우리는 원고에 대한 가치있는 토론을위한 이명박 실험실의 구성원을 감사드립니다. 이명박 실험실에서 작업 세포 연구 기금 (TEDCO를) 줄기 뉴욕 줄기 세포 재단의 로버트슨 조사자 포상에서 메릴랜드에서 교부금에 의해 지원되었다.

96 - 웰 플레이트의 1. 준비 <ol><li> 9 μL 하나의 세포 용해 용액에 하나의 세포 DNase1 1 μl를 섞는다. </li><li> 96 - 웰 PCR 플레이트의 각 웰에 10 ㎕를 혼합 용액을 넣어. </li></ol> FACS 정화 2. 분리 및 인간 배아 줄기 세포 <ol><li> 인간 ES 매체와 중화 된 37 ° C에서 20 분간 1 ㎖ Accutase와 60mm 접시,에서 OCT4 :: EGFP ES 세포주를 분리합니다. </li><li> FACS는 버퍼 1 ML에 세포 인구를 준비하고 1 X 10 6 세포 / ml로 셀을 조정합니다. </li><li> 35 μm의 셀 스트레이너 캡 튜브를 통해 세포 샘플을 전달합니다. </li><li> 셀 정렬하기 전에 얼음에 튜브를 저장합니다. </li></ol> 96 - 웰 플레이트의 각 웰에 FACS 정제 된 단일 셀의 3. 용해 <ol><li> 숙련 된 운전자와 셀 분류기에 EGFP 양성 세포의 샘플을 정렬합니다. 96 - 웰 PCR 플레이트에 하나의 세포 Lysis/DNase1 솔루션으로 단일 셀을 넣습니다. 필요한 경우, 구샘플 6 - 웰 플레이트 한 달 미만 -80 ° C 냉동고에 저장 될 수 있습니다. </li><li> 세포 용해 실온에서 시료에게 5 분을 품어. </li><li> 용해 반응을 중지하려면 중지 솔루션 1 μl를 추가합니다. </li><li> RT에서 2 분을 품어. </li></ol> 4. 역전사 <ol><li> 20 μM SMA-T15, SMA-A의 각각 0.5 ㎕의 분취 량을 추가 할 수 있습니다. </li><li> 물론 각 4 μL 배 버퍼, 2 μL DTT, 1 μL 역전사, 1 μL의의 dNTP를 추가합니다. </li><li> 열 자전거 타는 사람에 역전사를 수행합니다. <ol><li> 90 분 × 42 ° C에서 열 프로그램을 설정하고 85 ° C × 5 분에 역전사을 비활성화. </li></ol></li></ol> 5. 증폭 <ol><li> 각 역 전사 샘플 ExoSAP-IT 시약의 4 μl를 추가합니다. <ol><li> ExoSAP-IT 시약을 비활성화하는 15 분 15 분 80 ° C, 37 ° C에서 샘플을 품어. </li></ol></li><li> PCR 반응 혼합물을 제조 wi 번째 SMA-P2 (2 NM) </li><li> 각 역 전사 샘플 PCR 반응 혼합물의 10 μl를 추가합니다. </li><li> 변성의 20주기 (30 초 94 ° C), 어닐링 (30 초 57 ° C) 및 확장 (68 ° C 10 분)로 구성된 증폭을 수행합니다. </li></ol> 6. QRT-PCR 성능 <ol><li> 물론 각 2X SYBR 녹색 PCR 마스터 믹스, 1 μL 증폭 된 cDNA, 2 nm의 프라이머, 7 μL의 물 10 μl를 추가합니다. <ol><li> 3 초 동안 95 ° C 다음에 프로그램을 설정, 30 초 × 40주기 동안 60 ° C에서. </li></ol></li><li> 기술적 인 오류에 대한 중복 수행합니다. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Miyanari, Y., Torres-Padilla, M. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Control+of+ground-state+pluripotency+by+allelic+regulation+of+Nanog.">Control of ground-state pluripotency by allelic regulation of Nanog.</a> Nature. 483, 470-473 (2012).</li><li>Leitch, H. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Embryonic+germ+cells+from+mice+and+rats+exhibit+properties+consistent+with+a+generic+pluripotent+ground+state.">Embryonic germ cells from mice and rats exhibit properties consistent with a generic pluripotent ground state.</a> Development. 137, 2279-2287 (2010).</li><li>Ramskold, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Full-length+mRNA-Seq+from+single-cell+levels+of+RNA+and+individual+circulating+tumor+cells.">Full-length mRNA-Seq from single-cell levels of RNA and individual circulating tumor cells.</a> Nat Biotechnol. 30, 777-782 (2012).</li><li>Stewart, M. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Clonal+isolation+of+hESCs+reveals+heterogeneity+within+the+pluripotent+stem+cell+compartment.">Clonal isolation of hESCs reveals heterogeneity within the pluripotent stem cell compartment.</a> Nat Methods. 3, 807-815 (2006).</li><li>O'Malley, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-resolution+analysis+with+novel+cell-surface+markers+identifies+routes+to+iPS+cells.">High-resolution analysis with novel cell-surface markers identifies routes to iPS cells.</a> Nature. 499, 88-91 (2013).</li><li>Nichols, J., Smith, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Naive+and+primed+pluripotent+states.">Naive and primed pluripotent states.</a> Cell Stem Cell. 4, 487-492 (2009).</li><li>Kim, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=miR-371-3+expression+predicts+neural+differentiation+propensity+in+human+pluripotent+stem+cells.">miR-371-3 expression predicts neural differentiation propensity in human pluripotent stem cells.</a> Cell Stem Cell. 8, 695-706 (2011).</li><li>Mortazavi, A., Williams, B. A., Mccue, K., Schaeffer, L., Wold, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mapping+and+quantifying+mammalian+transcriptomes+by+RNA-Seq.">Mapping and quantifying mammalian transcriptomes by RNA-Seq.</a> Nat Methods. 5, 621-628 (2008).</li><li>Pan, Q., Shai, O., Lee, L. J., Frey, J., Blencowe, B. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Deep+surveying+of+alternative+splicing+complexity+in+the+human+transcriptome+by+high-throughput+sequencing.">Deep surveying of alternative splicing complexity in the human transcriptome by high-throughput sequencing.</a> Nat Genet. 40, 1413-1415 (2008).</li><li>Wang, E. 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J., Studer, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Derivation+of+neural+crest+cells+from+human+pluripotent+stem+cells.">Derivation of neural crest cells from human pluripotent stem cells.</a> Nat Protoc. 5, 688-701 (2010).</li><li>Zhu, Y. Y., Machleder, E. M., Chenchik, A., Li, R., Siebert, P. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reverse+transcriptase+template+switching:+A+SMART+(TM)+approach+for+full-length+cDNA+library+construction.">Reverse transcriptase template switching: A SMART (TM) approach for full-length cDNA library construction.</a> Biotechniques. 30, 892-897 (2001).</li><li>Pan, X. 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저자가 공개하는 게 없다.

단일 세포 유전자 프로파일은 단일 세포의 기능이나 전체 인구를 예측할 수있는 중요한 도구가 될 수 있습니다. 기술적 인 제한으로 전체 유전자 프로파일 분석은 인구의 평균으로 제한하고있다. 유전자 발현 패턴 및 개별 세포 모집단 사이 수준의 변화는 잘못된 해석을 일으키는 것으로 제안되어왔다. 이러한 다양한 셀룰러 양태는 인간 배아 줄기 세포에서 발견 될 수 있고, 그들의 이질성 능성 ...

가장 높은 진핵 생물의 인구가 풀링 인구의 분석에 따라서 이기종 있으며, 그것은 자신의 휴대 전화 기능을 해석하는 것이 어렵습니다. 인구 내의 개별 세포가 미묘하게 다를 수 있습니다, 그리고 이러한 차이는 전체 인구의 1, 2의 속성과 기능에 중요한 영향을 미칠 수 있습니다. 특히, 인간 배아 줄기 세포 (hESCs)는 섬세 독특한 방법으로 3, 4의 혈통 사양을 능성의 서로 다른 수준의 다양한 잠재력을 일으키는 이기종 것으로 알려져있다. 예를 들어, 다른 세포 표면 항원이 미분화 다 능성 줄기 세포를 분류하기 위해 사용될 수있다, (5) 및 오스틴 스미스 그룹은 그들의 형태, 감별 성향 및 통로 6 시그널링 종속성에 기초하여, 마우스 배아 줄기 세포의 다 능성의 상이한 레벨을 제안 하였다. 이러한 현상은 인간의 배아에 가설 된NIC 줄기 세포 12. 전체적인 연구는 다른 줄기 세포가 아닌 개별 단일 줄기 세포 사이에 수행 된 반면, 잠재적으로 모든 체세포 계통쪽으로 분화 능력에 영향을 단일 세포 수준에서 다 능성의 상이한 레벨을 분석하는 것은 매우 흥미로운 일 수 있었다. 세포 및 분자 이질성은 &#39;단일 세포의 사체&#39;라고하는 전사 프로파일에 의해 결정 및 유전자 발현 수준 8-10 정량화에 대한 새로운 접근 방식을 강조 할 수있다. 각각의 세포에서 유전자 발현 수준의 분석을 위해, 우리는 하나의 셀 정량적 RT-PCR의 간단하지만 강력한 프로토콜을 개발했다. 우리는 최소한의 기술적 변화와 차이의 결과로, 각각의 단일 세포 용 해물의 절반뿐만 아니라 인간 배아 줄기 세포의 희석 한 총 RNA를 비교하여 우리의 프로토콜의 효과와 가능성을 확인했다. 또한, 우리는 동질적인 (P)를 분리하는 유전자 기자 라인을 사용유전자 타겟팅 시스템을 이용하여 인간 배아 줄기 세포의 opulation. OCT4 궤적 (OCT4-2A-EGFP-PGK - 푸로가 구성) 및 TALEN 플라스미드의 한 쌍을 대상으로 대한 기증자 벡터 (11)를 사용 하였다. 기증자 벡터와 TALEN 플라스미드 한 쌍의 우리의 nucleofection 및 클론 선택 프로토콜과 인간 배아 줄기 세포는 우리의 일상적인 프로토콜 12을 기준으로 수행 된 유지 보수를 이용하여 인간 배아 줄기 세포 (H9, WA09)에 소개되었다. 우리는이 유전자 기자 라인 OCT4에 OCT4의 표현 EGFP을 표현 :: EGFP 인간 배아 줄기 세포를 확인했다. 우리의 결과는 (OCT4으로 분류 :: EGFP 강하게 양성 세포) 각각의 인간 배아 줄기 세포는 OCT4 표현의 높은 수준,하지만, NANOG 식의 다른 수준을 유지 것을 보여줍니다. 따라서, 우리의 단일 세포 유전자 발현 분석은 다 능성 줄기 세포의 인구 이질성을 연구하는 것이 유용 할 것이다.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="807">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">96 wll PCR Plate</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">USA scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1402-8900</td>
			<td style="width:311px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:255px;">Ambion Cell Lysis Kit</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">4458235</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">SMARTScribe Reverse Transcriptase</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Clonetech</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">639536</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">ExoSAP-IT</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">USB</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">78200</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:255px;">Platinum Taq DNA polymerase High Fidelity</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">11304</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">10mM dNTP Mix, PCR Grade</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">18427</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">SYBR Universal 2X Master Mix</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Kapa biosystem</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">KR0389</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">Accutase</td>
			<td>Innovative Cell Tech</td>
			<td>S-1100-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">FACS buffer</td>
			<td style="width:123px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>45 ml PBS, 5 ml a-MEM, 100 ul DNase, filter sterilized</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">35 &#956;m cell strainer cap tubes</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">BD Biosciences</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">352235</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

profiling individual human embryonic stem cells by quantitative rt-pcr

줄기 세포 인구의 이질성은 다른 계통쪽으로 분화 성향으로, 줄기 세포 생물학에 대한 자세한 이해를 방해한다. 단일 세포 사체 분석은 개인차를 해부하기위한 새로운 접근 방식이 될 수 있습니다. 우리는 하나의 셀 QRT-PCR 방법을 개발하고,이 방법은 여러 유전자 발현 프로파일에서 잘 작동하는지 확인했다. 단일 세포 수준에서 OCT4으로 분류되어 각각의 인간 배아 줄기 세포, :: EGFP 양성 세포는 OCT4 높은 표현하지만, NANOG 표현의 다른 수준이 있습니다. 우리의 단일 세포 유전자 발현 분석은 인구의 이질성을 심문하는 것이 유용 할 것이다.

효율적이고 강력한 단일 세포의 RNA 증폭 인간 배아 줄기 세포 사이의 전사 변화를 최소화하기 위해, 우리는 OCT4을 사용 :: FACS 정화용 EGFP hESC의 클론. 96 - 웰 플레이트에 OCT4 :: EGFP 양성 세포를 선별 한 후, 각 세포는 용해 버퍼에 용해하고 SMA-T15 (GACATGTATCCGGATGTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT) 프라이머를 사용하고 SMA-A (ACATGTATCCGGATGTGGG로 고정 된 전체 길이의 cDNA에 ?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Profiling Individual Human Embryonic Stem Cells by Quantitative RT-PCR at JoVE.com

Profiling Individual Human Embryonic Stem Cells by Quantitative RT-PCR

단일 세포 유전자 발현 분석은 줄기 세포 이질성을 이해하는데 필요하다.

정량적 RT-PCR에 의해 개별 인간 배아 줄기 세포를 프로파일 링

Heterogeneity of stem cell population hampers detailed understanding of stem cell biology, such as their differentiation propensity toward different ...

profiling-individual-human-embryonic-stem-cells-by-quantitative-rt-pcr

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11.4K 조회수.  Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine.  단일 세포 유전자 발현 분석은 줄기 세포 이질성을 이해하는데 필요하다. 

비디오: Profiling Individual Human Embryonic Stem Cells by Quantitative RT-PCR

Propagation of Human Embryonic Stem (ES) Cells

Propagation of Human Embryonic Stem ES Cells

Yeah, so I'm Lauren Deon. I'm in charge of the Human Amgen stem cell co facility at MGH. Yeah, so I'm Lauren, I'm in charge of the Human AM stem cell co facility at MGH.So I've been working with human Amgen stem cells for years now since I was a postdoc in George De Lab before, from four, four years. And so right now we have two cell lines, H one and H nine, which are both from Y cell. And so the way we are expanding or maintaining these cells in culture is by, at least the way we are splitting these cells is by using collagenous.So what I usually do is for the first few passage after throwing the cells, I use a technical, the picking colonies. So in this case, I can check under the microscope which colonies are good and differentiate and nice shape, and I will collect only these colonies and I will cut them in few pieces and put them back in, in a fresh flat. And the, the colonies that look kind of differentiate it are just left them alone.The other way to pass the cells is by using trypsin. So I don't use this technique here. I think collagenase is a little bit safer because human being stem cells don't like to be individualized or they don't like to be alone.So if you do trypsin, if you use trypsin for a little bit too long, if you use it for like three to four minutes, which is the way we use strips in for other type of cells, human stem cells will be individualized and most of them will die or just differentiate or will not attach to the myth. So the idea is you have to keep the cells as clumps. You don't want them to be alone in the in, in the flask.So using collagenase, the advantage is to keep cells as plants. Using chipsy, you just select for cells that will survive this very, very harsh process of g opsonization. So these cells are usually very highly proliferative.So you get, you can adapt your cells to this tripsin process. The problem is that you have cells that they behave differently, they go much faster. And one risk is that you can get some commercial abnormality to, to this, to this very high division process.So you say that ization can cause selection of cells in culture for most proliferative cells.Right. More ative and probably also higher survival rates than other cells. So after proliferation, basically culture after proliferation in tripsin, after several passages become a different culture, these different properties.So it's, it's hard to figure out if they are exactly identical. If you do the test, the usual test, let's say you check markers, regular markers of end differentiated cells like OC four, nano one 60 SC four C, C3, all this molecule might still be expressed. If you do TER formation, this cells might still differentiate and be formed like al like normal cells.If you look at the karyotype, you might have some abnormality, but you might still have a normal karyotype. The, the, the selective advantage might be due to just a mutation that you cannot see by doing a karyotype. So the fact that they grow much faster is by itself I think a little bit worser.And if we want to use these cells for transplantation at some point, I would definitely not use this type of cells.Okay. So would you like to tell me what are the main technical problems with using this technique for, for passages of cells? So using S, yes.It's just a little bit longer and also it's, since the cells are not going as fast, it's just much longer to get a high number of cells to do some experiment. So it's just less convenient I would say. Would you like to tell me about few words about the goals of your experiment?How do you use CS cells? Okay, so my main project here is to get endothelial cells from human AB stem cells. And the idea is to be able to make blood.And we are working a lot with tissue bioengineering labs and one of their goal is to make tissue in vitro. But one of the limitation to this is the lack of blood vessels going through this tissues. So if we can bring endothelial cells or put endothelial cells in this tissue, we would have better growth of this tissue.So the idea few sources of cells are known for endothelial cells like cold blood or pressure blood, but it would be interesting to have another source of cells like human years. And the advantage is since human years can be expanded and most infinitely, you could modify these cells, make some inducible system and be able to use it. Then in your final product, your material cells, in this case.

인간의 배아 줄기 (ES) 세포의 전파

연구

생물학

Derivation of Hematopoietic Stem Cells from Murine Embryonic Stem Cells

A stem cell is defined as a cell with the capacity to both self-renew and generate multiple differentiated progeny.  Embryonic stem cells (ESC) are derived from the blastocyst of the early embryo and are pluripotent in differentiative ability.  Their vast differentiative potential has made them the focus of much research centered on deducing how to coax them to generate clinically useful cell types.  The successful derivation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) from mouse ESC has recently been accomplished and can be visualized in this video protocol.  HSC, arguably the most clinically exploited cell population, are used to treat a myriad of hematopoietic malignancies and disorders.  However, many patients that might benefit from HSC therapy lack access to suitable donors.  ESC could provide an alternative source of HSC for these patients.  The following protocol establishes a baseline from which ESC-HSC can be studied and inform efforts to isolate HSC from human ESC.  In this protocol, ESC are differentiated as embryoid bodies (EBs) for 6 days in commercially available serum pre-screened for optimal hematopoietic differentiation.  EBs are then dissociated and infected with retroviral HoxB4.  Infected EB-derived cells are plated on OP9 stroma, a bone marrow stromal cell line derived from the calvaria of  M-CSF-/- mice, and co-cultured in the presence of hematopoiesis promoting cytokines for ten days.  During this co-culture, the infected cells expand greatly, resulting in the generation a heterogeneous pool of 100s of millions of cells.  These cells can then be used to rescue and reconstitute lethally irradiated mice.

This protocol details the derivation of transplantable hematopoietic stem cells from mouse embryonic stem cells (ESC) and their subsequent injection into lethally irradiated recipient mice. Briefly, ESC are differentiated as embryoid bodies, which are then infected with retroviral HoxB4 and co-cultured with OP9 stromal cells and hematopoietic cytokines.

Murine 배아 줄기 세포로부터 조혈 줄기 세포의 유도

A stem cell is defined as a cell with the capacity to both self-renew and generate multiple differentiated progeny.  Embryonic stem cells (ESC) are ...

Derivation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells by Immunosurgery

The ability of human embryonic stem cells to self-renew and differentiate into all cell types of 
the body suggests that they hold great promise for both medical applications and as a research 
tool for addressing fundamental questions in development and disease. Here, we provide a 
concise, step-by-step protocol for the derivation of human embryonic stem cells from embryos 
by immunosurgical isolation of the inner cell mass. 


The ability of human embryonic stem cells to self-renew and differentiate into all cell types of 
the body suggests that they hold great promise for both medical applications and as a research 
tool for addressing fundamental questions in development and disease. Here, we provide a 
concise, step-by-step protocol for the derivation of human embryonic stem cells from embryos 
by immunosurgical isolation of the inner cell mass.

Immunosurgery에 의해 인간 배아 줄기 세포의 유도

The ability of human embryonic stem cells to self-renew and differentiate into all cell types of 
the body suggests that they hold great promise for both ...

Probing for Mitochondrial Complex Activity in Human Embryonic Stem Cells

Mitochondria are cytoplasmic organelles that have a primary role in cellular metabolism and homeostasis, regulation of the cell signaling network, and programmed cell death. Mitochondria produce ATP, regulate the cytoplasmic redox state and Ca2+ balance, catabolize fatty acids, synthesize heme, nucleotides, steroid hormones, amino acids, and help assemble iron-sulfur clusters in proteins. Mitochondria also have an essential role in heat production. Mutations of the mitochondrial genome cause several types of human disorder. The accumulation of mtDNA mutations correlates with aging and is suspected to have an important role in the development of cancer. Due to their vitally important role in all cell types, the function of mitochondria must also be critical for stem cells. Key advances have been made in our understanding of stem cell viability, proliferation, and differentiation capacity. But the functional activity of stem cells, in particular their energy status, was not yet been studied in detail. Almost nothing is known about the mitochondrial properties of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and their differentiated precursor progeny. One way to understand and evaluate the role of mitochondria in hESC function and developmental potential is to directly measure the activity of mitochondrial respiratory complexes. Here, we describe high resolution clear native gel electrophoresis and subsequent in gel activity visualization as a method for analyzing the five respiratory chain complexes of hESCs.

In this video, we will show you how the mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes of human embryonic stem cells can be analyzed using in gel activity assays.

인간 배아 줄기 세포에서 Mitochondrial 복잡한 활동에 대한 탐색

Mitochondria are cytoplasmic organelles that have a primary role in cellular metabolism and homeostasis, regulation of the cell signaling network, and ...

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation from Human Embryonic Stem Cells

The functional and structural complexity of the myriad of cells in metazoan organisms arises from a small number of stem cells. Stem cells are characterized by two fundamental properties: self-renewal and multipotency that allows a stem cell to differentiate into virtually any cell type 1. The progression stem cell to differentiated cell is characterized by loss of multipotency, structural and morphological changes and the hierarchic activity of transcription factors and signaling molecules, whose activities establish and maintain cell-type specific gene expression patterns. At the molecular level, cell differentiation involves dynamic changes of the structure and composition of chromatin and the detection of those dynamic changes can provide valuable insights into the functional features of stem cells and the cell differentiation process 2,3. Chromatin is a highly compacted DNA-protein complex that forms when cells package chromosomal DNA with proteins, mainly histones 4. Stemcellness and cell differentiation has been correlated with the presence of specific arrays of regulatory proteins such as epigenetic factors, histone variants, and transcription factors 2,3,5.
 Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) provides a valuable method to monitor the presence of RNA, proteins, and protein modifications in chromatin 6,7. The comparison of chromatin from different cell types can elucidate dynamic changes in protein-chromatin associations that occur during cell differentiation.
Chromatin immunoprecipitation involves the purification of in vivo cross-linked chromatin. The isolated chromatin is reduced to smaller fragments by enzymatic digestion or mechanical force. Chromatin fragments are precipitated using specific antibodies to target proteins or protein and DNA modifications. The precipitated DNA or RNA is purified and used as a template for PCR or DNA microarray based assays. Prerequisites for a successful ChIP are high quality antibodies to the desired antigen and the availability of chromatin from control cells that do not express the target molecule. ChIP can correlate the presence of proteins, protein and RNA modifications, and RNA with specific target DNA, and depending on the choice of outread tool, detects the association of target molecules at specific target genes or in the context of an entire genome. The comparison of the distribution of proteins in the chromatin of differentiating cells can elucidate the dynamic changes of chromatin composition that coincide with the progression of cells along a cell lineage.

The differentiation of ESC coincides with cell-type specific changes in the structure and composition of chromatin. The detection of those changes provides valuable insights into the mechanisms that define stemcellness and cell differentiation. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) represents a valuable method to dissect the molecular mechanisms underlying stem cell differentiation.

인간 배아 줄기 세포에서 염색질의 Immunoprecipitation

The functional and structural complexity of the myriad of cells in metazoan organisms arises from a small number of stem cells. Stem cells are ...

In vitro Labeling of Human Embryonic Stem Cells for Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Human embryonic stem cells (hESC) have demonstrated the ability to restore the injured myocardium. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has emerged as one of the predominant imaging modalities to assess the restoration of the injured myocardium. Furthermore, ex-vivo labeling agents, such as iron-oxide nanoparticles, have been employed to track and localize the transplanted stem cells. However, this method does not monitor a fundamental cellular biology property regarding the viability of transplanted cells. It has been known that manganese chloride (MnCl2) enters the cells via voltage-gated calcium (Ca2+) channels when the cells are biologically active, and accumulates intracellularly to generate T1 shortening effect. Therefore, we suggest that manganese-guided MRI can be useful to monitor cell viability after the transplantation of hESC into the myocardium.
In this video, we will show how to label hESC with MnCl2 and how those cells can be clearly seen by using MRI in vitro. At the same time, biological activity of Ca2+-channels will be modulated utilizing both Ca2+-channel agonist and antagonist to evaluate concomitant signal changes.

In this video, we are showing how to label human embryonic stem cells (hESC) with manganese chloride (MnCl2) which can enter cells via voltage-gated calcium channels when the cells are biologically active. Additionally, we show the use of MnCl2 as cellular MRI contrast agent to determine the in vitro viability of hESC.

자기 공명 영상을위한 인간 배아 줄기 세포의 체외 라벨에

Human embryonic stem cells (hESC) have demonstrated the ability to restore the injured myocardium. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has emerged as one of ...

Culture and Maintenance of Human Embryonic Stem Cells  

Human embryonic stem (hES) cells must be monitored and cared for in order to maintain healthy, undifferentiated cultures. At minimum, the cultures must be  fed  every day by performing a complete medium change to replenish lost nutrients and to keep the cultures free of unwanted differentiation factors. Although a small amount of differentiation is normal and expected in stem cell cultures, the culture should be routinely cleaned up by manually removing, or "picking" differentiated areas. Identifying and removing excess differentiation from hES cell cultures are essential techniques in the maintenance of a healthy population of cells.

Culture and Maintenance of Human Embryonic Stem Cells

This protocol demonstrates how to maintain healthy, undifferentiated human embryonic stem (ES) cells.

인간 배아 줄기 세포의 문화 및 유지 관리

Human embryonic stem (hES) cells must be monitored and cared for in order to maintain healthy, undifferentiated cultures. At minimum, the cultures must be ...

Chromosomal Spread Preparation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells for Karyotyping

Although human embryonic stem cells (hESC) have been shown to present a stable diploid karyotype 1, many studies have reported that depending on culture conditions they become prone to acquire chromosomal anomalies such as addition of whole or parts of chromosomes. Indeed, during long-term culture, karyotypic alterations are observed when enzymatic or chemical dissociation are used 2,3,4, while manual dissection of colonies for passaging retains a stable karyotype 5. Besides, changes in the environment such as the removal of feeder cells also seem to compromise the genetic integrity of hESC 3,6. Once chromosomal alterations could affect cellular physiology, the characterization of the genetic integrity of hESC in vitro is crucial considering hESC as an essential tool in embryogenesis studies and drug testing. Furthermore, for future therapeutic purposes chromosomal changes are a real concern as it is frequently associated to carcinogenesis.
Here we show a simple and useful method to obtain high quality chromosome spreads for subsequent analysis of chromosome set by G-banding, FISH, SKY or CGH techniques 7,8. We recommend checking the chromosomal status routinely with intervals of 5 passages in order to monitor the appearance of translocations and aneuploidies
Priscila Britto and Rafaela Sartore contributed equally to the paper.

Karyotyping is a simple and useful technique widely used for detecting genetic alterations. Here we describe a step by step protocol for chromosome spread preparation of human embryonic stem cells for monitoring the chromosomal status of these cells maintained in culture.

Karyotyping를위한 인간 배아 줄기 세포의 염색체 확산 준비

Although human embryonic stem cells (hESC) have been shown to present a stable diploid karyotype 1, many studies have reported that depending on culture ...

Freezing and Thawing Human Embryonic Stem Cells

Since James Thomson et al developed a technique in 1998 to isolate and grow hES in culture, freezing cells for later use and thawing and expanding cells from a frozen stock have become important procedures performed in routine hES cell culture. Since hES cells are very sensitive to the stresses of freezing and thawing, special care must taken. Here we demonstrate the proper technique for rapidly thawing hES cells from liquid nitrogen stocks, plating them on mouse embryonic feeder cells, and slowly freezing them for long-term storage.

Since James Thomson et al developed a technique in 1998 to isolate and grow hES in culture, freezing cells for later use and thawing and expanding cells from a frozen stock have become important procedures performed in routine hES cell culture. Since hES cells are very sensitive to the stresses of freezing and thawing, special care must taken. Here we demonstrate the proper technique for rapidly thawing hES cells from liquid nitrogen stocks, plating them on mouse embryonic feeder cells, and slowly freezing them for long-term storage.

인간 배아 줄기 세포를 동결 융해

Since James Thomson et al developed a technique in 1998 to isolate and grow hES in culture, freezing cells for later use and thawing and expanding cells ...

Differentiation of Embryonic Stem Cells into Oligodendrocyte Precursors

Oligodendrocytes are the myelinating cells of the central nervous system. For regenerative cell therapy in demyelinating diseases, there is significant interest in deriving a pure population of lineage-committed oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) for transplantation. OPCs are characterized by the activity of the transcription factor Olig2 and surface expression of a proteoglycan NG2. Using the GFP-Olig2 (G-Olig2) mouse embryonic stem cell (mESC) reporter line, we optimized conditions for the differentiation of mESCs into GFP+Olig2+NG2+ OPCs. In our protocol, we first describe the generation of embryoid bodies (EBs) from mESCs. Second, we describe treatment of mESC-derived EBs with small molecules: (1) retinoic acid (RA) and (2) a sonic hedgehog (Shh) agonist purmorphamine (Pur) under defined culture conditions to direct EB differentiation into the oligodendroglial lineage. By this approach, OPCs can be obtained with high efficiency (&gt;80%) in a time period of 30 days. Cells derived from mESCs in this protocol are phenotypically similar to OPCs derived from primary tissue culture. The mESC-derived OPCs do not show the spiking property described for a subpopulation of brain OPCs in situ. To study this electrophysiological property, we describe the generation of spiking mESC-derived OPCs by ectopically expressing NaV1.2 subunit. The spiking and nonspiking cells obtained from this protocol will help advance functional studies on the two subpopulations of OPCs.

We describe a small molecule-based protocol for differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells into oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs). This protocol generates Olig2+NG2+ OPCs with high efficiency by 30 days of differentiation. We also describe a method to generate "spiking" OPCs that can fire action potentials.

Oligodendrocyte 엽 성의 전구 물질로 배아 줄기 세포의 분화

Oligodendrocytes are the myelinating cells of the central nervous system. For regenerative cell therapy in demyelinating diseases, there is significant ...