저자는 그들의 지원을 위해 엘리슨 의료 재단 감사합니다. 우리는 wormsorter을 사용하여에 대한 지원은 애비 Dernburg 실험실의 구성원을 감사하는 것이 좋겠다.

1. 젊은 성인 동물의 동기화 문화를 얻기 <ol><li> OP50-1 E. 시드 여러 NGM 플레이트에 벌레를 성장 대장균 박테리아는 (10 배는 포화 문화 집중) 많은 벌레가 임신하는 단계에 도달 할 때까지. </li><li> 동기화 문화 (계란)을 획득 달걀 준비 솔루션으로 임신하는 동물을 처리합니다. </li><li> 여러 60 mm NGM 플레이트에 플레이트 계란은 대략 150 ~ 200 계란 / 판의 밀도로 10 배 농축 OP50-1 시드. </li><li> (- 젊은 성인 단계 웜 L4에 도달 할 때까지) 2 일 동안 25 ° C에서 접시를 품어. </li></ol> 2. 녹농균 플레이트를 준비 및 웜 감염 <ol><li> 달걀 준비 (단계 1.1)의 날에 100 μg / ML의 최종 농도에서 왕의 B 미디어 포함 리팜피신 2 ㎖로 PA14 :: GFP 문화를 접종. 교반 O / N과 37 ° C에서 문화를 품다 </li><li> PA14 :: GFP 막 플레이트분석에 필요한만큼 천천히 죽이는 판 (SKP)에 진짜야. 각 150mm SKP 페트리 접시 피펫에 75 ~ 100 포화 문화의 μL 및 멸균 유리 스프레더를 사용하여 균일하게 확산. 20 ~ 24 시간 동안 37 ° C에서 접시를 품어. </li><li> 인큐베이터에서 접시를 제거하고 실온 (~ 20 분)으로 냉각 할 수 있습니다. M9 버퍼를 사용하여, PA14에 단계 1.4에서 벌레를 씻어 :: GFP 판을 액체의 최소한의 볼륨. 150mm 플레이트를 사용하는 경우, 수백 웜 단판에 배치 될 수있다. </li><li> 18 ~ 21 시간 동안 25 ° C에서 접시를 품어. P.에 대한 녹농균에 노출 된 젊은 성인 웜,이 noncolonized 동물 대 식민지의 최적 분배를 표시하는 시간 창입니다. </li></ol> 3. Wormsorter 설정 샘플의 종류를 수행하기 전에 컴퓨터가 올바르게 작동하는지 확인합니다. 자세한 사항은 http://www.unionbio.com/support/documents.aspx?id=43에서 얻어지고, 일 할 수 있습니다전자 필수적인 단계는 아래에 설명되어 있습니다. <ol><li> 약 5 PSI (4.5 ~ 5.5 범위)에 칼집 밸브 압력을 설정합니다. </li><li> 그 칼집 유체 유량이 적절 확인 디스펜서 아래에 15 ML 원뿔 튜브를 배치, 칼집 밸브를 켜고 분류기 밸브를 해제하십시오. 60 초 동안 디스펜서 아래에 튜브를 잡습니다. 튜브의 볼륨은 9 ~ 10 ㎖를해야한다. 가이 범위를 벗어나면, 그에 따라 칼집 밸브의 압력을 조정한다. </li><li> (단계 3.2로 설정) 그 칼집 유체 유량이 40 μm의 조정 입자를 사용하여 정렬 속도를 테스트 정확한 정렬을 보장하기 위해 허용 할 것이다 : </li><li> 칼집 밸브를 끄십시오. 저수지 제어 입자 용액의 25 ML을 추가합니다. </li><li> 칼집 밸브, 샘플 밸브를 켭니다. </li><li> 컴퓨터 소프트웨어에서 &quot;제어 입자 모드&quot;로 이동하여 취득을 클릭합니다. </li><li> 입자 유량의 폭을 근사 TOF (비행 시간)과 함께, ~ 5-8 입자 ​​/ 초 있는지 확인입자의 40 μm의. 이러한 TOF는 하나의 40 μm의 개체가 한 번에 통과되어 있음을 나타냅니다. 값이이 범위를 벗어난 경우에, 그에 따라 (위에서 아래 방향)의 설정을 조정한다. </li></ol> 4. Noncolonized 웜 대 식민지 소트 <ol><li> M9를 사용하여, 15 ML 원뿔 튜브에 벌레를 씻어. 어른 벌레가 중력에 의해 튜브의 바닥에 가라 상층 액을 제거 할 수 있습니다. 신선한 M9와 튜브를 입력합니다. 이 과정을 3 - 4 배를 반복합니다. 이 애벌레의 큰 비율뿐만 아니라 여분의 박테리아를 제거하고 약 10 분 소요됩니다. </li><li> 부드럽게 혼합 작은 파문 바 wormsorter 저수지에 벌레를 추가합니다. </li><li> 200에 600에 녹색 PMT를 설정하고 빨간색과 노란색 PMT에 의해 초기 신호 이득을 조정합니다. </li><li> 설정을 조정하기 위해 데이터를 수집 시작한다. </li><li> 초당 25 ~ 30 이벤트 (벌레)의 일종 속도에 대한 목표로하고 있습니다. 개수 비율이 너무 높으면, 따라서 M9와 저장소 내에 웜 희석. 속도가에있는 경우O 저, M9의 작은 부피에 더 많은 벌레를 추가합니다. </li><li> 실험 noncolonized 웜 대 식민지의 매우 엄격한 분리를 요구하는 경우, &quot;우연의 일치 확인&quot;을 &quot;순수&quot;로 설정합니다. 이 경우에 두 물체가 서로 너무 가깝게 발생하거나 동일한 드롭에서, 기계는 오히려수록보다 강하를 거부 것을 보장한다. </li><li> 관심의 인구를 정렬 크기 (어른 벌레를 구하는) 및 (noncolonized 낮은 정착을 위해, 즉 높은) 형광 강도를 나타내는 축 주위에 문을 그립니다. 형광 게이팅의 값은 경험적으로 결정해야합니다. </li><li> 벌레를 정렬 시작 정렬 밸브를 엽니 다 벌레를 수집하는 멀티 웰 플레이트 또는 디스펜서 아래 페트리 접시를 놓습니다. </li><li> 정렬 된 인구가 관심의 인구입니다 현미경으로 확인하기 위해 동물의 작은 인구를 수집합니다. 그렇지 않은 경우, 그에 따라 게이트의 매개 변수를 조정 및 시료 채취를 계속합니다. </li></ol>

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저자는 공개 아무것도 없어.

우리가 설명하는 방법은 웜과 그 환경 사이의 상호 작용을 수행하기 위해, 웜 외부 기관의 형광 라벨을 활용합니다. 우리는 선물의 경우, 분리는 병원체의 라벨을 기준으로 한없이 (또는 빛) 부하를 가진 사람에서 무거운 병원체 부하 별도의 웜을 사용 하였다. 이후 유전자 발현 분석은이 병원균 부하 독립적 이었다는 것을 건의하는 두 그룹 사이의 면역 반응에 차이를 찾을 수 없습니다. 반응을 ?...

자동 웜 정렬은,이 ​​튜브에 곧게 통과 (일반적으로 기자 단백질의 유전자 발현에 의해 제공) 웜에 형광 신호를 측정하여 운영 리디렉션으로 Collection 튜브 /도 또는 폐기물 용기에 따라 수 많은 FACS처럼 연구원 1로 설정 매개 변수를 게이팅. wormsorter은 여러 가지 방법으로 연구를 촉진 할 수있다; 분석 도구로서 채용하는 예는 거의 1000 유전자 2 ​​프로모터 활성의 시공간적 패턴을 따라 연구이다. 그러나 wormsorter의 주요 용도는 표적 유전자의 발현 수준 또는 웜 3-5의 축을 따라 형광 단백질의 지역화 다음, 유전 화면이다. 여기에서, 우리는 찬란 태그 병원체에 의해 웜의 식​​민지 다음의, wormsorter에 대한 새로운 응용 프로그램을 설명합니다. 이와 함께 도구로 우리는 pathog 사이의 관계에 초점을 맞춘식민지 / 부하와 면역 반응 도중에 웜에 면역 반응의 개시를 담당하는 메커니즘에 새로운 통찰력을 얻을 수 있습니다. 현재까지 연구의 거의 모든 생물에서, 미생물 병원체에 타고난 면역 반응의 시작은 병원체 - 관련 분자 패턴 (PAMPS)의 인식에 따라, 및 / 또는 위험 / 손상 관련 분자 패턴 (감쇠) 6,7. 미생물의 세포벽의 편모, 또는 지질 이중층 (6)의 구성 요소를 포함 할 첫 번째 보존되어 미생물의 구조, 두 번째는 모두 해제 분자 (예를 들면 ATP 8) 변경, 단백질이나 변형 된 세포 과정 9,10의 다른 마커를 포함한다. 신호의 두 가지 유형은 특정 패턴에 따라 분자의 결합이 보호 반응으로 이어지는 일련의 사건을 활성화 패턴 인식 수용체 (PRRS)로 지정 단백질에 의해 인식됩니다. C.에게 엘레 tracta으로 매우 유용했습니다BLE 모델 호스트 병원체 상호 작용의 다양한 측면을 해부하지만, 잘 이해되지 않는 한 가지 면역 반응이 웜에 시작하는 방법입니다하십시오. 다른 생물의 패턴 인식 수용체 (PRRS)에 orthologous하는 추정 수용체​​ 중에 PAMPS을 바인딩 표시되지되었고, 다른 생물의 면역 반응에 대한 중요한 있습니다 PRRS의 orthologs 많은 웜 병원체 반응에 놀라 울 정도로 제한된 기여를 보여 저항. 예를 들어, 그람 양성 병원균에 저항하기위한 필수적인 초파리 유료 수용체는, C로 표시된다 나타내는 데이터와 함께 있지만 다른 테스트 그람 음성 또는 양성 병원균 (11, 12)에서, 그람 병원체 살모넬라 균 Typhimurium (11) 보호에 기여한다. 이러한 관측 단독 상동, TOL-1에 의해 엘레 그 면역 반응 세포 단백질 번역의 시간을 방해에 의해 유도 될 수있다지도 일부가 제안하는 그 C. 엘레는 주로 감쇠 9,13,14를 감지합니다. 그럼에도 불구하고, 면역 반응을 유도하는 죽은 병원균의 능력을 설명하는 보고서는 PAMP 바인딩 C.에있는 병원체의 인식에 중요한 역할을 할 수 있다는 것을 엘레 (15, 16). 나이 동기화 유 전적으로 동일한 C의 면역 반응에 초점을 맞추고 이전 작업 elegans의 인구는 세균 그람 음성 병원균 녹농균에 의해 장내 정착에 큰 개인의 다양성을 보여 주었다. 그러나, 전사 프로파일 링 연구는 하나의 엔티티 (17, 18) 이러한 가변 - 식민지 인구를 처리. 이 변동성을 활용, 우리는 GFP - 표현 P.에 노출 예쁜 꼬마 선충의 차별적 식민지 인구를 분리하는 자동화 된 wormsorter을 집중 프로토콜을 개발 녹농균. 다르게 - 식민지 인구에서 유전자 발현을 faci 검사병원체로드 (및 관련 손상) 및 면역 반응과 C.의 병원체 인식에 대한 새로운 통찰력을 제공 사이의 관계 litated 평가 엘레 19. 우리는 어떤 찬란 병원체에 감염된 웜을 정렬에 적용 할 수있는 프로토콜을 설명 아래. 잠재적 인 사용자에게 그것을 정리 될 필요 벌레의 수는 사용상의 후속 분석 및 프로토콜의 특성에 의존한다는 것을 주목해야한다. 예를 들어, 마이크로 어레이 유전자 발현 분석의 경우,&gt; 1000 웜은 표준 프로토콜을 사용하는 경우, 충분한 RNA를 구하는 것이 요구되지만, 증폭을 채택한 경우 ~ 100 웜 충분할, 소재의 신속한 수집을 허용하고, 따라서 스트레스를 최소화 벌레.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="927">
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	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:261px;">M9 Buffer</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Prepared in house</td>
			<td style="width:527px;">Recipe at wormbook.org</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Rifampicin&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>R3501</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Egg prep solution&#160;</td>
			<td>Prepared in house</td>
			<td>50ml water ; 40ml bleach ; 10ml of 10N Sodium Hydroxide&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">NGM plates&#160;</td>
			<td>Prepared in house</td>
			<td>Recipe at wormbook.org</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">SKP plates</td>
			<td>Prepared in house</td>
			<td>Recipe same as NGM only 0.35% peptone instead of 0.25%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Control test particles&#160;</td>
			<td>Union Biometrica&#160;</td>
			<td>310-5071-001</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

automated separation of c. elegans variably colonized by a bacterial pathogen

wormsorter이 예쁜 꼬마 선충의 연구에 사용되는 FACS 기계와 유사한 악기, 일반적으로 형광 기자의 식을 기반으로 웜을 정렬합니다. 여기에서, 우리는 GFP - 표현 병원체에 의한 식민지 자신의 정도에 따라 벌레를 정렬,이 악기의 다른 사용을 강조 표시합니다. 이 새로운 사용은 우리가 웜 소장과 면역 반응의 유도의 식민지 사이의 관계를 해결 할 수있었습니다. 동안 C. 다른 병원균에 elegans의 면역 반응은이를 시작 무엇 여전히 알 수없는, 문서화되었습니다. (상호 배타적이지) 두 가지 가능성이 병원체 - 관련 분자 패턴을 인식, 감염에 의한 손상을 감지합니다. 두 가지 가능성을 구분하기 위해 병원체에 노출이 원인이되는 손상으로부터 해리해야합니다. 그램-N 광범위 - 식민지가 된 웜의 wormsorter 활성화 분리식민지 유사하게 노출 된 웜 가능성이 병원균 부하로 인한 손상,, 그러나, 또는 가장자리와를 egative 병원체 녹농균,. 이러한 구별 인구 병원체로드 전사 및 면역 반응의 유도와의 관계를 평가하기 위해 사용되었다. 결과는 두 가지가 병원체 인식의 가능성을 지원 해리되도록 제안한다.

나이와 일치하는 경우, 유 전적으로 동일한 C. 엘레은 P.에 노출되어 녹농균은 넓은 분포는 식민지 (그림 1A)의 수준에서 관찰된다. 식민지 웜 noncolonized의 효율적인 분리 (그림 1B) 달성 할 수있다 여기에 설명 된 프로토콜의 도움으로. noncolonized 웜과는 달리, 식민지 웜은 부진 감소 배변 19과 같은 손상의 징후를 보여줍니다. 후자는 벌레가 P. 식?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Automated Separation of C. elegans Variably Colonized by a Bacterial Pathogen at JoVE.com

Automated Separation of C. elegans Variably Colonized by a Bacterial Pathogen

wormsorter 형광 기자의 표현에 따라 웜을 정렬하여 예쁜 꼬마 선충의 유전자 화면을 용이하게한다. 여기에서, 우리는 새로운 사용 설명 : GFP - 표현 병원체에 의한 식민지에 따라 정렬을, 우리는 면역 반응을 시작하기에 병원체의 인식의 불완전하게 이해 역할을 조사하기 위해 그것을 사용합니다.

의 자동 분리<em&gt; C. 엘레</em&gt; 가변 세균성 병원체에 의해 식민지

The wormsorter is an instrument analogous to a FACS machine that is used in studies of Caenorhabditis elegans, typically to sort worms based on expression ...

automated-separation-c-elegans-variably-colonized-bacterial

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

Automated Separation of C. elegans Variably Colonized by a Bacterial Pathogen

8.3K 조회수.  University of California, Berkeley.  wormsorter 형광 기자의 표현에 따라 웜을 정렬하여 예쁜 꼬마 선충의 유전자 화면을 용이하게한다. 여기에서, 우리는 새로운 사용 설명 : GFP - 표현 병원체에 의한 식민지에 따라 정렬을, 우리는 면역 반응을 시작하기에 병원체의 인식의 불완전하게 이해 역할을 조사하기 위해 그것을 사용합니다. 

비디오: Automated Separation of C. elegans Variably Colonized by a Bacterial Pathogen

Assay for Pathogen-Associated Molecular Pattern (PAMP)-Triggered Immunity (PTI) in Plants

To perceive potential pathogens in their environment, plants use pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) present on their plasma membranes. PRRs recognize conserved microbial features called pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and this detection leads to PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI), which effectively prevents colonization of plant tissues by non-pathogens1,2. The most well studied system in PTI is the FLS2-dependent pathway3. FLS2 recognizes the PAMP flg22 that is a component of bacterial flagellin. 
Successful pathogens possess virulence factors or effectors that can suppress PTI and allow the pathogen to cause disease1. Some plants in turn possess resistance genes that detect effectors or their activity, which leads to effector-triggered immunity (ETI)2.
We describe a cell death-based assay for PTI modified from Oh and Collmer4. The assay was standardized in N. benthamiana, which is being used increasingly as a model system for the study of plant-pathogen interactions5. PTI is induced by infiltration of a non-pathogenic bacterial strain into leaves. Seven hours later, a bacterial strain that either causes disease or which activates ETI is infiltrated into an area overlapping the original infiltration zone. PTI induced by the first infiltration is able to delay or prevent the appearance of cell death due to the second challenge infiltration. Conversely, the appearance of cell death in the overlapping area of inoculation indicates a breakdown of PTI. 
Four different combinations of inducers of PTI and challenge inoculations were standardized (Table 1). The assay was tested on non-silenced N. benthamiana plants that served as the control and plants silenced for FLS2 that were predicted to be compromised in their ability to develop PTI.

Assay for Pathogen-Associated Molecular Pattern PAMP-Triggered Immunity PTI in Plants

A cell death-based assay for PTI in Nicotiana benthamiana plants is described.

병원체 - 관련 분자 패턴 (PAMP) 트리거된 식물의 내성 (PTI)에 대한 분석

To perceive potential pathogens in their environment, plants use pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) present on their plasma membranes. PRRs recognize ...

연구

면역학 및 감염병학

Invasion of Human Cells by a Bacterial Pathogen

Here we will describe how we study the invasion of human endothelial cells by bacterial pathogen Staphylococcus aureus . The general protocol can be applied to the study of cell invasion by virtually any culturable bacterium. The stages at which specific aspects of invasion can be studied, such as the role of actin rearrangement or caveolae, will be highlighted. Host cells are grown in flasks and when ready for use are seeded into 24-well plates containing Thermanox coverslips. Using coverslips allows subsequent removal of the cells from the wells to reduce interference from serum proteins deposited onto the sides of the wells (to which S. aureus would attach). Bacteria are grown to the required density and washed to remove any secreted proteins (e.g. toxins). Coverslips with confluent layers of endothelial cells are transferred to new 24-well plates containing fresh culture medium before the addition of bacteria. Bacteria and cells are then incubated together for the required amount of time in 5% CO2 at 37&deg;C. For S. aureus this is typically between 15-90 minutes. Thermanox coverslips are removed from each well and dip-washed in PBS to remove unattached bacteria. If total associated bacteria (adherent and internalised) are to be quantified, coverslips are then placed in a fresh well containing 0.5% Triton X-100 in PBS. Gentle pipetting leads to complete cell lysis and bacteria are enumerated by serial dilution and plating onto agar. If the number of bacteria that have invaded the cells is needed, coverslips are added to wells containing 500 &mu;l tissue culture medium supplemented with gentamicin and incubation continued for 1 h, which will kill all external bacteria. Coverslips can then be washed, cells lysed and bacteria enumerated by plating onto agar as described above. If the experiment requires direct visualisation, coverslips can be fixed and stained for light, fluorescence or confocal microscopy or prepared for electron microscopy.

A general protocol for the study of invasion of host cells by a bacterial pathogen, focusing on Staphylococcus aureus and human endothelial cells.

세균성 병원체에 의해 인간의 세포의 침략

Here we will describe how we study the invasion of human endothelial cells by bacterial pathogen Staphylococcus aureus . The general protocol can be ...

Saliva, Salivary Gland, and Hemolymph Collection from Ixodes scapularis Ticks

Ticks are found worldwide and afflict humans with many tick-borne illnesses. Ticks are vectors for pathogens that cause Lyme disease and tick-borne relapsing fever (Borrelia spp.), Rocky Mountain Spotted fever (Rickettsia rickettsii), ehrlichiosis (Ehrlichia chaffeensis and E. equi), anaplasmosis (Anaplasma phagocytophilum), encephalitis (tick-borne encephalitis virus), babesiosis (Babesia spp.), Colorado tick fever (Coltivirus), and tularemia (Francisella tularensis) 1-8. To be properly transmitted into the host these infectious agents differentially regulate gene expression, interact with tick proteins, and migrate through the tick 3,9-13. For example, the Lyme disease agent, Borrelia burgdorferi, adapts through differential gene expression to the feast and famine stages of the tick's enzootic cycle 14,15. Furthermore, as an Ixodes tick consumes a bloodmeal Borrelia replicate and migrate from the midgut into the hemocoel, where they travel to the salivary glands and are transmitted into the host with the expelled saliva 9,16-19.
As a tick feeds the host typically responds with a strong hemostatic and innate immune response 11,13,20-22. Despite these host responses, I. scapularis can feed for several days because tick saliva contains proteins that are immunomodulatory, lytic agents, anticoagulants, and fibrinolysins to aid the tick feeding 3,11,20,21,23. The immunomodulatory activities possessed by tick saliva or salivary gland extract (SGE) facilitate transmission, proliferation, and dissemination of numerous tick-borne pathogens 3,20,24-27. To further understand how tick-borne infectious agents cause disease it is essential to dissect actively feeding ticks and collect tick saliva. This video protocol demonstrates dissection techniques for the collection of hemolymph and the removal of salivary glands from actively feeding I. scapularis nymphs after 48 and 72 hours post mouse placement. We also demonstrate saliva collection from an adult female I. scapularis tick.

Saliva, Salivary Gland, and Hemolymph Collection from Ixodes scapularis Ticks

The collection of infected tick hemolymph, salivary glands, and saliva is important to study how tick-borne pathogens cause disease. In this protocol we demonstrate how to collect hemolymph and salivary glands from feeding Ixodes scapularis nymphs. We also demonstrate saliva collection from female I. scapularis adults.

Ixodes Scapularis 진드기의 타액, 침샘 및 Hemolymph 컬렉션

Ticks are found worldwide and afflict humans with many tick-borne illnesses. Ticks are vectors for pathogens that cause Lyme disease and tick-borne ...

Visualization of Bacterial Toxin Induced Responses Using Live Cell Fluorescence Microscopy

Bacterial toxins bind to cholesterol in membranes, forming pores that allow for leakage of cellular contents and influx of materials from the external environment. The cell can either recover from this insult, which requires active membrane repair processes, or else die depending on the amount of toxin exposure and cell type1. In addition, these toxins induce strong inflammatory responses in infected hosts through activation of immune cells, including macrophages, which produce an array of pro-inflammatory cytokines2. Many Gram positive bacteria produce cholesterol binding toxins which have been shown to contribute to their virulence through largely uncharacterized mechanisms.
Morphologic changes in the plasma membrane of cells exposed to these toxins include their sequestration into cholesterol-enriched surface protrusions, which can be shed into the extracellular space, suggesting an intrinsic cellular defense mechanism3,4. This process occurs on all cells in the absence of metabolic activity, and can be visualized using EM after chemical fixation4. In immune cells such as macrophages that mediate inflammation in response to toxin exposure, induced membrane vesicles are suggested to contain cytokines of the IL-1 family and may be responsible both for shedding toxin and disseminating these pro-inflammatory cytokines5,6,7. A link between IL-1&beta; release and a specific type of cell death, termed pyroptosis has been suggested, as both are caspase-1 dependent processes8. To sort out the complexities of this macrophage response, which includes toxin binding, shedding of membrane vesicles, cytokine release, and potentially cell death, we have developed labeling techniques and fluorescence microscopy methods that allow for real time visualization of toxin-cell interactions, including measurements of dysfunction and death (Figure 1). Use of live cell imaging is necessary due to limitations in other techniques. Biochemical approaches cannot resolve effects occurring in individual cells, while flow cytometry does not offer high resolution, real-time visualization of individual cells. The methods described here can be applied to kinetic analysis of responses induced by other stimuli involving complex phenotypic changes in cells.

Methods for purifying the cholesterol binding toxin streptolysin O from recombinant E. coli and visualization of toxin binding to live eukaryotic cells are described. Localized delivery of toxin induces rapid and complex changes in targeted cells revealing novel aspects of toxin biology.

라이브 세포 형광 현미경을 사용하여 박테리아 독소 유도 응답의 시각화

Bacterial toxins bind to cholesterol in membranes, forming pores that allow for leakage of cellular contents and influx of materials from the external ...

Imaging InlC Secretion to Investigate Cellular Infection by the Bacterial Pathogen Listeria monocytogenes

Bacterial intracellular pathogens can be conceived as molecular tools to dissect cellular signaling cascades due to their capacity to exquisitely manipulate and subvert cell functions which are required for the infection of host target tissues. Among these bacterial pathogens, Listeria monocytogenes is a Gram positive microorganism that has been used as a paradigm for intracellular parasitism in the characterization of cellular immune responses, and which has played instrumental roles in the discovery of molecular pathways controlling cytoskeletal and membrane trafficking dynamics. In this article, we describe a robust microscopical assay for the detection of late cellular infection stages of L. monocytogenes based on the fluorescent labeling of InlC, a secreted bacterial protein which accumulates in the cytoplasm of infected cells; this assay can be coupled to automated high-throughput small interfering RNA screens in order to characterize cellular signaling pathways involved in the up- or down-regulation of infection.

Imaging InlC Secretion to Investigate Cellular Infection by the Bacterial Pathogen Listeria monocytogenes

Listeria monocytogenes is a Gram positive bacterial pathogen frequently used as a major model for the study of intracellular parasitism. Imaging late L. monocytogenes infection stages within the context of small-interfering RNA screens allows for the global study of cellular pathways required for bacterial infection of target host cells.

세균성 병원체에 의해 세포 감염을 조사하기 위해 InlC 분비 이미징<em&gt; 리스테리아</em

Bacterial intracellular  pathogens can be conceived as molecular tools to dissect cellular signaling  cascades due to their capacity to exquisitely ...

Generation and Multi-phenotypic High-content Screening of Coxiella burnetii Transposon Mutants

Invasion and colonization of host cells by bacterial pathogens depend on the activity of a large number of prokaryotic proteins, defined as virulence factors, which can subvert and manipulate key host functions. The study of host/pathogen interactions is therefore extremely important to understand bacterial infections and develop alternative strategies to counter infectious diseases. This approach however, requires the development of new high-throughput assays for the unbiased, automated identification and characterization of bacterial virulence determinants. Here, we describe a method for the generation of a GFP-tagged mutant library by transposon mutagenesis and the development of high-content screening approaches for the simultaneous identification of multiple transposon-associated phenotypes. Our working model is the intracellular bacterial pathogen Coxiellaburnetii, the etiological agent of the zoonosis Q fever, which is associated with severe outbreaks with a consequent health and economic burden. The obligate intracellular nature of this pathogen has, until recently, severely hampered the identification of bacterial factors involved in host pathogen interactions, making of Coxiella the ideal model for the implementation of high-throughput/high-content approaches.

Generation and Multi-phenotypic High-content Screening of Coxiella burnetii Transposon Mutants

Coxiella burnetii is an obligate intracellular Gram-negative bacterium responsible for the zoonotic disease Q fever. Here we describe methods for the generation of Coxiella fluorescent transposon mutants as well as the automated identification and analysis of the resulting internalization, replication and cytotoxic phenotypes.

세대와의 멀티 표현형 높은 콘텐츠 상영<em&gt; Coxiella burnetii의</em&gt; 트랜스포존 돌연변이

Invasion and colonization of host cells by bacterial pathogens depend on the activity of a large number of prokaryotic proteins, defined as virulence ...

Unravelling the Function of a Bacterial Effector from a Non-cultivable Plant Pathogen Using a Yeast Two-hybrid Screen

Unravelling the molecular mechanisms of disease manifestations is important to understand pathologies and symptom development in plant science. Bacteria have evolved different strategies to manipulate their host metabolism for their own benefit. This bacterial manipulation is often coupled with severe symptom development or the death of the affected plants. Determining the specific bacterial molecules responsible for the host manipulation has become an important field in microbiological research. After the identification of these bacterial molecules, called &#34;effectors,&#34; it is important to elucidate their function. A straightforward approach to determine the function of an effector is to identify its proteinaceous binding partner in its natural host via a yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) screen. Normally the host harbors numerous potential binding partners that cannot be predicted sufficiently by any in silico algorithm. It is thus the best choice to perform a screen with the hypothetical effector against a whole library of expressed host proteins. It is especially challenging if the causative agent is uncultivable like phytoplasma. This protocol provides step-by-step instructions for DNA purification from a phytoplasma-infected woody host plant, the amplification of the potential effector, and the subsequent identification of the plant&#39;s molecular interaction partner with a Y2H screen. Even though Y2H screens are commonly used, there is a trend to outsource this technique to biotech companies that offer the Y2H service at a cost. This protocol provides instructions on how to perform a Y2H in any decently equipped molecular biology laboratory using standard lab techniques.

Bacterial effector proteins are important for establishing successful infections. This protocol describes the experimental identification of proteinaceous binding partners of a bacterial effector protein in its natural plant host. Identifying these effector interactions via yeast two-hybrid screens has become an important tool in unravelling molecular pathogenicity strategies.

효모 두 하이브리드 화면을 사용하여 비 경작 식물 병원체로부터 세균 이펙터의 기능을 해결했습니다

Unravelling the molecular mechanisms of disease manifestations is important to understand pathologies and symptom development in plant science. Bacteria ...

Enrichment of Bacterial Lipoproteins and Preparation of N-terminal Lipopeptides for Structural Determination by Mass Spectrometry

Lipoproteins are important constituents of the bacterial cell envelope and potent activators of the mammalian innate immune response. Despite their significance to both cell physiology and immunology, much remains to be discovered about novel lipoprotein forms, how they are synthesized, and the effect of the various forms on host immunity. To enable thorough studies on lipoproteins, this protocol describes a method for bacterial lipoprotein enrichment and preparation of N-terminal tryptic lipopeptides for structural determination by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). Expanding on an established Triton X-114 phase partitioning method for lipoprotein extraction and enrichment from the bacterial cell membrane, the protocol includes additional steps to remove non-lipoprotein contaminants, increasing lipoprotein yield and purity. Since lipoproteins are commonly used in Toll-like receptor (TLR) assays, it is critical to first characterize the N-terminal structure by MALDI-TOF MS. Herein, a method is presented to isolate concentrated hydrophobic peptides enriched in N-terminal lipopeptides suitable for direct analysis by MALDI-TOF MS/MS. Lipoproteins that have been separated by Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate Poly-Acrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) are transferred to a nitrocellulose membrane, digested in situ with trypsin, sequentially washed to remove polar tryptic peptides, and finally eluted with chloroform-methanol. When coupled with MS of the more polar trypsinized peptides from wash solutions, this method provides the ability to both identify the lipoprotein and characterize its N-terminus in a single experiment. Intentional sodium adduct formation can also be employed as a tool to promote more structurally informative fragmentation spectra. Ultimately, enrichment of lipoproteins and determination of their N-terminal structures will permit more extensive studies on this ubiquitous class of bacterial proteins.

The enrichment of bacterial lipoproteins using a non-ionic surfactant phase partitioning method is described for direct use in TLR assays or other applications. Further steps are detailed to prepare N-terminal tryptic lipopeptides for structural characterization by mass spectrometry.

세균성 단백질 질량 분석에 의하여 구조 결심에 대 한 N 맨끝 Lipopeptides의 준비의 농축

Lipoproteins are important constituents of the bacterial cell envelope and potent activators of the mammalian innate immune response. Despite their ...

A High-throughput, High-content, Liquid-based C. elegans Pathosystem

The number of new drugs identified by traditional, in vitro screens has waned, reducing the success of this approach in the search for new weapons to combat multiple drug resistance. This has led to the conclusion that researchers do not only need to find new drugs, but also need to develop new ways of finding them. Amongst the most promising candidate methods are whole-organism, in vivo assays that use high-throughput, phenotypic readouts and hosts that range from Caenorhabditis elegans to Danio rerio. These hosts have several powerful advantages, including dramatic reductions in false positive hits, as compounds that are toxic to the host and/or biounavailable are typically dropped in the initial screen, prior to costly follow up.
Here we show how our assay has been used to interrogate host variation in the well-documented C. elegans&#8212;Pseudomonas aeruginosa liquid killing pathosystem. We also demonstrate several extensions of this well-worked out technique. For example, we are able to carry out high-throughput genetic screens using RNAi in 24- or 96-well plate formats to query host factors in this host-pathogen interaction. Using this assay, whole genome screens can be completed in only a few months, which can dramatically simplify the task of identifying drug targets, potentially without the need for laborious biochemical purification approaches.
We also report here a variation of our method that substitutes the gram-positive bacterium Enterococcus faecalis for the gram-negative pathogen P. aeruginosa. Much as is the case for P. aeruginosa, killing by E. faecalis is time-dependent. Unlike previous C. elegans&#8212;E. faecalis assays, our assay for E. faecalis does not require preinfection, improving its safety profile and reducing the chances of contaminating liquid-handling equipment. The assay is highly robust, showing ~95% death rates 96 h post infection.

A High-throughput, High-content, Liquid-based C. elegans Pathosystem

Here we describe a protocol that is an adaptable, whole host, high-content screening tool that can be utilized to study host-pathogen interactions and be used for drug discovery.

높은 처리량, 높은 콘텐츠, 액체 기반의 C. 선 충 Pathosystem

The number of new drugs identified by traditional, in vitro screens has waned, reducing the success of this approach in the search for new weapons to ...

Automated Behavioral Analysis of Large C. elegans Populations Using a Wide Field-of-view Tracking Platform

Caenorhabditis elegans is a well-established animal model in biomedical research, widely employed in functional genomics and ageing studies. To assess the health and fitness of the animals under study, one typically relies on motility readouts, such as the measurement of the number of body bends or the speed of movement. These measurements usually involve manual counting, making it challenging to obtain good statistical significance, as time and labor constraints often limit the number of animals in each experiment to 25 or less. Since high statistical power is necessary to obtain reproducible results and limit false positive and negative results when weak phenotypic effects are investigated, efforts have recently been made to develop automated protocols focused on increasing the sensitivity of motility detection and multi-parametric behavioral profiling. In order to extend the limit of detection to the level needed to capture the small phenotypic changes that are often crucial in genetic studies and drug discovery, we describe here a technological development that enables the study of up to 5,000 individual animals simultaneously, increasing the statistical power of the measurements by about 1,000-fold compared to manual assays and about 100-fold compared to other available automated methods.

Automated Behavioral Analysis of Large C. elegans Populations Using a Wide Field-of-view Tracking Platform

We describe protocols for using the wide field-of-view nematode tracking platform (WF-NTP), which enables high-throughput phenotypic characterization of large populations of Caenorhabditis elegans. These protocols can be used to characterize subtle behavioral changes in mutant strains or in response to pharmacological treatment in a highly scalable fashion.

자동화 된 행동 분석의 큰 C. 선 충 인구 넓은 시야의 사용 하 여 추적 플랫폼

Caenorhabditis elegans is a well-established animal model in biomedical research, widely employed in functional genomics and ageing studies. To assess the ...

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