자금은 NSF CCLI 번호 0,633,618 및 오하이오 대학에 의해 제공되었다. 일부 변종은 Caenorhabditis의 유전학 센터에 의해 제공되었다. 대학원생 Reetobrata 바수는 비디오에 나타납니다.

<ol>
	<li>Harlow, E., Lane, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual. , (1988).</li><li>Mello, C., Fire, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=DNA+Transformation.">DNA Transformation.</a> Methods Cell Biol. 48, 451-482 (1995).</li><li>Boulin, T., Etchberger, J. F., Hobert, O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reporter+gene+fusions.">Reporter gene fusions.</a> WormBook. , (2006).</li><li>Duerr, J. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Immunohistochemistry.">Immunohistochemistry.</a> WormBook. , (2006).</li><li>Finney, M., Ruvkun, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+unc-86+gene+product+couples+cell+lineage+and+cell+identity+in+C.+elegans.">The unc-86 gene product couples cell lineage and cell identity in C. elegans.</a> Cell. 63, 895-905 (1990).</li><li>Garriga, G., Desai, C., Horvitz, H. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cell+interactions+control+the+direction+of+outgrowth,+branching+and+fasciculation+of+the+HSN+axons+of+Caenorhabditis+elegans.">Cell interactions control the direction of outgrowth, branching and fasciculation of the HSN axons of Caenorhabditis elegans.</a> Development. 117, 1071-1087 (1993).</li><li>Miller, D. M., Shakes, D. C., Epstein, H. F., Shakes, D. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Immunofluorescence+microscopy.">Immunofluorescence microscopy.</a> Caenorhabditis elegans: Modern Biological Analysis of an Organism. , 365-394 (1995).</li><li>Crittenden, S. L., Troemel, E. R., Evans, T. C., Kimble, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=GLP-1+is+localized+to+the+mitotic+region+of+the+C.+elegans+germ+line.">GLP-1 is localized to the mitotic region of the C. elegans germ line.</a> Development. 120, 2901-2911 (1994).</li><li>Strome, S., Wood, W. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Immunofluorescence+visualization+of+germ-line-specific+cytoplasmic+granules+in+embryos,+larvae,+and+adults+of+Caenorhabditis+elegans.">Immunofluorescence visualization of germ-line-specific cytoplasmic granules in embryos, larvae, and adults of Caenorhabditis elegans.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 79, 1558-1562 (1982).</li><li>Albertson, D. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Formation+of+the+first+cleavage+spindle+in+nematode+embryos.">Formation of the first cleavage spindle in nematode embryos.</a> Dev. Biol. 101, 61-72 (1984).</li><li>Harlow, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Using Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual. , (1999).</li><li>Ahringer, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reverse+Genetics.">Reverse Genetics.</a> WormBook. , (2006).</li></ol>

저자는 그녀가 더 경쟁 금전적 이해 관계가 없음을 선언합니다.

동결 균열 프로토콜 C. 항체 염색을위한 여러 가지 방법 중 하나입니다 엘레. 그것은 벌레를 염색 할 수있는 비교적 간단한 방법을 제공하지만, 특정 시약을 필요로하고 최적의 결과를 위해 연습 않습니다. (그림 1에 나와있는) 중요한 단계는 다음과 같습니다 : 1) 슬라이드 준비 () 3 단계 참조 (2 단계와 3 단계) 빠른 고정을 참조하십시오 (1 단계와 선충의 2) 수동 압축을 참...

단백질의 세포 및 세포 내 현지화를 결정하기 위해, 과학자들은 전통적으로 구체적으로 특정 단백질 1을 인식하는 선택 항체와 조직을 표시했다. C와 같은 일부 모델 생물에서 엘레, 항체 염색은 종종 더 빠르게 결과를 얻을 분자 유전 학적 기술에 의해 대체되었습니다. 이들은 발기인 및 관심과 녹색 형광 단백질의 유전자의 코딩 영역 사이의 유전자의 융합으로 이루어진 구조로 변형 생물체 (가) 있습니다. 그러나, 분자 기술은 진정한 프로와 높은 사본 번호 (C. elegans의에서 통상의 기술) 2,3에서 구조의 발현의 변화를 알 수있는 문제를 포함하여 유물의 숫자로 될 수 있습니다. 따라서 항체 염색은 생체 내에서 단백질 기능을 연구 많은 과학자의 골이 남아있다. 항체와 조직을 염색하는 것은 어려울 수 있기 때문에tibodies는 특정 형태 1에서 자신의 항원을 인식 할 수 있습니다. 예를 들어, 항체는 특정 방식으로 고정 만 변성 또는 손상 항원을 인식 할 수 있으며, 현장에서 항원을 인식하지 못할 수 있습니다. 선충의 항체 염색의 문제는 선충의 표피 조직에 대한 항체의 액세스를 차단, 상대적으로 불 침투성 장벽을 형성한다는 사실에 의해 악화된다. C. 항체 염색에 사용되는 여러 가지 방법이 있습니다 엘레 (우리의 이전 작업에서 검토 4). 그대로 얼룩이 &#39;웜&#39;방법은 동결 상대적으로 하드 정착 (포름 알데히드 또는 글루 타르 알데히드)에 해동하기 위해 개발되었습니다, 동결 해동 사이클은 정착 5의 빠른 침투를 허용하는 표피를 해독하는 데 도움이됩니다. 방법은 제, 콜라게나 제, 또는 둘 모두를 감소 5-7 치료를 포함; 고정 후, 표피는 항체의 침투를 허용하기 permeabilized 하였다. 이 treatments는 형태를 유지하지만, 종종 항체 인식을 감소 시키거나 파괴. 다른 방법은 항체의 침투를 허용하는 해부 8 있습니다. &quot;동결 균열은&quot;항체가 9-10 염색 할 수 있도록 반 그대로 웜의 내부에 액세스 할 수있는 한 가지 방법입니다. 콜라게나 제 및 환원 처리를 회피하면서 동결 크래킹 정착 다양한 조건으로 행할 수있다. 선충은 두 접착제 슬라이드 사이에 냉동 한 다음 슬라이드가 분리되어, 하단 슬라이드에 선충의 대부분 상단 슬라이드에 표피의 대부분을 떠나고있다. 바닥 슬라이드 정착액에 배치 될 수 있고 부착 선충과 전체 슬라이드는 항체 염색 절차를 통해 전송된다. 이 방법은 현재 두 가지 어려움을한다. 첫째, 그들을 심각하게 변형없이 선충을 분리하는 데 필요한 압력의 정확한 금액을 적용하기가 어렵습니다. 둘째, 웜의 많은의하지 않습니다하나의 슬라이드에 진드기 및 정착 또는 헹굼에 손실됩니다. 그러나, 적절한 슬라이드 및 연습, 방법은 급속 고정 제와 항체의 다양한 함께 사용할 수있는 적당한 형태로 선충을 수득한다. 방법은 실험의 목표에 따라 다소 변할 수있다. 단일 선충의 염색이 (예를 들어, 하나의 형질 전환 항체 염색을 변경했는지 여부를 확인하기 위해) 필요한 경우, 최대 접착력과 슬라이드 (그러나 높은 배경 염색) (아래 참조)와 같은 별도의 폴리 라이신 실험실 준비된 슬라이드로 사용할 수 있습니다. 선충이 고착 후 폴리 라이신을 더 가난하게 준수하기 때문에 포름 알데히드 또는 글루 타르 알데히드 고정 용, 높은 접착 슬라이드 (실험실에서 제조 된 폴리 라이신 슬라이드), 사용되어야한다. 야생형 선충은 메탄올 및 / 또는 아세톤으로 고정되는 경우, 낮은 밀착성 슬라이드 및 하부 배경 염색 표기 (상업적 또는 L) 슬라이드를 aboratory - 준비. 항체 및 고정 제의 다양한 실험실에서 사용중인 경우, 슬라이드의 선택은 미리 제조 될 수 있고, 필요할 때까지 저장된다. 선충 조직에 대한 액세스가 획득 한 후, 항체 염색 절차는 (더 이상 조직의 특성 배양보다는 세포 1,11으로) 표준 방법을 따릅니다.

<table border="1">
		<tbody>
		 <tr>
			<td>Name of Reagent/Material</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>poly-L-lysine slide (ESCO brand)</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>12-545-78</td>
			<td>Sigma brand slides also suitable</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>poly-L-lysine hydrobromide</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P1524</td>
			<td>IMPORTANT: Brand and high molecular weight of polylysine critical</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>single frosted edge slides</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>48312-002</td>
			<td>Other brands are suitable</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>sodium azide</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>S2002-25G</td>
			<td>TOXIC, wear gloves and mask while weighing out powder to make 10% stock. Wear gloves when pipeting stock solution</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>coplin staining jar</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>47751-792</td>
			<td>Other brands are suitable</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>5-slide mailer</td>
			<td>Electron Microscopy Science</td>
			<td>71549-01</td>
			<td>One of many different brands of small slide holder, suitable for staining</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Paraformaldehyde</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>MK262159</td>
			<td>IMPORTANT: Regular formalin solutions (37% formaldehyde) are NOT suitable. Either 1) Dissolve crysatlaline paraformaldehyde in phosphate buffer and store in small aliquots frozen. Or 2) buy electron microscopy grade paraformaldehyde in aliquots. TOXIC -wear gloves; dispose of excess down sink with water.</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Glutaraldehyde solution, 25% in water</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>G 5882</td>
			<td>IMPORTANT: purchase electron microscopy grade glutaraldehyde in ampules; TOXIC -wear gloves; dispose of excess down sink with water.</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Triton X-100</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>EM-9410</td>
			<td>Other brands are suitable</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Bovine Serum Albumin</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>ICN820451</td>
			<td>Other brands are suitable</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Donkey Serum, lyophilized</td>
			<td>Jackson Immunoresearch</td>
			<td>017-000-121</td>
			<td>Other brands are suitable</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Cy3 Donkey anti-Mouse IgG multi-labeling</td>
			<td>Jackson Immunoresearch</td>
			<td>715-165-150</td>
			<td>This company is recommended for high quality multi-label (affinity depleted) antibodies. Select appropriate dye and antigen (animal used to raise primary antibody). </td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>n-propyl gallate</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>ICN10274750</td>
			<td>Other brands are suitable</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>DAPI, 4',6'-diamidino-2-phenylindole dihydrochloride</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>D 9542</td>
			<td>TOXIC. Wear gloves and dispense into small aliquots and feeze to minimize exposure</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Whatman #1 15 cm diameter filters</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>09805G</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Coverslip #1 1/2 rectangle 24 x 60 mm</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>48393-252</td>
			<td>#1 1/2 thickness is optically best</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Microscope slide folder</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>48429-092</td>
			<td>Other brands are suitable</td>
		 </tr>
		</tbody>
 </table>

antibody staining in c. elegans using &quot;freeze-cracking&quot;

C. 얼룩하려면 항체 엘레은 상대적으로 스며 들지 표피는 화학 물질 또는 기계적인 방법으로 우회해야합니다. &quot;동결 균열은&quot;물리적으로 두 개의 부착 슬라이드 사이에 선충을 압축을 동결하고, 떨어져 슬라이드를 당겨 선충에서 표피를 당겨하는 데 사용하는 한 가지 방법입니다. 동결 크래킹 화학적 처리없이 조직에 접근 할 수있는 간단하고 신속한 방법을 제공하고, 고정 제의 종류와 사용될 수있다. 그러나, 시편의 많은 손실로 연결하고 필요한 압축 기계적 샘플을 왜곡. 연습은 좋은 형태로 샘플의 회복을 극대화하기 위해 필요합니다. 동결 균열은 특정 고정 조건, 샘플의 복구, 또는 낮은 비특이적 염색에 최적화 된,하지만 모든 매개 변수에 대해 한 번에 할 수있다. 열심히 고정 조건을 필요로하고 화학적으로 표피를 투과하는 데 필요한 화학적 처리, treatmen를 허용 항체솔루션에 그대로 선충의 t는 바람직 할 수있다. 항체는 점화기 수정을 필요로하거나 최적 정착 조건이 알려지지 않은 경우에, 동결 크래킹 급속 항체을 검정하고 그 항원에 대한 특정 세포 내 및 세포 지역화 정보를 얻을 수있는 매우 유용한 방법을 제공하는 경우.

웜이 제대로 압축 금, 가볍게 고정하는 경우, 사실상 전체 웜 (그림 2 참조) 항체 염색법에 액세스 할 수 있습니다. DAPI 염색에 의해 표시된 바와 같이 핵의 위치는 웜의 일부 웜은 포름 알데히드 등 어렵게 정착액을 거치게 될 때의 부자연 물결 모양으로 된 것과 같이, 웜의 형태학 (그러질 그대로 나타냅니다 도 3A-D에있는 근육). 또 다른 일반적인 문제는 고르지 고정 또는 ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Antibody Staining in C. Elegans Using "Freeze-Cracking" at JoVE.com

Antibody Staining in C. Elegans Using &quot;Freeze-Cracking&quot;

&quot;동결 균열&quot;선충 C.의 내부 조직을 노출시키는 방법 단백질의 지역화를위한 항체의 elegans는 보여줍니다.

항체 염색법에<em&gt; C. 엘레</em&gt; &quot;동결 크래킹 사용&quot;

To stain C.  elegans with antibodies, the relatively impermeable cuticle must be  bypassed by chemical or mechanical methods.  "Freeze-cracking" is one ...

antibody-staining-in-c-elegans-using-freeze-cracking

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Antibody Staining in C. Elegans Using &quot;Freeze-Cracking&quot;

22.4K 조회수.  Ohio University.  "동결 균열"선충 C.의 내부 조직을 노출시키는 방법 단백질의 지역화를위한 항체의 elegans는 보여줍니다. 

비디오: Antibody Staining in C. Elegans Using "Freeze-Cracking"

Generation of Stable Transgenic C. elegans Using Microinjection

Transgenic Caenorhabditis elegans can be readily created via microinjection of a DNA plasmid solution into the gonad 1. The plasmid DNA rearranges to form extrachromosomal concatamers that are stably inherited, though not with the same efficiency as actual chromosomes 2. A gene of interest is co-injected with an obvious phenotypic marker, such as rol-6 or GFP, to allow selection of transgenic animals under a dissecting microscope. The exogenous gene may be expressed from its native promoter for cellular localization studies. Alternatively, the transgene can be driven by a different tissue-specific promoter to assess the role of the gene product in that particular cell or tissue. This technique efficiently drives gene expression in all tissues of C. elegans except for the germline or early embryo 3. Creation of transgenic animals is widely utilized for a range of experimental paradigms. This video demonstrates the microinjection procedure to generate transgenic worms. Furthermore, selection and maintenance of stable transgenic C. elegans lines is described.

This video demonstrates the technique of microinjection into the gonad of C. elegans to create transgenic animals.

Microinjection을 사용하여 안정적인 트렌스​​ 제닉 C. 엘레간스의 생성

Transgenic Caenorhabditis elegans can be readily created via microinjection of a DNA plasmid solution into the gonad 1.  The plasmid DNA rearranges to ...

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생물학

Method for Whole Mount Antibody Staining in Chick

The chick embryo is a valuable tool in the study of early embryonic development. Its transparency, accessibility and ease of manipulation, make it an ideal tool for studying antibody expression in developing brain, neural tube and somite. This video demonstrates the different steps in whole-mount antibody staining using HRP conjugated secondary antibodies; First, the embryo is dissected from the egg and fixed in paraformaldehyde. Second, endogenous peroxidase is inactivated; The embryo is then exposed to primary antibody. After several washes, the embryo is incubated with secondary antibody conjugated to HRP. Peroxidase activity is revealed using reaction with diaminobenzidine substrate. Finally, the embryo is fixed and processed for photography and sectioning. The advantage of this method over the use of fluorescent antibodies is that embryos can be processed for wax sectioning, thus enabling the study of antigen sites in cross section. This method was originally introduced by Jane Dodd and Tom Jessell 1.

This video demonstrates whole mount immunohistochemistry, a method by which the spatial and temporal expression pattern of an antigen can be visualized in young chick embryos. This method was originally introduced by Jane Dodd and Tom Jessell.

칙의 전체 마운트 항체 스테 이닝을위한 방법

The chick embryo is a valuable tool in the study of early embryonic development. Its transparency, accessibility and ease of manipulation, make it an ...

Imaging C. elegans Embryos using an Epifluorescent Microscope and Open Source Software

Cellular processes, such as chromosome assembly, segregation and cytokinesis,are inherently dynamic. Time-lapse imaging of living cells, using fluorescent-labeled reporter proteins or differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy, allows for the examination of the temporal progression of these dynamic events which is otherwise inferred from analysis of fixed samples1,2. Moreover, the study of the developmental regulations of cellular processes necessitates conducting time-lapse experiments on an intact organism during development. The Caenorhabiditis elegans embryo is light-transparent and has a rapid, invariant developmental program with a known cell lineage3, thus providing an ideal experiment model for studying questions in cell biology4,5and development6-9. C. elegans is amendable to genetic manipulation by forward genetics (based on random mutagenesis10,11) and reverse genetics to target specific genes (based on RNAi-mediated interference and targeted mutagenesis12-15). In addition, transgenic animals can be readily created to express fluorescently tagged proteins or reporters16,17. These traits combine to make it easy to identify the genetic pathways regulating fundamental cellular and developmental processes in vivo18-21. In this protocol we present methods for live imaging of C. elegans embryos using DIC optics or GFP fluorescence on a compound epifluorescent microscope. We demonstrate the ease with which readily available microscopes, typically used for fixed sample imaging, can also be applied for time-lapse analysis using open-source software to automate the imaging process.

Imaging C. elegans Embryos using an Epifluorescent Microscope and Open Source Software

The C. elegans embryo is a powerful system for studying cell biology and development. We present a protocol for live imaging of C. elegans embryos utilizing DIC optics or fluorescence using readily available epifluorescent microscopes and open-source software.

이미징 C. 엘레간스</emEpifluorescent 현미경과 오픈 소스 소프트웨어를 사용> 태아

Cellular processes, such as chromosome assembly, segregation and cytokinesis,are inherently dynamic. Time-lapse imaging of living cells, using ...

Determining Genetic Expression Profiles in C. elegans Using Microarray and Real-time PCR

Synapses are composed of a presynaptic active zone in the signaling cell and a postsynaptic terminal in the target cell. In the case of chemical synapses, messages are carried by neurotransmitters released from presynaptic terminals and received by receptors on postsynaptic cells. Our previous research in Caenorhabditis elegans has shown that VSM-1 negatively regulates exocytosis. Additionally, analysis of synapses in vsm-1 mutants showed that animals lacking a fully functional VSM-1 have increased synaptic connectivity. Based on these preliminary findings, we hypothesized that C. elegans VSM-1 may play a crucial role in synaptogenesis. To test this hypothesis, double-labeled microarray analysis was performed, and gene expression profiles were determined. First, total RNA was isolated, reversely transcribed to cDNA, and hybridized to the DNA microarrays. Then, in-silico analysis of fluorescent probe hybridization revealed significant induction of many genes coding for members of the major sperm protein family (MSP) in mutants with enhanced synaptogenesis. MSPs are the major component of sperm in C. elegans and appear to signal nematode oocyte maturation and ovulation . In fruit flies, Chai and colleagues 1 demonstrated that MSP-like molecules regulate presynaptic bouton number and size at the neuromuscular junction. Moreover, analysis performed by Tsuda and coworkers 2 suggested that MSPs may act as ligands for Eph receptors and trigger receptor tyrosine kinase signaling cascades. Lastly, real time PCR analysis corroborated that the gene coding for MSP-32 is induced in vsm-1(ok1468) mutants. Taken together, research performed by our laboratory has shown that vsm-1 mutants have a significant increase in synaptic density, which could be mediated by MSP-32 signaling.

Determining Genetic Expression Profiles in C. elegans Using Microarray and Real-time PCR

Microarray analysis was conducted to determine genetic expression profiles in C. elegans, and real-time PCR was used to validate and quantify microarray data.

의 유전자 표현 프로필 결정 C. 엘레간스 Microarray 및 실시간 PCR을 사용하여

Synapses are composed of a presynaptic active zone in the signaling cell and a postsynaptic terminal in the target cell. In the case of chemical synapses, ...

RNAi Screening to Identify Postembryonic Phenotypes in C. elegans

C. elegans has proven to be a valuable model system for the discovery and functional characterization of many genes and gene pathways1. More sophisticated tools and resources for studies in this system are facilitating continued discovery of genes with more subtle phenotypes or roles. 
Here we present a generalized protocol we adapted for identifying C. elegans genes with postembryonic phenotypes of interest using RNAi2. This procedure is easily modified to assay the phenotype of choice, whether by light or fluorescence optics on a dissecting or compound microscope. This screening protocol capitalizes on the physical assets of the organism and molecular tools the C. elegans research community has produced. As an example, we demonstrate the use of an integrated transgene that expresses a fluorescent product in an RNAi screen to identify genes required for the normal localization of this product in late stage larvae and adults. First, we used a commercially available genomic RNAi library with full-length cDNA inserts. This library facilitates the rapid identification of multiple candidates by RNAi reduction of the candidate gene product. Second, we generated an integrated transgene that expresses our fluorecently tagged protein of interest in an RNAi-sensitive background. Third, by exposing hatched animals to RNAi, this screen permits identification of gene products that have a vital embryonic role that would otherwise mask a post-embryonic role in regulating the protein of interest. Lastly, this screen uses a compound microscope equipped for single cell resolution.

RNAi Screening to Identify Postembryonic Phenotypes in C. elegans

We describe a sensitized method to identify postembryonic regulators of protein expression and localization in C. elegans using an RNAi-based genomic screen and an integrated transgene that expresses a functional, fluorescently tagged protein.

에 Postembryonic Phenotypes을 식별하기 위해 RNAi 심사 C. elegans</em

C. elegans has proven to be a valuable model system for the discovery and functional characterization of many genes and gene pathways1. More sophisticated ...

C. elegans Chemotaxis Assay

Many organisms use chemotaxis to seek out food sources, avoid noxious substances, and find mates. Caenorhabditis elegans has impressive chemotaxis behavior.
 The premise behind testing the response of the worms to an odorant is to place them in an area and observe the movement evoked in response to an odorant. Even with the many available assays, optimizing worm starting location relative to both the control and test areas, while minimizing the interaction of worms with each other, while maintaining a significant sample size remains a work in progress 1-10. The method described here aims to address these issues by modifying the assay developed by Bargmann et al.1. A Petri dish is divided into four quadrants, two opposite quadrants marked "Test" and two are designated "Control". Anesthetic is placed in all test and control sites. The worms are placed in the center of the plate with a circle marked around the origin to ensure that non-motile worms will be ignored. Utilizing a four-quadrant system rather than one 2 or two 1 eliminates bias in the movement of the worms, as they are equidistant from test and control samples, regardless of which side of the origin they began. This circumvents the problem of worms being forced to travel through a cluster of other worms to respond to an odorant, which can delay worms or force them to take a more circuitous route, yielding an incorrect interpretation of their intended path. This method also shows practical advantages by having a larger sample size and allowing the researcher to run the assay unattended and score the worms once the allotted time has expired.

C. elegans Chemotaxis Assay

A method of quantitatively evaluating the chemotactic response of Caenorhabditis elegans is described. A chemotactic index (CI) was employed as a way to precisely evaluate the response of worms to certain targets, and serve as a platform of comparison between strains and compounds of interest.

C. elegans의 주 화성 분석

Many organisms use chemotaxis to seek out food sources, avoid noxious substances, and find mates.  Caenorhabditis elegans has impressive chemotaxis ...

An Anoxia-starvation Model for Ischemia/Reperfusion in C. elegans

Protocols for anoxia/starvation in the genetic model organism C. elegans simulate ischemia/reperfusion. Worms are separated from bacterial food and placed under anoxia for 20 hr&#160;(simulated ischemia), and subsequently moved to a normal atmosphere with food (simulated reperfusion). This experimental paradigm results in increased death and neuronal damage, and techniques are presented to assess organism viability, alterations to the morphology of touch neuron processes, as well as touch sensitivity, which represents the behavioral output of neuronal function. Finally, a method for constructing hypoxic incubators using common kitchen storage containers is described. The addition of a mass flow control unit allows for alterations to be made to the gas mixture in the custom incubators, and a circulating water bath allows for both temperature control and makes it easy to identify leaks. This method provides a low cost alternative to commercially available units.

An Anoxia-starvation Model for Ischemia/Reperfusion in C. elegans

A protocol is described that uses anoxia/starvation in C. elegans to model ischemia/reperfusion. Functional outcomes include increased mortality, visible abnormalities in GFP-labeled neuronal processes, and impaired behavioral responses that require neuronal function.

허혈 / 재관류에 대한 산소 결핍 - 기아 모델<em&gt; C. 엘레</em

Protocols for anoxia/starvation in the genetic model organism C. elegans simulate ischemia/reperfusion. Worms are separated from bacterial food and placed ...

Methods for Skin Wounding and Assays for Wound Responses in C. elegans

The C. elegans epidermis and cuticle form a simple yet sophisticated skin layer that can repair localized damage resulting from wounding. Studies of wound responses and repair in this model have illuminated our understanding of the cytoskeletal and genomic responses to tissue damage. The two most commonly used methods to wound the C. elegans adult skin are pricks with microinjection needles, and local laser irradiation. Needle wounding locally disrupts the cuticle, epidermis, and associated extracellular matrix, and may also damage internal tissues. Laser irradiation results in more localized damage. Wounding triggers a succession of readily assayed responses including elevated epidermal Ca2+ (seconds-minutes), formation and closure of an actin-containing ring at the wound site (1-2 hr), elevated transcription of antimicrobial peptide genes (2-24 hr), and scar formation. Essentially all wild type adult animals survive wounding, whereas mutants defective in wound repair or other responses show decreased survival. Detailed protocols for needle and laser wounding, and assays for quantitation and visualization of wound responses and repair processes (Ca dynamics, actin dynamics, antimicrobial peptide induction, and survival) are presented.

Methods for Skin Wounding and Assays for Wound Responses in C. elegans

The adult C. elegans skin is a tractable model for studies of epithelial wound responses, including wound closure, scar formation, and innate immunity.

에 상처 응답에 대한 피부 상처에 대한 방법 및 분석 실험<em&gt; C. 엘레</em

The C. elegans epidermis and cuticle form a simple yet sophisticated skin layer that can repair localized damage resulting from wounding. Studies of wound ...

Tracking and Quantifying Developmental Processes in C. elegans Using Open-source Tools

Quantitatively capturing developmental processes is crucial to derive mechanistic models and key to identify and describe mutant phenotypes. Here protocols are presented for preparing embryos and adult C. elegans animals for short- and long-term time-lapse microscopy and methods for tracking and quantification of developmental processes. The methods presented are all based on C. elegans strains available from the Caenorhabditis Genetics Center and on open-source software that can be easily implemented in any laboratory independently of the microscopy system used. A reconstruction of a 3D cell-shape model using the modelling software IMOD, manual tracking of fluorescently-labeled subcellular structures using the multi-purpose image analysis program Endrov, and an analysis of cortical contractile flow using PIVlab (Time-Resolved Digital Particle Image Velocimetry Tool for MATLAB) are shown. It is discussed how these methods can also be deployed to quantitatively capture other developmental processes in different models, e.g., cell tracking and lineage tracing, tracking of vesicle flow.

Tracking and Quantifying Developmental Processes in C. elegans Using Open-source Tools

Here it is shown how to track and quantify developmental processes in C. elegans. The methods presented are based on open-source tools that can be easily implemented. It is demonstrated how to reconstruct 3D cell-shape models, how to manually track subcellular structures, and how to analyze cortical contractile flow.

의 발달 프로세스 추적 및 정량화<em&gt; C. 엘레</em&gt; 오픈 소스 도구를 사용하여

Quantitatively capturing developmental processes is crucial to derive mechanistic models and key to identify and describe mutant phenotypes. Here ...

Measurements of Physiological Stress Responses in C. Elegans

Organisms are often exposed to fluctuating environments and changes in intracellular homeostasis, which can have detrimental effects on their proteome and physiology. Thus, organisms have evolved targeted and specific stress responses dedicated to repair damage and maintain homeostasis. These mechanisms include the unfolded protein response of the endoplasmic reticulum (UPRER), the unfolded protein response of the mitochondria (UPRMT), the heat shock response (HSR), and the oxidative stress response (OxSR). The protocols presented here describe methods to detect and characterize the activation of these pathways and their physiological consequences in the nematode, C. elegans. First, the use of pathway-specific fluorescent transcriptional reporters is described for rapid cellular characterization, drug screening, or large-scale genetic screening (e.g., RNAi or mutant libraries). In addition, complementary, robust physiological assays are described, which can be used to directly assess sensitivity of animals to specific stressors, serving as functional validation of the transcriptional reporters. Together, these methods allow for rapid characterization of the cellular and physiological effects of internal and external proteotoxic perturbations.

Measurements of Physiological Stress Responses in C. Elegans

Here, we characterize cellular proteotoxic stress responses in the nematode C. elegans by measuring the activation of fluorescent transcriptional reporters and assaying sensitivity to physiological stress.

C. Elegans의 생리적 스트레스 반응 측정

Organisms are often exposed to fluctuating environments and changes in intracellular homeostasis, which can have detrimental effects on their proteome and ...