<p class="jove_content"&gt; 현재의 연구는 국립 심장, 폐, 및 혈액 연구소 부여 R01 - HL0921, HK Eltzschig에 R01 - DK083385과 R01HL098294, T. Eckle에 1K08HL102267 - 01, 그리고 아나스타샤 교육 T. Eckle에 연구 기금 재단에서 지원하는 그리고 홍콩 Eltzschig, 그리고 T. Eckle과 HK Eltzschig와 M. Koeppen으로 도이치 Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG)의 연구 활동에 미국 심장 협회 부여합니다.</p

일반 비고 : 모든 작업은 직립 해부 현미경 (올림푸스, STU2 스탠드 붐 스탠드와 Z 축 크랭크 포스트와 SZX10) 미만 수술 coagulator (11)를 사용하여 수행되어야합니다. 실험 그룹은 결과의 comparability을 보장하기 위해 최선을 연령과 체중에 가능한 일치해야합니다. 온도, 혈압, 마취 및 유체 행정 전반에 걸쳐 안정되어야합니다. 1. 마취 및 기관 준비 <ol><li> 적어도 10 주 된 아르 C57BL / 6 마​​우스를 사용하여 22-25 G.의 시체를 가지고 복용 70 MG / kg 체중의 IP (6)에서 pentobarbital 나트륨을 사용하여 마취를 유도. 약 pentobarbital 10 MG / kg / H 나트륨과 마취를 유지합니다. 이것은 크게 혈압을 낮출 수 있으므로 도달 했나봐로주의하십시오. pentobarbital의 다시 먹이지 - 후에도 플라즈마 수준의 심각한 증가로 이어질 시간은 - 수 있습니다. </li><li> 후 마취 유도, 테이프와 발목에 고정 봉합을 사용하여 테이블에 붙어있는 위턱과 아래턱에 사지와 부정사 위치에 안전 쥐. 치아를 사용하여 머리에 대해 동일한 작업을 수행. 충분한 금지는 성공 삽관법와 잘 제어 수술 중요합니다. 이전 수술, 마우스 머리 알레르기의 위험을 줄이기 위해 광유와 마우스를 커버. 체온이 상용 식품 랩로 쥐를 커버 안정 상태를 유지하기 위해서. </li><li> 37 체온을 유지하기 위해 온도 피드백 제어기에 연결된 직장 온도계 프로브와 온도 제어 온수 테이블 (RT, Effenberg, 뮌헨, 독일) ° C.에 플레이스 마우스 </li><li> 수술 기관을 폭로. 결합 조직 및 두 개 3.0 실크 수술 봉합 (하버드기구, 미국)기도 아래에 오랫동안 각 10cm의기도의 측면과 등의 측면을 해부하다. 봉합 떨어져 약 1cm해야합니다. </li><li> 맥퍼슨 - Vannas 가위 (; 세계 정밀 계측기, 미국 8cm, 바로 블레이드) 사용하여 두 원형 연골 사이의 후두 아래에 4mm -주의기도 3 절개. 이 결과 매개 변수를 혼란시킬 수 있기 때문에, 출혈을 일으킬하지 않도록하십시오. </li><li> 무딘 폴리에틸렌 캐뉼러 (Insyte 22g, 베크턴 디킨슨, 미국)를 사용 tracheal 삽관법를 수행합니다. 기관에 85도 각도에서 폴리에틸렌 캐뉼러의 끝부분을 삽입합니다. 그것은 tracheal 루멘과 일치되도록 다음 캐뉼러을 기울. 캐뉼러의 끝은 흉부의 조리개에서 사라진 때까지 천천히 더욱기도 아래 튜브를 사전. 기관 (1.4 참조) 등의 위치 두 수술 실크 봉합사이 위치에 튜브를 흥분시키는. </li></ol> 2. 환기 유발 폐 손상의 기술 <ol><li> 환풍기에 튜브를 연결합니다. 폐 상해를 유발하기 위해서 우리는 지멘스 (드레 베티, 미국)에서 서보 900 C를 사용하여 압력 제어 환기 기법을 사용합니다. 동물은 FiO 2 = 1.0 피크 inspiratory 80 호흡 / 분 45 mbar, 주파수의 압력과 0-3 mbar의 긍정적인 최종 날숨 압력을 사용하여 통풍이 될 것입니다. 유효 비율 영감 1:1해야합니다. 서보 900 C는 인간에 대한 환기로 지어진이라는 사실에도 불구하고, 압력 제어 환풍기 설정에서의 사용은 생쥐의 환기를 위해 우수 작품. </li><li> ECG (예 : 휴렛 팩커드, B blingen, 독일)와 모니터 심장 박동수. 심장 박동 400 아래에 드롭하지 않는지 확인하십시오. 하나는 기계적 환기가 intrathoracic 압력의 증가 이후 증가 폐동맥 압력의 기호로 제정되는 오른쪽으로 심장 축의 변화를 볼 수 있습니다. 마우스 bradycardia을 개발하면, 온도와 마취 선량 / 농도를 확인하십시오. Xylacin / Ketamin 마취 250 / 분 심장 심장을 유도하고 있으므로 권장하지 않습니다. </li><li> 적절한 유체 교체를 적용합니다. 로 주입 정상적인 생리 동맥이나 정맥 카테터를 통해 ML / 시간이 충분한 정맥 제출을 보장하기 전에 통풍으로 수행되어야한다 0.1. 평균 동맥 압력의 중요한 방울로 이어질 수있는 심장 정맥 반환이 장애는 높은 환기 압력으로 인해. 또한, 500 μl의 생리 볼러스 전에 수술에 IP 부여 수 있습니다. </li><li> 혈압 (27)의 지속적인 레코딩을위한 경동맥에 카테터를 삽입하십시오. 당신이 동맥을 해부 시작하기 전에 본문에 팔을 연결합니다. 경동맥은 paratracheal 근육의 무딘 절개를 통해 노출됩니다. 추가 노출 및 조직 외상 (vagal 신경의 특정)의주의 회피 후, 카테터 두 봉합과 작은 클램프 (37)를 사용하여 그릇에 삽입됩니다. 이것은 동맥의 긴 세그먼트를 노출합니다. 경동맥의 매우 끝에 묶은를 놓으십시오. 긴장하거나 흥분시키는 일을 얻기 위해 봉합의 끝에 큰 클램프를 부착테이프를 사용하여 테이블에 전자 봉합. 동맥 주위에 다른 치료를 삽입하고 아주 말초 끝에 동맥을 해부하다. 여기, 작은 클램프를 놓으십시오. 동맥에 작은 대각선 열기를 잘라 마이크로 가위를 사용합니다. 훌륭한 포셉 (뒤몽, WPI)와 개방을 잡고 손을 / 포셉와 함께 적절한 크기의 카테터를 사전. 두 번째 봉합사로 매듭을 만들어 동맥을 확보. 클램프를 풀어 더욱 카테터를 전진. 여러 노트와 테이프로 카테터를 고정합니다. 또는 경동맥 동맥 카테 테르는 혈액 가스 분석을 위해 동맥 혈액 샘플을 수집하는 실험의 끝에 장소가 될 수 있습니다. </li></ol> 3. 조직 샘플의 복구 기계 환기 3 시간 후, 샘플은 폐 손상의 범위를 평가하기 위해 수집하고 있습니다. 우리는 brochnoalveolar 세척 유체 (BAL), 동맥혈 및 폐 조직을 수집하는 것이 좋습니다. <ol><li> 실험의 끝에 BAL 액체를 얻을 수 있습니다. 마취의 심화되면 1 ML 인산과 tracheal 튜브를 플러시 호수 (PBS)를 버퍼. 그것이 연결된 주사기를 통해 회복되기 전에 액체가 3 초 동안기도 / 폐에 남아합니다. BAL은 액화 질소에 냉동 스냅인이며 자세한 분석을 위해 -80 ° C에 저장됩니다. 복구 볼륨 1 ML보다 훨씬 덜 수 있다고 알고 있습니다. </li><li> 실험의 끝에 혈액 가스 분석을 수행합니다. 그렇게하기 위해서는 절개가 바로 흉골 아래하여야한다. 포셉과 정도 흉곽을 따라 절개로 가슴을 잡아. 다음 횡경막은 가장자리에 베인이며 갈비에서 도려 있습니다. 이제 흉부의 하단 구멍에 열려있는 전망이있다. 포셉과 흉골을 들어서 전체 앞쪽에 흉부 벽이 - 워드를 설정되어 있도록 오른쪽 왼쪽에 긴 상처 (가능한 측면)의 흉부를 엽니다. 실험 동물이 여전히 기계적 통풍있는 동안 이것은, 완료해야합니다. 좌심실은 27을 사용하여 구멍을 것입니다 ½ G 바늘과 동맥혈 분석은 I - STAT 시스템 (애보트, 미국)를 사용하여 수행됩니다. 동맥혈 가스 분석이 수행되어야하는 경우이 결과에 상당한 confounder되기 때문에, BAL은 얻을 수 없습니다. </li><li> 또는 위의 방법으로, 동맥 혈액 샘플은 경동맥 동맥 카테터를 통해 수집하실 수 있습니다. BAL가 취득되기 전에 그러나이 완료되어야합니다. </li><li> 마음을 끄는하고기도를 잘라하여 엑사이스 폐 엉 - 블록. 혈액을 흡수하기 위해 준비 조직의 조각을 가지고 수술 사이트가 표시되도록. 복부의 방향으로 마음을 당겨 조심스럽게 모든 흉부 장기를 동원하기 위해 척추 따라 절개해. 대동맥을 잘라 흉부 장기를 제거하고 깨끗한 수술 테이블에 그들을 놓으십시오. </li><li> 심장과 조직 샘플의 주요 혈관을 버려야. 여전히 폐에 연결된 어떤 thymus 조직이 없다는 것을 확인하십시오. 개인 튜브 및 스냅인 동결에 가위와 장소 폐​​ 구분합니다. 자세한 분석을 위해 -80 ° C에 보관하십시오. </li></ol> 4. 폐 손상의 측정 저희는 폐 손상의 범위를 평가하기 위해 다음과 같은 결과 매개 변수를 사용하는 것이 좋습니다 : 알부민 엘리사 (Bethyl 연구소, 미국)와 장벽 장애의 범위와 염증의 양을 평가하는 myeloperoxidase (MPO) 엘리사를 (Hycult 생명 공학, 미국) 수행 BAL 유체의 세포. MPO 엘리사를 수행하면 폐 조직을 형성합니다. 서부 유럽 표준시 - 투 - 드라이 비율 측정하는 경우 우리는 BAL 액체를 얻을하지 않으며 폐동맥 순환이 (3.3 참조) 플러시되지 않습니다. 절단 후 폐의 무게를 측정합니다. 그러면 폐에은 48 H 및 폐 조직이 다시 측정을 위해 동결 건조된 있습니다. 그런 다음 젖은 대 건조 비율은 건조 조직의 MG 당 물 (5)의 MG로 측정됩니다. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2525/2525fig1.jpg" alt="그림 1" /> 그림 1. 빌리. 마우스에 대한 응답으로 BAL의 단백질 내용 pentobarbital로 anesthetized 있었다, 기계적 환기가 제정과 생쥐는 압력 제어 설정 (45 mbar의 inspiratory 압력, 긍정적인 최종 exspiratory 압력 3 mbar, 영감을 백퍼센트 사용하고 통풍이되었습니다 산소 농도). 0 후에는 환기 BAL의 1, 2, 3 시간은 수확되었고 단백질 내용은 bicinchoninic 산성 검정 (BCA 분석)를 사용하여 계량되었습니다. 단백질 내용의 상대적인 변화가 환기 0 시간 표준 표시됩니다 (n은 = 4 그룹 당, *는 P &lt;0.05 제어할 비교 표시, ± SEM을 의미)

<ol>
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L., Much, C., Kohler, D., Schittenhelm, J., Gorzolla, I. C., Stahl, G. L., Eltzschig, H. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Use+of+a+hanging-weight+system+for+liver+ischemic+preconditioning+in+mice.">Use of a hanging-weight system for liver ischemic preconditioning in mice.</a> Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 294, 1431-1440 (2008).</li><li>Hartmann, H., Eltzschig, H. K., Wurz, H., Hantke, K., Rakin, A., Yazdi, A. S., Matteoli, G., Bohn, E., Autenrieth, I. B., Karhausen, J., Neumann, D., Colgan, S. P., Kempf, V. 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K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Selective+deletion+of+the+A1+adenosine+receptor+abolishes+heart-rate+slowing+effects+of+intravascular+adenosine+in+vivo.">Selective deletion of the A1 adenosine receptor abolishes heart-rate slowing effects of intravascular adenosine in vivo.</a> PLoS One. 4, e6784-e6784 (2009).</li><li>Kohler, D., Eckle, T., Faigle, M., Grenz, A., Mittelbronn, M., Laucher, S., Hart, M. L., Robson, S. C., Muller, C. E., Eltzschig, H. 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C., Rosenberger, P., Kuhlicke, J., Eltzschig, H. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=HIF-1-dependent+repression+of+adenosine+kinase+attenuates+hypoxia-induced+vascular+leak.">HIF-1-dependent repression of adenosine kinase attenuates hypoxia-induced vascular leak.</a> Blood. 111, 5571-5580 (2008).</li><li>Morote-Garcia, J. C., Rosenberger, P., Nivillac, N. M., Coe, I. R., Eltzschig, H. 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현재의 연구는 생쥐에서 환기 유발 폐 손상을 수행하는 방법을 설명합니다. 이 모델은 고압 환기에 의한 높은 재현성 부상을 보여줍니다. 생쥐의 급성 - 폐 상해를 공부 고려 수사관이 모델에서 혜택을 누릴 수 있습니다.

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><th> 시약의 이름 </th><th> 회사 </th><th> 카탈로그 번호 </th><th> 댓글 (옵션) </th></tr><tr><td> Pentobarbital 나트륨 (치명​​적인 플러스) </td><td> Vortech 제약 있지, 회사, </td><td> VPL 9372 </td><td> 염분에 4mg/mL </td></tr><tr><td> Insyte 22 G </td><td> 베크턴 디킨슨 </td><td> N / A </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 봉합사, 실크 4.0 </td><td> 하버드 장치 </td><td> 517698 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 봉합사, Prolene 8.0 </td><td> Ethicon, 미국 </td><td> M8739 </td><td> 재사용 </td></tr><tr><td> 지멘스 900 ° C </td><td> 드레 베티, 미국 </td><td> # 336 </td><td> 리퍼브 상품 </td></tr><tr><td> 해부 현미경 (SZX10) </td><td> 올림푸스 </td><td> N / A </td><td> 관대한 작동 거리를 고려 </td></tr><tr><td> 난방 장치 테이블 </td><td> 알티, Effenberger, 독일 </td><td> N / A </td><td> 오직 하나의 공급자 </td></tr><tr><td> 혈압 장치 </td><td> 사이버 센스, Inc의 </td><td> BPM02 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> I 합계 </td><td> 애보트 </td><td> N / A </td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

pressure controlled ventilation to induce acute lung injury in mice

Murine 모델은 광범위하게 다른 장기 시스템 (1-34)의 급성 부상을 조사하는 데 사용됩니다. 장기간 기계 환기가 발생 급성 폐 손상 (ALI)는, 병적 상태 및 주요 질병의 사망률에 기여하고, 새로운 유전이나 약리 타겟에 대한 연구는 강렬한 조사 분야 (1-3, 5, 8, 26, 30, 33아르 -36). ALI가 아닌 심장 폐 부종과 폐의 가스 교환 (36)의 후속 장애로 연결이 질병의 급성 증상에 의해 정의됩니다. 우리는 환기 유발 폐 손상 (2) 유도하는 압력 제어 환기를 사용하여 ALI의 murine 모델을 개발했습니다. 이러한 목적으로, C57BL / 6 마​​우스 anesthetized 있으며 기관 절개술은 기계적 환기를 통해 ALI의 유도에 의해 다음이 수행됩니다. 삼시간 - 쥐는 1 이상 45 mbar의 inspiratory 정상 압력으로 압력 제어 설정에서 통풍이 있습니다. 결과 매개 변수, 폐 부종 (습식으로 건조 비율), bronchoalveolar 액체 알부민 콘텐츠, bronchoalveolar 유체 및 폐 조직 myeloperoxidase 컨텐츠 및 폐의 가스 교환 (2) 평가로. 이 기법을 사용 우리는 그것이 충분히 급성 폐 염증을 유도하고 다른 치료 그룹 또는 genotypes (1-3, 5)를 구분할 수있는 표시 수 있습니다. 따라서이 기법은 알리가 유전자 타겟 삭제와 생쥐에 유전자 접근법을 사용에 관련된 분자 메커니즘을 추구 연구원 도움이 될 수 있습니다.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Pressure Controlled Ventilation to Induce Acute Lung Injury in Mice at JoVE.com

Pressure Controlled Ventilation to Induce Acute Lung Injury in Mice

환풍기 유도 폐 손상에 대한 murine 모델은 급성 폐 손상을 연구하는 중요한 도구입니다<em&gt; 생체내에</em&gt;. 여기서 우리는 쉽게 적용할 수를보고<em&gt; 현장에서</em폐의 급성 실패를 유발하는 고압 기계 환기를 사용하는 급성 폐 손상에 대한&gt; 모델입니다.

마우스의 급성 폐 상해를 유발하는 압력 제어 환기

Murine models are extensively used to investigate acute injuries of different organs systems (1-34). Acute lung injury (ALI), which occurs with prolonged ...

pressure-controlled-ventilation-to-induce-acute-lung-injury-in-mice

Research

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Medicine

18.2K 조회수.  University of Colorado. 환풍기 유도 폐 손상에 대한 murine 모델은 급성 폐 손상을 연구하는 중요한 도구입니다 생체내에. 여기서 우리는 쉽게 적용할 수를보고 현장에서 모델입니다.

비디오: Pressure Controlled Ventilation to Induce Acute Lung Injury in Mice

Controlled Cervical Laceration Injury in Mice

Use of genetically modified mice enhances our understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying several neurological disorders such as a spinal cord injury (SCI). Freehand manual control used to produce a laceration model of SCI creates inconsistent injuries often associated with a crush or contusion component and, therefore, a novel technique was developed. Our model of cervical laceration SCI has resolved inherent difficulties with the freehand method by incorporating 1) cervical vertebral stabilization by vertebral facet fixation, 2) enhanced spinal cord exposure, and 3) creation of a reproducible laceration of the spinal cord using an oscillating blade with an accuracy of &plusmn;0.01 mm in depth without associated contusion. Compared to the standard methods of creating a SCI laceration such as freehand use of a scalpel or scissors, our method has produced a consistent lesion. This method is useful for studies on axonal regeneration of corticospinal, rubrospinal, and dorsal ascending tracts.

A novel technique to create a reproducible in vivo model of cervical spinal cord laceration injury in the mouse is described. This technique is based on spine stabilization by fixation of the cervical facets and laceration of the spinal cord using an oscillating blade with an accuracy of &plusmn;0.01 mm.

마우스의 제어 자궁 경부 열상 상해

Use of genetically modified mice enhances our  understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying several neurological disorders  such as a spinal cord ...

연구

의학

Ischemia-reperfusion Model of Acute Kidney Injury and Post Injury Fibrosis in Mice

Ischemia-reperfusion induced acute kidney injury (IR-AKI) is widely used as a model of AKI in mice, but results are often quite variable with high, often unreported mortality rates that may confound analyses. Bilateral renal pedicle clamping is commonly used to induce IR-AKI, but differences between effective clamp pressures and/or renal responses to ischemia between kidneys often lead to more variable results. In addition, shorter clamp times are known to induce more variable tubular injury, and while mice undergoing bilateral injury with longer clamp times develop more consistent tubular injury, they often die within the first 3 days after injury due to severe renal insufficiency. To improve post-injury survival and obtain more consistent and predictable results, we have developed two models of unilateral ischemia-reperfusion injury followed by contralateral nephrectomy. Both surgeries are performed using a dorsal approach, reducing surgical stress resulting from ventral laparotomy, commonly used for mouse IR-AKI surgeries. For induction of moderate injury BALB/c mice undergo unilateral clamping of the renal pedicle for 26 min and also undergo simultaneous contralateral nephrectomy. Using this approach, 50-60% of mice develop moderate AKI 24 hr after injury but 90-100% of mice survive. To induce more severe AKI, BALB/c mice undergo renal pedicle clamping for 30 min followed by contralateral nephrectomy 8 days after injury. This allows functional assessment of renal recovery after injury with 90-100% survival. Early post-injury tubular damage as well as post injury fibrosis are highly consistent using this model.

We describe models of moderate and severe ischemia-reperfusion-induced kidney injury in which the mice undergo unilateral renal pedicle clamping followed by simultaneous or delayed contralateral nephrectomy, respectively. These models consistently give rise to renal dysfunction and post-injury fibrosis, but injury severity and survival are dependent on mouse background, age and surgical equipment.

마우스의 급성 신장 손상 및 사후 상해 섬유증의 허혈 - 재관류 모델

Ischemia-reperfusion induced acute kidney injury (IR-AKI) is widely used as a model of AKI in mice, but results are often quite variable with high, often ...

Controlled Cortical Impact Model for Traumatic Brain Injury

Every year over a million Americans suffer a traumatic brain injury (TBI). Combined with the incidence of TBIs worldwide, the physical, emotional, social, and economical effects are staggering. Therefore, further research into the effects of TBI and effective treatments is necessary. The controlled cortical impact (CCI) model induces traumatic brain injuries ranging from mild to severe. This method uses a rigid impactor to deliver mechanical energy to an intact dura exposed following a craniectomy. Impact is made under precise parameters at a set velocity to achieve a pre-determined deformation depth. Although other TBI models, such as weight drop and fluid percussion, exist, CCI is more accurate, easier to control, and most importantly, produces traumatic brain injuries similar to those seen in humans. However, no TBI model is currently able to reproduce pathological changes identical to those seen in human patients. The CCI model allows investigation into the short-term and long-term effects of TBI, such as neuronal death, memory deficits, and cerebral edema, as well as potential therapeutic treatments for TBI.

Traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) remain a serious health problem. Using the controlled cortical impact surgery model, research on the effects of TBI and possible treatment methods may be performed.

외상성 뇌 손상에 대한 제어 피질 충격 모델

Every year over a million Americans suffer a traumatic brain injury (TBI).  Combined with the incidence of TBIs worldwide, the physical, emotional, ...

Cardiac Catheterization in Mice to Measure the Pressure Volume Relationship: Investigating the Bowditch Effect

Animal models that mimic human cardiac disorders have been created to test potential therapeutic strategies. A key component to evaluating these strategies is to examine their effects on heart function. There are several techniques to measure in vivo cardiac mechanics (e.g., echocardiography, pressure/volume relations, etc.). Compared to echocardiography, real-time left ventricular (LV) pressure/volume analysis via catheterization is more precise and insightful in assessing LV function. Additionally, LV pressure/volume analysis provides the ability to instantaneously record changes during manipulations of contractility (e.g., &#946;-adrenergic stimulation) and pathological insults (e.g., ischemia/reperfusion injury). In addition to the maximum (+dP/dt) and minimum (-dP/dt) rate of pressure change in the LV, an accurate assessment of LV function via several load-independent indexes (e.g., end systolic pressure volume relationship and preload recruitable stroke work) can be attained. Heart rate has a significant effect on LV contractility such that an increase in the heart rate is the primary mechanism to increase cardiac output (i.e., Bowditch effect). Thus, when comparing hemodynamics between experimental groups, it is necessary to have similar heart rates. Furthermore, a hallmark of many cardiomyopathy models is a decrease in contractile reserve (i.e., decreased Bowditch effect). Consequently, vital information can be obtained by determining the effects of increasing heart rate on contractility. Our and others data has demonstrated that the neuronal nitric oxide synthase (NOS1) knockout mouse has decreased contractility. Here we describe the procedure of measuring LV pressure/volume with increasing heart rates using the NOS1 knockout mouse model.

This article describes the measurement of murine left ventricular function via pressure/volume analysis at different heart rates.

Bowditch 효과 조사 : 압력 볼륨 관계를 측정하기 위해 마우스의 심장 도관

Animal models that mimic human cardiac disorders have been created to test potential therapeutic strategies. A key component to evaluating these ...

Open Tracheostomy Gastric Acid Aspiration Murine Model of Acute Lung Injury Results in Maximal Acute Nonlethal Lung Injury

Acid pneumonitis is a major cause of sterile acute lung injury (ALI) in humans. Acid pneumonitis spans the clinical spectrum from asymptomatic to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), characterized by neutrophilic alveolitis, and injury to both alveolar epithelium and vascular endothelium. Clinically, ARDS is defined by acute onset of hypoxemia, bilateral patchy pulmonary infiltrates and non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema. Human studies have provided us with valuable information about the physiological and inflammatory changes in the lung caused by ARDS, which has led to various hypotheses about the underling mechanisms. Unfortunately, difficulties determining the etiology of ARDS, as well as a wide range of pathophysiology have resulted in a lack of critical information that could be useful in developing therapeutic strategies.
Translational animal models are valuable when their pathogenesis and pathophysiology accurately reproduce a concept proven in both in vitro and clinical settings. Although large animal models (e.g., sheep) share characteristics of the anatomy of human trachea-bronchial tree, murine models provide a host of other advantages including: low cost; short reproductive cycle lending itself to greater data acquisition; a well understood immunologic system; and a well characterized genome leading to the availability of a variety of gene deletion and transgenic strains. A robust model of low pH induced ARDS requires a murine ALI that targets mainly the alveolar epithelium, secondarily the vascular endothelium, as well as the small airways leading to the alveoli. Furthermore, a reproducible injury with wide differences between different injurious and non-injurious insults is important.
The murine gastric acid aspiration model presented here using hydrochloric acid employs an open tracheostomy and recreates a pathogenic scenario that reproduces the low pH pneumonitis injury in humans. Additionally, this model can be used to examine interaction of a low pH insult with other pulmonary injurious entities (e.g., food particles, pathogenic bacteria).

This protocol induces acute lung injury in a mouse that has close fidelity to the pathogenesis of acid pneumonitis observed in humans. We generate a maximal acute nonlethal low pH lung injury and account for differences in rodent-human anatomic respiratory structure using an open tracheostomy coupled with circumferential pressure release.

급성 폐 손상의 열기 기관 절개 위산 흡인 쥐 모델은 최대한 급성 치명적 폐 손상의 결과

Acid pneumonitis is a major cause of sterile acute lung injury (ALI) in humans. Acid pneumonitis spans the clinical spectrum from asymptomatic to acute ...

Balloon-based Injury to Induce Myointimal Hyperplasia in the Mouse Abdominal Aorta

The use of animal models is essential for a better understanding of MH, one major cause for arterial stenosis.In this article, we demonstrate a murine balloon denudation model, which is comparable with established vessel injury models in large animals. The aorta denudation model with balloon catheters mimics the clinical setting and leads to comparable pathobiological and physiological changes. Briefly, after performing a horizontal incision in the aorta abdominalis, a balloon catheter will be inserted into the vessel, inflated, and introduced retrogradely. Inflation of the balloon will lead to intima injury and overdistension of the vessel. After removing the catheter, the aortic incision will be closed with single stiches. The model shown in this article is reproducible, easy to perform, and can be established quickly and reliably. It is especially suitable for evaluating expensive experimental therapeutic agents, which can be applied in an economical fashion. By using different knockout-mouse strains, the impact of different genes on MH development can be assessed.

This article demonstrates a murine model to study the development of myointimal hyperplasia (MH) after aortic balloon injury.

풍선-기반 부상 마우스 복 부 대동맥에서 Myointimal 증식을 유도 하

The use of animal models is essential for a better understanding of MH, one major cause for arterial stenosis.In this article, we demonstrate a murine ...

A Closed-chest Model to Induce Transverse Aortic Constriction in Mice

Research on cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure is frequently based on pressure overload mouse models induced by TAC. The standard procedure is to perform a partial thoracotomy to visualize the transverse aortic arch. However, the surgical trauma caused by the thoracotomy in open-chest models changes the respiratory physiology as the ribs are dissected and left unattached after chest closure. To prevent this, we established a minimally invasive, closed chest approach via lateral thoracotomy. Herein we approach the aortic arch via the 2nd intercostal space without entering the chest cavities, leaving the mouse with a less traumatic injury to recover from. We perform this operation using standard laboratory settings for open chest TAC procedures with equal survival rates. Apart from maintaining physiological breathing patterns due to the closed chest approach, the mice seem to benefit by showing rapid recovery, as the less invasive technique appears to facilitate a fast healing process and to reduce immune response after trauma.

Here, we present a protocol of Transverse Aortic constriction (TAC) via a lateral thoracotomy. This technique is a minimally invasive, closed chest surgical procedure aiming to simulate pressure overload and heart failure in mice utilizing standard TAC laboratory settings.

마우스에 가로 대동맥 수축 유도를 폐쇄 가슴 모델

Research on cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure is frequently based on pressure overload mouse models induced by TAC. The standard procedure is to ...

Real-time Pressure-volume Analysis of Acute Myocardial Infarction in Mice

Acute myocardial infarction can lead to acute heart failure and cardiogenic shock. The evaluation of hemodynamics is critical for the evaluation of any potential therapeutic approach directed against acute left ventricular (LV) dysfunction. Current imaging modalities (e.g., echocardiography and magnetic resonance imaging) have several limitations since data on LV pressure cannot directly be measured. LV catheterization in mice undergoing coronary artery occlusion could serve as a novel method for a real-time evaluation of LV function.
At the beginning of the procedure, mice were anesthetized followed by endotracheal intubation. For LV catheterization, the right carotid artery was exposed via middle-neck incision. The catheter was introduced and placed into the LV cavity. Left thoracotomy was conducted and the left main coronary artery (LCA) was ligated. To induce reperfusion, the suture was released after 45 min. Pressure-volume data was recorded at all times.
Ligation of the LCA caused a decrease in LV systolic function as evidenced by a 30% reduction in stroke volume, LV ejection fraction (EF), and cardiac output. Maximum dP/dt as a parameter for LV contractility was also significantly reduced and diastolic function was severely impaired (minimum dP/dt -40%). Reperfusion over a period of 20 min did not lead to a complete recovery of LV function.
Real-time pressure-volume analysis served as a valid procedure for monitoring cardiac function during acute myocardial infarction in mice. Maintaining stable anesthesia and a standardized surgical approach was crucial to ensure valid results. As the early phase of acute myocardial infarction is critical for morbidity and mortality, the delineated method could be beneficial for preclinical evaluation of new strategies for cardioprotection.

Acute myocardial infarction in mice induces acute but incompletely characterized changes in left ventricular (LV) function. LV catheterization in mice undergoing coronary artery occlusion serves as a novel method for a real-time evaluation of LV function.

쥐의 급성 심근 경색의 실시간 압력-볼륨 분석

Acute myocardial infarction can lead to acute heart failure and cardiogenic shock. The evaluation of hemodynamics is critical for the evaluation of any ...

Lung Fixation under Constant Pressure for Evaluation of Emphysema in Mice

Emphysema is a significant feature of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Studies involving an emphysematous mouse model require optimal lung fixation to produce reliable histological specimens of the lung. Due to the nature of the lung&rsquo;s structural composition, which consists largely of air and tissue, there is a risk that it collapses or deflates during the fixation process. Various lung fixation methods exist, each of which has its own advantages and disadvantages. The lung fixation method presented here utilizes constant pressure to enable optimal tissue evaluation for studies using an emphysematous mouse lung model. The main advantage is that it can fix many lungs with the same condition at one time. Lung specimens are obtained from chronic cigarette smoke-exposed mice. Lung fixation is performed using specialized equipment that enables the production of constant pressure. This constant pressure maintains the lung in a reasonably inflated state. Thus, this method generates a histological specimen of the lung that is suitable to evaluate cigarette smoke-induced mild emphysema.

Presented here is a useful protocol for lung fixation that creates a stable condition for histological evaluate of lung specimens from a mouse model of emphysema. The main advantage of this model is that it can fix many lungs with the same constant pressure without lung collapse or deflation.

마우스에 있는 기종의 평가를 위한 일정한 압력의 밑에 폐 고정

Emphysema is a significant feature of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Studies involving an emphysematous mouse model require optimal lung ...

Inducing Acute Lung Injury in Mice by Direct Intratracheal Lipopolysaccharide Instillation

Airway administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a common way to study pulmonary inflammation and acute lung injury (ALI) in small animal models. Various approaches have been described, such as the inhalation of aerosolized LPS as well as nasal or intratracheal instillation. The presented protocol describes a detailed step-by-step procedure to induce ALI in mice by direct intratracheal LPS instillation and perform FACS analysis of blood samples, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid, and lung tissue. After intraperitoneal sedation, the trachea is exposed and LPS is administered via a 22 G venous catheter. A robust and reproducible inflammatory reaction with leukocyte invasion, upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines, and disruption of the alveolo-capillary barrier is induced within hours to days, depending on the LPS dosage used. Collection of blood samples, BAL fluid, and lung harvesting, as well as the processing for FACS analysis, are described in detail in the protocol. Although the use of the sterile LPS is not suitable to study pharmacologic interventions in infectious diseases, the described approach offers minimal invasiveness, simple handling, and good reproducibility to answer mechanistic immunological questions. Furthermore, dose titration as well as the use of alternative LPS preparations or mouse strains allow modulation of the clinical effects, which can exhibit different degrees of ALI severity or early vs. late onset of disease symptoms.

Presented here is a step-by-step procedure to induce acute lung injury in mice by direct intratracheal lipopolysaccharide instillation and to perform FACS analysis of blood samples, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and lung tissue. Minimal invasiveness, simple handling, good reproducibility, and titration of disease severity are advantages of this approach.

직접 경포당증 주입에 의해 마우스에 있는 심각한 폐 상해를 유도하는

Airway administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a common way to study pulmonary inflammation and acute lung injury (ALI) in small animal models. ...