Nous tenons à remercier les membres du laboratoire Lee pour des discussions utiles sur le manuscrit. Le travail dans le laboratoire Lee a été soutenue par des subventions de Robertson Investigator Award de New York Fondation des cellules souches et du Maryland souches Fonds de recherche sur les cellules (TEDCO).

1. Préparation d&#39;une plaque de 96 puits <ol><li> Mélanger 1 pl de Single Cell DNase1 à 9 pi Single Cell Lysis Solution. </li><li> Mettez le 10 ul solution mixte dans chaque puits de plaque de 96 puits PCR. </li></ol> 2. Retrait CSEh pour FACS Purification <ol><li> Détachez OCT4 :: lignée cellulaire EGFP ES à partir de la boîte de 60 mm avec 1 ml Accutase pendant 20 min, à 37 ° C, qui ont été neutralisés avec les médias ES humaine. </li><li> Préparer population de cellules dans 1 ml de tampon FACS et ajuster la cellule à 1 x 10 6 cellules / ml. </li><li> Passez l&#39;échantillon de cellules à travers un tamis cellulaire tube à bouchon de 35 um. </li><li> Stocker le tube dans la glace avant tri cellulaire. </li></ol> 3. Lysis de FACS purifié cellule unique dans chaque puits de la plaque de 96 puits <ol><li> Trier l&#39;échantillon pour les cellules positives à l&#39;EGFP sur un trieur de cellules avec un opérateur qualifié. Mettez la cellule unique dans une solution Lysis/DNase1 Single Cell dans la plaque PCR 96 puits. Si nécessaire, le 9Plaque à 6 puits à échantillon peut être stocké à -80 ° C un congélateur inférieur à un mois. </li><li> Incuber les échantillons 5 min à température ambiante pendant la lyse des cellules. </li><li> Ajouter 1 ul de solution d&#39;arrêt pour arrêter la réaction de lyse. </li><li> Incuber 2 min à température ambiante. </li></ol> 4. Transcription inverse <ol><li> Ajouter à chacun une aliquote de 0,5 ul de 20 uM SMA-T15, SMA-A. </li><li> Ajouter 4 ul de tampon 5X, 2 yl de DTT, 1 pi de transcriptase inverse, et 1 ul de dNTP à chaque puits. </li><li> Effectuer une transcription inverse dans un thermocycleur. <ol><li> Réglez le programme thermique à 42 ° C × 90 min et inactiver la transcriptase inverse à 85 ° C × 5 min. </li></ol></li></ol> 5. Amplification <ol><li> Ajouter 4 pi de réactif ExoSAP-IT pour chaque échantillon transcrit inverse. <ol><li> Incuber les échantillons à 37 ° C pendant 15 min et 80 ° C pendant 15 min pour inactiver le réactif ExoSAP-IT. </li></ol></li><li> Préparer mélange réactionnel PCR wvec SMA-p2 (2 nM) </li><li> Ajouter 10 ul de mélange réactionnel de PCR pour chaque échantillon transcription inverse. </li><li> Effectuer l&#39;amplification, constitué de 20 cycles de dénaturation (94 ° C pendant 30 sec), annelage (57 ° C pendant 30 s) et extension (68 ° C pendant 10 min). </li></ol> 6. Performance qRT-PCR <ol><li> Ajouter 10 ul de 2X SYBR Green PCR Master Mix, 1 ul d&#39;ADNc amplifié, 2 nM d&#39;amorces, et 7 ul de l&#39;eau dans chaque puits. <ol><li> Régler le programme suivi par 95 ° C pendant 3 sec, 60 ° C pendant 30 sec x 40 cycles. </li></ol></li><li> Effectuer en double pour des erreurs techniques. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Miyanari, Y., Torres-Padilla, M. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Control+of+ground-state+pluripotency+by+allelic+regulation+of+Nanog.">Control of ground-state pluripotency by allelic regulation of Nanog.</a> Nature. 483, 470-473 (2012).</li><li>Leitch, H. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Embryonic+germ+cells+from+mice+and+rats+exhibit+properties+consistent+with+a+generic+pluripotent+ground+state.">Embryonic germ cells from mice and rats exhibit properties consistent with a generic pluripotent ground state.</a> Development. 137, 2279-2287 (2010).</li><li>Ramskold, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Full-length+mRNA-Seq+from+single-cell+levels+of+RNA+and+individual+circulating+tumor+cells.">Full-length mRNA-Seq from single-cell levels of RNA and individual circulating tumor cells.</a> Nat Biotechnol. 30, 777-782 (2012).</li><li>Stewart, M. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Clonal+isolation+of+hESCs+reveals+heterogeneity+within+the+pluripotent+stem+cell+compartment.">Clonal isolation of hESCs reveals heterogeneity within the pluripotent stem cell compartment.</a> Nat Methods. 3, 807-815 (2006).</li><li>O'Malley, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-resolution+analysis+with+novel+cell-surface+markers+identifies+routes+to+iPS+cells.">High-resolution analysis with novel cell-surface markers identifies routes to iPS cells.</a> Nature. 499, 88-91 (2013).</li><li>Nichols, J., Smith, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Naive+and+primed+pluripotent+states.">Naive and primed pluripotent states.</a> Cell Stem Cell. 4, 487-492 (2009).</li><li>Kim, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=miR-371-3+expression+predicts+neural+differentiation+propensity+in+human+pluripotent+stem+cells.">miR-371-3 expression predicts neural differentiation propensity in human pluripotent stem cells.</a> Cell Stem Cell. 8, 695-706 (2011).</li><li>Mortazavi, A., Williams, B. A., Mccue, K., Schaeffer, L., Wold, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mapping+and+quantifying+mammalian+transcriptomes+by+RNA-Seq.">Mapping and quantifying mammalian transcriptomes by RNA-Seq.</a> Nat Methods. 5, 621-628 (2008).</li><li>Pan, Q., Shai, O., Lee, L. J., Frey, J., Blencowe, B. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Deep+surveying+of+alternative+splicing+complexity+in+the+human+transcriptome+by+high-throughput+sequencing.">Deep surveying of alternative splicing complexity in the human transcriptome by high-throughput sequencing.</a> Nat Genet. 40, 1413-1415 (2008).</li><li>Wang, E. 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Les auteurs n&#39;ont rien à révéler.

Seul gène cellulaire profilage pourrait être un outil important pour prédire la fonctionnalité d&#39;une seule cellule ou une population entière. En raison de limitations techniques, toute l&#39;analyse de profilage génétique a été limitée aux moyennes de la population. Variations dans les modes et les niveaux entre les cellules individuelles et les sous-populations expression génique ont été proposés pour entraîner une interprétation erronée. Ces aspects cellulaires diverses peuvent être trouvés dans...

Populations eucaryotes plus élevés sont hétérogènes donc à l&#39;analyse de la population mis en commun, il est souvent difficile d&#39;interpréter leurs fonctions cellulaires. Les cellules individuelles au sein d&#39;une population peut être légèrement différente, et ces différences peuvent avoir des conséquences importantes pour la propriété et la fonction de l&#39;ensemble de la population 1, 2. Surtout, les cellules souches embryonnaires humaines (CSEh) sont connus pour être hétérogène, ce qui entraîne différents niveaux de la pluripotence et potentiels divers aux spécifications de la lignée dans délicatement façons distinctes 3, 4. Par exemple, les différents antigènes de surface cellulaire peuvent être utilisées pour classer les cellules souches pluripotentes indifférenciées, 5 et le groupe Austin Smith a proposé différents niveaux de la pluripotence des cellules souches embryonnaires de souris, en fonction de leur morphologie, la différenciation propension et la dépendance de la voie 6 de signalisation. Ce phénomène a émis l&#39;hypothèse d&#39;un embryon humaincellules souches nic 7. Considérant que les études globales ont été effectuées entre les différentes lignées de cellules souches, et non pas des cellules souches simples particuliers, il pourrait être très intéressant d&#39;analyser les différents niveaux de la pluripotence au niveau d&#39;une seule cellule, ce qui affecte potentiellement leurs capacités de différenciation vers toutes les lignées de cellules somatiques. Hétérogénéité cellulaire et moléculaire pourrait être dicté par profilage de transcription, qui est appelé le «transcriptome d&#39;une cellule unique» et met l&#39;accent sur ​​de nouvelles approches pour quantifier les niveaux d&#39;expression des gènes 8-10. Pour l&#39;analyse des niveaux d&#39;expression de gènes dans des cellules individuelles, nous avons développé un protocole simple mais robuste de la cellule unique de RT-PCR quantitative. Nous avons confirmé l&#39;efficacité et la faisabilité de notre protocole en comparant chaque moitié de lysats de cellules individuelles ainsi que ARN totaux dilués en série de CSEh, résultant des variations techniques minimales et les différences. En outre, nous avons utilisé une ligne de reporter génétique pour isoler p homogèneopulation de CSEh à l&#39;aide de système de ciblage de gène. Le vecteur donneur pour cibler OCT4 locus (OCT4-2A-EGFP-PGK-Puro construire) et une paire de plasmides ont été utilisés Talen 11. Le vecteur donneur et une paire de plasmides Talen ont été introduits dans les CSEh (H9, WA09) à l&#39;aide de notre nucléofection et protocole de sélection clonale et l&#39;entretien des CSEh a été réalisée sur la base de notre protocole de routine 12. Nous avons confirmé cette ligne de reporter génétique exprimer EGFP pour l&#39;expression de OCT4 dans OCT4 :: EGFP CSEh. Notre résultat démontre que les CSEh individuelles (classés par OCT4 :: cellules fortement positives à l&#39;EGFP) détiennent des niveaux élevés d&#39;expression de OCT4, mais différents niveaux d&#39;expression de NANOG. Ainsi, notre analyse de l&#39;expression des gènes de la cellule unique devrait être utile d&#39;étudier les hétérogénéités de la population de cellules souches pluripotentes.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="807">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">96 wll PCR Plate</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">USA scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1402-8900</td>
			<td style="width:311px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:255px;">Ambion Cell Lysis Kit</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">4458235</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">SMARTScribe Reverse Transcriptase</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Clonetech</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">639536</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">ExoSAP-IT</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">USB</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">78200</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:255px;">Platinum Taq DNA polymerase High Fidelity</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">11304</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">10mM dNTP Mix, PCR Grade</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">18427</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">SYBR Universal 2X Master Mix</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Kapa biosystem</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">KR0389</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">Accutase</td>
			<td>Innovative Cell Tech</td>
			<td>S-1100-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">FACS buffer</td>
			<td style="width:123px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>45 ml PBS, 5 ml a-MEM, 100 ul DNase, filter sterilized</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">35 &#956;m cell strainer cap tubes</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">BD Biosciences</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">352235</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

profiling individual human embryonic stem cells by quantitative rt-pcr

L&#39;hétérogénéité de la population des cellules souches entrave compréhension détaillée de la biologie des cellules souches, telles que leur propension de différenciation vers les différentes lignées. Une analyse du transcriptome d&#39;une cellule unique peut être une nouvelle approche pour disséquer la variation individuelle. Nous avons développé la méthode qRT-PCR seule cellule, et a confirmé que cette méthode fonctionne bien dans plusieurs profils d&#39;expression génique. En niveau de la cellule unique, chaque cellule souche embryonnaire humaine, triées par OCT4 :: cellules positives à l&#39;EGFP, a une forte expression dans OCT4, mais un niveau d&#39;expression de NANOG différente. Notre analyse de l&#39;expression des gènes de la cellule unique devrait être utile pour interroger des hétérogénéités de la population.

Efficace et robuste simple amplification de l&#39;ARN cellulaire Pour minimiser la variation de la transcription chez les CSEh, nous avons utilisé OCT4 :: EGFP CSEh clone pour la purification FACS. Après le tri oct4 :: cellules positives à l&#39;EGFP dans une plaque de 96 puits, chaque cellule est lysée dans un tampon de lyse et converti poly (A) + ARN à ADNc pleine longueur à l&#39;aide SMA-T15 (GACATGTATCCGGATGTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT) amorce et d&#39;ancr...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Profiling Individual Human Embryonic Stem Cells by Quantitative RT-PCR at JoVE.com

Profiling Individual Human Embryonic Stem Cells by Quantitative RT-PCR

Un seul dosage de l&#39;expression du gène cellulaire est nécessaire pour la compréhension des hétérogénéités de cellules souches.

Profilage individuel embryonnaires humaines Cellules souches par RT-PCR quantitative

Heterogeneity of stem cell population hampers detailed understanding of stem cell biology, such as their differentiation propensity toward different ...

profiling-individual-human-embryonic-stem-cells-by-quantitative-rt-pcr

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11.4K vues.  Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine.  Un seul dosage de l'expression du gène cellulaire est nécessaire pour la compréhension des hétérogénéités de cellules souches. 

Vidéo: Profiling Individual Human Embryonic Stem Cells by Quantitative RT-PCR

Propagation of Human Embryonic Stem (ES) Cells

Propagation of Human Embryonic Stem ES Cells

Yeah, so I'm Lauren Deon. I'm in charge of the Human Amgen stem cell co facility at MGH. Yeah, so I'm Lauren, I'm in charge of the Human AM stem cell co facility at MGH.So I've been working with human Amgen stem cells for years now since I was a postdoc in George De Lab before, from four, four years. And so right now we have two cell lines, H one and H nine, which are both from Y cell. And so the way we are expanding or maintaining these cells in culture is by, at least the way we are splitting these cells is by using collagenous.So what I usually do is for the first few passage after throwing the cells, I use a technical, the picking colonies. So in this case, I can check under the microscope which colonies are good and differentiate and nice shape, and I will collect only these colonies and I will cut them in few pieces and put them back in, in a fresh flat. And the, the colonies that look kind of differentiate it are just left them alone.The other way to pass the cells is by using trypsin. So I don't use this technique here. I think collagenase is a little bit safer because human being stem cells don't like to be individualized or they don't like to be alone.So if you do trypsin, if you use trypsin for a little bit too long, if you use it for like three to four minutes, which is the way we use strips in for other type of cells, human stem cells will be individualized and most of them will die or just differentiate or will not attach to the myth. So the idea is you have to keep the cells as clumps. You don't want them to be alone in the in, in the flask.So using collagenase, the advantage is to keep cells as plants. Using chipsy, you just select for cells that will survive this very, very harsh process of g opsonization. So these cells are usually very highly proliferative.So you get, you can adapt your cells to this tripsin process. The problem is that you have cells that they behave differently, they go much faster. And one risk is that you can get some commercial abnormality to, to this, to this very high division process.So you say that ization can cause selection of cells in culture for most proliferative cells.Right. More ative and probably also higher survival rates than other cells. So after proliferation, basically culture after proliferation in tripsin, after several passages become a different culture, these different properties.So it's, it's hard to figure out if they are exactly identical. If you do the test, the usual test, let's say you check markers, regular markers of end differentiated cells like OC four, nano one 60 SC four C, C3, all this molecule might still be expressed. If you do TER formation, this cells might still differentiate and be formed like al like normal cells.If you look at the karyotype, you might have some abnormality, but you might still have a normal karyotype. The, the, the selective advantage might be due to just a mutation that you cannot see by doing a karyotype. So the fact that they grow much faster is by itself I think a little bit worser.And if we want to use these cells for transplantation at some point, I would definitely not use this type of cells.Okay. So would you like to tell me what are the main technical problems with using this technique for, for passages of cells? So using S, yes.It's just a little bit longer and also it's, since the cells are not going as fast, it's just much longer to get a high number of cells to do some experiment. So it's just less convenient I would say. Would you like to tell me about few words about the goals of your experiment?How do you use CS cells? Okay, so my main project here is to get endothelial cells from human AB stem cells. And the idea is to be able to make blood.And we are working a lot with tissue bioengineering labs and one of their goal is to make tissue in vitro. But one of the limitation to this is the lack of blood vessels going through this tissues. So if we can bring endothelial cells or put endothelial cells in this tissue, we would have better growth of this tissue.So the idea few sources of cells are known for endothelial cells like cold blood or pressure blood, but it would be interesting to have another source of cells like human years. And the advantage is since human years can be expanded and most infinitely, you could modify these cells, make some inducible system and be able to use it. Then in your final product, your material cells, in this case.

Propagation des souches embryonnaires humaines (ES) Cellules

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Biologie

Derivation of Hematopoietic Stem Cells from Murine Embryonic Stem Cells

A stem cell is defined as a cell with the capacity to both self-renew and generate multiple differentiated progeny.  Embryonic stem cells (ESC) are derived from the blastocyst of the early embryo and are pluripotent in differentiative ability.  Their vast differentiative potential has made them the focus of much research centered on deducing how to coax them to generate clinically useful cell types.  The successful derivation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) from mouse ESC has recently been accomplished and can be visualized in this video protocol.  HSC, arguably the most clinically exploited cell population, are used to treat a myriad of hematopoietic malignancies and disorders.  However, many patients that might benefit from HSC therapy lack access to suitable donors.  ESC could provide an alternative source of HSC for these patients.  The following protocol establishes a baseline from which ESC-HSC can be studied and inform efforts to isolate HSC from human ESC.  In this protocol, ESC are differentiated as embryoid bodies (EBs) for 6 days in commercially available serum pre-screened for optimal hematopoietic differentiation.  EBs are then dissociated and infected with retroviral HoxB4.  Infected EB-derived cells are plated on OP9 stroma, a bone marrow stromal cell line derived from the calvaria of  M-CSF-/- mice, and co-cultured in the presence of hematopoiesis promoting cytokines for ten days.  During this co-culture, the infected cells expand greatly, resulting in the generation a heterogeneous pool of 100s of millions of cells.  These cells can then be used to rescue and reconstitute lethally irradiated mice.

This protocol details the derivation of transplantable hematopoietic stem cells from mouse embryonic stem cells (ESC) and their subsequent injection into lethally irradiated recipient mice. Briefly, ESC are differentiated as embryoid bodies, which are then infected with retroviral HoxB4 and co-cultured with OP9 stromal cells and hematopoietic cytokines.

Dérivation de cellules souches hématopoïétiques de cellules souches embryonnaires murines

A stem cell is defined as a cell with the capacity to both self-renew and generate multiple differentiated progeny.  Embryonic stem cells (ESC) are ...

Derivation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells by Immunosurgery

The ability of human embryonic stem cells to self-renew and differentiate into all cell types of 
the body suggests that they hold great promise for both medical applications and as a research 
tool for addressing fundamental questions in development and disease. Here, we provide a 
concise, step-by-step protocol for the derivation of human embryonic stem cells from embryos 
by immunosurgical isolation of the inner cell mass. 


The ability of human embryonic stem cells to self-renew and differentiate into all cell types of 
the body suggests that they hold great promise for both medical applications and as a research 
tool for addressing fundamental questions in development and disease. Here, we provide a 
concise, step-by-step protocol for the derivation of human embryonic stem cells from embryos 
by immunosurgical isolation of the inner cell mass.

Dérivation des cellules souches embryonnaires humaines par Immunosurgery

The ability of human embryonic stem cells to self-renew and differentiate into all cell types of 
the body suggests that they hold great promise for both ...

Probing for Mitochondrial Complex Activity in Human Embryonic Stem Cells

Mitochondria are cytoplasmic organelles that have a primary role in cellular metabolism and homeostasis, regulation of the cell signaling network, and programmed cell death. Mitochondria produce ATP, regulate the cytoplasmic redox state and Ca2+ balance, catabolize fatty acids, synthesize heme, nucleotides, steroid hormones, amino acids, and help assemble iron-sulfur clusters in proteins. Mitochondria also have an essential role in heat production. Mutations of the mitochondrial genome cause several types of human disorder. The accumulation of mtDNA mutations correlates with aging and is suspected to have an important role in the development of cancer. Due to their vitally important role in all cell types, the function of mitochondria must also be critical for stem cells. Key advances have been made in our understanding of stem cell viability, proliferation, and differentiation capacity. But the functional activity of stem cells, in particular their energy status, was not yet been studied in detail. Almost nothing is known about the mitochondrial properties of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and their differentiated precursor progeny. One way to understand and evaluate the role of mitochondria in hESC function and developmental potential is to directly measure the activity of mitochondrial respiratory complexes. Here, we describe high resolution clear native gel electrophoresis and subsequent in gel activity visualization as a method for analyzing the five respiratory chain complexes of hESCs.

In this video, we will show you how the mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes of human embryonic stem cells can be analyzed using in gel activity assays.

Palpage pour activité complexe mitochondrial dans les cellules souches embryonnaires humaines

Mitochondria are cytoplasmic organelles that have a primary role in cellular metabolism and homeostasis, regulation of the cell signaling network, and ...

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation from Human Embryonic Stem Cells

The functional and structural complexity of the myriad of cells in metazoan organisms arises from a small number of stem cells. Stem cells are characterized by two fundamental properties: self-renewal and multipotency that allows a stem cell to differentiate into virtually any cell type 1. The progression stem cell to differentiated cell is characterized by loss of multipotency, structural and morphological changes and the hierarchic activity of transcription factors and signaling molecules, whose activities establish and maintain cell-type specific gene expression patterns. At the molecular level, cell differentiation involves dynamic changes of the structure and composition of chromatin and the detection of those dynamic changes can provide valuable insights into the functional features of stem cells and the cell differentiation process 2,3. Chromatin is a highly compacted DNA-protein complex that forms when cells package chromosomal DNA with proteins, mainly histones 4. Stemcellness and cell differentiation has been correlated with the presence of specific arrays of regulatory proteins such as epigenetic factors, histone variants, and transcription factors 2,3,5.
 Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) provides a valuable method to monitor the presence of RNA, proteins, and protein modifications in chromatin 6,7. The comparison of chromatin from different cell types can elucidate dynamic changes in protein-chromatin associations that occur during cell differentiation.
Chromatin immunoprecipitation involves the purification of in vivo cross-linked chromatin. The isolated chromatin is reduced to smaller fragments by enzymatic digestion or mechanical force. Chromatin fragments are precipitated using specific antibodies to target proteins or protein and DNA modifications. The precipitated DNA or RNA is purified and used as a template for PCR or DNA microarray based assays. Prerequisites for a successful ChIP are high quality antibodies to the desired antigen and the availability of chromatin from control cells that do not express the target molecule. ChIP can correlate the presence of proteins, protein and RNA modifications, and RNA with specific target DNA, and depending on the choice of outread tool, detects the association of target molecules at specific target genes or in the context of an entire genome. The comparison of the distribution of proteins in the chromatin of differentiating cells can elucidate the dynamic changes of chromatin composition that coincide with the progression of cells along a cell lineage.

The differentiation of ESC coincides with cell-type specific changes in the structure and composition of chromatin. The detection of those changes provides valuable insights into the mechanisms that define stemcellness and cell differentiation. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) represents a valuable method to dissect the molecular mechanisms underlying stem cell differentiation.

Immunoprécipitation de la chromatine des cellules souches embryonnaires humaines

The functional and structural complexity of the myriad of cells in metazoan organisms arises from a small number of stem cells. Stem cells are ...

In vitro Labeling of Human Embryonic Stem Cells for Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Human embryonic stem cells (hESC) have demonstrated the ability to restore the injured myocardium. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has emerged as one of the predominant imaging modalities to assess the restoration of the injured myocardium. Furthermore, ex-vivo labeling agents, such as iron-oxide nanoparticles, have been employed to track and localize the transplanted stem cells. However, this method does not monitor a fundamental cellular biology property regarding the viability of transplanted cells. It has been known that manganese chloride (MnCl2) enters the cells via voltage-gated calcium (Ca2+) channels when the cells are biologically active, and accumulates intracellularly to generate T1 shortening effect. Therefore, we suggest that manganese-guided MRI can be useful to monitor cell viability after the transplantation of hESC into the myocardium.
In this video, we will show how to label hESC with MnCl2 and how those cells can be clearly seen by using MRI in vitro. At the same time, biological activity of Ca2+-channels will be modulated utilizing both Ca2+-channel agonist and antagonist to evaluate concomitant signal changes.

In this video, we are showing how to label human embryonic stem cells (hESC) with manganese chloride (MnCl2) which can enter cells via voltage-gated calcium channels when the cells are biologically active. Additionally, we show the use of MnCl2 as cellular MRI contrast agent to determine the in vitro viability of hESC.

Marquage in vitro des cellules souches embryonnaires humaines pour l&#39;imagerie par résonance magnétique

Human embryonic stem cells (hESC) have demonstrated the ability to restore the injured myocardium. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has emerged as one of ...

Culture and Maintenance of Human Embryonic Stem Cells  

Human embryonic stem (hES) cells must be monitored and cared for in order to maintain healthy, undifferentiated cultures. At minimum, the cultures must be  fed  every day by performing a complete medium change to replenish lost nutrients and to keep the cultures free of unwanted differentiation factors. Although a small amount of differentiation is normal and expected in stem cell cultures, the culture should be routinely cleaned up by manually removing, or "picking" differentiated areas. Identifying and removing excess differentiation from hES cell cultures are essential techniques in the maintenance of a healthy population of cells.

Culture and Maintenance of Human Embryonic Stem Cells

This protocol demonstrates how to maintain healthy, undifferentiated human embryonic stem (ES) cells.

Culture et entretien des cellules souches embryonnaires humaines

Human embryonic stem (hES) cells must be monitored and cared for in order to maintain healthy, undifferentiated cultures. At minimum, the cultures must be ...

Chromosomal Spread Preparation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells for Karyotyping

Although human embryonic stem cells (hESC) have been shown to present a stable diploid karyotype 1, many studies have reported that depending on culture conditions they become prone to acquire chromosomal anomalies such as addition of whole or parts of chromosomes. Indeed, during long-term culture, karyotypic alterations are observed when enzymatic or chemical dissociation are used 2,3,4, while manual dissection of colonies for passaging retains a stable karyotype 5. Besides, changes in the environment such as the removal of feeder cells also seem to compromise the genetic integrity of hESC 3,6. Once chromosomal alterations could affect cellular physiology, the characterization of the genetic integrity of hESC in vitro is crucial considering hESC as an essential tool in embryogenesis studies and drug testing. Furthermore, for future therapeutic purposes chromosomal changes are a real concern as it is frequently associated to carcinogenesis.
Here we show a simple and useful method to obtain high quality chromosome spreads for subsequent analysis of chromosome set by G-banding, FISH, SKY or CGH techniques 7,8. We recommend checking the chromosomal status routinely with intervals of 5 passages in order to monitor the appearance of translocations and aneuploidies
Priscila Britto and Rafaela Sartore contributed equally to the paper.

Karyotyping is a simple and useful technique widely used for detecting genetic alterations. Here we describe a step by step protocol for chromosome spread preparation of human embryonic stem cells for monitoring the chromosomal status of these cells maintained in culture.

Préparation Étaler chromosomique des cellules souches embryonnaires humaines pour le caryotype

Although human embryonic stem cells (hESC) have been shown to present a stable diploid karyotype 1, many studies have reported that depending on culture ...

Freezing and Thawing Human Embryonic Stem Cells

Since James Thomson et al developed a technique in 1998 to isolate and grow hES in culture, freezing cells for later use and thawing and expanding cells from a frozen stock have become important procedures performed in routine hES cell culture. Since hES cells are very sensitive to the stresses of freezing and thawing, special care must taken. Here we demonstrate the proper technique for rapidly thawing hES cells from liquid nitrogen stocks, plating them on mouse embryonic feeder cells, and slowly freezing them for long-term storage.

Since James Thomson et al developed a technique in 1998 to isolate and grow hES in culture, freezing cells for later use and thawing and expanding cells from a frozen stock have become important procedures performed in routine hES cell culture. Since hES cells are very sensitive to the stresses of freezing and thawing, special care must taken. Here we demonstrate the proper technique for rapidly thawing hES cells from liquid nitrogen stocks, plating them on mouse embryonic feeder cells, and slowly freezing them for long-term storage.

Congélation et de décongélation cellules souches embryonnaires humaines

Since James Thomson et al developed a technique in 1998 to isolate and grow hES in culture, freezing cells for later use and thawing and expanding cells ...

Differentiation of Embryonic Stem Cells into Oligodendrocyte Precursors

Oligodendrocytes are the myelinating cells of the central nervous system. For regenerative cell therapy in demyelinating diseases, there is significant interest in deriving a pure population of lineage-committed oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) for transplantation. OPCs are characterized by the activity of the transcription factor Olig2 and surface expression of a proteoglycan NG2. Using the GFP-Olig2 (G-Olig2) mouse embryonic stem cell (mESC) reporter line, we optimized conditions for the differentiation of mESCs into GFP+Olig2+NG2+ OPCs. In our protocol, we first describe the generation of embryoid bodies (EBs) from mESCs. Second, we describe treatment of mESC-derived EBs with small molecules: (1) retinoic acid (RA) and (2) a sonic hedgehog (Shh) agonist purmorphamine (Pur) under defined culture conditions to direct EB differentiation into the oligodendroglial lineage. By this approach, OPCs can be obtained with high efficiency (&gt;80%) in a time period of 30 days. Cells derived from mESCs in this protocol are phenotypically similar to OPCs derived from primary tissue culture. The mESC-derived OPCs do not show the spiking property described for a subpopulation of brain OPCs in situ. To study this electrophysiological property, we describe the generation of spiking mESC-derived OPCs by ectopically expressing NaV1.2 subunit. The spiking and nonspiking cells obtained from this protocol will help advance functional studies on the two subpopulations of OPCs.

We describe a small molecule-based protocol for differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells into oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs). This protocol generates Olig2+NG2+ OPCs with high efficiency by 30 days of differentiation. We also describe a method to generate "spiking" OPCs that can fire action potentials.

La différenciation des cellules souches embryonnaires en précurseurs d&#39;oligodendrocytes

Oligodendrocytes are the myelinating cells of the central nervous system. For regenerative cell therapy in demyelinating diseases, there is significant ...