This work was conducted with funds to M.B. from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) grant MOP 107972. M.B. is a recipient of a CIHR New Investigator Salary Award. D.C. is a recipient of studentships from the Translational Breast Cancer Research Unit and the CIHR Strategic Training Program in Cancer Research and Technology Transfer, London Regional Cancer Program. C.G. is recipient of studentships from the Translational Breast Cancer Research Unit, London Regional Cancer Program and from the CIHR- Strategic Training Program in Cancer Research and Technology Transfer. SGD.

지하 막 매트릭스에있는 유방암 세포의 1. 입체 문화 (매립 기술) <ol><li> 취급 리겔 기저막 매트릭스 : 4 ℃에서 하룻밤 얼음 해동 기저막 매트릭스는 저온에서 액체이지만, 실온에서 고체화. 얼음 (그림 1A-B)에 지하 막 매트릭스를 유지합니다. </li><li> 나선형 패턴 (그림 1C)에서 P-200 Pipetman의 끝 부분을 사용하여 확산 매트릭스에 의한 기저막 행렬의 50 μL와 공 초점 1 번 유리 바닥 접시를 커버. 기포의 형성을 피하기 위하여 기저막 매트릭스 확산 때는주의. 마찬가지로, 메 니스 커스의 형성을 방지하기 위해 유리 바닥 접시의 테두리에 닫 행렬을 확산하지 마십시오. 미숙 한 처리 기저막 행렬은, 다음 얼음에있을 수 있습니다 요리, P-200 Pipetman과 피펫을 예비 냉각하는 경우 (또는 4 ° C에서 냉장고에 하룻밤 왼쪽). 이 단계 제공응고하기 전에 지하 막 매트릭스를 확산하기위한 추가 시간. (그림 1D)를 응고 기저막 행렬을 사용하려면 적어도 30 분 (5 % CO 2와 37 ° C에서) 세포 배양 인큐베이터에서 접시 (들)를 놓습니다. </li><li> 행렬이 응고가 진행되는 동안, 세포의 70 ~ 80 % 년 합류 100 mm 플레이트를 Trypsinize. 세포는 플레이트의 리프트 오프 시작한 후에 트립신 (도 1E)를 불 활성화, 10 % (v / v) 소 태아 혈청 (FBS)을 함유하는 RPMI 1640 배지 10 ㎖에서 그들을 재현 탁. 그런 다음 15 ML 원뿔 관 (그림 1 층)에 재현 탁 세포를 전송합니다. </li><li> 전용 세포 배양 원심 분리기 (그림 1G-H)의 3 분 100 XG에서 (원뿔 튜브에 존재) 세포를 스핀. </li><li> 세포가 아래로 회전하는 동안, 1 ML의 microcentrifuge 관 (참고로 나누어지는 행렬의 50 μl를 각 유리 바닥 요리는 하나의 microcentrifuge 관을 할당, 따라서, 경우실험은 3 접시를 필요로 다음)는 3 마이크로 원심 튜브뿐만 아니라 필요한 것을 다음, 다음 얼음 (그림 1B)에 튜브를 배치합니다. </li><li> (그림 1I) 방해받지 펠렛을 떠나는 동안, 단계 1.4에서 원뿔 튜브에서 매체를 대기음. 를 Resuspend 세포는 FBS 첨가 된 RPMI 배지 (그림 1J) 1 ㎖에 (아래로 회전되어 있는지). </li><li> 세포를 마이크로 원심 튜브에 혈구 (도 1K), 또는 세포 입자 계수기 분취 액 2.5 × 104 세포를 사용하여 계산하고 50 μL (도 1L)의 총 부피를 얻도록 적절한 매체를 사용하여 그 위에되면. </li><li> 1:1 비율의 단계 1.5 매트릭스 함유 microcentrifuge 관으로 단계 1.7 (50 μL에서 25,000 세포)에서 세포를 혼합; 최종 부피는 100 μL (그림 1M)입니다. </li><li> 의에 단계 1.8에서 세포 혼합물을 부드럽게 매트릭스의 100 μl를 접시단계 1.2 (그림 1N)에서 olidified 기저막 매트릭스 코팅 접시. 세포 기저막 매트릭스에 내장 될 수 있도록이를 허용한다. </li><li> (5 % CO 2와 37 ° C에서) 세포 배양 인큐베이터에 접시 (들)를 전송하고 매트릭스 수 : 세포의 혼합물은 적어도 30 분 동안 응고. </li><li> 매트릭스는 일단 : 세포 혼합물을 응고, 접시 (그림 -10)에 FBS 첨가 된 RPMI 매체의 2 ㎖를 추가하고 실험 (그림 1 P)의 나머지 저장 될 인큐베이터를 접시를 철회. </li><li> (분석 필요에 따라 또는, MDA-MB-231 세포에 대한 분석의 기간은 길이 5 일) 오일의 기간 동안 매일 미디어를 변경합니다. </li><li> 광학 현미경을 사용하여, 미분 간섭 대비 지하 막 매트릭스 (그림 3A)에 현탁 MDA-MB-231 식민지의 (DIC) 이미지를 가지고. 이미지 20 대표 지역 10X 목적에서 하루에 한 번오일은 식민지 형태 형성 (그림 3C)을 결정하는 데 필요한 권한입니다. </li><li> 세포 식민지 별 모양의 형성 (그림 3B)를 결정하기 위해 맹목적으로 이미지를 분석합니다. 콜로니 셀 타원체에서 하나 이상의 돌출부가 인식되는 경우에 방사상으로 간주된다. 침략 별 모양의 식민지의 비율을 결정하는 인수 이미지 당 세포 식민지의 총 개수로 별 모양의 식민지의 수를 분할 한 다음 매일 20 개의 이미지의 별 모양의 식민지 비율을 평균. </li></ol><img alt="그림 1" fo:content-width="5in" src="/files/ftp_upload/51341/51341fig1highres.jpg" width="500" /> 도 1. 기저막 매트릭스 (매립 기술)에서 MDA-MB-231 유방암 세포의 3 차원 배양을. AB) 흄 후드에서 수행 된 실험 장치 () 코팅 유리 바닥 요리. C) 우물의 개략도기저막 행렬의 50 μl를 적어도 30 분 동안 응고 행렬을 허용하기 위해 5 % CO 2)와 37 ° C에서 (세포 배양 인큐베이터에 배치. D) 접시 (들)와 함께. E) 세포를 트립신. F에게 ) 세포는 원뿔 튜브에 존재. GH) 세포 ()가 조직 문화 원심 분리기에서 3 분 100 XG에 스핀 다운 된 15 ML 원뿔 관에 재현 탁 하였다. I) 세포 펠렛 스핀 다운되었습니다. J) 세포 () FBS 보충 된 RPMI 배지 1 ㎖ 중에 재현 탁 하였다. K) 세포는 혈구. L을 이용하여 계산 하였다) 마이크로 원심 관에 분주하고 50 ㎕의 총 부피를 얻도록 적절한 매체를 사용하여 얹어 2.5 × 104 세포. M ) 1:1 비율의 단계 1.5 매트릭스 함유 microcentrifuge 관과 단계 1.7 (50 μL에서 25,000 세포)에서 세포를 혼합; 최종 부피는 100 μ 될 것입니다.. 세포 혼합물을 응고에 FBS 첨가 된 RPMI 매체의 2 ㎖를 추가 행렬이되면) 단계 1.2에서 응고 매트릭스 코팅 접시 O에 8 단계에서 세포 혼합물 :; L N)을 조심스럽게 매트릭스의 100 μl를 접시 요리. P)은 실험의 나머지 저장 될 인큐베이터에서 접시를 놓습니다. 면역 형광와 3D 문화의 형태 형성의 특징 2. 시험 <ol><li> 접시 (들)를 복용하기 전에 (그림 2A), 80 % 메탄올 (정착액 솔루션), 3 % 소 혈청 알부민 (차단 솔루션 BSA) : 얼음 트레이, 차가운 인산 완충 용액 (PBS), 20 % 아세톤을 설정 인큐베이터에서. </li><li> 얼음 트레이와 대기음 미디어의 요리 (들)를 배치하고 차가운 PBS 2 ㎖ (그림 2B)와 3 배를 세척한다. </li><li> 마지막 PBS 세척이 흡입되면, 20 % 아세톤 2 ㎖를 추가 요리 (들) (그림 2C에 80 % 메탄올 용액 </st)&gt; 룽 4 ° C (얼음이나 냉장고에 하나) (그림 2D)에서 20 분 동안 세포를 고정합니다. </li><li> 고정의 20 분이 종료되면, 상온에서 음식을 다시 가져 정착액을 대기음, 이후 PBS로 3 회 세척한다. 최종 PBS 세척을 흡입하면, 실내 온도 (그림 2E)에 적어도 30 분 동안 차단 요리 (들)에 3 % BSA 2 ㎖를 추가합니다. </li><li> 블로킹주기 동안 차단 완충액 3 % 소 혈청 알부민 (BSA)에 용해 된 (적절한 희석) 차 (라미닌의 V 1:100) 및 이차 항체의 희석액을 제조. 세포 혼합물 : &#39;BSA + 차 항체&#39;솔루션 μL 400 ~ 500 행렬에 직접 추가해야합니다 유의하십시오. </li><li> 차단의 30 분이 만료되면, 기본 항체를 추가하고 실내 온도 (그림 2 층)에서 적어도 1 시간 동안 배양한다. 더 PBS 세척은 30 분 렸네 다음 수행되지 않도록주의하시기 바랍니다G 기간. </li><li> 2.6 단계가 완료되면, &#39;BSA + 차 항체&#39;솔루션을 제거하고, PBS로 3 회 세척한다. </li><li> 직접 행렬에 (적절한 희석) 3 % ​​BSA에 용해 차 항체를 추가 세포 혼합물, 요리를 커버하고 실내 온도 (그림 2G)에서 1 시간 동안 배양한다. </li><li> &#39;BSA + 이차 항체&#39;솔루션을 제거하고 PBS로 3 회 세척한다. </li><li> 핵 염색을 위해 PBS에 용해 훽스트 33258 (1:10,000) 2 ㎖를 추가하고, 알루미늄 호일에서 5 분 동안 품어 (또는 광표백을 제한하는 불투명 한 용기 커버) (그림 2H). </li><li> 헥스의 3만3천2백58톤와 배양의 5 분이 만료 한 후, PBS로 (들) 배를 접시를 씻으십시오. </li><li> 직접 행렬에 설치 매체를 추가 공 초점 접시에 세포 혼합물 기저막 마트에서 식민지의 무결성에 어떤 혼란을 유도 방지하기 위해주의 깊게 유리 커버 슬립 커버X : 세포 혼합물 (그림 2I). </li><li> 요리 (들)은 실내 온도 (그림 2I)에서 하룻밤 (또는 24 시간)을 건조 할 수 있습니다. 일단 건조, 요리 (들)은 -20 ° C에 저장 될 수 있지만, 그것은 매우 그들은 가능​​한 한 빨리 군데 것이 좋습니다. </li><li> (그림 3D-E) 사용하는 항체의 적절한 레이저 파장 형광 현미경을 사용하여 이미지를 획득. </li></ol><img alt="그림 2" fo:content-width="5in" src="/files/ftp_upload/51341/51341fig2highres.jpg" width="500" /> 면역에 의해 3D 문화의 그림 2. 시험. .) 실험 장치의 개략도 B) 접시 (들) 얼음 지대에 놓인 미디어는 흡입; .이어서 세포를 냉 PBS 2 ㎖ C) 2 ㎖의 20 % 아세톤으로 3 회 세척 하였다 :. 80 % 메탄올 용액 D)을 위해 세포를 수정 접시 (ES)에 첨가4 ° C에서 (어느 얼음에, 또는 냉장고에서) 20 분. E)은 3 % BSA의 2 ㎖를 실온에서 적어도 30 분 동안 차단 요리 (들)에 추가됩니다. F) 30 분의 일단 차단이 만료, 기본 항체를 추가하고 실온에서 1 시간 이상 동안 품어 G)는 () 적절한 희석에 3 % BSA에 용해 차 항체는 기저막 행렬에 직접 추가되었습니다. 세포 혼합물; .이어서 요리 덮고 실온에서 1 시간 동안 인큐베이션 H) 훽스트 2 ㎖ (1:10,000; PBS에 용해) 알루미늄 호일하에 5 분 동안 인큐베이션 dishe (ES) 세포에 첨가 I) 실장 배지에 직접 첨가. 매트릭스에 : 공 초점 접시와 접시에 세포 혼합물을 유리 커버 슬립으로 덮여있다. 접시 (들)은 실온에서 하룻밤 (또는 24 시간)을 건조 왼쪽.

<ol>
	<li>Chambers, A. F., Groom, A. C., MacDonald, I. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dissemination+and+growth+of+cancer+cells+in+metastatic+sites.">Dissemination and growth of cancer cells in metastatic sites.</a> Nat Rev Cancer. 2, 563-572 (2002).</li><li>Kramer, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vitro+cell+migration+and+invasion+assays.">In vitro cell migration and invasion assays.</a> Mutat Res. 752, 10-24 (2013).</li><li>Shaw, K. R., Wrobel, C. N., Brugge, J. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Use+of+three-dimensional+basement+membrane+cultures+to+model+oncogene-induced+changes+in+mammary+epithelial+morphogenesis.">Use of three-dimensional basement membrane cultures to model oncogene-induced changes in mammary epithelial morphogenesis.</a> J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia. 9, 297-310 (2004).</li><li>Eccles, S. A., Welch, D. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Metastasis:+recent+discoveries+and+novel+treatment+strategies.">Metastasis: recent discoveries and novel treatment strategies.</a> Lancet. 369, 1742-1757 (2007).</li><li>Poincloux, R., Lizarraga, F., Chavrier, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Matrix+invasion+by+tumour+cells:+a+focus+on+MT1-MMP+trafficking+to+invadopodia.">Matrix invasion by tumour cells: a focus on MT1-MMP trafficking to invadopodia.</a> Journal of cell science. 122, 3015-3024 (2009).</li><li>Bissell, M. J., Labarge, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Context,+tissue+plasticity,+and+cancer:+are+tumor+stem+cells+also+regulated+by+the+microenvironment.">Context, tissue plasticity, and cancer: are tumor stem cells also regulated by the microenvironment.</a> Cancer Cell. 7, 17-23 (2005).</li><li>Burgstaller, G., Oehrle, B., Koch, I., Lindner, M., Eickelberg, O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multiplex+Profiling+of+Cellular+Invasion+in+3D+Cell+Culture+Models.">Multiplex Profiling of Cellular Invasion in 3D Cell Culture Models.</a> PLoS One. 8, (2013).</li><li>Debnath, J., Muthuswamy, S. K., Brugge, J. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Morphogenesis+and+oncogenesis+of+MCF-10A+mammary+epithelial+acini+grown+in+three-dimensional+basement+membrane+cultures.">Morphogenesis and oncogenesis of MCF-10A mammary epithelial acini grown in three-dimensional basement membrane cultures.</a> Methods. 30, 256-268 (2003).</li><li>Mroue, R., Bissell, M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Three-dimensional+cultures+of+mouse+mammary+epithelial+cells.">Three-dimensional cultures of mouse mammary epithelial cells.</a> Methods Mol Biol. 945, 221-250 (2013).</li><li>Vidi, P. A., Bissell, M. J., Lelievre, S. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Three-dimensional+culture+of+human+breast+epithelial+cells:+the+how+and+the+why.">Three-dimensional culture of human breast epithelial cells: the how and the why.</a> Methods Mol Biol. 945, 193-219 (2013).</li><li>Bissell, M. J., Rizki, A., Mian, I. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tissue+architecture:+the+ultimate+regulator+of+breast+epithelial+function.">Tissue architecture: the ultimate regulator of breast epithelial function.</a> Curr Opin Cell Biol. 15, 753-762 (2003).</li><li>Debnath, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+role+of+apoptosis+in+creating+and+maintaining+luminal+space+within+normal+and+oncogene-expressing+mammary+acini.">The role of apoptosis in creating and maintaining luminal space within normal and oncogene-expressing mammary acini.</a> Cell. 111, 29-40 (2002).</li><li>Weaver, V. M., Bissell, M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functional+culture+models+to+study+mechanisms+governing+apoptosis+in+normal+and+malignant+mammary+epithelial+cells.">Functional culture models to study mechanisms governing apoptosis in normal and malignant mammary epithelial cells.</a> J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia. 4, 193-201 (1999).</li><li>Weaver, V. M., Howlett, A. R., Langton-Webster, B., Petersen, O. W., Bissell, M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+development+of+a+functionally+relevant+cell+culture+model+of+progressive+human+breast+cancer.">The development of a functionally relevant cell culture model of progressive human breast cancer.</a> Semin Cancer Biol. 6, 175-184 (1995).</li><li>Kenny, H. A., Krausz, T., Yamada, S. D., Lengyel, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Use+of+a+novel+3D+culture+model+to+elucidate+the+role+of+mesothelial+cells,+fibroblasts+and+extra-cellular+matrices+on+adhesion+and+invasion+of+ovarian+cancer+cells+to+the+omentum.">Use of a novel 3D culture model to elucidate the role of mesothelial cells, fibroblasts and extra-cellular matrices on adhesion and invasion of ovarian cancer cells to the omentum.</a> Int J Cancer. 121, 1463-1472 (2007).</li><li>Cougoule, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Blood+leukocytes+and+macrophages+of+various+phenotypes+have+distinct+abilities+to+form+podosomes+and+to+migrate+in+3D+environments.">Blood leukocytes and macrophages of various phenotypes have distinct abilities to form podosomes and to migrate in 3D environments.</a> European journal of cell biology. 91, 938-949 (2012).</li><li>Sung, K. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Understanding+the+Impact+of+2D+and+3D+Fibroblast+Cultures+on+In+Vitro+Breast+Cancer+Models.">Understanding the Impact of 2D and 3D Fibroblast Cultures on In Vitro Breast Cancer Models.</a> PLoS One. , (2013).</li><li>Li, T. T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Beta-arrestin/Ral+signaling+regulates+lysophosphatidic+acid-mediated+migration+and+invasion+of+human+breast+tumor+cells.">Beta-arrestin/Ral signaling regulates lysophosphatidic acid-mediated migration and invasion of human breast tumor cells.</a> Mol Cancer Res. 7, 1064-1077 (2009).</li><li>Zajac, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=GPR54+(KISS1R)+transactivates+EGFR+to+promote+breast+cancer+cell+invasiveness.">GPR54 (KISS1R) transactivates EGFR to promote breast cancer cell invasiveness.</a> PLoS One. 6, (2011).</li><li>Underwood, J. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+ultrastructure+of+MCF-10A+acini.">The ultrastructure of MCF-10A acini.</a> J Cell Physiol. 208, 141-148 (2006).</li><li>Lelievre, S. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tissue+phenotype+depends+on+reciprocal+interactions+between+the+extracellular+matrix+and+the+structural+organization+of+the+nucleus.">Tissue phenotype depends on reciprocal interactions between the extracellular matrix and the structural organization of the nucleus.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 95, 14711-14716 (1998).</li><li>Petersen, O. W., Ronnov-Jessen, L., Howlett, A. R., Bissell, M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interaction+with+basement+membrane+serves+to+rapidly+distinguish+growth+and+differentiation+pattern+of+normal+and+malignant+human+breast+epithelial+cells.">Interaction with basement membrane serves to rapidly distinguish growth and differentiation pattern of normal and malignant human breast epithelial cells.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 89, 9064-9068 (1992).</li><li>Weaver, V. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=beta4+integrin-dependent+formation+of+polarized+three-dimensional+architecture+confers+resistance+to+apoptosis+in+normal+and+malignant+mammary+epithelium.">beta4 integrin-dependent formation of polarized three-dimensional architecture confers resistance to apoptosis in normal and malignant mammary epithelium.</a> Cancer Cell. 2, 205-216 (2002).</li><li>Cvetkovic, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=KISS1R+Induces+Invasiveness+of+Estrogen+Receptor-Negative+Human+Mammary+Epithelial+and+Breast+Cancer+Cells.">KISS1R Induces Invasiveness of Estrogen Receptor-Negative Human Mammary Epithelial and Breast Cancer Cells.</a> Endocrinology. , 1999-2014 (2013).</li><li>Alemayehu, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=beta-Arrestin2+regulates+lysophosphatidic+acid-induced+human+breast+tumor+cell+migration+and+invasion+via+Rap1+and+IQGAP1.">beta-Arrestin2 regulates lysophosphatidic acid-induced human breast tumor cell migration and invasion via Rap1 and IQGAP1.</a> PLoS One. , (2013).</li></ol>

우리는 공개 아무것도 없어.

3D 세포 배양 기술의 개발은 연구자주세요 극적인 형태 학적 변화를 시각화 할 수 있도록, 유방 상피 세포의 변화를 연구 할 수있다. 세포 침윤을 분석 외에, 단일 또는 다세포 유방 상피 세포 접착 상체는, 증식, 크기 및 기저 혀끝 극성의 변화를 평가하기 위해 사용될 수있다. 세포가 ECM (8)과 겹쳐있다 이전에보고 된 방법과는 대조적으로, 우리의 방법은 정량 할 다 방향 침입을 허용 ECM <su...

마이그레이션 및 개인 또는 집단 세포의 침윤 암의 두 가지 특징입니다, 암세포 1-4의 전이성 확산에 필요합니다. 전이를 개시하는 암 세포의 능력은 이주 및 세포의 기저막을 저하 invadopodia를 사용하여 인접 조직으로 침입하는 그들의 능력에 달려있다. Invadopodia 행렬 분해하는 프로 테아 제 5의 출시를 통해 세포 외 기질의 분해를 가능하게 동적 말라 풍부한 매트릭스 분해 돌출부이다. 암 세포 침윤은 암 세포의 이주 다음 행렬의 저하를 수반하고이를 3 차원 (3D) 행렬이 환경의 재구성을 수반한다. 따라서, 매트릭스를 통해 침투, 세포는 그 모양을 변형하고, 세포 외 기질 (ECM) 2와 상호 작용해야합니다. 유방 조직의 무결성을 유지 단단히 관제사,에 따라 달라집니다세포-ECM과 세포 - 세포 접착 접합 유전자 발현 및 상피 극성의 중단에 영향을 미치는 때문에 D 조직 구조는 암 6-10의 발병으로 이어질 수 있습니다. 그러나, 트랜스 웰 챔버 분석이나 상처 스크래치 분석 등 대부분의 생체 외 마이그레이션 및 침입 분석은 2 차원 (2D)이며, 따라서 이러한 세포와 그 인접 환경 3,6,8,11-14 사이의 복잡한 상호 작용을 무시. 세포 형태의 변화, 세포 분화, 세포 매트릭스 유착과 유전자 발현 패턴을 포함하여 상당한 형태 학적 및 기능적 다양성은 일반적으로 2,6,8,11을 분석 차원에서 부족한 3D 배양 세포를 배양하여 검출되었다. 따라서, 진료소 6-10에 기초 연구에서 획기적인 연구 결과의 더 나은 번역을 선도, 3D 분석의 생체 내 조건에서 더 많은 생리를 recapitulating에 크게 도움이됩니다 사용합니다. 그러나, 주목해야, 3 차원 배양을 이용하여 얻은 많은 장점에도 불구하고,이 모델은 다양한 세포 유형을 포함 생체 내 종양 미세 환경의 복잡성 모두를 캡처 할 수있다. 그러나, 3D 모델로 간질 세포를 포함 할 수있다 (예를 들어, 섬유 아세포, 백혈구 및 대 식세포) 암 세포 부착 및 침윤 15-17에서 종양 - 기질 상호 작용의 효과를 연구한다. 이러한 라미닌 및 콜라겐 ECM 단백질이있을 때 문화의 유방 상피 세포가 가장 효율적으로 성장한다. 이 알려진으로, 상업적으로 이용 가능한 매트릭스 혼합물 Engelbreth-홀름 - 스웜 (EHS) 쥐의 종양에서 파생되어 리겔 기저막 매트릭스 2,8로 알려져있다. 기술의 수는 기저막 매트릭스 2,8 차원의 식민지로 상피 세포 성장하기 위해 설립되었다. 3D 기저막 행렬 모델은 악성 및 비 악성 둘 유방암 세포를 확립하기위한 효과적인성장, 생체 내 환경 (18, 19)에서 발생되는 것을 닮은. MCF10A 세포는 비 악성 유방 상피 세포이다. 기저막 매트릭스에서 성장하는 경우, 이들 세포는 정상적인 유방 세포의 생체 내 특성의 전시 및 세포 증식, 세포 편광 및 루멘 공간 8,12,20을 확립 아폽토시스를 조절 겪는다. 또한, 3 차원 배양을 형성 MCF10A 꽈리 세포의 세포 핵의 외관은 더 가깝게 조직 유선 상피 세포들 (21)에서 단층 배양에 비해 유사. 비셀 및 동료에 의해 연구는 악성 세포가 매우 무질서 표현형을 표시하기 때문에, 라미닌이 풍부한 환경에서 성장 확산을 증가, 감소하면 악성 유방 세포가 아닌 악성 유방 세포에서 분화 될 수 있다는 것을 나타 내기 위해 최초로 세포 - 투 - 세포 부착, 증가 간충직 마커의 발현 및 침입 구조 수의 증가는 3,6,2 형성된2. 셀 환경의 이상이 종양 형성 (20)에 영향을 미칠 수있다. 3D 배양법 효과적으로 종양 세포와 그 주변 환경 사이에서 발생하는 통신을 연구하는 방법과이 단백질의 발현에 영향 같은 통신 14,20,21,23를 결정하는데 사용될 수있다. 이 문서에서는, 침입을 분석하는 3 차원의 문화에서 MDA-MB-231 유방암 세포 성장을, 그리고 상피 마커 라미닌, 세포 기저막 18,19,24의 구성 요소를 사용하여 상피 형태의 손실을 연구하는 자세한 방법을 제공합니다 25. 자세한 절차는 정확하고 재현성있는 침습성 암 세포에 의해 방사상 (침습) 구조의 형성을 정량화하고 MDA-MB-231, Hs578T, MCF-7 또는 T47D 같은 일반적인 유방암 세포주 (에 제한되지 않는 기능을 제공한다 ). 따라서,이 분석은 방법으로 단백질의 세포에서 발현 또는 치료를 평가하기위한 플랫폼 역할을 할 수 있습니다 프로 또는 안티 -침략 화합물은 하나 또는 여러 개의 세포, 세포 외 기질의 분해를 조절한다.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1062">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:323px;">Name of Material/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:265px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:355px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">1.5 mL tubes</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>CA10011-700</td>
			<td>Sterile, disposable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">100-mm culture dish BD353003</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>CABD353003</td>
			<td>Sterile, disposable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">15 mL Falcon tube</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>CA21008-918</td>
			<td>Sterile, disposable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">1 mL filtered tips</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>10011-350</td>
			<td>Sterile, disposable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">200 uL filtered tips</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>22234-016</td>
			<td>Sterile, disposable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">20 uL filtered tips</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>22234-008</td>
			<td>Sterile, disposable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">35-mm glass-bottomed Confocal No.1 culture dishes&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:265px;">MatTek Corporation</td>
			<td>P35G-1.0-14-C</td>
			<td>Precooled before use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Bovine serum albumin (BSA)</td>
			<td>BioShop</td>
			<td>ALB003.100</td>
			<td>Used at 3% for IF</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Alexa Fluor 488 Goat Anti-Mouse IgG (H+L) Antibody, highly cross-adsorbed</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>&#160;A11029</td>
			<td>1:250 for IF</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Alexa Fluor 568 Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG (H+L) Antibody</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>&#160;A11011</td>
			<td>1:1200 for IF</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:323px;">Anti-Beta-Catenin&#160;</td>
			<td>BD Transduction Laboratories</td>
			<td>610153</td>
			<td>Mouse-monoclonal; Used at 1:100 for IF</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Fetal bovine serum (FBS)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>F1051</td>
			<td>Used at 10% (v/v)&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Hoechst 33258, Pentahydrate (bis-Benzimide) - 10 mg&#8260;mL Solution in Water</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>H3569</td>
			<td>Used at 0.1% (1:10000 dilution)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">InVivo Analyzer Suite&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:265px;">Media Cybernetics</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Used for 3D culture imaging (DIC images at 10x and 40x)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Kisspeptin-10 (KP-10)</td>
			<td style="width:265px;">EZ Biolabs</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">PT0512100601</td>
			<td>Used at 100nM&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Anti-Laminin&#160;</td>
			<td>Cedarlane</td>
			<td>AB19012(CH)</td>
			<td>Rabbit-polyclonal full length human; Used at 1:100 for IF</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">LSM-510 META laser scanning microscope&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:265px;">Zeiss</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Used at 63X objective; oil immersion lens</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Matrigel phenol red free (BD356237)</td>
			<td style="width:265px;">VWR</td>
			<td>CACB356237</td>
			<td>&#160;Lot No.2180819; 10.4 mg/mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Olympus IX-81 microscope&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:265px;">Olympus</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Used for 3D culture imaging (DIC images at 10x and 40x)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Penicillin-Streptomycin (10,000 U/mL)</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>15140-122</td>
			<td>Antibiotic (added to media; used at 0.01%)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">10 mL pipet&#160;</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>CA53300-523</td>
			<td>Sterile, disposeable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">RPMI 1640 Medium with Glutamine</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>11875-119</td>
			<td>Used for culturing of MDA-MB-231 cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">0.25% Trypsin-EDTA (1X), Phenol Red</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>25200-072</td>
			<td>Used to trypsinize MDA-MB-231 cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:323px;">MEGM (bullet kit): MEBM (CC3151)+Single quots (CC4136)</td>
			<td style="width:265px;">Lonza</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">CC-3150</td>
			<td>Used for culturing of MCF10A cells</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

quantification of breast cancer cell invasiveness using a three-dimensional (3d) model

그것은 지금 잘 세포 및 조직 미세 종양의 개시 및 진행에 영향을 미치는 중요한 규제 것으로 알려져있다. 또한, 세포 외 기질 (ECM)는 생체 내에서의 문화와 항상성에있는 세포 행동의 중요한 조절기로 입증되었습니다. 이차원 (2D)에서 세포를 배양의 현재의 접근 방식, 그리고 그들의 세포 미세 환경 간의 복잡한 상호 작용의 교란 및 손실 플라스틱 표면 결과. 3 차원 (3D) 배양 분석의 사용을 통해, 세포 미세 환경 상호 작용을위한 조건은 생체 내 미세 환경을 닮은 확립된다. 이 문서는 주변 환경에 세포 침략의 평가에 3D 문화의 가능성을 예시, 3D 지하 막 단백질 매트릭스에서 유방암 세포를 성장하기위한 세부 방법론을 제공합니다. 또, 이러한 3D 분석법은 molec 신호의 손실을 검사 할 가능성이있는 방법을 논의절차를 면역 염색에서 상피 형태를 조절 ules. 이러한 연구는 유방암의 확산에 필요한 침입을 조절 공정에 중요한 기계적 세부 사항을 확인하는 데 도움.

3D 행렬에 침입하는 MDA-MB-231 세포의 예는도 3C에 도시되어있다. 세포는 매트릭스 (1 일)에 포함하고, 3 일에 의해 침략 (별 모양) 구조를 형성하기 시작하고, 완전 5 일 (그림 3C)에 의해 매트릭스에 침투하고 있습니다. 형성 성상 식민지의 수는 계산하고, (침습적 및 비 침습적) 접시 당 콜로니의 총 수의 백분율로 표시됩니다. 측정이 5 일 동안 매일 수행하고 있기 때문에 또한...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Quantification of Breast Cancer Cell Invasiveness Using a Three-dimensional 3D Model at JoVE.com

Quantification of Breast Cancer Cell Invasiveness Using a Three-dimensional 3D Model

이 문서는 유방암 세포의 침입을 정량화하는 3 차원 (3D) 분석의 사용에 대한 자세한 방법을 제공합니다. 특히, 우리는 세포가 침입 할 때 발생하는 멤브레인 무결성의 손실을 검사하는 등의 분석을 설정하는 데 필요한 절차, 정량화 및 데이터 분석뿐만 아니라 방법에 대해 설명합니다.

3 차원 (3D) 모델을 사용하여 유방암 세포 침윤의 정량화

It is now well known that the cellular and tissue microenvironment are critical regulators influencing tumor initiation and progression. Moreover, the ...

quantification-breast-cancer-cell-invasiveness-using-three

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

Quantification of Breast Cancer Cell Invasiveness Using a Three-dimensional (3D) Model

15.7K 조회수.  University of Western Ontario.  이 문서는 유방암 세포의 침입을 정량화하는 3 차원 (3D) 분석의 사용에 대한 자세한 방법을 제공합니다. 특히, 우리는 세포가 침입 할 때 발생하는 멤브레인 무결성의 손실을 검사하는 등의 분석을 설정하는 데 필요한 절차, 정량화 및 데이터 분석뿐만 아니라 방법에 대해 설명합니다. 

비디오: Quantification of Breast Cancer Cell Invasiveness Using a Three-dimensional 3D Model

Heterotypic Three-dimensional In Vitro Modeling of Stromal-Epithelial Interactions During Ovarian Cancer Initiation and Progression

Epithelial ovarian cancers (EOCs) are the leading cause of death from gynecological malignancy in Western societies. Despite advances in surgical treatments and improved platinum-based chemotherapies, there has been little improvement in EOC survival rates for more than four decades 1,2. Whilst stage I tumors have 5-year survival rates &gt;85%, survival rates for stage III/IV disease are &lt;40%. Thus, the high rates of mortality for EOC could be significantly decreased if tumors were detected at earlier, more treatable, stages 3-5. At present, the molecular genetic and biological basis of early stage disease development is poorly understood. More specifically, little is known about the role of the microenvironment during tumor initiation; but known risk factors for EOCs (e.g. age and parity) suggest that the microenvironment plays a key role in the early genesis of EOCs. We therefore developed three-dimensional heterotypic models of both the normal ovary and of early stage ovarian cancers. For the normal ovary, we co-cultured normal ovarian surface epithelial (IOSE) and normal stromal fibroblast (INOF)&nbsp;cells, immortalized by retrovrial transduction of the catalytic subunit of human telomerase holoenzyme (hTERT) to extend the lifespan of these cells in culture. To model the earliest stages of ovarian epithelial cell transformation, overexpression of the CMYC oncogene in IOSE cells, again co-cultured with INOF cells. These heterotypic models were used to investigate the effects of aging and senescence on the transformation and invasion of epithelial cells. Here we describe the methodological steps in development of these three-dimensional model; these methodologies aren't specific to the development of normal ovary and ovarian cancer tissues, and could be used to study other tissue types where stromal and epithelial cell interactions are a fundamental aspect of the tissue maintenance and disease development.

Heterotypic Three-dimensional In Vitro Modeling of Stromal-Epithelial Interactions During Ovarian Cancer Initiation and Progression

We describe methodologies for establishing in vitro heterotypic three-dimensional models comprising ovarian fibroblasts and normal ovarian surface or ovarian cancer epithelial cells. We discuss the use of these models to study stromal-epithelial interactions that occur during ovarian cancer development.

3 차원 Heterotypic<em&gt; 체외에서</em난소 암 개시 및 진행하는 동안 Stromal - 상피 조직의 상호 작용&gt; 모델링

Epithelial ovarian cancers (EOCs) are the leading cause of death from gynecological malignancy in Western societies. Despite advances in surgical ...

연구

의학

Human Neuroendocrine Tumor Cell Lines as a Three-Dimensional Model for the Study of Human Neuroendocrine Tumor Therapy

Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are rare tumors, with an incidence of two per 100,&#x200A;000 individuals per year, and they account for 0.5% of all human malignancies.1 Other than surgery for the minority of patients who present with localized disease, there is little or no survival benefit of systemic therapy. Therefore, there is a great need to better understand the biology of NETs, and in particular define new therapeutic targets for patients with nonresectable or metastatic neuroendocrine tumors. 3D cell culture is becoming a popular method for drug screening due to its relevance in modeling the in vivo tumor tissue organization and microenvironment.2,3 The 3D multicellular spheroids could provide valuable information in a more timely and less expensive manner than directly proceeding from 2D cell culture experiments to animal (murine) models.
To facilitate the discovery of new therapeutics for NET patients, we have developed an in vitro 3D multicellular spheroids model using the human NET cell lines. The NET cells are plated in a non-adhesive agarose-coated 24-well plate and incubated under physiological conditions (5% CO2, 37 &deg;C) with a very slow agitation for 16-24 hr after plating. The cells form multicellular spheroids starting on the 3rd or 4th day. The spheroids become more spherical by the 6th day, at which point the drug treatments are initiated. The efficacy of the drug treatments on the NET spheroids is monitored based on the morphology, shape and size of the spheroids with a phase-contrast light microscope. The size of the spheroids is estimated automatically using a custom-developed MATLAB program based on an active contour algorithm. Further, we demonstrate a simple method to process the HistoGel embedding on these 3D spheroids, allowing the use of standard histological and immunohistochemical techniques. 
This is the first report on generating 3D spheroids using NET cell lines to examine the effect of therapeutic drugs. We have also performed histology on these 3D spheroids, and displayed an example of a single drug's effect on growth and proliferation of the NET spheroids. Our results support that the NET spheroids are valuable for further studies of NET biology and drug development.

We present a simple agarose overlay platform to grow 3D multicellular spheroids using neuroendocrine cancer cell lines. This method provides a very convenient way to examine the effect of therapeutic drugs on the neuroendocrine tumor cells. It could also help us establish human neuroendocrine tumor spheroids for cancer therapy.

인간 Neuroendocrine 종양 치료의 연구를위한 3 차원 모델로 인간 Neuroendocrine 종양 세포 라인

Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are rare tumors, with an incidence of two per 100,&#x200A;000 individuals per year, and they account for 0.5% of all human ...

A Three-dimensional Tissue Culture Model to Study Primary Human Bone Marrow and its Malignancies

Tissue culture has been an invaluable tool to study many aspects of cell function, from normal development to disease. Conventional cell culture methods rely on the ability of cells either to attach to a solid substratum of a tissue culture dish or to grow in suspension in liquid medium. Multiple immortal cell lines have been created and grown using such approaches, however, these methods frequently fail when primary cells need to be grown ex vivo. Such failure has been attributed to the absence of the appropriate extracellular matrix components of the tissue microenvironment from the standard systems where tissue culture plastic is used as a surface for cell growth. Extracellular matrix is an integral component of the tissue microenvironment and its presence is crucial for the maintenance of physiological functions such as cell polarization, survival, and proliferation. Here we present a 3-dimensional tissue culture method where primary bone marrow cells are grown in extracellular matrix formulated to recapitulate the microenvironment of the human bone (rBM system). Embedded in the extracellular matrix, cells are supplied with nutrients through the medium supplemented with human plasma, thus providing a comprehensive system where cell survival and proliferation can be sustained for up to 30 days while maintaining the cellular composition of the primary tissue. Using the rBM system we have successfully grown primary bone marrow cells from normal donors and patients with amyloidosis, and various hematological malignancies. The rBM system allows for direct, in-matrix real time visualization of the cell behavior and evaluation of preclinical efficacy of novel therapeutics. Moreover, cells can be isolated from the rBM and subsequently used for in vivo transplantation, cell sorting, flow cytometry, and nucleic acid and protein analysis. Taken together, the rBM method provides a reliable system for the growth of primary bone marrow cells under physiological conditions.

In standard culture methods cells are taken out of their physiological environment and grown on the plastic surface of a dish. To study the behavior of primary human bone marrow cells we created a 3-D culture system where cells are grown under conditions recapitulating the native microenvironment of the tissue.

차 사람 골수 및 악성 종양을 연구하는 세 가지 차원 조직 배양 모델

Tissue culture has been an invaluable tool to study many aspects of cell function, from normal development to disease. Conventional cell culture methods ...

Profiling of Estrogen-regulated MicroRNAs in Breast Cancer Cells

Estrogen plays vital roles in mammary gland development and breast cancer progression. It mediates its function by binding to and activating the estrogen receptors (ERs), ER&#945;, and ER&#946;. ER&#945; is frequently upregulated in breast cancer and drives the proliferation of breast cancer cells. The ERs function as transcription factors and regulate gene expression. Whereas ER&#945;&#39;s regulation of protein-coding genes is well established, its regulation of noncoding microRNA (miRNA) is less explored. miRNAs play a major role in the post-transcriptional regulation of genes, inhibiting their translation or degrading their mRNA. miRNAs can function as oncogenes or tumor suppressors&#160;and are also promising biomarkers. Among the miRNA assays available, microarray and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) have been extensively used to detect and quantify miRNA levels. To identify miRNAs regulated by estrogen signaling in breast cancer, their expression in ER&#945;-positive breast cancer cell lines were compared before and after estrogen-activation using both the &#181;Paraflo-microfluidic microarrays and Dual Labeled Probes-low density arrays. Results were validated using specific qPCR assays, applying both Cyanine dye-based and Dual Labeled Probes-based chemistry. Furthermore, a time-point assay was used to identify regulations over time. Advantages of the miRNA assay approach used in this study is that it enables a fast screening of mature miRNA regulations in numerous samples, even with limited sample amounts. The layout, including the specific conditions for cell culture and estrogen treatment, biological and technical replicates, and large-scale screening followed by in-depth confirmations using separate techniques, ensures a robust detection of miRNA regulations,&#160;and eliminates false positives and other artifacts. However, mutated or unknown miRNAs, or regulations at the primary and precursor transcript level, will not be detected. The method presented here represents a thorough investigation of estrogen-mediated miRNA regulation.

Molecular signaling through both estrogen and microRNAs are critical in breast cancer development and growth. Estrogen activates the estrogen receptors, which are transcription factors. Many transcription factors can regulate the expression of microRNAs, and estrogen-regulated microRNAs can be profiled using different large-scale techniques.

유방암 세포에서 에스트로겐 조절 마이크로 RNA의 프로파일

Estrogen plays vital roles in mammary gland development and breast cancer progression. It mediates its function by binding to and activating the estrogen ...

Three Dimensional Cultures: A Tool To Study Normal Acinar Architecture vs. Malignant Transformation Of Breast Cells

Invasive breast carcinomas are a group of malignant epithelial tumors characterized by the invasion of adjacent tissues and propensity to metastasize. The interplay of signals between cancer cells and their microenvironment exerts a powerful influence on breast cancer growth and biological behavior1. However, most of these signals from the extracellular matrix are lost or their relevance is understudied when cells are grown in two dimensional culture (2D) as a monolayer. In recent years, three dimensional (3D) culture on a reconstituted basement membrane has emerged as a method of choice to recapitulate the tissue architecture of benign and malignant breast cells. Cells grown in 3D retain the important cues from the extracellular matrix and provide a physiologically relevant ex&#160;vivo system2,3. Of note, there is growing evidence suggesting that cells behave differently when grown in 3D as compared to 2D4. 3D culture can be effectively used as a means to differentiate the malignant phenotype from the benign breast phenotype and for underpinning the cellular and molecular signaling involved3. One of the distinguishing characteristics of benign epithelial cells is that they are polarized so that the apical cytoplasm is towards the lumen and the basal cytoplasm rests on the basement membrane. This apico-basal polarity is lost in invasive breast carcinomas, which are characterized by cellular disorganization and formation of anastomosing and branching tubules that haphazardly infiltrates the surrounding stroma. These histopathological differences between benign gland and invasive carcinoma can be reproduced in 3D6,7. Using the appropriate read-outs like the quantitation of single round acinar structures, or differential expression of validated molecular markers for cell proliferation, polarity and apoptosis in combination with other molecular and cell biology techniques, 3D culture can provide an important tool to better understand the cellular changes during malignant transformation and for delineating the responsible signaling.

Three dimensional culture of mammary epithelial cells on a reconstituted basement membrane is a useful method to recapitulate the in vivo architecture of the benign breast, and to differentiate the malignant phenotype from the benign breast phenotype. Importantly, this system can be applied to study invasive carcinomas in other tissues.

세 가지 차원 문화 : 유방 세포의 악성 변형 대 일반 선포 건축을 연구하는 도구

Invasive breast carcinomas are a group of malignant epithelial tumors characterized by the invasion of adjacent tissues and propensity to metastasize. The ...

Three-dimensional Co-culture Model for Tumor-stromal Interaction

Cancer progression (initiation, growth, invasion and metastasis) occurs through interactions between malignant cells and the surrounding tumor stromal cells. The tumor microenvironment is comprised of a variety of cell types, such as fibroblasts, immune cells, vascular endothelial cells, pericytes and bone-marrow-derived cells, embedded in the extracellular matrix (ECM). Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) have a pro-tumorigenic role through the secretion of soluble factors, angiogenesis and ECM remodeling. The experimental models for cancer cell survival, proliferation, migration, and invasion have mostly relied on two-dimensional monocellular and monolayer tissue cultures or Boyden chamber assays. However, these experiments do not precisely reflect the physiological or pathological conditions in a diseased organ. To gain a better understanding of tumor stromal or tumor matrix interactions, multicellular and three-dimensional cultures provide more powerful tools for investigating intercellular communication and ECM-dependent modulation of cancer cell behavior. As a platform for this type of study, we present an experimental model in which cancer cells are cultured on collagen gels embedded with primary cultures of CAFs.

Here we present a protocol to co-culture in three-dimensions, which is useful for investigating multicellular interactions and extracellular matrix-dependent modulation of cancer cell behavior. In this experimental model, cancer cells are cultured on collagen gels embedded with human cancer-associated fibroblasts.

종양 기질 상호 작용에 대한 세 가지 차원의 공동 문화 모델

Cancer progression (initiation, growth, invasion and metastasis) occurs through interactions between malignant cells and the surrounding tumor stromal ...

Three-Dimensional (3D) Tumor Spheroid Invasion Assay

Invasion of surrounding normal tissues is generally considered to be a key hallmark of malignant (as opposed to benign) tumors. For some cancers in particular (e.g., brain tumors such as glioblastoma multiforme and squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck &#8211; SCCHN) it is a cause of severe morbidity and can be life-threatening even in the absence of distant metastases. In addition, cancers which have relapsed following treatment unfortunately often present with a more aggressive phenotype. Therefore, there is an opportunity to target the process of invasion to provide novel therapies that could be complementary to standard anti-proliferative agents. Until now, this strategy has been hampered by the lack of robust, reproducible assays suitable for a detailed analysis of invasion and for drug screening. Here we provide a simple micro-plate method (based on uniform, self-assembling 3D tumor spheroids) which has great potential for such studies. We exemplify the assay platform using a human glioblastoma cell line and also an SCCHN model where the development of resistance against targeted epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitors is associated with enhanced matrix-invasive potential. We also provide two alternative methods of semi-automated quantification: one using an imaging cytometer and a second which simply requires standard microscopy and image capture with digital image analysis.

Three-Dimensional 3D Tumor Spheroid Invasion Assay

Invasion of surrounding normal tissues is a defining characteristic of malignant tumors. We provide here a simple, semi-automated micro-plate assay of invasion into a natural 3D biomatrix that has been exemplified with a number of models of advanced human cancers.

3 차원 (3D) 종양 회전 타원체 침공 분석

Invasion of surrounding normal tissues is generally considered to be a key hallmark of malignant (as opposed to benign) tumors. For some cancers in ...

A Cancer Cell Spheroid Assay to Assess Invasion in a 3D Setting

The invasive nature of cancer cell lines is thought to correlate with their metastatic potential. Most traditional assays, however, do not examine these invasive features in a three-dimensional environment and the resulting data suffer from reduced biological applicability. Here an approach is presented to visualize the invasive ability of cell lines in a physiologically relevant setting. The cancer cell spheroid invasion assay first utilizes gravity to generate spheroids within drops of media that hang from the lid of a cell culture dish. Next, these spheroids are embedded in a 3D matrix consisting of a mixture of basement membrane materials and type I collagen. Cancer cell egression from the spheroids into the surrounding matrix is then monitored over time. The method described here can be modified to examine invasion after coculture of different cell types, inclusion of drugs/inhibitors, or alterations in extracellular matrix (ECM) constituents.

This method evaluates cancer cell invasion from spheroids into a surrounding 3D matrix. Spheroids are generated via the hanging drop culture method and then embedded in a matrix comprised of basement membrane materials and type I collagen. Invasion out of the spheroids is subsequently monitored.

암 세포 회전 타원체 분석은 3D 설정에 침략을 평가하기 위해

The invasive nature of cancer cell lines is thought to correlate with their metastatic potential.  Most traditional assays, however, do not examine these ...

An Orthotopic Mouse Model of Spontaneous Breast Cancer Metastasis

Metastasis is the primary cause of mortality of breast cancer patients. The mechanism underlying cancer cell metastasis, including breast cancer metastasis, is largely unknown and is a focus in cancer research. Various breast cancer spontaneous metastasis mouse models have been established. Here, we report a simplified procedure to establish orthotopic transplanted breast cancer primary tumor and resultant spontaneous metastasis that mimic human breast cancer metastasis. Combined with the bioluminescence live tumor imaging, this mouse model allows tumor growth and progression kinetics to be monitored and quantified. In this model, a low dose (1 x 104 cells) of 4T1-Luc breast cancer cells was injected into BALB/c mouse mammary fat pad using a tuberculin syringe. Mice were injected with luciferin and imaged at various time points using a bioluminescent imaging system. When the primary tumors grew to the size limit as in the IACUC-approved protocol (approximately 30 days), mice were anesthetized under constant flow of 2% isoflurane and oxygen. The tumor area was sterilized with 70% ethanol. The mouse skin around the tumor was excised to expose the tumor which was removed with a pair of sterile scissors. Removal of the primary tumor extends the survival of the 4T-1 tumor-bearing mice for one month. The mice were then repeatedly imaged for metastatic tumor spreading to distant organs. Therapeutic agents can be administered to suppress tumor metastasis at this point. This model is simple and yet sensitive in quantifying breast cancer cell growth in the primary site and progression kinetics to distant organs, and thus is an excellent model for studying breast cancer growth and progression, and for testing anti-metastasis therapeutic and immunotherapeutic agents in vivo.

An orthotopic breast cancer primary tumor model and surgical removal of primary tumor to extend mouse life to generate spontaneous metastasis are described. The tumor growth and progression are monitored and quantified by luciferase fluorescence imaging.

자발적 유방암 전이의 동소 이식 마우스 모델

Metastasis is the primary cause of mortality of breast cancer patients. The mechanism underlying cancer cell metastasis, including breast cancer ...

Three-Dimensional Culture Assay to Explore Cancer Cell Invasiveness and Satellite Tumor Formation

Mammalian cell culture in monolayers is widely used to study various physiological and molecular processes. However, this approach to study growing cells often generates unwanted artifacts. Therefore, cell culture in a three-dimensional (3D) environment, often using extracellular matrix components, emerged as an interesting alternative due to its close similarity to the native in vivo tissue or organ. We developed a 3D cell culture system using two compartments, namely (i) a central compartment containing cancer cells embedded in a collagen gel acting as a pseudo-primary macrospherical tumor and (ii) a peripheral cell-free compartment made of a fibrin gel, i.e. an extracellular matrix component different from that used in the center, in which cancer cells can migrate (invasion front) and/or form microspherical tumors representing secondary or satellite tumors. The formation of satellite tumors in the peripheral compartment is remarkably correlated to the known aggressiveness or metastatic origin of the native tumor cells, which makes this 3D culture system unique. This cell culture approach might be considered to assess cancer cell invasiveness and motility, cell-extracellular matrix interactions and as a method to evaluate anti-cancer drug properties.

Cancer cells are embedded in a collagen gel and then sandwiched in an acellular fibrin gel to generate a 3D culture system in which the invasiveness and formation of satellite tumors may be monitored.

암 세포 침윤 및 위성 종양 형성을 탐색하는 문화 분석 세 가지 차원

Mammalian cell culture in monolayers is widely used to study various physiological and molecular processes. However, this approach to study growing cells ...