Wir möchten den Mitgliedern des Lee-Labor für wertvolle Diskussionen zum Manuskript danken. Die Arbeit im Labor Lee wurde durch Zuschüsse von Robertson Investigator Award der New York Stem Cell Foundation und von Maryland Stem Cell Research Fund (TEDCO) unterstützt.

1. Herstellung einer Platte mit 96 Vertiefungen <ol><li> Mischen Sie 1 ul Single Cell DNase1 bis 9 ul Single Cell Lysis Solution. </li><li> Setzen Sie die 10 ul Mischlösung in jede Vertiefung der 96-Well-PCR-Platte. </li></ol> 2. Abnehmen hESCs für die FACS-Reinigung <ol><li> Nehmen OCT4 :: EGFP ES-Zelllinie aus der 60-mm-Schale mit 1 ml Accutase für 20 min bei 37 ° C, die mit menschlichen ES-Medien neutralisiert wurden. </li><li> Vorbereitung Zellpopulation in 1 ml FACS-Puffer und Einstellen der Zelle auf 1 x 10 6 Zellen / ml. </li><li> Übergeben Sie die Zellprobe durch eine 35 um Zellsieb Kappe Röhre. </li><li> Lagern Sie das Röhrchen in Eis vor der Zellsortierung. </li></ol> 3. Lyse der FACS-gereinigte Single Cell in jeder Vertiefung der 96-Well-Platte <ol><li> Sortieren Sie die Probe für die EGFP-positiven Zellen auf einem Zellsortierer mit einem geschulten Bediener. Setzen Sie die einzelne Zelle in Einzelzell Lysis/DNase1 Lösung in 96-Well-PCR-Platte. Wenn nötig, die 96-Well-Platte mit der Probe in einem -80 ° C Gefrierschrank weniger als einen Monat aufbewahrt werden. </li><li> Inkubiere die Proben 5 min bei RT Zelllyse. </li><li> 1 ul-Stop-Lösung, um die Lyse Reaktion zu stoppen. </li><li> Inkubation 2 min bei RT. </li></ol> 4. Reverse Transkription <ol><li> In den jeweils einer 0,5 ul Aliquot von 20 uM SMA-T15, SMA-A. </li><li> In 4 ul 5X-Puffer, 2 ul DTT, 1 ul Reverse Transkriptase und 1 ul dNTP in jede Vertiefung. </li><li> Führen reverse Transkription in einem Thermocycler. <ol><li> Stellen Sie die thermische Programm bei 42 ° C × 90 min inaktiviert und Reverse Transkriptase bei 85 ° C × 5 min. </li></ol></li></ol> 5. Amplification <ol><li> In 4 ul ExoSAP-IT-Reagenz zu jedem umkehren transkribiert Probe. <ol><li> Proben bei 37 ° C für 15 min und 80 ° C für 15 min, um die ExoSAP IT-Reagenz zu inaktivieren. </li></ol></li><li> Bereiten PCR-Reaktionsmischung with SMA-p2 (2 nM) </li><li> In 10 ul PCR-Reaktionsmischung zu jedem Reverse Transkription Probe. </li><li> Führen die Verstärkung, bestehend aus 20 Zyklen von Denaturierung (94 ° C für 30 Sekunden), Annealing (57 ° C für 30 Sekunden) und Verlängerung (68 ° C für 10 min). </li></ol> 6. QRT-PCR Leistungs <ol><li> In 10 ul 2X SYBR Green PCR Master Mix, 1 ul amplifizierte cDNA, 2 nM Primer und 7 ul Wasser in jede Vertiefung. <ol><li> Stellen Sie das Programm, gefolgt von 95 ° C für 3 Sekunden, 60 ° C für 30 sec x 40 Zyklen. </li></ol></li><li> Führen Sie in zweifacher Ausfertigung für technische Fehler. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Miyanari, Y., Torres-Padilla, M. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Control+of+ground-state+pluripotency+by+allelic+regulation+of+Nanog.">Control of ground-state pluripotency by allelic regulation of Nanog.</a> Nature. 483, 470-473 (2012).</li><li>Leitch, H. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Embryonic+germ+cells+from+mice+and+rats+exhibit+properties+consistent+with+a+generic+pluripotent+ground+state.">Embryonic germ cells from mice and rats exhibit properties consistent with a generic pluripotent ground state.</a> Development. 137, 2279-2287 (2010).</li><li>Ramskold, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Full-length+mRNA-Seq+from+single-cell+levels+of+RNA+and+individual+circulating+tumor+cells.">Full-length mRNA-Seq from single-cell levels of RNA and individual circulating tumor cells.</a> Nat Biotechnol. 30, 777-782 (2012).</li><li>Stewart, M. 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A., Mccue, K., Schaeffer, L., Wold, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mapping+and+quantifying+mammalian+transcriptomes+by+RNA-Seq.">Mapping and quantifying mammalian transcriptomes by RNA-Seq.</a> Nat Methods. 5, 621-628 (2008).</li><li>Pan, Q., Shai, O., Lee, L. J., Frey, J., Blencowe, B. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Deep+surveying+of+alternative+splicing+complexity+in+the+human+transcriptome+by+high-throughput+sequencing.">Deep surveying of alternative splicing complexity in the human transcriptome by high-throughput sequencing.</a> Nat Genet. 40, 1413-1415 (2008).</li><li>Wang, E. 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Die Autoren haben nichts zu offenbaren.

Einzelzell-Gen-Profiling könnte ein wichtiges Instrument, um die Funktionalität einer einzelnen Zelle oder eine ganze Bevölkerung vorherzusagen. Aufgrund technischer Einschränkung, hat ganze Gen-Profiling-Analyse wurde die Bevölkerungsdurchschnittswerte beschränkt. Variationen in Genexpressionsmustern und Ebenen zwischen den einzelnen Zellen und den Subpopulationen wurden vorgeschlagen, um Fehlinterpretationen führen. Solche vielfältigen zellulären Aspekte in hESCs gefunden werden und ihre Heterogenität verurs...

Meisten höheren Eukaryonten sind heterogene Populationen somit Analyse einer gepoolten Population, ist es oft schwierig, ihre zellulären Funktionen interpretiert. Einzelnen Zellen in einer Population kann leicht unterschiedliche sein, und diese Unterschiede können wichtige Konsequenzen für die Eigenschaft und Funktion der gesamten Population 1 und 2 haben. Insbesondere werden humanen embryonalen Stammzellen (hES-Zellen) bekannt heterogene, die verschiedenen Ebenen der Pluripotenz und vielfältige Potenziale zur Linie Spezifikation in zart unterschiedlichen Wegen 3, 4 verursacht sein. Zum Beispiel können verschiedene Zelloberflächenantigene verwendet, um undifferenzierte pluripotente Stammzellen zu kategorisieren, 5 und der Austin Smith Gruppe vorgeschlagenen verschiedenen Ebenen der Pluripotenz in embryonalen Stammzellen der Maus anhand ihrer Morphologie, Differenzierung Neigung und Abhängigkeit von Signalwegs 6. Dieses Phänomen wurde in menschlichen Embryo Hypothese aufgestellt,nic Stammzellen 7. Während die Gesamt Studien wurden zwischen verschiedenen Stammzelllinien, nicht individuelle Einzel Stammzellen durchgeführt wird, könnte es sehr interessant sein, verschiedene Ebenen der Pluripotenz auf Einzelzellebene, die möglicherweise Auswirkungen auf ihre Differenzierungsmöglichkeiten gegenüber allen somatischen Zelllinien zu analysieren. Zelluläre und molekulare Heterogenität könnte durch Transkriptionsprofilierung diktiert werden, die aufgerufen wird, die &quot;einzelne Zelle Transkriptom&quot; und betont, neue Ansätze zur Quantifizierung der Genexpression 10.08. Für die Analyse der Genexpression in einzelnen Zellen, wir eine einfache, aber robuste Protokoll von Einzelzell quantitative RT-PCR entwickelt. Wir bestätigten die Wirksamkeit und Durchführbarkeit von unserem Protokoll, indem jeder die Hälfte der Einzel Zelllysaten sowie seriell verdünnt Gesamt-RNAs von HES, was zu minimalen technischen Variationen und Unterschiede. Ferner haben wir eine genetische Linie Reporter homogene p isolierenEVÖLKERUNG von HES mit Gen-Targeting-System. Der Donor-Vektor für die Ausrichtung OCT4 Locus (OCT4-2A-EGFP-PGK-Puro-Konstrukt) und ein Paar von TALEN Plasmide wurden verwendet, 11. Der Spender Vektor und ein Paar TALEN Plasmide wurden in hESCs (H9, WA09) mit unserem Nukleofektion und klonalen Protokoll und Wartung von HES wurde auf der Grundlage unserer Routine-Protokoll 12 durchgeführt wird eingeführt. Wir bestätigten diese genetische Reporter Linie exprimieren EGFP für OCT4 Ausdruck in OCT4 :: EGFP hESCs. Unser Ergebnis zeigt, dass die einzelnen HES (sortiert nach OCT4 :: EGFP stark positive Zellen) halten hohe OCT4 Ausdruck, aber verschiedene Ebenen der NANOG Ausdruck. Also, sollten Sie unsere Einzelzelle Genexpression Test sinnvoll, Bevölkerung Heterogenitäten von pluripotenten Stammzellen zu studieren.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="807">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">96 wll PCR Plate</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">USA scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1402-8900</td>
			<td style="width:311px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:255px;">Ambion Cell Lysis Kit</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">4458235</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">SMARTScribe Reverse Transcriptase</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Clonetech</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">639536</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">ExoSAP-IT</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">USB</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">78200</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:255px;">Platinum Taq DNA polymerase High Fidelity</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">11304</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">10mM dNTP Mix, PCR Grade</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">18427</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">SYBR Universal 2X Master Mix</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Kapa biosystem</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">KR0389</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">Accutase</td>
			<td>Innovative Cell Tech</td>
			<td>S-1100-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">FACS buffer</td>
			<td style="width:123px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>45 ml PBS, 5 ml a-MEM, 100 ul DNase, filter sterilized</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">35 &#956;m cell strainer cap tubes</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">BD Biosciences</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">352235</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

profiling individual human embryonic stem cells by quantitative rt-pcr

Heterogenität der Stammzellpopulation erschwert detailliertes Verständnis der Stammzellbiologie, wie ihre Neigung zur Differenzierung verschiedener Linien. Eine einzelne Zelle Transkriptom-Test kann ein neuer Ansatz zum Präparieren individuelle Variation sein. Wir haben die Einzelzelle qRT-PCR-Verfahren entwickelt und bestätigt, dass diese Methode funktioniert auch in mehreren Genexpressionsprofilen. In Einzelzellebene, die jeweils mit menschlichen embryonalen Stammzellen, sortiert nach OCT4 :: EGFP-positiven Zellen, hat eine hohe Expression in OCT4, aber eine andere Ebene der NANOG Ausdruck. Unsere Einzelzell Genexpression Test sollte sinnvoll, Heterogenitäten Bevölkerung zu befragen sein.

Effiziente und robuste Einzelzelle RNA-Amplifikation Um die Unterschiede zwischen den Transkriptions hESCs zu minimieren, haben wir OCT4 :: EGFP hES-Klon für FACS Reinigung. Nach dem Sortieren OCT4 :: EGFP positive Zellen in eine 96-Well-Platte wird jede Zelle in Lysepuffer lysiert, und konvertiert die Poly (A) + RNA zu cDNA voller Länge unter Verwendung von SMA-T15 (GACATGTATCCGGATGTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT) Primer und Verankerung mit SMA-A (ACATGTATCCGGATGTGGG ) unter V...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Profiling Individual Human Embryonic Stem Cells by Quantitative RT-PCR at JoVE.com

Profiling Individual Human Embryonic Stem Cells by Quantitative RT-PCR

Einzelzell-Genexpression Test wird für das Verständnis der Stammzell Heterogenitäten benötigt.

Profiling Individuelle humanen embryonalen Stammzellen durch quantitative RT-PCR

Heterogeneity of stem cell population hampers detailed understanding of stem cell biology, such as their differentiation propensity toward different ...

profiling-individual-human-embryonic-stem-cells-by-quantitative-rt-pcr

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

11.4K Aufrufe.  Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine.  Einzelzell-Genexpression Test wird für das Verständnis der Stammzell Heterogenitäten benötigt. 

Serie: Profiling Individual Human Embryonic Stem Cells by Quantitative RT-PCR

Propagation of Human Embryonic Stem (ES) Cells

Propagation of Human Embryonic Stem ES Cells

Yeah, so I'm Lauren Deon. I'm in charge of the Human Amgen stem cell co facility at MGH. Yeah, so I'm Lauren, I'm in charge of the Human AM stem cell co facility at MGH.So I've been working with human Amgen stem cells for years now since I was a postdoc in George De Lab before, from four, four years. And so right now we have two cell lines, H one and H nine, which are both from Y cell. And so the way we are expanding or maintaining these cells in culture is by, at least the way we are splitting these cells is by using collagenous.So what I usually do is for the first few passage after throwing the cells, I use a technical, the picking colonies. So in this case, I can check under the microscope which colonies are good and differentiate and nice shape, and I will collect only these colonies and I will cut them in few pieces and put them back in, in a fresh flat. And the, the colonies that look kind of differentiate it are just left them alone.The other way to pass the cells is by using trypsin. So I don't use this technique here. I think collagenase is a little bit safer because human being stem cells don't like to be individualized or they don't like to be alone.So if you do trypsin, if you use trypsin for a little bit too long, if you use it for like three to four minutes, which is the way we use strips in for other type of cells, human stem cells will be individualized and most of them will die or just differentiate or will not attach to the myth. So the idea is you have to keep the cells as clumps. You don't want them to be alone in the in, in the flask.So using collagenase, the advantage is to keep cells as plants. Using chipsy, you just select for cells that will survive this very, very harsh process of g opsonization. So these cells are usually very highly proliferative.So you get, you can adapt your cells to this tripsin process. The problem is that you have cells that they behave differently, they go much faster. And one risk is that you can get some commercial abnormality to, to this, to this very high division process.So you say that ization can cause selection of cells in culture for most proliferative cells.Right. More ative and probably also higher survival rates than other cells. So after proliferation, basically culture after proliferation in tripsin, after several passages become a different culture, these different properties.So it's, it's hard to figure out if they are exactly identical. If you do the test, the usual test, let's say you check markers, regular markers of end differentiated cells like OC four, nano one 60 SC four C, C3, all this molecule might still be expressed. If you do TER formation, this cells might still differentiate and be formed like al like normal cells.If you look at the karyotype, you might have some abnormality, but you might still have a normal karyotype. The, the, the selective advantage might be due to just a mutation that you cannot see by doing a karyotype. So the fact that they grow much faster is by itself I think a little bit worser.And if we want to use these cells for transplantation at some point, I would definitely not use this type of cells.Okay. So would you like to tell me what are the main technical problems with using this technique for, for passages of cells? So using S, yes.It's just a little bit longer and also it's, since the cells are not going as fast, it's just much longer to get a high number of cells to do some experiment. So it's just less convenient I would say. Would you like to tell me about few words about the goals of your experiment?How do you use CS cells? Okay, so my main project here is to get endothelial cells from human AB stem cells. And the idea is to be able to make blood.And we are working a lot with tissue bioengineering labs and one of their goal is to make tissue in vitro. But one of the limitation to this is the lack of blood vessels going through this tissues. So if we can bring endothelial cells or put endothelial cells in this tissue, we would have better growth of this tissue.So the idea few sources of cells are known for endothelial cells like cold blood or pressure blood, but it would be interesting to have another source of cells like human years. And the advantage is since human years can be expanded and most infinitely, you could modify these cells, make some inducible system and be able to use it. Then in your final product, your material cells, in this case.

Vermehrung von humanen embryonalen Stammzellen (ES-Zellen)

Forschung

Biologie

Derivation of Hematopoietic Stem Cells from Murine Embryonic Stem Cells

A stem cell is defined as a cell with the capacity to both self-renew and generate multiple differentiated progeny.  Embryonic stem cells (ESC) are derived from the blastocyst of the early embryo and are pluripotent in differentiative ability.  Their vast differentiative potential has made them the focus of much research centered on deducing how to coax them to generate clinically useful cell types.  The successful derivation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) from mouse ESC has recently been accomplished and can be visualized in this video protocol.  HSC, arguably the most clinically exploited cell population, are used to treat a myriad of hematopoietic malignancies and disorders.  However, many patients that might benefit from HSC therapy lack access to suitable donors.  ESC could provide an alternative source of HSC for these patients.  The following protocol establishes a baseline from which ESC-HSC can be studied and inform efforts to isolate HSC from human ESC.  In this protocol, ESC are differentiated as embryoid bodies (EBs) for 6 days in commercially available serum pre-screened for optimal hematopoietic differentiation.  EBs are then dissociated and infected with retroviral HoxB4.  Infected EB-derived cells are plated on OP9 stroma, a bone marrow stromal cell line derived from the calvaria of  M-CSF-/- mice, and co-cultured in the presence of hematopoiesis promoting cytokines for ten days.  During this co-culture, the infected cells expand greatly, resulting in the generation a heterogeneous pool of 100s of millions of cells.  These cells can then be used to rescue and reconstitute lethally irradiated mice.

This protocol details the derivation of transplantable hematopoietic stem cells from mouse embryonic stem cells (ESC) and their subsequent injection into lethally irradiated recipient mice. Briefly, ESC are differentiated as embryoid bodies, which are then infected with retroviral HoxB4 and co-cultured with OP9 stromal cells and hematopoietic cytokines.

Ableitung von hämatopoetischen Stammzellen aus embryonalen Stammzellen der Maus

A stem cell is defined as a cell with the capacity to both self-renew and generate multiple differentiated progeny.  Embryonic stem cells (ESC) are ...

Derivation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells by Immunosurgery

The ability of human embryonic stem cells to self-renew and differentiate into all cell types of 
the body suggests that they hold great promise for both medical applications and as a research 
tool for addressing fundamental questions in development and disease. Here, we provide a 
concise, step-by-step protocol for the derivation of human embryonic stem cells from embryos 
by immunosurgical isolation of the inner cell mass. 


The ability of human embryonic stem cells to self-renew and differentiate into all cell types of 
the body suggests that they hold great promise for both medical applications and as a research 
tool for addressing fundamental questions in development and disease. Here, we provide a 
concise, step-by-step protocol for the derivation of human embryonic stem cells from embryos 
by immunosurgical isolation of the inner cell mass.

Gewinnung menschlicher embryonaler Stammzellen durch Immunosurgery

The ability of human embryonic stem cells to self-renew and differentiate into all cell types of 
the body suggests that they hold great promise for both ...

Probing for Mitochondrial Complex Activity in Human Embryonic Stem Cells

Mitochondria are cytoplasmic organelles that have a primary role in cellular metabolism and homeostasis, regulation of the cell signaling network, and programmed cell death. Mitochondria produce ATP, regulate the cytoplasmic redox state and Ca2+ balance, catabolize fatty acids, synthesize heme, nucleotides, steroid hormones, amino acids, and help assemble iron-sulfur clusters in proteins. Mitochondria also have an essential role in heat production. Mutations of the mitochondrial genome cause several types of human disorder. The accumulation of mtDNA mutations correlates with aging and is suspected to have an important role in the development of cancer. Due to their vitally important role in all cell types, the function of mitochondria must also be critical for stem cells. Key advances have been made in our understanding of stem cell viability, proliferation, and differentiation capacity. But the functional activity of stem cells, in particular their energy status, was not yet been studied in detail. Almost nothing is known about the mitochondrial properties of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and their differentiated precursor progeny. One way to understand and evaluate the role of mitochondria in hESC function and developmental potential is to directly measure the activity of mitochondrial respiratory complexes. Here, we describe high resolution clear native gel electrophoresis and subsequent in gel activity visualization as a method for analyzing the five respiratory chain complexes of hESCs.

In this video, we will show you how the mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes of human embryonic stem cells can be analyzed using in gel activity assays.

Probing für Mitochondriale komplexe Aktivität in humanen embryonalen Stammzellen

Mitochondria are cytoplasmic organelles that have a primary role in cellular metabolism and homeostasis, regulation of the cell signaling network, and ...

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation from Human Embryonic Stem Cells

The functional and structural complexity of the myriad of cells in metazoan organisms arises from a small number of stem cells. Stem cells are characterized by two fundamental properties: self-renewal and multipotency that allows a stem cell to differentiate into virtually any cell type 1. The progression stem cell to differentiated cell is characterized by loss of multipotency, structural and morphological changes and the hierarchic activity of transcription factors and signaling molecules, whose activities establish and maintain cell-type specific gene expression patterns. At the molecular level, cell differentiation involves dynamic changes of the structure and composition of chromatin and the detection of those dynamic changes can provide valuable insights into the functional features of stem cells and the cell differentiation process 2,3. Chromatin is a highly compacted DNA-protein complex that forms when cells package chromosomal DNA with proteins, mainly histones 4. Stemcellness and cell differentiation has been correlated with the presence of specific arrays of regulatory proteins such as epigenetic factors, histone variants, and transcription factors 2,3,5.
 Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) provides a valuable method to monitor the presence of RNA, proteins, and protein modifications in chromatin 6,7. The comparison of chromatin from different cell types can elucidate dynamic changes in protein-chromatin associations that occur during cell differentiation.
Chromatin immunoprecipitation involves the purification of in vivo cross-linked chromatin. The isolated chromatin is reduced to smaller fragments by enzymatic digestion or mechanical force. Chromatin fragments are precipitated using specific antibodies to target proteins or protein and DNA modifications. The precipitated DNA or RNA is purified and used as a template for PCR or DNA microarray based assays. Prerequisites for a successful ChIP are high quality antibodies to the desired antigen and the availability of chromatin from control cells that do not express the target molecule. ChIP can correlate the presence of proteins, protein and RNA modifications, and RNA with specific target DNA, and depending on the choice of outread tool, detects the association of target molecules at specific target genes or in the context of an entire genome. The comparison of the distribution of proteins in the chromatin of differentiating cells can elucidate the dynamic changes of chromatin composition that coincide with the progression of cells along a cell lineage.

The differentiation of ESC coincides with cell-type specific changes in the structure and composition of chromatin. The detection of those changes provides valuable insights into the mechanisms that define stemcellness and cell differentiation. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) represents a valuable method to dissect the molecular mechanisms underlying stem cell differentiation.

Chromatin Immunopräzipitation von humanen embryonalen Stammzellen

The functional and structural complexity of the myriad of cells in metazoan organisms arises from a small number of stem cells. Stem cells are ...

In vitro Labeling of Human Embryonic Stem Cells for Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Human embryonic stem cells (hESC) have demonstrated the ability to restore the injured myocardium. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has emerged as one of the predominant imaging modalities to assess the restoration of the injured myocardium. Furthermore, ex-vivo labeling agents, such as iron-oxide nanoparticles, have been employed to track and localize the transplanted stem cells. However, this method does not monitor a fundamental cellular biology property regarding the viability of transplanted cells. It has been known that manganese chloride (MnCl2) enters the cells via voltage-gated calcium (Ca2+) channels when the cells are biologically active, and accumulates intracellularly to generate T1 shortening effect. Therefore, we suggest that manganese-guided MRI can be useful to monitor cell viability after the transplantation of hESC into the myocardium.
In this video, we will show how to label hESC with MnCl2 and how those cells can be clearly seen by using MRI in vitro. At the same time, biological activity of Ca2+-channels will be modulated utilizing both Ca2+-channel agonist and antagonist to evaluate concomitant signal changes.

In this video, we are showing how to label human embryonic stem cells (hESC) with manganese chloride (MnCl2) which can enter cells via voltage-gated calcium channels when the cells are biologically active. Additionally, we show the use of MnCl2 as cellular MRI contrast agent to determine the in vitro viability of hESC.

In-vitro-Markierung von humanen embryonalen Stammzellen für Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Human embryonic stem cells (hESC) have demonstrated the ability to restore the injured myocardium. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has emerged as one of ...

Culture and Maintenance of Human Embryonic Stem Cells  

Human embryonic stem (hES) cells must be monitored and cared for in order to maintain healthy, undifferentiated cultures. At minimum, the cultures must be  fed  every day by performing a complete medium change to replenish lost nutrients and to keep the cultures free of unwanted differentiation factors. Although a small amount of differentiation is normal and expected in stem cell cultures, the culture should be routinely cleaned up by manually removing, or "picking" differentiated areas. Identifying and removing excess differentiation from hES cell cultures are essential techniques in the maintenance of a healthy population of cells.

Culture and Maintenance of Human Embryonic Stem Cells

This protocol demonstrates how to maintain healthy, undifferentiated human embryonic stem (ES) cells.

Kultur und Wartung von humanen embryonalen Stammzellen

Human embryonic stem (hES) cells must be monitored and cared for in order to maintain healthy, undifferentiated cultures. At minimum, the cultures must be ...

Chromosomal Spread Preparation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells for Karyotyping

Although human embryonic stem cells (hESC) have been shown to present a stable diploid karyotype 1, many studies have reported that depending on culture conditions they become prone to acquire chromosomal anomalies such as addition of whole or parts of chromosomes. Indeed, during long-term culture, karyotypic alterations are observed when enzymatic or chemical dissociation are used 2,3,4, while manual dissection of colonies for passaging retains a stable karyotype 5. Besides, changes in the environment such as the removal of feeder cells also seem to compromise the genetic integrity of hESC 3,6. Once chromosomal alterations could affect cellular physiology, the characterization of the genetic integrity of hESC in vitro is crucial considering hESC as an essential tool in embryogenesis studies and drug testing. Furthermore, for future therapeutic purposes chromosomal changes are a real concern as it is frequently associated to carcinogenesis.
Here we show a simple and useful method to obtain high quality chromosome spreads for subsequent analysis of chromosome set by G-banding, FISH, SKY or CGH techniques 7,8. We recommend checking the chromosomal status routinely with intervals of 5 passages in order to monitor the appearance of translocations and aneuploidies
Priscila Britto and Rafaela Sartore contributed equally to the paper.

Karyotyping is a simple and useful technique widely used for detecting genetic alterations. Here we describe a step by step protocol for chromosome spread preparation of human embryonic stem cells for monitoring the chromosomal status of these cells maintained in culture.

Chromosomale Spread-Vorbereitung von humanen embryonalen Stammzellen für die Karyotypisierung

Although human embryonic stem cells (hESC) have been shown to present a stable diploid karyotype 1, many studies have reported that depending on culture ...

Freezing and Thawing Human Embryonic Stem Cells

Since James Thomson et al developed a technique in 1998 to isolate and grow hES in culture, freezing cells for later use and thawing and expanding cells from a frozen stock have become important procedures performed in routine hES cell culture. Since hES cells are very sensitive to the stresses of freezing and thawing, special care must taken. Here we demonstrate the proper technique for rapidly thawing hES cells from liquid nitrogen stocks, plating them on mouse embryonic feeder cells, and slowly freezing them for long-term storage.

Since James Thomson et al developed a technique in 1998 to isolate and grow hES in culture, freezing cells for later use and thawing and expanding cells from a frozen stock have become important procedures performed in routine hES cell culture. Since hES cells are very sensitive to the stresses of freezing and thawing, special care must taken. Here we demonstrate the proper technique for rapidly thawing hES cells from liquid nitrogen stocks, plating them on mouse embryonic feeder cells, and slowly freezing them for long-term storage.

Einfrieren und Auftauen humanen embryonalen Stammzellen

Since James Thomson et al developed a technique in 1998 to isolate and grow hES in culture, freezing cells for later use and thawing and expanding cells ...

Differentiation of Embryonic Stem Cells into Oligodendrocyte Precursors

Oligodendrocytes are the myelinating cells of the central nervous system. For regenerative cell therapy in demyelinating diseases, there is significant interest in deriving a pure population of lineage-committed oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) for transplantation. OPCs are characterized by the activity of the transcription factor Olig2 and surface expression of a proteoglycan NG2. Using the GFP-Olig2 (G-Olig2) mouse embryonic stem cell (mESC) reporter line, we optimized conditions for the differentiation of mESCs into GFP+Olig2+NG2+ OPCs. In our protocol, we first describe the generation of embryoid bodies (EBs) from mESCs. Second, we describe treatment of mESC-derived EBs with small molecules: (1) retinoic acid (RA) and (2) a sonic hedgehog (Shh) agonist purmorphamine (Pur) under defined culture conditions to direct EB differentiation into the oligodendroglial lineage. By this approach, OPCs can be obtained with high efficiency (&gt;80%) in a time period of 30 days. Cells derived from mESCs in this protocol are phenotypically similar to OPCs derived from primary tissue culture. The mESC-derived OPCs do not show the spiking property described for a subpopulation of brain OPCs in situ. To study this electrophysiological property, we describe the generation of spiking mESC-derived OPCs by ectopically expressing NaV1.2 subunit. The spiking and nonspiking cells obtained from this protocol will help advance functional studies on the two subpopulations of OPCs.

We describe a small molecule-based protocol for differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells into oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs). This protocol generates Olig2+NG2+ OPCs with high efficiency by 30 days of differentiation. We also describe a method to generate "spiking" OPCs that can fire action potentials.

Differenzierung von embryonalen Stammzellen in Oligodendrozyten Precursors

Oligodendrocytes are the myelinating cells of the central nervous system. For regenerative cell therapy in demyelinating diseases, there is significant ...