. 시판하는 dsRNA 라이브러리는 BA를 포함모든 C의 55 % 또는 87 % 중 하나를 나타내는 cterial 클론 elegans의 유전자 6, 7. 불행하게도, 대규모 dsRNAi 공급 화면은 종종 변수 최저 효율 8-10 결과. RNAi에 의한 최저의 절대 레벨이 쉽게 측정되지 않지만, 대형 화면에서 관찰 감소 최저 효율은 RNAi에 의해 열화를 피할 잔류 유전자 특이의 mRNA에 의해 발생되어야한다. 이것은, 차례로, 이러한 화면에 동물에 공급하는 dsRNA 박테리아 플라스미드 손실의 직접적인 결과 일 수있다. 넉다운 효과를 먹인 동물 (11)를 제어하기 위해 비교 될 때 (있는 경우)이 아이디어를지지, 동물은 박테리아의 50 % 만이 표적 유전자의 dsRNA에 대하여을 표현하는, 세균의 혼합물을 공급 극적으로 감소 보여준다. C. 대부분의 유전자로 dsRNAi 화면을 수행 할 때 유전자 최저의 정도는 중요한 문제가됩니다 엘레 haplosufficient이며, 따라서 유전자의 발현은 적어도 50 %의 t에 의해 감소되어야O 기능 상실이 12 표현형의 원인이됩니다. 우리는 대형 스크린을 수행하기 이전에 발행 된 먹이 프로토콜을 사용하고 다른 사람 8-10에서보고 같은 변수 최저의 효과를 발견했다. 가능한 원인에 대한 검색, 우리는 화면에서 동물에 공급되는 박테리아의 약 60 %는 dsRNA에 플라스미드를 잃은 것으로 나타났습니다. 우리는 극적으로 감소 또는 제거 플라스미드 손실을 크게 최저 효율을 향상 도서관 복제 및 검사 프로토콜을 개발했습니다. 이 프로토콜은 C.에서 대형 스크린을 수행하기에 적합 엘레하고 시판하는 dsRNA 라이브러리 중 하나 하나를 선별하는데 사용될 수있다. 이 프로토콜을 사용하여, 우리는 화면 동안 동물에 공급되는 박테리아의 본질적으로 100 % dsRNA에 인코딩 플라스미드를 유지하고 검사를 모든 조직의 기능 표현형의 강력하고 고도로 침투 손실이 발생할 수 있음을 찾을 수 있습니다.

<table border="1">
 <tbody>
 <tr>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td>Reagent/Material</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>96-well Falcon flat bottom plate </td>
 <td>Fisher Scientific</td>
 <td>353072</td>
 <td>sterile</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>adhesive foil</td>
 <td>USA Scientific</td>
 <td>2923-0100</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Nunc omniplate</td>
 <td>Fisher Scientific</td>
 <td>267060</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>2.0 ml deep 96-well polypropylene Masterblock</td>
 <td>USA Scientific</td>
 <td>5678-0285</td>
 <td>autoclavable</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Lids for deep well plates</td>
 <td>USA Scientific</td>
 <td>5665-6101</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>50 ml combitips</td>
 <td>USA Scientific</td>
 <td>4796-5000</td>
 <td>individually wrapped</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Reservoir</td>
 <td>USA Scientific</td>
 <td>2977-8500</td>
 <td>autoclavable</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>12-well plates</td>
 <td>USA Scientific</td>
 <td>CC7682-7512</td>
 <td>individually wrapped</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>dsRNA feeding library</td>
 <td>OpenBiosystems</td>
 <td>RCE1181</td>
 <td>store -80 &deg;C</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Ampicillin</td>
 <td>Fisher Scientific</td>
 <td>BP1760-5</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Tetracycline</td>
 <td>Fisher Scientific</td>
 <td>BP912-100</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Carbenicillin</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td>allow 2-4 weeks for delivery <a href="http://www.biochemicaldirect.com" target="_blank">www.biochemicaldirect.com</a></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Bacteriolgical Agar Ultrapure grade A </td>
 <td>Affymetrix</td>
 <td>10906</td>
 <td>for worm plates</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td>Equipment</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Brayer roller</td>
 <td>USA Scientific</td>
 <td>9127-2940</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Boekel 96-pin replicator</td>
 <td>Fisher Scientific</td>
 <td>05-450-9</td>
 <td>autoclavable</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>microshaker</td>
 <td>Thomas Scientific</td>
 <td>1231A93</td>
 <td>3 mm orbit</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>12 channel multichannel pipet (0.5-10 &mu;l)</td>
 <td>USA Scientific</td>
 <td>7112-0510</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>12 channel multichannel pipet (30-300 &mu;l)</td>
 <td>USA Scientific</td>
 <td>7112-3300</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Repeater Plus manual pipettor</td>
 <td>USA Scientific</td>
 <td>4026-0201</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
 </table>

large-scale gene knockdown in c. elegans using dsrna feeding libraries to generate robust loss-of-function phenotypes

dsRNA에 표현 벌레 박테리아를 먹이로 RNA 간섭 C. 유전자의 기능을 평가하는 유용한 도구이다 엘레. 유전자의 작은 숫자가 최저 대상 때이 전략은 잘 작동하는 동안, 대규모 공급 화면은 자신의 유틸리티를 제한하는 변수 최저 효율을 보여줍니다. 우리는 이전에 출판 된 RNAi의 최저 프로토콜을 해체하고 감소 최저의 기본 소스는 동물에 공급되는 박테리아에서 dsRNA를 코딩하는 플라스미드의 손실에 기인 할 수 있다는 것을 발견했다. 이러한 관찰을 바탕으로, 우리는 크게 줄이거 나 효율, 높은 처리량 최저를 달성하기 위해 플라스미드 손실을 제거하는 dsRNA에 먹이 프로토콜을 개발했습니다. 우리는이 프로토콜은 C의 아래 강력한 재현 노크를 생산 것을 보여 엘레 신경 등 다양한 조직 유형, 유전자, 그리고 대형 화면에 효율적으로 최저를 허용합니다. 이 프로토콜은 시중에서 dsRNA에 먹이를 사용도서관은 도서관을 복제하고 dsRNA에 화면을 수행하는 데 필요한 모든 단계를 설명합니다. 프로토콜은 정교한 장비의 사용을 필요로하지 않으며, 따라서 어떠한 C. 의해 수행 될 수있다 실험실 엘레 간스.

P0의 최저 표현형은 dsRNA에 세균을 표현하는 동물 먹이를 2 ~ 3 일 후에 나타나기 시작합니다. 일부 초기 표현형은 유충의 체포와 치사를 포함하고있는 모든 공급 우물 2 ~ 3 %가 관찰되어야한다. 이 같은 표현형은 F1 세대의 동물에서 관찰됩니다. 부화에 실패 F1 계란의 존재는 또 다른 일반적인 F1 표현형, 그리고 함께,이 세 가지 표현형은 F1 화면에있는 우물의 약 10 %에서 관찰됩니다. <p class="jove_co...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Large-scale Gene Knockdown in C. elegans Using dsRNA Feeding Libraries to Generate Robust Loss-of-function Phenotypes at JoVE.com

Large-scale Gene Knockdown in C. elegans Using dsRNA Feeding Libraries to Generate Robust Loss-of-function Phenotypes

dsRNA에는 C.에 공급하면서 엘레 대규모 공급 화면 현재 프로토콜이 변수 최저 효율 결과 유전자 기능을 평가하는 강력한 도구입니다. 우리는 유전자 발현의 높은 효능 및 재현성 넉다운 결과 대규모의 RNAi 수유 화면을 수행하기위한 개선 된 프로토콜을 설명한다.

대규모 유전자 넉다운에<em&gt; C. 엘레</em&gt; 강력한 기능 상실 표현형을 생성하는 dsRNA를 먹이는 라이브러리 사용

RNA interference by feeding worms bacteria expressing dsRNAs has been a useful tool to assess gene function in C. elegans. While this strategy works well ...

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Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Large-scale Gene Knockdown in C. elegans Using dsRNA Feeding Libraries to Generate Robust Loss-of-function Phenotypes

11.9K 조회수.  University of Massachusetts, Amherst.  dsRNA에는 C.에 공급하면서 엘레 대규모 공급 화면 현재 프로토콜이 변수 최저 효율 결과 유전자 기능을 평가하는 강력한 도구입니다. 우리는 유전자 발현의 높은 효능 및 재현성 넉다운 결과 대규모의 RNAi 수유 화면을 수행하기위한 개선 된 프로토콜을 설명한다. 

비디오: Large-scale Gene Knockdown in C. elegans Using dsRNA Feeding Libraries to Generate Robust Loss-of-function Phenotypes

Large-Scale Screens of Metagenomic Libraries

Metagenomic libraries archive large fragments of contiguous genomic sequences from microorganisms without requiring prior cultivation. Generating a streamlined procedure for creating and screening metagenomic libraries is therefore useful for efficient high-throughput investigations into the genetic and metabolic properties of uncultured microbial assemblages. Here, key protocols are presented on video, which we propose is the most useful format for accurately describing a long process that alternately depends on robotic instrumentation and (human) manual interventions. First, we employed robotics to spot library clones onto high-density macroarray membranes, each of which can contain duplicate colonies from twenty-four 384-well library plates. Automation is essential for this procedure not only for accuracy and speed, but also due to the miniaturization of scale required to fit the large number of library clones into highly dense spatial arrangements. Once generated, we next demonstrated how the macroarray membranes can be screened for genes of interest using modified versions of standard protocols for probe labeling, membrane hybridization, and signal detection. We complemented the visual demonstration of these procedures with detailed written descriptions of the steps involved and the materials required, all of which are available online alongside the video.

Metagenomic 도서관 대규모 화면

Metagenomic libraries archive large fragments of contiguous genomic sequences from microorganisms without requiring prior cultivation.  Generating a ...

연구

생물학

Generation of Stable Transgenic C. elegans Using Microinjection

Transgenic Caenorhabditis elegans can be readily created via microinjection of a DNA plasmid solution into the gonad 1. The plasmid DNA rearranges to form extrachromosomal concatamers that are stably inherited, though not with the same efficiency as actual chromosomes 2. A gene of interest is co-injected with an obvious phenotypic marker, such as rol-6 or GFP, to allow selection of transgenic animals under a dissecting microscope. The exogenous gene may be expressed from its native promoter for cellular localization studies. Alternatively, the transgene can be driven by a different tissue-specific promoter to assess the role of the gene product in that particular cell or tissue. This technique efficiently drives gene expression in all tissues of C. elegans except for the germline or early embryo 3. Creation of transgenic animals is widely utilized for a range of experimental paradigms. This video demonstrates the microinjection procedure to generate transgenic worms. Furthermore, selection and maintenance of stable transgenic C. elegans lines is described.

This video demonstrates the technique of microinjection into the gonad of C. elegans to create transgenic animals.

Microinjection을 사용하여 안정적인 트렌스​​ 제닉 C. 엘레간스의 생성

Transgenic Caenorhabditis elegans can be readily created via microinjection of a DNA plasmid solution into the gonad 1.  The plasmid DNA rearranges to ...

Using an Automated Cell Counter to Simplify Gene Expression Studies: siRNA Knockdown of IL-4 Dependent Gene Expression in Namalwa Cells

The use of siRNA mediated gene knockdown is continuing to be an important tool in studies of gene expression.  siRNA studies are being conducted not only to study the effects of downregulating single genes, but also to interrogate signaling pathways and other complex interaction networks.  These pathway analyses require both the use of relevant cellular models and methods that cause less perturbation to the cellular physiology.  Electroporation is increasingly being used as an effective way to introduce siRNA and other nucleic acids into difficult to transfect cell lines and primary cells without altering the signaling pathway under investigation. There are multiple critical steps to a successful siRNA experiment, and there are ways to simplify the work while improving the data quality at several experimental stages.  To help you get started with your siRNA mediated gene knockdown project, we will demonstrate how to perform a pathway study complete from collecting and counting the cells prior to electroporation through post transfection real-time PCR gene expression analysis.  The following study investigates the role of the transcriptional activator STAT6 in IL-4 dependent gene expression of CCL17 in a Burkitt lymphoma cell line (Namalwa).  The techniques demonstrated are useful for a wide range of siRNA-based experiments on both adherent and suspension cells.  We will also show how to streamline cell counting with the TC10 automated cell counter, how to electroporate multiple samples simultaneously using the MXcell electroporation system, and how to simultaneously assess RNA quality and quantity with the Experion automated electrophoresis system.

This procedure describes a quick and easy workflow to introduce siRNA into difficult to transfect cell lines and follow gene expression by real-time PCR. Use of an automated cell counter, multi-well electroporation plate, and automated electrophoresis station provide quick and reliable results without the need for expensive robotic handling.

유전자 발현 연구를 단순화하는 자동 셀 카운터를 사용하여 : Namalwa 셀에서 IL - 4 종속 유전자 발현의 siRNA의 최저

The use of siRNA mediated gene knockdown is continuing to be an important tool in studies of gene expression.  siRNA studies are being conducted not only ...

Large Scale Zebrafish-Based In vivo Small Molecule Screen

Given their small embryo size, rapid development, transparency, fecundity, and numerous molecular, morphological and physiological similarities to mammals, zebrafish has emerged as a powerful in vivo platform for phenotype-based drug screens and chemical genetic analysis. Here, we demonstrate a simple, practical method for large-scale screening of small molecules using zebrafish embryos.

Large Scale Zebrafish-Based In vivo Small Molecule Screen

Zebrafish has emerged as a powerful in vivo platform for phenotype-based drug screens and chemical genetic analysis. Here, we demonstrate a simple, practical method for large-scale screening of small molecules using zebrafish embryos.

대규모 Zebrafish 기반 생체내에서 작은 분자 화면

Given their small embryo size, rapid development, transparency, fecundity, and numerous molecular, morphological and physiological similarities to ...

RNAi Screening to Identify Postembryonic Phenotypes in C. elegans

C. elegans has proven to be a valuable model system for the discovery and functional characterization of many genes and gene pathways1. More sophisticated tools and resources for studies in this system are facilitating continued discovery of genes with more subtle phenotypes or roles. 
Here we present a generalized protocol we adapted for identifying C. elegans genes with postembryonic phenotypes of interest using RNAi2. This procedure is easily modified to assay the phenotype of choice, whether by light or fluorescence optics on a dissecting or compound microscope. This screening protocol capitalizes on the physical assets of the organism and molecular tools the C. elegans research community has produced. As an example, we demonstrate the use of an integrated transgene that expresses a fluorescent product in an RNAi screen to identify genes required for the normal localization of this product in late stage larvae and adults. First, we used a commercially available genomic RNAi library with full-length cDNA inserts. This library facilitates the rapid identification of multiple candidates by RNAi reduction of the candidate gene product. Second, we generated an integrated transgene that expresses our fluorecently tagged protein of interest in an RNAi-sensitive background. Third, by exposing hatched animals to RNAi, this screen permits identification of gene products that have a vital embryonic role that would otherwise mask a post-embryonic role in regulating the protein of interest. Lastly, this screen uses a compound microscope equipped for single cell resolution.

RNAi Screening to Identify Postembryonic Phenotypes in C. elegans

We describe a sensitized method to identify postembryonic regulators of protein expression and localization in C. elegans using an RNAi-based genomic screen and an integrated transgene that expresses a functional, fluorescently tagged protein.

에 Postembryonic Phenotypes을 식별하기 위해 RNAi 심사 C. elegans</em

C. elegans has proven to be a valuable model system for the discovery and functional characterization of many genes and gene pathways1. More sophisticated ...

Using SecM Arrest Sequence as a Tool to Isolate Ribosome Bound Polypeptides

Extensive research has provided ample evidences suggesting that protein folding in the cell is a co-translational process1-5. However, the exact pathway that polypeptide chain follows during co-translational folding to achieve its functional form is still an enigma. In order to understand this process and to determine the exact conformation of the co-translational folding intermediates, it is essential to develop techniques that allow the isolation of RNCs carrying nascent chains of predetermined sizes to allow their further structural analysis.
SecM (secretion monitor) is a 170 amino acid E. coli protein that regulates expression of the downstream SecA (secretion driving) ATPase in the secM-secA operon6. Nakatogawa and Ito originally found that a 17 amino acid long sequence (150-FSTPVWISQAQGIRAGP-166) in the C-terminal region of the SecM protein is sufficient and necessary to cause stalling of SecM elongation at Gly165, thereby producing peptidyl-glycyl-tRNA stably bound to the ribosomal P-site7-9. More importantly, it was found that this 17 amino acid long sequence can be fused to the C-terminus of virtually any full-length and/or truncated protein thus allowing the production of RNCs carrying nascent chains of predetermined sizes7. Thus, when fused or inserted into the target protein, SecM stalling sequence produces arrest of the polypeptide chain elongation and generates stable RNCs both in vivo in E. coli cells and in vitro in a cell-free system. Sucrose gradient centrifugation is further utilized to isolate RNCs.
The isolated RNCs can be used to analyze structural and functional features of the co-translational folding intermediates. Recently, this technique has been successfully used to gain insights into the structure of several ribosome bound nascent chains10,11. Here we describe the isolation of bovine Gamma-B Crystallin RNCs fused to SecM and generated in an in vitro translation system.

We describe here a technique that is now routinely used to isolate stably bound ribosome nascent chain complexes (RNCs). This technique takes advantage of the discovery that a 17 amino acid long SecM "arrest sequence" can halt translation elongation in a prokaryotic (E. coli) system, when inserted into (or fused to the C-terminus) of virtually any protein.

Ribosome 바운드 Polypeptides을 파악하는 도구로 SecM 체포 시퀀스를 사용하여

Extensive research has provided ample evidences suggesting that protein folding in the cell is a co-translational process1-5. However, the exact pathway ...

Using RNA-mediated Interference Feeding Strategy to Screen for Genes Involved in Body Size Regulation in the Nematode C. elegans

Double-strand RNA-mediated interference (RNAi) is an effective strategy to knock down target gene expression1-3. It has been applied to many model systems including plants, invertebrates and vertebrates. There are various methods to achieve RNAi in vivo4,5. For example, the target gene may be transformed into an RNAi vector, and then either permanently or transiently transformed into cell lines or primary cells to achieve gene knockdown effects; alternatively synthesized double-strand oligonucleotides from specific target genes (RNAi oligos) may be transiently transformed into cell lines or primary cells to silence target genes; or synthesized double-strand RNA molecules may be microinjected into an organism. Since the nematode C. elegans uses bacteria as a food source, feeding the animals with bacteria expressing double-strand RNA against target genes provides a viable strategy6. Here we present an RNAi feeding method to score body size phenotype. Body size in C. elegans is regulated primarily by the TGF- &beta; - like ligand DBL-1, so this assay is appropriate for identification of TGF-&beta; signaling components7. We used different strains including two RNAi hypersensitive strains to repeat the RNAi feeding experiments. Our results showed that rrf-3 strain gave us the best expected RNAi phenotype. The method is easy to perform, reproducible, and easily quantified. Furthermore, our protocol minimizes the use of specialized equipment, so it is suitable for smaller laboratories or those at predominantly undergraduate institutions.

Using RNA-mediated Interference Feeding Strategy to Screen for Genes Involved in Body Size Regulation in the Nematode C. elegans

We demonstrate how to use the RNAi feeding technique to knock down target genes and score body size phenotype in C. elegans. This method could be used for a large scale screen to identify potential genetic components of interest, such as those involved in body size regulation by DBL-1/TGF-&beta; signaling.

선충류의 바디 크기 규정에 참여 유전자에 대한 화면으로 RNA로 인한 간섭 수유 전략을 사용하여<em&gt; C. elegans</em

Double-strand RNA-mediated interference (RNAi) is an effective strategy to knock down target gene expression1-3. It has been applied to many model systems ...

Antibody Staining in C. Elegans Using &quot;Freeze-Cracking&quot;

To stain C. elegans with antibodies, the relatively impermeable cuticle must be bypassed by chemical or mechanical methods. "Freeze-cracking" is one method used to physically pull the cuticle from nematodes by compressing nematodes between two adherent slides, freezing them, and pulling the slides apart. Freeze-cracking provides a simple and rapid way to gain access to the tissues without chemical treatment and can be used with a variety of fixatives. However, it leads to the loss of many of the specimens and the required compression mechanically distorts the sample. Practice is required to maximize recovery of samples with good morphology. Freeze-cracking can be optimized for specific fixation conditions, recovery of samples, or low non-specific staining, but not for all parameters at once. For antibodies that require very hard fixation conditions and tolerate the chemical treatments needed to chemically permeabilize the cuticle, treatment of intact nematodes in solution may be preferred. If the antibody requires a lighter fix or if the optimum fixation conditions are unknown, freeze-cracking provides a very useful way to rapidly assay the antibody and can yield specific subcellular and cellular localization information for the antigen of interest.

Antibody Staining in C. Elegans Using &quot;Freeze-Cracking&quot;

"Freeze-cracking," a method for exposing the inner tissues of the nematode C. elegans to antibodies for protein localization, is demonstrated.

항체 염색법에<em&gt; C. 엘레</em&gt; &quot;동결 크래킹 사용&quot;

To stain C.  elegans with antibodies, the relatively impermeable cuticle must be  bypassed by chemical or mechanical methods.  "Freeze-cracking" is one ...

Methods to Assess Subcellular Compartments of Muscle in C. elegans

Muscle is a dynamic tissue that responds to changes in nutrition, exercise, and disease state. The loss of muscle mass and function with disease and age are significant public health burdens. We currently understand little about the genetic regulation of muscle health with disease or age. The nematode C. elegans is an established model for understanding the genomic regulation of biological processes of interest. This worm&#8217;s body wall muscles display a large degree of homology with the muscles of higher metazoan species. Since C. elegans is a transparent organism, the localization of GFP to mitochondria and sarcomeres allows visualization of these structures in vivo. Similarly, feeding animals cationic dyes, which accumulate based on the existence of a mitochondrial membrane potential, allows the assessment of mitochondrial function in vivo. These methods, as well as assessment of muscle protein homeostasis, are combined with assessment of whole animal muscle function, in the form of movement assays, to allow correlation of sub-cellular defects with functional measures of muscle performance. Thus, C. elegans provides a powerful platform with which to assess the impact of mutations, gene knockdown, and/or chemical compounds upon muscle structure and function. Lastly, as GFP, cationic dyes, and movement assays are assessed non-invasively, prospective studies of muscle structure and function can be conducted across the whole life course and this at present cannot be easily investigated in vivo in any other organism.

Methods to Assess Subcellular Compartments of Muscle in C. elegans

Skeletal muscle is essential for locomotion and is the bodies&#8217; main protein store. Muscle health measurements within C. elegans are described. Prospective changes to muscle structure and function are assessed using localized GFP and cationic dyes.

방법은 근육의 세포 내 구획을 평가하기 위해<em&gt; C. 엘레</em

Muscle is a dynamic tissue that responds to changes in nutrition, exercise, and disease state. The loss of muscle mass and function with disease and age ...

Measuring RAN Peptide Toxicity in C. elegans

C. elegans is commonly used to model age-related neurodegenerative diseases caused by repeat expansion mutations, such as Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) and Huntington&#8217;s disease. Recently, repeat expansion-containing RNA was shown to be the substrate for a novel type of protein translation called repeat-associated non-AUG-dependent (RAN) translation. Unlike canonical translation, RAN translation does not require a start codon and only occurs when repeats exceed a threshold length. Because there is no start codon to determine the reading frame, RAN translation occurs in all reading frames from both sense and antisense RNA templates that contain a repeat expansion sequence. Therefore, RAN translation expands the number of possible disease-associated toxic peptides from one to six. Thus far, RAN translation has been documented in eight different repeat expansion-based neurodegenerative and neuromuscular diseases. In each case, deciphering which RAN products are toxic, as well as their mechanisms of toxicity, is a critical step towards understanding how these peptides contribute to disease pathophysiology. In this paper, we present strategies to measure the toxicity of RAN peptides in the model system C. elegans. First, we describe procedures for measuring RAN peptide toxicity on the growth and motility of developing C. elegans. Second, we detail an assay for measuring postdevelopmental, age-dependent effects of RAN peptides on motility. Finally, we describe a neurotoxicity assay for evaluating the effects of RAN peptides on neuron morphology. These assays provide a broad assessment of RAN peptide toxicity and may be useful for performing large-scale genetic or small molecule screens to identify disease mechanisms or therapies.

Measuring RAN Peptide Toxicity in C. elegans

Repeat-associated non-ATG-dependent translational products are emerging pathogenic features of several repeat expansion-based diseases. The goal of the protocol described is to evaluate toxicity caused by these peptides using behavioral and cellular assays in the model system C. elegans.

C. 예쁜꼬마선충에서 RAN 펩타이드 독성 측정

C. elegans is commonly used to model age-related neurodegenerative diseases caused by repeat expansion mutations, such as Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis ...