이 연구는 원래 몰 세포 단백질 체학 (Proteomics)에 출판되었다​​. SOLDI M. 및 염색질 기능 영역의 Bonaldi T. 프로테오믹스 조사는 고유 이질 염색질 구성 요소 MCP 사이 소설 상승 작용을 보여준다. 2013; 64-80 : 12. © 생화학 및 분자 생물학을위한 미국 사회. 우리는 원고의 비판적 읽기 로베르타 Noberini (기술 및 IEO 이탈리아 연구소, 이탈리아) 감사합니다. TB의 작품은 지오반니 Armenise ​​하버드 재단 경력 개발 프로그램, 암 연구 및 건강의 이탈리아 정부에 대한 이탈리아 협회에서 교부금에 의해 지원됩니다. MS의 작업은 FIRC 친교에 의해 지원되었다.

<ol>
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관심 없음 충돌 선언하지 않습니다.

우리는 최근 ChroP, 염색질의 단백질 성분의 대규모 특성화 양적 전략을 설명 하였다. ChroP는 성적인 분야에서 사용되는 두 개의 보완적인 접근 방식, 칩과 MS, 자신의 강점에서 이익과 각각의 한계를 극복을 결합한다. 깊은 시퀀싱 (칩 - 시퀀서)에 결합 된 칩은 몇 가지 뉴 클레오 솜 (35)의 해상도에서 히스톤 수정의 게놈 전체의 매핑을 할 수 있습니다. 자신의 감성에 유리하지만, 항체 기반?...

염색질은 모든 DNA가 중재 프로세스에 대한 기본 템플릿으로 관여하는 매우 역동적 인 핵 단백질 복합체이다. 뉴 클레오 솜은 염색질의 기본 반복 단위이며, DNA의 147 BP는 1, 2를 포장하는 주위에 각 표준 히스톤 H2A, H2B, H3 및 H4, 두 분자를 포함하는 단백질 octameric 코어로 구성되어 있습니다. 모든 핵심 히스톤은 구형 도메인과 뉴 클레오 외부에 돌출 유연한 N-말단 &quot;꼬리&quot;로 구성되어있다. 염색질 구조와 역학을 조절하기위한 중요한 메커니즘 중 하나는 주로 3,4 히스톤의 N-말단에 공유 결합이 발생 번역 후 변형 (PTMS)에 기초한다. 히스톤 변형이 히스톤-DNA 사이 또는 뉴 클레오 간의 접점을 변경함으로써, 고차 염색질 구조를 변경하고, 따라서 DNA 결합 단백질 (시스 메카니즘)의 액세스 가능성을 제어함으로써 어느 작동하거나 dockin 역할을하여규제 단백질, 하나 하나의 단위 또는 다중 체 복합체에 포함 된 같은 G 사이트. 이러한 조절 단백질이 다른 방법으로 그 기능을 발휘할 수있다 : 직접 유전자 발현 (즉, TAF 단백질)을 변조하여, 또는 뉴 클레오 솜 위치 (즉, 염색질 단지를 리모델링)을 변경하거나 다른 히스톤의 잔류 물 (메틸 트랜스퍼 나있는, 즉 단백질의 아세틸을 수정하여 전이 활성) (트랜스 메커니즘) 5. 특정 염색질의 유전자 좌에서 별개의 PTM 패턴 클러스터는 별개의 사이트에서 다른 수정이 기본이되는 DNA의 기능 상태를 중재하는 분자 코드를 생성하는 시너지 효과를 수 있다는 가설의 고심을 주도하는 관찰. &quot;히스톤 코드의 가설은&quot;몇 년 동안 큰 공감대를 얻고있다하지만 실험적인 검증은 기술적 인 한계 6,7에 의해 다시 개최되었습니다. 질량 분석 (MS) 기반 프로테오믹스는로 떠오르고있다강력한 도구 히스톤 변형 패턴을 매핑하고, 염색질 결합 단백질 8의 특징을. MS는 펩티드의 이론 및 실험 질량 사이의 특정 Δmass로 변경을 감지합니다. 개별 히스톤의 수준에서, MS는 그 9-14 사이에서 새로운 수정과 계시 interplays의 검출을 허용, PTMS를 매핑하는 공정한하고 포괄적 인 방법을 제공한다. 최근, 전략의 숫자는 그대로 유사 분열 염색체 15, 수용성 hPTM 결합 단백질 16-18의 식별과 특정한 염색질 영역의 분리 및 분석의 특성을 포함하여 염색질의 프로테오믹스 조성물을 해부 개발되었다 (즉 말단 소립) 19, 20. 그러나, 히스톤 PTMS, 변형, 염색질 관련 단백질의 궤적 별 시너지 효과의 조사는 아직 불완전하다. 여기, 우리는 (ChroP라는 새로운 접근 방식을 설명우리는 효율적으로 기능 별개의 염색질 도메인의 특성을 개발하는 것이 색도 MATIN의 P의 roteomics) 21. 이 방법은 풍부한 샘플의 효율적인 MS 기반 단백체 분석을위한 크로 마틴 면역 침전 (칩), 후생 유전 학적 연구에 사용되는 잘 확립 된 프로토콜을 적응시킨다. 우리는 입력 및 MS에 의해 어드레싱 된 질문으로서 사용 염색질의 종류에 따라 두 가지 프로토콜을 개발 하였다; 특히 : MNase로 소화 고정되지 않은 기본 염색질의 1) 칩 모노 뉴 클레오을 정화하고 공동 연관 hPTMs (N-ChroP)를 해부하기 위해 사용된다; 2) 초음파에 의해 조각난 가교 염색질의 칩은 단백질 (X-ChroP)를 결합 모든 공동 농축 염색질의 특성을 SILAC 기반 interactomics 전략과 함께 사용됩니다. 우리는 여기에 면역 침전 단계에 대한 미끼로 H3K9me3를 사용하여, 이질 염색질을 풍부하게 공부에 대한 N-및 X-ChroP의 조합을 보여줍니다. ChroP의 사용은 연장 될 수있다따라서 후성 유전학의 다양한 응용 프로그램에 방법을 포장, 별개의 염색질에 지역, 또는 다른 기능 상태로 전환하는 동안 같은 지역 내에서 염색질 구성의 변화 중 하나를 공부합니다.

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the chrop approach combines chip and mass spectrometry to dissect locus-specific proteomic landscapes of chromatin

염색질은 다양한 DNA에 의존하는 프로세스를 제어하는​​ DNA와 단백질로 이루어진 매우 역동적 인 핵 단백질 복합체이다. 특정 지역에서 염색질의 구조와 기능은 전사 인자 및 DNA 메틸화를 포함 히스톤 번역 후 변형 (hPTMs) 및 변종, 크로 마틴 결합 단백질의 지역 농축에 의해 조절된다. 서로 다른 기능 영역에서 크로 마틴 조성물의 프로테오믹스 특성은 지금까지 질량 분석 (MS)에 의해 후속 심층 분석에 적합한 순도와 양에 같은 도메인을 풍부하게하는 효율적인 프로토콜의 부족에 의해 방해되었다. 우리는 여기에 예비 크로 마틴 면역이 그 기능 hPTMs의 측면에서, 변종 공동 관련된 비 histonic 단백질 별개의 염색질 영역을 분리하는 데 사용된다 ChroP (색도 MATIN의 P의 roteomics)라는 이름의 새롭게 디자인 된 염색질 단백질 체학 전략을, 설명 MS에 의해 분석 하였다. 우리는 그가를 설명히스톤 H3상의 라이신 9의 트라이 메틸화의 존재에 의해 표시 전사적으로 침묵 염색질 영역의 농축 및 분석을위한 ChroP의 설정까지 재. 달성 된 결과는 완전히 이질 염색질 프로테옴의 특징과 염색질의 고유 한 단백질 결정의 상호 작용 및 현장 별 구조 및 기능 구성을 설정하는 시너지 효과 방법을 이해하기위한 강력한 분석 전략으로 그것을 증명에 ChroP의 가능성을 보여줍니다.

크로 마틴 면역 게놈 따라 단백질이나 히스톤 변형의 현지화를 프로파일 링하는 데 사용하는 강력한 기술이다. 프로테오믹스 동등한에서, 칩, 관심의 수정이나 단백질과 함께 면역 침강 &quot;미끼&quot;로 사용되는 정 성적 및 정량적으로 hPTMs, 히스톤 변형 및 염색질 결합 단백질을 식별하는 MS 기반 프로테오믹스옵니다. N-ChroP 접근 방식에서, 염색질이 MNase (그림 1B)로 분해되는 ?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about The ChroP Approach Combines ChIP and Mass Spectrometry to Dissect Locus-specific Proteomic Landscapes of Chromatin at JoVE.com

The ChroP Approach Combines ChIP and Mass Spectrometry to Dissect Locus-specific Proteomic Landscapes of Chromatin

기본 결합 및 고해상도 질량 분석과 크로 마틴 면역 가교으로 ChroP 접근 방식은 히스톤 수정, 변형 및 기능적으로 구별 염색질 영역에서 시너지 효과가 아닌 histonic 단백질의 복합 단백체 구조를 해부 할 수 있습니다.

ChroP 접근은 염색질의 궤적 특정 프로테오믹스 풍경을 해부하는 칩 및 질량 분석을 결합

Chromatin is a highly dynamic nucleoprotein complex made of DNA and proteins that controls various DNA-dependent processes. Chromatin structure and ...

the-chrop-approach-combines-chip-mass-spectrometry-to-dissect-locus

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

18.1K 조회수.  European Institute of Oncology.  기본 결합 및 고해상도 질량 분석과 크로 마틴 면역 가교으로 ChroP 접근 방식은 히스톤 수정, 변형 및 기능적으로 구별 염색질 영역에서 시너지 효과가 아닌 histonic 단백질의 복합 단백체 구조를 해부 할 수 있습니다. 

비디오: The ChroP Approach Combines ChIP and Mass Spectrometry to Dissect Locus-specific Proteomic Landscapes of Chromatin

MALDI Sample Preparation: the Ultra Thin Layer Method

This video demonstrates the preparation of an ultra-thin matrix/analyte layer for analyzing peptides and proteins by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-MS) 1,2. The ultra-thin layer method involves the production of a substrate layer of matrix crystals (alpha-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid) on the sample plate, which serves as a seeding ground for subsequent crystallization of a matrix/analyte mixture. Advantages of the ultra-thin layer method over other sample deposition approaches (e.g. dried droplet) are that it provides (i) greater tolerance to impurities such as salts and detergents, (ii) better resolution, and (iii) higher spatial uniformity. This method is especially useful for the accurate mass determination of proteins. The protocol was initially developed and optimized for the analysis of membrane proteins and used to successfully analyze ion channels, metabolite transporters, and receptors, containing between 2 and 12 transmembrane domains 2. Since the original publication, it has also shown to be equally useful for the analysis of soluble proteins. Indeed, we have used it for a large number of proteins having a wide range of properties, including those with molecular masses as high as 380 kDa 3. It is currently our method of choice for the molecular mass analysis of all proteins. The described procedure consistently produces high-quality spectra, and it is sensitive, robust, and easy to implement.

This video demonstrates the preparation of an ultra-thin matrix/analyte layer for analyzing peptides and proteins by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-MS).

든 샘플 준비 : 울트라 씬 레이어 방법

This video demonstrates the preparation of an ultra-thin matrix/analyte layer for analyzing peptides and proteins by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption ...

연구

생물학

Electrophoretic Separation of Proteins

Electrophoresis is used to separate complex mixtures of proteins (e.g., from cells, subcellular fractions, column fractions, or immunoprecipitates), to investigate subunit compositions, and to verify homogeneity of protein samples. It can also serve to purify proteins for use in further applications. In polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, proteins migrate in response to an electrical field through pores in a polyacrylamide gel matrix; pore size decreases with increasing acrylamide concentration. The combination of pore size and protein charge, size, and shape determines the migration rate of the protein. In this unit, the standard Laemmli method is described for discontinuous gel electrophoresis under denaturing conditions, i.e., in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). 

In this video, we demonstrate a method for electrophoretic separation of proteins using poly-acrylimide gel electrophoresis (PAGE).

단백질의 전기 영동 분리

Electrophoresis is used to separate complex mixtures of proteins (e.g., from cells, subcellular fractions, column fractions, or immunoprecipitates), to ...

A Quantitative Assessment of The Yeast Lipidome using Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry

Lipids are one of the major classes of biomolecules and play important roles membrane dynamics, energy storage, and signalling1-4. The budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a genetically and biochemically manipulable unicellular eukaryote with annotated genome and very simple lipidome, is a valuable model for studying biological functions of various lipid species in multicellular eukaryotes2,3,5. S. cerevisiae has 10 major classes of lipids with chain lengths mainly of 16 or 18 carbon atoms and either zero or one degree of unsaturation6,7. Existing methods for lipid identification and quantification - such as high performance liquid chromatography, thin-layer chromatography, fluorescence microscopy, and gas chromatography followed by MS - are well established but have low sensitivity, insufficiently separate various molecular forms of lipids, require lipid derivitization prior to analysis, or can be quite time consuming. Here we present a detailed description of our experimental approach to solve these inherent limitations by using survey-scan ESI/MS for the identification and quantification of the entire complement of lipids in yeast cells. The described method does not require chromatographic separation of complex lipid mixtures recovered from yeast cells, thereby greatly accelerating the process of data acquisition. This method enables lipid identification and quantification at the concentrations as low as g/ml and has been successfully applied to assessing lipidomes of whole yeast cells and their purified organelles. Lipids extraction from whole yeast cells for using this method of lipid analysis takes two to three hours. It takes only five to ten minutes to run each sample of extracted and dried lipids on a Q-TOF mass spectrometer equipped with a nano-electrospray source.

We describe a new quantitative lipidomics method for identifying numerous lipid species in yeast using survey-scan electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI/MS). This method exceeds currently available methods for lipid identification and quantification in the ability to resolve various molecular forms of lipids, sensitivity, and speed.

전기 분무 이온화 질량 분광법을 사용하여 효모 Lipidome의 양적 평가

Lipids are one of the major classes of biomolecules and play important roles membrane dynamics, energy storage, and signalling1-4. The budding yeast ...

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP) to Assay Dynamic Histone Modification in Activated Gene Expression in Human Cells

In response to a variety of extracellular ligands, the STAT (signal transducer and activator of transcription) transcription factors are rapidly recruited from their latent state in the cytoplasm to cell surface receptors where they are activated by phosphorylation at a single tyrosine residue1. They then dimerize and translocate to the nucleus to drive the transcription of target genes, affecting growth, differentiation, homeostasis and the immune response. Not surprisingly, given their widespread involvement in normal cell processes, dysregulation of STAT function contributes to human disease, particularly to cancers2 and autoimmune diseases3. It is well established that transcription is regulated by alterations to the chromatin template4,5. These alterations include the activities of ATP-dependent complexes, as well as covalent histone modifications and DNA methylation6. Because STAT activation of gene expression is both rapid and transient, it requires specific mechanisms for modulating the chromatin template at STAT-dependent gene loci. To define these mechanisms, we characterize the histone modifications and the enzymatic activities that generate them at gene loci that respond to STAT signaling. This protocol describes chromatin immunoprecipitation, a method that is valuable for the study of STAT signaling to chromatin in activated gene expression.

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation ChIP to Assay Dynamic Histone Modification in Activated Gene Expression in Human Cells

This protocol describes how chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) is used to study the dynamic alterations to the chromatin template that regulate transcription induced by a signal transduction pathway.

인간의 세포에서 활성 유전자 발현의 어세 동적 히스톤 수정을 염색질 Immunoprecipitation (칩)

In response to a variety of extracellular ligands, the STAT (signal transducer and activator of transcription) transcription factors are rapidly recruited ...

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP) using Drosophila tissue

Epigenetics remains a rapidly developing field that studies how the chromatin state contributes to differential gene expression in distinct cell types at different developmental stages. Epigenetic regulation contributes to a broad spectrum of biological processes, including cellular differentiation during embryonic development and homeostasis in adulthood. A critical strategy in epigenetic studies is to examine how various histone modifications and chromatin factors regulate gene expression. To address this, Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP) is used widely to obtain a snapshot of the association of particular factors with DNA in the cells of interest.
ChIP technique commonly uses cultured cells as starting material, which can be obtained in abundance and homogeneity to generate reproducible data. However, there are several caveats: First, the environment to grow cells in Petri dish is different from that in vivo, thus may not reflect the endogenous chromatin state of cells in a living organism. Second, not all types of cells can be cultured ex vivo. There are only a limited number of cell lines, from which people can obtain enough material for ChIP assay.
Here we describe a method to do ChIP experiment using Drosophila tissues. The starting material is dissected tissue from a living animal, thus can accurately reflect the endogenous chromatin state. The adaptability of this method with many different types of tissue will allow researchers to address a lot more biologically relevant questions regarding epigenetic regulation in vivo1, 2. Combining this method with high-throughput sequencing (ChIP-seq) will further allow researchers to obtain an epigenomic landscape.

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation ChIP using Drosophila tissue

Recently high-throughput sequencing technology has greatly increased sensitivity of Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP) experiment and prompted its application using purified cells or dissected tissue. Here we delineate a method to use ChIP technique with Drosophila tissue, which can address the endogenous chromatin state in a well-characterized biological system.

사용 염색질 Immunoprecipitation (CHIP) Drosophila 조직

Epigenetics remains a rapidly developing field that studies how the chromatin state contributes to differential gene expression in distinct cell types at ...

Profiling Thiol Redox Proteome Using Isotope Tagging Mass Spectrometry

Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato strain DC3000 not only causes bacterial speck disease in Solanum lycopersicum but also on Brassica species, as well as on Arabidopsis thaliana, a genetically tractable host plant1,2. The accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cotyledons inoculated with DC3000 indicates a role of ROS in modulating necrotic cell death during bacterial speck disease of tomato3. Hydrogen peroxide, a component of ROS, is produced after inoculation of tomato plants with Pseudomonas3. Hydrogen peroxide can be detected using a histochemical stain 3'-3' diaminobenzidine (DAB)4. DAB staining reacts with hydrogen peroxide to produce a brown stain on the leaf tissue4. ROS has a regulatory role of the cellular redox environment, which can change the redox status of certain proteins5. Cysteine is an important amino acid sensitive to redox changes. Under mild oxidation, reversible oxidation of cysteine sulfhydryl groups serves as redox sensors and signal transducers that regulate a variety of physiological processes6,7. Tandem mass tag (TMT) reagents enable concurrent identification and multiplexed quantitation of proteins in different samples using tandem mass spectrometry8,9. The cysteine-reactive TMT (cysTMT) reagents enable selective labeling and relative quantitation of cysteine-containing peptides from up to six biological samples. Each isobaric cysTMT tag has the same nominal parent mass and is composed of a sulfhydryl-reactive group, a MS-neutral spacer arm and an MS/MS reporter10. After labeling, the samples were subject to protease digestion. The cysteine-labeled peptides were enriched using a resin containing anti-TMT antibody. During MS/MS analysis, a series of reporter ions (i.e., 126-131 Da) emerge in the low mass region, providing information on relative quantitation. The workflow is effective for reducing sample complexity, improving dynamic range and studying cysteine modifications. Here we present redox proteomic analysis of the Pst DC3000 treated tomato (Rio Grande) leaves using cysTMT technology. This high-throughput method has the potential to be applied to studying other redox-regulated physiological processes.

Reactive oxygen species level is elevated when cells encounter stress conditions. Here we show the example of 3'-3' diaminobenzidine staining as well as cysTMT labeling and mass spectrometry to profile the redox proteome in Pseudomonas syringae treated tomato leaves.

동위 원소 태그 질량 분광법을 사용하여 Thiol 산화 환원 프로테옴 프로 파일링

Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato strain DC3000 not only causes bacterial speck disease in Solanum lycopersicum but also on Brassica species, as well as on ...

A New Approach for the Comparative Analysis of Multiprotein Complexes Based on 15N Metabolic Labeling and Quantitative Mass Spectrometry

The introduced protocol provides a tool for the analysis of multiprotein complexes in the thylakoid membrane, by revealing insights into complex composition under different conditions. In this protocol the approach is demonstrated by comparing the composition of the protein complex responsible for cyclic electron flow (CEF) in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, isolated from genetically different strains. The procedure comprises the isolation of thylakoid membranes, followed by their separation into multiprotein complexes by sucrose density gradient centrifugation, SDS-PAGE, immunodetection and comparative, quantitative mass spectrometry (MS) based on differential metabolic labeling (14N/15N) of the analyzed strains. Detergent solubilized thylakoid membranes are loaded on sucrose density gradients at equal chlorophyll concentration. After ultracentrifugation, the gradients are separated into fractions, which are analyzed by mass-spectrometry based on equal volume. This approach allows the investigation of the composition within the gradient fractions and moreover to analyze the migration behavior of different proteins, especially focusing on ANR1, CAS, and PGRL1. Furthermore, this method is demonstrated by confirming the results with immunoblotting and additionally by supporting the findings from previous studies (the identification and PSI-dependent migration of proteins that were previously described to be part of the CEF-supercomplex such as PGRL1, FNR, and cyt f). Notably, this approach is applicable to address a broad range of questions for which this protocol can be adopted and e.g. used for comparative analyses of multiprotein complex composition isolated from distinct environmental conditions.

A New Approach for the Comparative Analysis of Multiprotein Complexes Based on 15N Metabolic Labeling and Quantitative Mass Spectrometry

The described comparative, quantitative proteomic approach aims at obtaining insights into the composition of multiprotein complexes&#160;under different conditions and is demonstrated by comparing genetically different strains. For quantitative analysis equal volumes of different fractions from a sucrose density gradient are mixed and analyzed by mass spectrometry.

multiprotein의 단지의 비교 분석을위한 새로운 접근 방식을 기반으로<sup&gt; 15</sup&gt; N 대사 라벨링 및 정량 질량 분석

The introduced protocol provides a tool for the analysis of multiprotein complexes in the thylakoid membrane, by revealing insights into complex ...

Capture Compound Mass Spectrometry - A Powerful Tool to Identify Novel c-di-GMP Effector Proteins

Considerable progress has been made during the last decade towards the identification and characterization of enzymes involved in the synthesis (diguanylate cyclases) and degradation (phosphodiesterases) of the second messenger c-di-GMP. In contrast, little information is available regarding the molecular mechanisms and cellular components through which this signaling molecule regulates a diverse range of cellular processes. Most of the known effector proteins belong to the PilZ family or are degenerated diguanylate cyclases or phosphodiesterases that have given up on catalysis and have adopted effector function. Thus, to better define the cellular c-di-GMP network in a wide range of bacteria experimental methods are required to identify and validate novel effectors for which reliable in silico predictions fail.
We have recently developed a novel Capture Compound Mass Spectrometry (CCMS) based technology as a powerful tool to biochemically identify and characterize c-di-GMP binding proteins. This technique has previously been reported to be applicable to a wide range of organisms1. Here we give a detailed description of the protocol that we utilize to probe such signaling components. As an example, we use Pseudomonas aeruginosa, an opportunistic pathogen in which c-di-GMP plays a critical role in virulence and biofilm control. CCMS identified 74% (38/51) of the known or predicted components of the c-di-GMP network. This study explains the CCMS procedure in detail, and establishes it as a powerful and versatile tool to identify novel components involved in small molecule signaling.

The ubiquitous second messenger c-di-GMP controls growth and behavior of many bacteria. We have developed a novel Capture Compound Mass Spectrometry based technology to biochemically identify and characterize c-di-GMP binding proteins in virtually any bacterial species.

캡처 복합 질량 분석 - 소설의 C 디 GMP 이펙터 단백질을 식별 할 수있는 강력한 도구

Considerable progress has been made during the last decade towards the identification and characterization of enzymes involved in the synthesis ...

Amplification, Next-generation Sequencing, and Genomic DNA Mapping of Retroviral Integration Sites

Retroviruses exhibit signature integration preferences on both the local and global scales. Here, we present a detailed protocol for (1) generation of diverse libraries of retroviral integration sites using ligation-mediated PCR (LM-PCR) amplification and next-generation sequencing (NGS), (2) mapping the genomic location of each virus-host junction using BEDTools, and (3) analyzing the data for statistical relevance. Genomic DNA extracted from infected cells is fragmented by digestion with restriction enzymes or by sonication. After suitable DNA end-repair, double-stranded linkers are ligated onto the DNA ends, and semi-nested PCR is conducted using primers complementary to both the long terminal repeat (LTR) end of the virus and the ligated linker DNA. The PCR primers carry sequences required for DNA clustering during NGS, negating the requirement for separate adapter ligation. Quality control (QC) is conducted to assess DNA fragment size distribution and adapter DNA incorporation prior to NGS. Sequence output files are filtered for LTR-containing reads, and the sequences defining the LTR and the linker are cropped away. Trimmed host cell sequences are mapped to a reference genome using BLAT and are filtered for minimally 97% identity to a unique point in the reference genome. Unique integration sites are scrutinized for adjacent nucleotide (nt) sequence and distribution relative to various genomic features. Using this protocol, integration site libraries of high complexity can be constructed from genomic DNA in three days. The entire protocol that encompasses exogenous viral infection of susceptible tissue culture cells to integration site analysis can therefore be conducted in approximately one to two weeks. Recent applications of this technology pertain to longitudinal analysis of integration sites from HIV-infected patients.

We describe a protocol for amplifying retroviral integration sites from the genomic DNA of infected cells, sequencing the amplified virus-host junctions, and then mapping these sequences to a reference genome. We also describe techniques to quantify the distribution of integration sites relative to various genomic annotations using BEDTools.

레트로 바이러스 통합 사이트의 증폭, 차세대 시퀀싱 및 게놈 DNA 매핑

Retroviruses exhibit signature integration preferences on both the local and global scales. Here, we present a detailed protocol for (1) generation of ...

Identification of MyoD Interactome Using Tandem Affinity Purification Coupled to Mass Spectrometry

Skeletal muscle terminal differentiation starts with the commitment of pluripotent mesodermal precursor cells to myoblasts. These cells have still the ability to proliferate or they can differentiate and fuse into multinucleated myotubes, which maturate further to form myofibers. Skeletal muscle terminal differentiation is orchestrated by the coordinated action of various transcription factors, in particular the members of the Muscle Regulatory Factors or MRFs (MyoD, Myogenin, Myf5, and MRF4), also called the myogenic bHLH transcription factors family. These factors cooperate with chromatin-remodeling complexes within elaborate transcriptional regulatory network to achieve skeletal myogenesis. In this, MyoD is considered the master myogenic transcription factor in triggering muscle terminal differentiation. This notion is strengthened by the ability of MyoD to convert non-muscle cells into skeletal muscle cells. Here we describe an approach used to identify MyoD protein partners in an exhaustive manner in order to elucidate the different factors involved in skeletal muscle terminal differentiation. The long-term aim is to understand the epigenetic mechanisms involved in the regulation of skeletal muscle genes, i.e., MyoD targets. MyoD partners are identified by using Tandem Affinity Purification (TAP-Tag) from a heterologous system coupled to mass spectrometry (MS) characterization, followed by validation of the role of relevant partners during skeletal muscle terminal differentiation. Aberrant forms of myogenic factors, or their aberrant regulation, are associated with a number of muscle disorders: congenital myasthenia, myotonic dystrophy, rhabdomyosarcoma and defects in muscle regeneration. As such, myogenic factors provide a pool of potential therapeutic targets in muscle disorders, both with regard to mechanisms that cause disease itself and regenerative mechanisms that can improve disease treatment. Thus, the detailed understanding of the intermolecular interactions and the genetic programs controlled by the myogenic factors is essential for the rational design of efficient therapies.

MyoD is a myogenic transcription factor with a strong capacity to induce myogenic transdifferentiation of many fully differentiated non-muscle cell lines. The epigenetic mechanisms involved in this transdifferentiation are largely unknown. Here we describe a double-affinity purification method followed by mass spectrometry to exhaustively characterize MyoD partners.

탠덤 선호도 정화를 사용하여 MyoD 상호 작용 체의 식별 질량 분석에 결합

Skeletal muscle terminal differentiation starts with the commitment of pluripotent mesodermal precursor cells to myoblasts. These cells have still the ...