This research was supported by the National Institute of Mental Health MH 086960-01A1 (Christa K. McIntyre).

The authors have no competing interests or conflicts.

우리는 여기 컨디셔닝 큐 (19)에 노출 단일 세션에서 컨디셔닝 두려움의 멸종을 촉진하고 infralimbic 피질과 소멸 (20) 학습 중재 할 수 있습니다 기저 편도체 사이의 경로에 가소성을 조절하는 데 사용되는 프로토콜을 제시한다. 이 프로토콜의 성공을위한 중요한 단계는 멸종 트레이닝 동안 VNS의 적절한 전달합니다. 따라서, 특별한주의 커프 전극의 구성 및 미주 신경 주위 커프스의 ...

고전 공포 조건화는 불안 장애의 생물학적 기초를 공부하는 널리 사용되는 동물 모델을 제공합니다. 공포 조건화 동안, 혐오 자극 (무조건 자극, 미국, 예를 들면, footshock)은 같은 톤 및 / 또는 컨텍스트 (; CS 조건 자극)와 같은 중립적 인 자극과 함께 제공됩니다. 공포 조건화 동안, CS 및 US 간의 연결이 형성된다. 결국 연사의 발표는 혼자 공포 응답 (; CR 조건 반응)을 이끌어 낸다. 공포 멸종, CS 서서히 1 감소시키는 CR 일으키는 US의 부재 하에서 반복되게된다. 따라서, 조절 된 공포의 멸종은 더 이상 혐오 결과를 예측할 수없는 경우 중립 자극에 무서운 행동 반응이 감쇠되는 활성 프로세스입니다. 조건 반응의 멸종 배운 협회와 경쟁 새로운 기억의 통합이 필요합니다. 불안 장애의 특징은 IMPA입니다IRED 멸종 2-4. 따라서, 동물 모델에서 컨디셔닝 두려움의 멸종은 억제 학습과 인간의 불안 장애 5,6에 대한 행동 치료의 모델로 모두 중요한 패러다임 역할을합니다. 두려움과 인간 불안 간의 긴밀한 대응이 있기 때문에, 이는 이러한 연구는 외상 후 스트레스 장애와 같은 불안 관련 장애의 생물학적 특성에 대한 통찰력을 제공 할 수 있고 그것들을 치료하기위한 전략을 개발하는데 도움 것이라고 생각된다. 전임상 연구의 중요한 목표는 멸종 학습을 돕기 위해 멸종 학습을 통합 멸종 회로의 타겟 가소성을 유도하는 것입니다. 미주 신경 자극 (VNS)은 뇌 영역과 지속적인 업무에 종사하는 시냅스의 꽉 시간적, 회로 별 변조를 제공하는 데 사용할 수있는 최소 침습 neuroprosthetic 접근 방법이다. 이 달라스 텍사스 대학의 마이클 Kilgard 씨의 그룹에서 최근 일련의 연구이산 감각 모터 자극과 그 페어링 VNS을 표시 (예, 톤 또는 레버를 당겨) 이명 (7)을 치료하기 위해, 또는 뇌졸중 8-10 다음 모터 적자를 극복하기 위해 대뇌 피질 가소성을 증진에 매우 효과적이다. 또한, VNS 비 조건부 유사하게 대뇌 피질 가소성을 촉진하고 쥐에서 인간 11-13 메모리 통합을 향상 학습 후 짧은 시간 창 내에서 발생하는. 부교감 통로에서 미주 신경의 역할을 고려할 때, 그것이 메모리와 시냅스를 변조에 참여할 수있는 것은 당연하다. 매우 감정적 인 이벤트가 아닌 감정적 인 기억보다 더 강한 기억을 생산하는 경향이있다. 이는 메모리에 통합 스트레스 호르몬의 영향으로 보인다. 스트레스 호르몬 아드레날린의 Posttraining 관리는 인간과 인간이 아닌 동물에서 메모리 통합을 강화하지만, 아드레날린, 15 혈액 - 뇌 장벽 (14)을 통과하지 않습니다 </suP&gt;. 따라서 스트레스에 의한 아드레날린의 방출은 메모리 통합을 강화하기 위해 간접적으로 뇌에 영향을해야합니다. 강력한 증거는 미주 신경은 아드레날린 순환과 뇌 사이의 연결 고리가 될 수 있음을 시사한다. 미야 시타와 윌리엄스 (16)는 아드레날린의 전신 투여가 미주 신경 발사를 증가하고, 편도 17 노르 에피네프린의 수준을 증가 것으로 나타났습니다. β - 아드레날린 수용체는 미주 신경이 장기 기억으로 감정적으로 불러 일으키는 경험을 전환 경로에서 역할을 제안 편도 18에서 차단 될 때 아드레날린의 전신 투여는 메모리 통합을 강화하지 않습니다. 따라서, 훈련 VNS 페어링 19,20 쥐에서 흡광 학습의 통합을 향상 보강 부재 에어컨 큐 메모리에 통합 및 노출을 지원 뇌 변화를 향상시킬 가능성이있다. 여기에 우리의 VNS의 사용을 설명SA 도구는 대뇌 피질 가소성을 촉진하고 컨디셔닝 공포 응답의 소멸을 촉진한다.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Alcohol</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Atropine</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>A0132-5G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Betadine</td>
			<td>Henry Schein</td>
			<td>69066950</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hydrogen peroxide&#160;</td>
			<td>CVS</td>
			<td>209478</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ketamine</td>
			<td>Henry Schein&#160;</td>
			<td>1129300</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Marcaine</td>
			<td>Henry Schein</td>
			<td>6312615</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mineral Oil</td>
			<td>CVS</td>
			<td>152355</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Neosporin</td>
			<td>CVS</td>
			<td>629451</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Oxygen</td>
			<td>Home Depot</td>
			<td>304179</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pennicillin</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>PENNA-10MU</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Propane</td>
			<td>Home Depot</td>
			<td>304182</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Xylazine</td>
			<td>Henry Schein</td>
			<td>4019308</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tools</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Jewelery Torch</td>
			<td>Smith Equipment</td>
			<td>23-1001D</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sewing Needle</td>
			<td>Walgreens</td>
			<td>441831</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>#5 Forceps (2)</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>11254-20</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Soldering Iron</td>
			<td>Home Depot&#160;</td>
			<td>203525863</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>AmScope SM-4TX-144A 3.5X-45X Circuit Board Boom Stereo Microscope + 144 LED</td>
			<td>AmScope</td>
			<td>SM-4TX-144A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Helping Hands</td>
			<td>A-M Systems&#160;</td>
			<td>726200</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scalpel Blade Holder</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>10003-12</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Metal File</td>
			<td>Home Depot</td>
			<td>6601</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ruler</td>
			<td>Home Deopt</td>
			<td>202035324</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Curved Hemostats&#160;</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>130009-12</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fine Scissors</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>14058-09</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Spatula</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Small Screwdriver</td>
			<td>Home Depot</td>
			<td>646507</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Magnetic Fixator Retraction System</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>18200-04, 18200-01, 18200-05</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Heating Pad</td>
			<td>Walgreens</td>
			<td>30294</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Clippers</td>
			<td>Walgreens</td>
			<td>277966</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sharpie</td>
			<td>Staples</td>
			<td>125328</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ring Forceps</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>11103-09</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Custom Micropipette Glass Tools (J shape and Straight) - Borosilicate glass</td>
			<td>Sutter Instrument</td>
			<td>B150-110-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Adson Forceps</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>11006-12</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cuffs</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tubing</td>
			<td>Braintree Scientific Inc</td>
			<td>MRE-065</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Platinum Iridium Wire</td>
			<td>Medwire</td>
			<td>10IR9/49T</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gold Pins</td>
			<td>Mill-Max</td>
			<td>1001-0-15-15-30-27-04-0</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Suture Thread</td>
			<td>Henry Schein</td>
			<td>100-5797</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>22 G Needles</td>
			<td>Fisher&#160;</td>
			<td>14-815-525</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Paper Tape</td>
			<td>Fisher&#160;</td>
			<td>03-411-602</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Solder</td>
			<td>Home Deopt</td>
			<td>327793</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Flux&#160;</td>
			<td>Home Deopt</td>
			<td>300142</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scalpel Blade, 10 or 15</td>
			<td>Stoelting</td>
			<td>52173-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Silastic Laboratory Tubing .51 mm ID x .94 mm OD</td>
			<td>Fisher&#160;</td>
			<td>508-002</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Headcaps</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Connector Pieces (male)</td>
			<td>Omnetics Connector Corporation</td>
			<td>A25001-004</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Headcap pieces (female)</td>
			<td>Omnetics Connector Corporation</td>
			<td>A24001-004</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Teets Dental Acrylic, Liquid and Powder</td>
			<td>A-M Systems</td>
			<td>525000, 526000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>26 Gauge Solid Copper Wire</td>
			<td>Staples</td>
			<td>1016882 &#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Surgery</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bone Screws</td>
			<td>Stoelting+CB33:C61</td>
			<td>51457</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scalpel Blades, 10 or 15</td>
			<td>Stoelting</td>
			<td>52173-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1 ml syringes</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>14-826-261</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>22 G Needles</td>
			<td>Fisher&#160;</td>
			<td>14-815-525</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>27 G Needles</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>14-826-48</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2&#34; x 2&#34; Gauze</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>22-362-178</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Swabs</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>19-120-472</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Puppy Pads</td>
			<td>PetCo</td>
			<td>1310747</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Kim Wipes</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>06-666-A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="2">Chamber and Behavioral Setting&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Husky Metal Front Base Cabinet (30WX19DX34H)</td>
			<td>Home Depot</td>
			<td>100607961</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Quiet Barrier&#173; HD Soundproofing Material (Sheet) (PSA)</td>
			<td>soundproofcow.com</td>
			<td>10203041</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Convoluted Acoustic Foam Panel</td>
			<td>soundproofcow.com</td>
			<td>10432400</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isolated Pulse Stimulator Model 2100</td>
			<td>A-M Systems</td>
			<td>720000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Digital Camera - Logitech Webcam C210</td>
			<td>Logitech</td>
			<td>B003LVZO88</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MatLab</td>
			<td>Mathworks.com</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sinometer 10MHz Single Channel Oscilloscope</td>
			<td>Sinometer</td>
			<td>CQ5010C</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>OxyLED T-01 DIY Stick-on Anywhere 4-LED Touch Tap Light</td>
			<td>OXYLED</td>
			<td>B00GD8OKY0</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5k ohm potentiomter</td>
			<td>Alpha Electronics</td>
			<td>B00CTWDHIO</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Extech 407730 40-to-130-Decibel Digital Sound Level Meter</td>
			<td>Extech Instruments</td>
			<td>B000EWY67W</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DSCK-C Dual Output, scrambled shocker</td>
			<td>Kinder Scientific Co</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

vagus nerve stimulation as a tool to induce plasticity in pathways relevant for extinction learning

Extinction describes the process of attenuating behavioral responses to neutral stimuli when they no longer provide the reinforcement that has been maintaining the behavior. There is close correspondence between fear and human anxiety, and therefore studies of extinction learning might provide insight into the biological nature of anxiety-related disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder, and they might help to develop strategies to treat them. Preclinical research aims to aid extinction learning and to induce targeted plasticity in extinction circuits to consolidate the newly formed memory. Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) is a powerful approach that provides tight temporal and circuit-specific release of neurotransmitters, resulting in modulation of neuronal networks engaged in an ongoing task. VNS enhances memory consolidation in both rats and humans, and pairing VNS with exposure to conditioned cues enhances the consolidation of extinction learning in rats. Here, we provide a detailed protocol for the preparation of custom-made parts and the surgical procedures required for VNS in rats. Using this protocol we show how VNS can facilitate the extinction of conditioned fear responses in an auditory fear conditioning task. In addition, we provide evidence that VNS modulates synaptic plasticity in the pathway between the infralimbic (IL) medial prefrontal cortex and the basolateral complex of the amygdala (BLA), which is involved in the expression and modulation of extinction memory.

이 섹션은 래트에서 에어컨 공포 반응의 발현을 감소시키기 위해 흡광 학습과 VNS 조합을 사용하여 얻을 수있다 결과의 예를 도시한다. 일 1, 2 (청각 공포 컨디셔닝)의 경우, 쥐 footshocks를 톤와 결합 된에 청각 공포 조건화 작업에 대한 교육을했다. 3 일 (전처리 시험)에서 톤이 동결 수준을 측정하고 조절 공포 응답 수집을 유추 footshocks의 부재에 제시 하였다. 4 일에 (치료) 쥐 그룹 별 멸종 훈련과 ?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Vagus Nerve Stimulation as a Tool to Induce Plasticity in Pathways Relevant for Extinction Learning at JoVE.com

Vagus Nerve Stimulation as a Tool to Induce Plasticity in Pathways Relevant for Extinction Learning

미주 신경 자극 (VNS)는 행동의 범위를 수정하는 전뇌에 타겟 시냅스 가소성을 유도하기위한 도구로 떠오르고있다. 이 프로토콜은 공포 멸종 메모리의 통합을 용이하게하기 위해 VNS를 구현하는 방법에 대해 설명합니다.

도구로 미주 신경 자극은 멸종 학습을위한 관련 진학 가소성을 유도

Extinction describes the process of attenuating behavioral responses to neutral stimuli when they no longer provide the reinforcement that has been ...

vagus-nerve-stimulation-as-tool-to-induce-plasticity-pathways

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

23.0K 조회수.  The University of Texas at Dallas.  미주 신경 자극 (VNS)는 행동의 범위를 수정하는 전뇌에 타겟 시냅스 가소성을 유도하기위한 도구로 떠오르고있다. 이 프로토콜은 공포 멸종 메모리의 통합을 용이하게하기 위해 VNS를 구현하는 방법에 대해 설명합니다. 

비디오: Vagus Nerve Stimulation as a Tool to Induce Plasticity in Pathways Relevant for Extinction Learning

The Crossmodal Congruency Task as a Means to Obtain an Objective Behavioral Measure in the Rubber Hand Illusion Paradigm

The rubber hand illusion (RHI) is a popular experimental paradigm. Participants view touch on an artificial rubber hand while the participants' own hidden hand is touched. If the viewed and felt touches are given at the same time then this is sufficient to induce the compelling experience that the rubber hand is one's own hand. The RHI can be used to investigate exactly how the brain constructs distinct body representations for one's own body. Such representations are crucial for successful interactions with the external world. To obtain a subjective measure of the RHI, researchers typically ask participants to rate statements such as "I felt as if the rubber hand were my hand". Here we demonstrate how the crossmodal congruency task can be used to obtain an objective behavioral measure within this paradigm.
The variant of the crossmodal congruency task we employ involves the presentation of tactile targets and visual distractors. Targets and distractors are spatially congruent (i.e. same finger) on some trials and incongruent (i.e. different finger) on others. The difference in performance between incongruent and congruent trials - the crossmodal congruency effect (CCE) - indexes multisensory interactions. Importantly, the CCE is modulated both by viewing a hand as well as the synchrony of viewed and felt touch which are both crucial factors for the RHI.
The use of the crossmodal congruency task within the RHI paradigm has several advantages. It is a simple behavioral measure which can be repeated many times and which can be obtained during the illusion while participants view the artificial hand. Furthermore, this measure is not susceptible to observer and experimenter biases. The combination of the RHI paradigm with the crossmodal congruency task allows in particular for the investigation of multisensory processes which are critical for modulations of body representations as in the RHI.

We demonstrate how an objective measure can be employed in the widely employed rubber hand illusion paradigm. This measure is obtained by modifying the well-established crossmodal congruency task. This task allows the investigation of multisensory processes which are critical for modulations of body representations as in the rubber hand illusion.

고무 손 환상 패러다임에서 목표 행동 측정을 확보하는 수단으로 Crossmodal 일치 성은 작업

The rubber hand illusion (RHI) is a popular experimental paradigm. Participants view touch on an artificial rubber hand while the participants' own hidden ...

연구

행동분석학

Quantifying Learning in Young Infants: Tracking Leg Actions During a Discovery-learning Task

Task-specific actions emerge from spontaneous movement during infancy. It has been proposed that task-specific actions emerge through a discovery-learning process. Here a method is described in which 3-4 month old infants learn a task by discovery and their leg movements are captured to quantify the learning process. This discovery-learning task uses an infant activated mobile that rotates and plays music based on specified leg action of infants. Supine infants activate the mobile by moving their feet vertically across a virtual threshold. This paradigm is unique in that as infants independently discover that their leg actions activate the mobile, the infants&#8217; leg movements are tracked using a motion capture system allowing for the quantification of the learning process. Specifically, learning is quantified in terms of the duration of mobile activation, the position variance of the end effectors (feet) that activate the mobile, changes in hip-knee coordination patterns, and changes in hip and knee muscle torque. This information describes infant exploration and exploitation at the interplay of person and environmental constraints that support task-specific action. Subsequent research using this method can investigate how specific impairments of different populations of infants at risk for movement disorders influence the discovery-learning process for task-specific action.

A method is described in which 3-4 month old infants learn a task by discovery and their leg movements are captured to quantify the learning process.

젊은 유아의 학습을 정량화 : 추적 다리 동작을 발견 학습 작업 중

Task-specific actions emerge from spontaneous movement during infancy. It has been proposed that task-specific actions emerge through a discovery-learning ...

A Treatment Package without Escape Extinction to Address Food Selectivity

Feeding difficulties and feeding disorders are a commonly occurring problem for young children, particularly children with developmental delays including autism. Behavior analytic interventions for the treatment of feeding difficulties oftentimes include escape extinction as a primary component of treatment. The use of escape extinction, while effective, may be problematic as it is also associated with the emergence of challenging behavior (e.g., extinction burst). Such challenging behavior may be an acceptable side effect in treatment cases where feeding problems are severe and chronic (e.g., failure to thrive). However, in more acute cases (e.g., selective eating), the negative side effect may be unwarranted and undesired. More recent research on the behavioral treatment of food selectivity has begun to evaluate treatments for feeding difficulties that do not include escape extinction (e.g., demand fading, behavioral momentum), with some success. However, research to date reveals individual differences in responsiveness to such treatments and no clear preferable treatment has emerged. This manuscript describes a multi-component treatment package that includes shaping, sequential presentation and simultaneous presentation, for the treatment of food selectivity in four young children with developmental delays. This treatment package extends the literature on the behavioral treatment for food selectivity and offers a multi-component treatment protocol that may be clinically applicable across a range of treatment scenarios and settings.

Feeding difficulties are a common problem for children with developmental disorders, including autism, and behavioral interventions often include escape extinction. Recent research has begun to evaluate treatments that do not include escape extinction. This manuscript describes a multicomponent treatment package that does not use escape extinction to treat feeding difficulties.

음식 선택도 주소 탈출의 멸종하지 않고 치료 패키지

Feeding difficulties and feeding disorders are a commonly occurring problem for young children, particularly children with developmental delays including ...

Combined Shuttle-Box Training with Electrophysiological Cortex Recording and Stimulation as a Tool to Study Perception and Learning

Shuttle-box avoidance learning is a well-established method in behavioral neuroscience and experimental setups were traditionally custom-made; the necessary equipment is now available by several commercial companies. This protocol provides a detailed description of a two-way shuttle-box avoidance learning paradigm in rodents (here Mongolian gerbils; Meriones unguiculatus) in combination with site-specific electrical intracortical microstimulation (ICMS) and simultaneous chronical electrophysiological in vivo recordings. The detailed protocol is applicable to study multiple aspects of learning behavior and perception in different rodent species.
Site-specific ICMS of auditory cortical circuits as conditioned stimuli here is used as a tool to test the perceptual relevance of specific afferent, efferent and intracortical connections. Distinct activation patterns can be evoked by using different stimulation electrode arrays for local, layer-dependent ICMS or distant ICMS sites. Utilizing behavioral signal detection analysis it can be determined which stimulation strategy is most effective for eliciting a behaviorally detectable and salient signal. Further, parallel multichannel-recordings using different electrode designs (surface electrodes, depth electrodes, etc.) allow for investigating neuronal observables over the time course of such learning processes. It will be discussed how changes of the behavioral design can increase the cognitive complexity (e.g. detection, discrimination, reversal learning).

Shuttle-box avoidance learning is well-established in behavioral neuroscience. This protocol describes how shuttle-box learning in rodents can be combined with site-specific electrical intracortical microstimulation (ICMS) and simultaneous chronical in vivo recordings as a tool to study multiple aspects of learning and perception.

인식 및 학습을 연구하는 도구로 전기 생리 텍스 녹화 및 자극과 셔틀 박스 교육을 결합

Shuttle-box avoidance learning is a well-established method in behavioral neuroscience and experimental setups were traditionally custom-made; the ...

Using a Split-belt Treadmill to Evaluate Generalization of Human Locomotor Adaptation

Understanding the mechanisms underlying locomotor learning helps researchers and clinicians optimize gait retraining as part of motor rehabilitation. However, studying human locomotor learning can be challenging. During infancy and childhood, the neuromuscular system is quite immature, and it is unlikely that locomotor learning during early stages of development is governed by the same mechanisms as in adulthood. By the time humans reach maturity, they are so proficient at walking that it is difficult to come up with a sufficiently novel task to study de novo locomotor learning. The split-belt treadmill, which has two belts that can drive each leg at a different speed, enables the study of both short- (i.e., immediate) and long-term (i.e., over minutes-days; a form of motor learning) gait modifications in response to a novel change in the walking environment. Individuals can easily be screened for previous exposure to the split-belt treadmill, thus ensuring that all experimental participants have no (or equivalent) prior experience. This paper describes a typical split-belt treadmill adaptation protocol that incorporates testing methods to quantify locomotor learning and generalization of this learning to other walking contexts. A discussion of important considerations for designing split-belt treadmill experiments follows, including factors like treadmill belt speeds, rest breaks, and distractors. Additionally, potential but understudied confounding variables (e.g., arm movements, prior experience) are considered in the discussion.

We describe a protocol for investigating human locomotor adaptation using the split-belt treadmill, which has two belts that can drive each leg at a different speed. We specifically focus on a paradigm designed to test the generalization of adapted locomotor patterns to different walking contexts (e.g., gait speeds, walking environments).

인간의 운동 적응의 일반화를 평가 하는 분할 벨트 디딜 방 아를 사용 하 여

Understanding the mechanisms underlying locomotor learning helps researchers and clinicians optimize gait retraining as part of motor rehabilitation. ...

Using a Virtual Store As a Research Tool to Investigate Consumer In-store Behavior

People&#39;s responses to products and/or choice environments are crucial to understanding in-store consumer behaviors. Currently, there are various approaches (e.g., surveys or laboratory settings) to study in-store behaviors, but the external validity of these is limited by their poor capability to resemble realistic choice environments. In addition, building a real store to meet experimental conditions while controlling for undesirable effects is costly and highly difficult. A virtual store developed by virtual reality techniques potentially transcends these limitations by offering the simulation of a 3D virtual store environment in a realistic, flexible, and cost-efficient way. In particular, a virtual store interactively allows consumers (participants) to experience and interact with objects in a tightly controlled yet realistic setting. This paper presents the key elements of using a desktop virtual store to study in-store consumer behavior. Descriptions of the protocol steps to: 1) build the experimental store, 2) prepare the data management program, 3) run the virtual store experiment, and 4) organize and export data from the data management program are presented. The virtual store enables participants to navigate through the store, choose a product from alternatives, and select or return products. Moreover, consumer-related shopping behaviors (e.g., shopping time, walking speed, and number and type of products examined and bought) can also be collected. The protocol is illustrated with an example of a store layout experiment showing that shelf length and shelf orientation influence shopping- and movement-related behaviors. This demonstrates that the use of a virtual store facilitates the study of consumer responses. The virtual store can be especially helpful when examining factors that are costly or difficult to change in real life (e.g., overall store layout), products that are not presently available in the market, and routinized behaviors in familiar environments.

This paper describes the use of a desktop virtual store to create virtual shopping environments to investigate in-store consumer behavior. A description of the protocol to build and run experiments, example results from an experiment concerning store layout, and important considerations when conducting virtual store experiments are presented.

소비자 매장 내 행동을 조사하는 연구 도구로 가상 저장소 사용

People&#39;s responses to products and/or choice environments are crucial to understanding in-store consumer behaviors. Currently, there are various ...

Large Volume, Behaviorally-relevant Illumination for Optogenetics in Non-human Primates

This protocol describes a large-volume illuminator, which was developed for optogenetic manipulations in the non-human primate brain. The illuminator is a modified plastic optical fiber with etched tip, such that the light emitting surface area is &#62; 100x that of a conventional fiber. In addition to describing the construction of the large-volume illuminator, this protocol details the quality-control calibration used to ensure even light distribution. Further, this protocol describes techniques for inserting and removing the large volume illuminator. Both superficial and deep structures may be illuminated. This large volume illuminator does not need to be physically coupled to an electrode, and because the illuminator is made of plastic, not glass, it will simply bend in circumstances when traditional optical fibers would shatter. Because this illuminator delivers light over behaviorally-relevant tissue volumes (&#8776; 10 mm3) with no greater penetration damage than a conventional optical fiber, it facilitates behavioral studies using optogenetics in non-human primates.

A protocol to build a tissue penetrating illuminator for delivering light over large volumes with minimal diameter is presented.

큰 볼륨, 비 인간 영장류에서 Optogenetics에 대 한 행동-관련 조명

This protocol describes a large-volume illuminator, which was developed for optogenetic manipulations in the non-human primate brain. The illuminator is a ...

Applying an eMASS Customization Program as a Research Tool to Evaluate Consumer Benefits

As many scholars and practitioners study personalization and relationship marketing, it is important to provide personalization such as mass customization through marketing technology. The purpose of this study is to examine how to conduct consumer research using an online survey and analysis of data. This study examines consumers&#39;&#160;perceived benefits while customizing a product as well as emotional product attachment, attitudes toward a customization program, and loyalty intentions in the context of online retailing. In addition, this study investigates how consumer responses are different based on individual characteristics such as fashion innovativeness. An online survey company in South Korea recruited 290 female apparel shoppers who purchased apparel online. To enhance external validity, this study used an existing retail website with a well-established mass customization program. After completing the customization program, participants complete the online questionnaire. Structural equation modeling (SEM) and latent mean analyses (LMAs) are then performed for analyses. This study stresses the importance of testing measurement invariance for mean comparisons. Before the SEM and LMA, this study follows the hierarchy of invariance tests (configural invariance test, metric invariance test, and scalar invariance test), which are not considered by traditional approaches such as ANOVA. These statistical analyses provide applicability of the invariance test procedures and LMA to consumer behaviors. The conclusions of mean differences have integrity and validity because they are guided by a sophisticated statistical procedure to ensure measurement invariance.

Presented here is a protocol to examine consumer responses toward mass customization in the context of online retailing. The protocol details the online survey procedure and how to analyze data using structural equation modeling and group differences using latent mean analyses.

소비자 혜택을 평가하기 위한 연구 도구로 eMASS 커스터마이징 프로그램 적용

As many scholars and practitioners study personalization and relationship marketing, it is important to provide personalization such as mass customization ...

A Methodology for Capturing Joint Visual Attention Using Mobile Eye-Trackers

With the advent of new technological advances, it is possible to study social interactions at a microlevel with unprecedented accuracy. High frequency sensors, such as eye-trackers, electrodermal activity wristbands, EEG bands, and motion sensors provide observations at the millisecond level. This level of precision allows researchers to collect large datasets on social interactions. In this paper, I discuss how multiple eye-trackers can capture a fundamental construct in social interactions, joint visual attention (JVA). JVA has been studied by developmental psychologists to understand how children acquire language, learning scientists to understand how small groups of learners work together, and social scientists to understand interactions in small teams. This paper describes a methodology for capturing JVA in colocated settings using mobile eye-trackers. It presents some empirical results and discusses implications of capturing microobservations to understand social interactions.

Using multimodal sensors is a promising way to understand the role of social interactions in educational settings. This paper describes a methodology for capturing joint visual attention from colocated dyads using mobile eye-trackers.

모바일 아이 트래커를 사용하여 공동 시각 주의를 포착하는 방법론

With the advent of new technological advances, it is possible to study social interactions at a microlevel with unprecedented accuracy. High frequency ...

Simultaneous Monitoring of Wireless Electrophysiology and Memory Behavioral Test as a Tool to Study Hippocampal Neurogenesis

Brainwaves amplitude obtained from electroencephalography (EEG) has been well-recognized as a basis for cognitive capacity, memory, and learning on animals and humans. Adult neurogenesis mechanism is also linked to memory and learning improvement. Traditionally, researchers used to assess learning and memory parameters in rodent models by behavioral tasks. Therefore, the simultaneous monitoring of behavioral changes and EEG is particularly interesting in correlating data between brain activity and task-related behaviors. However, most of the equipment required to perform both studies are either complex, expensive, or uses a wired setup network that hinders the natural animals&#8217; movement. In this study, EEG was recorded with a wireless electrophysiology device along with the execution of a novel object recognition task (NORT). The animal&#8217;s behavior was monitored simultaneously by a video tracking system. Both recordings were analyzed offline by their timestamps which were synched to link EEG signals with the animal&#8217;s actions. Subjects consist of adult Wistar rats after medium-term environmental enrichment treatment. Six skull screw electrodes were fixed in pairs on both hemispheres over frontal, central, and parietal regions and were referenced to an electrode located posterior of the nasal bone. NORT protocol consists of exposing the animal to two identical objects for 10 min. After 2 h and 24 h, one of the objects was replaced with a novel one. Exploration time for each object was monitored by a behavioral tracking software (BTS) and EEG data recording. The analysis of the EEG synced with behavioral data consists of estimations of alpha and beta relative band power and comparisons between novel object recognition versus familiar object exploration, between three experimental stages. In this manuscript, we have discussed electrodes manufacturing process, epidural electrodes implantation surgery, environmental enrichment protocol, NORT protocol, BTS setup, EEG &#8211; BTS coupling for simultaneous monitoring in real-time, and EEG data analysis based on automatic events detection.

The protocol presented here provides information on the simultaneous electroencephalography (EEG) and behavioral assessment in real-time. We have discussed all steps involved in this protocol as an attractive solution for researchers in many fields of neuroscience, particularly in learning and memory areas.

해마 신경 발생을 연구하기 위한 도구로서의 무선 전기생리학 및 기억 행동 테스트의 동시 모니터링

Brainwaves amplitude obtained from electroencephalography (EEG) has been well-recognized as a basis for cognitive capacity, memory, and learning on ...