We thank Barbara Windschiegl for her help in establishing SOPs; Dennis Remme for his work on the NanoCalcFX software and Alina Kollmannsperger, Markus Braner and Milan Gerovac for helpful suggestions on the manuscript. The German-Israeli Project Cooperation (DIP) provided by the DFG and the Federal Ministry of Education and Research to R.T., as well as the Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology (ZIM R&amp;D Project) to R.T. and Nanospot GmbH supported this work.

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The authors declare no competing financial interests.

여기에 제시된 기술은 막 단백질 수송의 고도의 병렬 분석을 할 수 있습니다. 재구성 세포막 단백질 시스템은 직접 이론적마다 막 수송 체의 적응을 가능 또는 채널은 바이오 칩에 적용될 수있다. 전송 분석은 직접 형광 변화 (형광의 전위 또는 형광 표지 된 기판) 또는 간접 형광 변화 (pH 민감성 염료, 보조 효소 반응)을 통해 중, 형광 판독 시스템의 구축에 의해 제한된다. 후자는 그러나 아직 확?...

막 단백질의 분석은 지난 20 년 동안 기본 및 제약 연구에 대한 관심이 증가되고있다. 신약 개발은 현재 제한 요인 중 하나 인, 식별 및 새로운 목표의 상세한 특성에 의존한다. 모든 약물 표적의 약 60 %는 단백질 막 한 사실이 기술의 개발은 그 기능이 가장 중요 규명 할 수있다. 4 - 과거 electrogenic 채널 및 수송을 연구하는 기술이 다수 개발되었다. 반면에 비 electrogenic 기판은 더 어려운 과제를 제시한다. 그들은 캐스케이드 5 시그널링 키 수용체로서 세포막 기능 및 전체 용질 및 영양소의 유동을 제어하는대로 그러나 프라임 약물 표적으로서 특별한 관심이다. 상당한 노력이 t의 개발에 투입하고있다echniques은 막 수송 단백질 (6), (7)의 기능을 연구한다. 몇 가지 이름 고체 지원 지질 이중층, 닿는 이중층 11, 12, microblack 지질 막 13, 14 및 기본 소포 어레이 (15, 16)을 포함하여 10 일 - 고체 지원 멤브레인을 사용하는 시스템은이 분야 8로 가장 유망한 도구가 등장했다. 그들 중 일부는 상업 설정 17, 18으로도 사용할 수 있습니다. 몇 가지 예는 고도의 병렬 14, 19, 심사 애플리케이션을위한 전제 조건에서 하나의 막 단백질을 연구 할 수있는 능력을 결합 발표되었다. 그러나 이러한 방법은 거의 산업 환경에 대한 기초 연구에서 다리 없다. 어려움은 종종 자동화가 될 수있는 시스템의 능력, 비용 집약적 생산 및 / 또는 준비에 수고 거짓말. 접근 오위에서 언급 한 모든 장애물을 vercoming하는 최종 목표이다. 22 - 여기에 제시된 기술은 단일 단백질 수준 (20)에 제어 된 환경에서 시험 관내에서 막 채널 수송을 연구하기 위해 개발되었다. 26 검은 지질 막 (27) - LUVs로 정제 막 단백질의 재구성 훨씬 더 GUVs (23)에 대한 비교 방법보다 설정됩니다. 이들은 직접 이중층의 형성이 자기 ​​조립 과정을 통해 이루어지고, 칩 표면에 적용될 수있다. 나노 다공성 칩 (도. 1)의 유리 바닥 디자인은 시스템의 간단한 자동화 허용 공기 현미경을 허용한다. 전동 스테이지와 함께 다중 칩 분석 밀봉 공동 수천 함유 뷰의 각 필드와 동시에 측정 될 수있다. 그림 1. 다중화 된 나노 기공 바이오칩의 설계. A)는 실리콘 - 온 - 인슐레이터 (SOI) 웨이퍼에 반응성 이온 에칭에 의해 구성된다. 약 1,150 개별 칩은 동일한 특성 및 품질. B) 각각의 칩은 나노 구멍에 25 ​​만 개별 마이크로 공동을 포함하는 각각의 웨이퍼에서 제조된다. 스케일 바 :. 200 μm의 C) 각 공동 멀티 스펙트럼 형광 판독을 통해 주소입니다. 반전 된 형광 현미경. D) 원 자간 력 현미경으로 바이오칩 호환 만들기는 불투명 한 상부층 블록 버퍼 탱크에서 형광 신호 (AFM) 촬상 균등 (세공 개구 3.6 nm 인 이산화 규소 층의 표면 거칠기를 배치 계시 N = 소포 융합 40) 최적. 스케일 바 :. 5 μm의 E) 주사 전자 마이크roscopy (SEM) 이미지는 실리콘 칩 내부 femtoliter 캐비티에 대한 액세스를 허용 나노 기공을 통한 단면을 도시한다. 이 그림은 (21)로부터 허가를 재사용했다. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/53373/53373fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">이 그림의 더 큰 버전을 보려면 여기를 클릭하십시오.</a> 모든 데이터 분석은 최종 사용자가 제한되지 않은 액세스를 실현 프리웨어를 사용하여 수행된다. 시계열없는 화상 처리 소프트웨어 맞춤 제작 곡선 분석 소프트웨어 있도록 배치 프로세싱 곡선 여러 형광 채널 수천 대용량 데이터의 직접적인 상관 관계를 이용하여 분석 하였다. 이 프로토콜에서 사용되는 모델 단백질은 E. 유래의 컨덕턴스 (후 MsCl) 채널 단백질의 채널이다 mechanosensitive 대장균. 그것은 본질적으로 삼투압 충격을 해제하기위한 밸브로서 기능하지만 SYNT 합리적으로 설계하는 방식으로 수정hetic 기능은 공유 채널 수축 측에 부착 될 수있다. 나노 밸브를 만드는 채널이 열 트리거되는 공유 결합 활성제 (MTSET)의 전하 반발, 비아. 이온, 물, 작은 단백질뿐만 아니라, 작은 형광체 같은 작은 분자는 채널을 통해 투과 할 수있다. 여기서, 단백질은 단백질 - 매개 전위를 검출하기위한 시스템의 능력을 증명하기위한 모델로서 사용된다.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1093">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:389px;">Reagent</td>
			<td style="width:232px;"></td>
			<td style="width:305px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:389px;">[2-(Trimethylammonium)ethyl] 
			methanethiosulfonate</td>
			<td style="width:232px;">Toronto Research Chemicals Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:305px;">T792900</td>
			<td>MTSET; hydrolized by water. Keep as dry pouder aliquot at -80 &#176;C. Use immediately (30 minutes) after solubilization in buffer.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:389px;">1 ml gas-tight syringe</td>
			<td style="width:232px;">Hamilton</td>
			<td style="width:305px;">#1001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:389px;">10 ml round flask</td>
			<td style="width:232px;">Schott Duran</td>
			<td style="width:305px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:389px;">2.7 mm glas beads</td>
			<td style="width:232px;">Roth</td>
			<td style="width:305px;">N032.1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:389px;">2-Propanole</td>
			<td style="width:232px;">Roth</td>
			<td style="width:305px;">9866.5</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:389px;">30 cm Luer-Lock Extension Tube</td>
			<td style="width:232px;">Sarstedt</td>
			<td style="width:305px;">744304</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:389px;">Acetone</td>
			<td style="width:232px;">Roth</td>
			<td style="width:305px;">5025.5</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:389px;">Bio-Beads SM-2 Adsorbent</td>
			<td style="width:232px;">Bio-Rad</td>
			<td style="width:305px;">152-3920</td>
			<td>need to be activated before first use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:389px;">CaCl2 Dihydrat</td>
			<td style="width:232px;">Roth</td>
			<td style="width:305px;">HN04.3</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:389px;">Calcein</td>
			<td style="width:232px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:305px;">C0875</td>
			<td>store dark at -20 &#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:389px;">Chloroform reagent grade</td>
			<td style="width:232px;">VWR Chemicals</td>
			<td style="width:305px;">22711324</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:389px;">DOPEATTO390</td>
			<td style="width:232px;">ATTO-TEC</td>
			<td style="width:305px;">AD 390-165</td>
			<td>store dark at -20 &#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:389px;">Ethanol absolute</td>
			<td style="width:232px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:305px;">32205</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:389px;">Injekt Single-use syringe</td>
			<td style="width:232px;">Braun</td>
			<td style="width:305px;">460 60 51V</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:389px;">Injekt-F single-use syringe</td>
			<td style="width:232px;">Braun</td>
			<td style="width:305px;">91 66 017V</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="27">
			<td height="27" style="height:27px;width:389px;">Keck clips</td>
			<td style="width:232px;">Schott</td>
			<td style="width:305px;">KC29</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:389px;">L-&#945;-Phosphatidylcholine, 20% (Soy)</td>
			<td style="width:232px;">Avanti Polar Lipids</td>
			<td style="width:305px;">5416016</td>
			<td>store under inert gas at -20 &#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:389px;">NaCl 99.5% p.a.</td>
			<td style="width:232px;">Roth</td>
			<td style="width:305px;">3957.2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:389px;">Nanopore E100 wafer/chips</td>
			<td style="width:232px;">Micromotive (Mainz/Germany)</td>
			<td style="width:305px;"></td>
			<td>available on request</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:389px;">Nucleopore Track-Etch Membrane 0.4 &#181;m</td>
			<td style="width:232px;">Whatman</td>
			<td style="width:305px;">800282</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:389px;">Oregon Green Dextran 488 (70 kDa)</td>
			<td style="width:232px;">life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:305px;">D-7173</td>
			<td>store dark at -20 &#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:389px;">Oy647</td>
			<td style="width:232px;">Luminartis (M&#252;nster/Germany)</td>
			<td style="width:305px;">OY-647-T-1mg</td>
			<td>store dark at -20 &#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:389px;">Rotilabo-syringe filtration, unsterile, pore-size 0.22 &#181;m</td>
			<td style="width:232px;">Roth</td>
			<td style="width:305px;">P 818.1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:389px;">Sephadex G-50</td>
			<td style="width:232px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:305px;">G5080</td>
			<td>column material for size exclusion chromatography</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:389px;">Silastic MDX4-4210</td>
			<td style="width:232px;">Dow Corning</td>
			<td style="width:305px;"></td>
			<td>curing agent for chip fixation onto cover glass support</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:389px;">sticky-Slide 8-well</td>
			<td style="width:232px;">ibidi</td>
			<td style="width:305px;">80828</td>
			<td>multi-well chamber for the mounting onto glass slides (chip holder)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:389px;">Three-way stopcock blue</td>
			<td style="width:232px;">Sarstedt</td>
			<td style="width:305px;">744410001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:389px;">Tris Pufferan 99.9% Ultra Quality</td>
			<td style="width:232px;">Roth</td>
			<td style="width:305px;">5429.2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:389px;">Triton-X 100</td>
			<td style="width:232px;">Roth</td>
			<td style="width:305px;">6683.1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:389px;">Whatman 0.2 &#181;m cellulose nitrate membrane filter</td>
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			<td style="width:305px;">NH69.1</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:389px;">Name</td>
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			<td>Comments</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:389px;">Equipment</td>
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			<td style="width:305px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:389px;">B&#252;chi 461 water bath</td>
			<td style="width:232px;">B&#252;chi</td>
			<td style="width:305px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:389px;">B&#252;chi Rotavapor RE 111</td>
			<td style="width:232px;">B&#252;chi</td>
			<td style="width:305px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:389px;">Cary Eclipse Fluorescence Spectrophtometer&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:232px;">Varian</td>
			<td style="width:305px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:389px;">LiposoFast Mini Extruder</td>
			<td style="width:232px;">Avestin</td>
			<td style="width:305px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:389px;">Membrane pump&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:232px;">Vaccubrand</td>
			<td style="width:305px;">15430</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:389px;">Nanosight Nanoparticle Tracking Microscope</td>
			<td style="width:232px;">Malvern / Nanosight</td>
			<td style="width:305px;">LM 14C</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:389px;">NyONE microscope</td>
			<td style="width:232px;">Synentec</td>
			<td style="width:305px;"></td>
			<td>available on request</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:389px;">Pump control</td>
			<td style="width:232px;">Vaccubrand</td>
			<td style="width:305px;">CVC 2II</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:389px;">Sonicator bath Sonorex RK100H</td>
			<td style="width:232px;">Brandelin electronic</td>
			<td style="width:305px;">31200001107477</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:389px;">Vaccum pump RC5</td>
			<td style="width:232px;">Vaccubrand</td>
			<td style="width:305px;">1805400204</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:389px;">Water bath W13</td>
			<td style="width:232px;">Haake</td>
			<td style="width:305px;">002-9910</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:389px;">Plasma Cleaner PDC-37G</td>
			<td style="width:232px;">Harrick Plasma</td>
			<td style="width:305px;">PDC-37G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:389px;">Name</td>
			<td style="width:232px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:305px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:389px;">Software</td>
			<td style="width:232px;"></td>
			<td style="width:305px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:389px;">ImageJ</td>
			<td style="width:232px;">Open Source</td>
			<td style="width:305px;">http://imagej.nih.gov/ij/</td>
			<td>scientific image processing software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:389px;">NanoCalcFX</td>
			<td style="width:232px;">Freeware</td>
			<td style="width:305px;">http://sourceforge.net/projects/nanocalc/</td>
			<td>data analysis/evaluation software for massive transport kinetic datasets</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:389px;">NTA 2.3 Analytical Software</td>
			<td style="width:232px;">Nanosight</td>
			<td style="width:305px;"></td>
			<td>data acquisition and analysis software for nanoparticle tracking microscope</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:389px;">NTA 2.3 Temperature Comms</td>
			<td style="width:232px;">Nanosight</td>
			<td style="width:305px;"></td>
			<td>temperature controle software for nanoparticle tracking microscope</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

membrane transport processes analyzed by a highly parallel nanopore chip system at single protein resolution

전좌 기판 비 electrogenic 경우 단일 단백질 수준에서 세포막 단백질 수송 여전히 상세한 분석을 기피한다. 상당한 노력이 분야에서 제조되었지만, 막 수송의 분석에 필요한 무용제 지질 이중층 기술과 조합하여 높은 처리량 자동 반송 분석을 가능 기술들은 드물다. 운송의이 클래스는 그러나 세포 항상성에 중요한 따라서 신약 개발과 새로운 통찰력을 얻을 수있는 방법론의 주요 대상이 절실히 필요하다. 여기에 제시된 논문은 단일 트랜스 해상도 세포막 단백질 매개 수송 과정의 분석을위한 신규 한 바이오칩의 확립 및 처리를 설명. 바이오칩은 설계에서 매우 평행하고 산업 등급과 양으로 제조 할 수 나노 기공으로 둘러싸인 미세 공동으로 구성된다. 단백질 형질 리포좀에 직접 적용 할 수있다SSM-기술을 이용하여 자기 조립 기공 걸친 지질 이중층을 구성하는 칩면 (고체 지질 막을 지원됨). 막의 일부가 자립으로 또는 실시간 다중 분광 형광 판독 하였다 가능 캐비티 공간에서 기판 전위에 대한 인터페이스를 제공하는 세공은 스패닝. 표준 작업 절차 (SOP)의 설립은 기능적으로 재구성 될 수있는 거의 모든 막 단백질 칩 표면에 단백질 형질 지질 이중층의 간단한 구축을 허용한다. 유일한 필수 비 electrogenic 기판 반송 용 형광 판독 시스템의 구축이다. 하이 콘텐츠 스크리닝 응용 병렬 다중 칩 녹화 자동 반전 된 형광 현미경을 사용하여 accomplishable이다. 큰 데이터 세트는 자유롭게 사용할 맞춤 설계 해석 소프트웨어를 사용하여 분석 될 수있다. 세 가지 색 멀티 스펙트럼 형광판독 또한 거짓 긍정적 인 결과를 제거, 다른 이벤트 클래스로 편견 데이터 차별을 허용합니다. 칩 기술은 현재의 SiO2 표면을 기반으로하지만, 금 코팅 칩 표면을 사용하여 추가로 작용하는 것도 가능하다.

기공 멤브레인 스패닝 쉽게 자기 조립 방식으로 나노 칩 표면 상에 생성 될 수있다. 그러나 기본 프로세스는 여전히 섬세하고 리포좀의 크기, 리포좀 인구, lamellarity, 지질 및 소금 농도와 화학적 표면 특성의 단 분산 같은 많은 매개 변수에 의해 영향을 받는다. 이러한 매개 변수의 대부분은주의 깊게 특징 및 위의 프로토콜 표준화되었다. 그러나 모든 새로운 제조시 확인?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Membrane Transport Processes Analyzed by a Highly Parallel Nanopore Chip System at Single Protein Resolution at JoVE.com

Membrane Transport Processes Analyzed by a Highly Parallel Nanopore Chip System at Single Protein Resolution

The presented protocol describes the analysis of membrane protein mediated transport on the single transporter level using pore-spanning solvent-free lipid bilayers. This is achieved by the creation of bulk produced nanopore array chips, combined with highly parallel data acquisition and analysis, enabling the future establishment of membrane protein effector screenings.

멤브레인 운송은 단일 단백질 해상도에서 고도의 병렬 나노 기공 칩 시스템에 의해 분석 처리합니다

Membrane protein transport on the single protein level still evades detailed analysis, if the substrate translocated is non-electrogenic. Considerable ...

membrane-transport-processes-analyzed-highly-parallel-nanopore-chip

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

11.6K 조회수.  Goethe University Frankfurt. The presented protocol describes the analysis of membrane protein mediated transport on the single transporter level using pore-spanning solvent-free lipid bilayers. This is achieved by the creation of bulk produced nanopore array chips, combined with highly parallel data acquisition and analysis, enabling the future establishment of membrane protein effector screenings.

비디오: Membrane Transport Processes Analyzed by a Highly Parallel Nanopore Chip System at Single Protein Resolution

Measuring Plasma Membrane Protein Endocytic Rates by Reversible Biotinylation

Plasma membrane proteins are a large, diverse group of proteins comprised of receptors, ion channels, transporters and pumps.  Activity of these proteins is responsible for a variety of key cellular events, including nutrient delivery, cellular excitability, and chemical signaling.  Many plasma membrane proteins are dynamically regulated by endocytic trafficking, which modulates protein function by altering protein surface expression.  The mechanisms that facilitate protein endocytosis are complex and are not fully understood for many membrane proteins.  In order to fully understand the mechanisms that control the endocytic trafficking of a given protein, it is critical that the protein s endocytic rate be precisely measured.  For many receptors, direct endocytic rate measurements are frequently achieved utilizing labeled receptor ligands.  However, for many classes of membrane proteins, such as transporters, pumps and ion channels, there is no convenient ligand that can be used to measure the endocytic rate.  In the present report, we describe a reversible biotinylation method that we employ to measure the dopamine transporter (DAT) endocytic rate.  This method provides a straightforward approach to measuring internalization rates, and can be easily employed for trafficking studies of most membrane proteins.

Regulated endocytosis governs the cell surface expression levels of the majority of membrane proteins. Here we utilize reducible, membrane impermeant biotinylation reagents to measure the endocytic rate of the dopamine transporter (DAT), a polytopic membrane protein. The method facilitates a straightforward approach to measuring the endocytic rate of most plasma membrane proteins.

가역 Biotinylation에 의해 플라즈마 막 단백질 Endocytic 요금 측정

Plasma membrane proteins are a large, diverse group of proteins comprised of receptors, ion channels, transporters and pumps.  Activity of these proteins ...

연구

생물학

Split-Ubiquitin Based Membrane Yeast Two-Hybrid (MYTH) System: A Powerful Tool For Identifying Protein-Protein Interactions

The fundamental biological and clinical importance of integral membrane proteins prompted the development of a yeast-based system for the high-throughput identification of protein-protein interactions (PPI) for full-length transmembrane proteins. To this end, our lab developed the split-ubiquitin based Membrane Yeast Two-Hybrid (MYTH) system. This technology allows for the sensitive detection of transient and stable protein interactions using Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a host organism. MYTH takes advantage of the observation that ubiquitin can be separated into two stable moieties: the C-terminal half of yeast ubiquitin (Cub) and the N-terminal half of the ubiquitin moiety (Nub). In MYTH, this principle is adapted for use as a 'sensor' of protein-protein interactions. Briefly, the integral membrane bait protein is fused to Cub which is linked to an artificial transcription factor. Prey proteins, either in individual or library format, are fused to the Nub moiety. Protein interaction between the bait and prey leads to reconstitution of the ubiquitin moieties, forming a full-length 'pseudo-ubiquitin' molecule. This molecule is in turn recognized by cytosolic deubiquitinating enzymes, resulting in cleavage of the transcription factor, and subsequent induction of reporter gene expression. The system is highly adaptable, and is particularly well-suited to high-throughput screening. It has been successfully employed to investigate interactions using integral membrane proteins from both yeast and other organisms.

Split-Ubiquitin Based Membrane Yeast Two-Hybrid MYTH System: A Powerful Tool For Identifying Protein-Protein Interactions

MYTH allows the sensitive detection of transient and stable interactions between proteins that are expressed in the model organism Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It has been successfully applied to study exogenous and yeast integral membrane proteins in order to identify their interacting partners in a high throughput manner.

분할 Ubiquitin 기반 막 효모 두 하이브리드 (신화) 시스템 : 단백질 단백질 상호 작용을 확인을위한 강력한 도구

The fundamental biological and clinical importance of integral membrane proteins prompted the development of a yeast-based system for the high-throughput ...

Using the GELFREE 8100 Fractionation System for Molecular Weight-Based Fractionation with Liquid Phase Recovery

The GELFREE 8100 Fractionation System is a novel protein fractionation system designed to maximize protein recovery during molecular weight based fractionation. The system is comprised of single-use, 8-sample capacity cartridges and a benchtop GELFREE Fractionation Instrument. During separation, a constant voltage is applied between the anode and cathode reservoirs, and each protein mixture is electrophoretically driven from a loading chamber into a specially designed gel column gel. Proteins are concentrated into a tight band in a stacking gel, and separated based on their respective electrophoretic mobilities in a resolving gel. As proteins elute from the column, they are trapped and concentrated in liquid phase in the collection chamber, free of the gel. The instrument is then paused at specific time intervals, and fractions are collected using a pipette. This process is repeated until all desired fractions have been collected. If fewer than 8 samples are run on a cartridge, any unused chambers can be used in subsequent separations.
This novel technology facilitates the quick and simple separation of up to 8 complex protein mixtures simultaneously, and offers several advantages when compared to previously available fractionation methods. This system is capable of fractionating up to 1mg of total protein per channel, for a total of 8mg per cartridge. Intact proteins over a broad mass range are separated on the basis of molecular weight, retaining important physiochemical properties of the analyte. The liquid phase entrapment provides for high recovery while eliminating the need for band or spot cutting, making the fractionation process highly reproducible1.

The accompanying video describes the use of the GELFREE 8100 Fractionation System, which partitions complex protein samples on the basis of molecular weight and recovers the fractions in liquid phase. The video describes how the technology works, how it is used, and provides resultant data, with polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis of fractionated bovine liver homogenate.

액상 복구와 분자량 기반 분류에 대한 GELFREE 8100 분획화 시스템을 사용하여

The GELFREE 8100 Fractionation System is a novel protein fractionation system designed to maximize protein recovery during molecular weight based ...

Single-Molecule Imaging of Nuclear Transport

The utility of single molecule fluorescence microscopy approaches has been proven to be of a great avail in understanding biological reactions over the last decade. The investigation of molecular interactions with high temporal and spatial resolutions deep within cells has remained challenging due to the inherently weak signals arising from individual molecules. Recent works by Yang et al. demonstrated that narrow-field epifluorescence microscopy allows visualization of nucleocytoplasmic transport at the single molecule level. By the single molecule approach, important kinetics, such as nuclear transport time and efficiency, for signal-dependent and independent cargo molecules have been obtained. Here we described a protocol for the methodological approach with an improved spatiotemporal resolution of 0.4 ms and 12 nm. The improved resolution enabled us to capture transient active transport and passive diffusion events through the nuclear pore complexes (NPC) in semi-intact cells. We expect this method to be used in elucidating other binding and trafficking events within cells.

Single molecule microscopy approch provided novel insights into nuclear transport.

원자력 교통 단일 분자 이미징

The utility of single molecule fluorescence microscopy approaches has been proven to be of a great avail in understanding biological reactions over the ...

Direct Analysis of Single Cells by Mass Spectrometry at Atmospheric Pressure

Analysis of biochemicals in single cells is important for understanding cell metabolism, cell cycle, adaptation, disease states, etc. Even the same cell types exhibit heterogeneous biochemical makeup depending on their physiological conditions and interactions with the environment. Conventional methods of mass spectrometry (MS) used for the analysis of biomolecules in single cells rely on extensive sample preparation. Removing the cells from their natural environment and extensive sample processing could lead to changes in the cellular composition. Ambient ionization methods enable the analysis of samples in their native environment and without extensive sample preparation.1 The techniques based on the mid infrared (mid-IR) laser ablation of biological materials at 2.94 &mu;m wavelength utilize the sudden excitation of water that results in phase explosion.2 Ambient ionization techniques based on mid-IR laser radiation, such as laser ablation electrospray ionization (LAESI) and atmospheric pressure infrared matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (AP IR-MALDI), have successfully demonstrated the ability to directly analyze water-rich tissues and biofluids at atmospheric pressure.3-11 In LAESI the mid-IR laser ablation plume that mostly consists of neutral particulate matter from the sample coalesces with highly charged electrospray droplets to produce ions. Recently, mid-IR ablation of single cells was performed by delivering the mid-IR radiation through an etched fiber. The plume generated from this ablation was postionized by an electrospray enabling the analysis of diverse metabolites in single cells by LAESI-MS.12 This article describes the detailed protocol for single cell analysis using LAESI-MS. The presented video demonstrates the analysis of a single epidermal cell from the skin of an Allium cepa bulb. The schematic of the system is shown in Figure 1. A representative example of single cell ablation and a LAESI mass spectrum from the cell are provided in Figure 2.

Single cell analysis is performed by mass spectrometry on plant and animal cells at atmospheric pressure by using a sharpened optical fiber to sample the cells for laser ablation electrospray ionization (LAESI) mass spectrometry.

대기압에서 질량 분석법에 의해 단일 ​​세포의 직접 분석

Analysis of biochemicals in single cells is important for understanding cell metabolism, cell cycle, adaptation, disease states, etc. Even the same cell ...

Real-time Analyses of Retinol Transport by the Membrane Receptor of Plasma Retinol Binding Protein

Vitamin A is essential for vision and the growth/differentiation of almost all human organs. Plasma retinol binding protein (RBP) is the principle and specific carrier of vitamin A in the blood. Here we describe an optimized technique to produce and purify holo-RBP and two real-time monitoring techniques to study the transport of vitamin A by the high-affinity RBP receptor STRA6. The first technique makes it possible to produce a large quantity of high quality holo-RBP (100%-loaded with retinol) for vitamin A transport assays. High quality RBP is essential for functional assays because misfolded RBP releases vitamin A readily and bacterial contamination in RBP preparation can cause artifacts. Real-time monitoring techniques like electrophysiology have made critical contributions to the studies of membrane transport. The RBP receptor-mediated retinol transport has not been analyzed in real time until recently. The second technique described here is the real-time analysis of STRA6-catalyzed retinol release or loading. The third technique is real-time analysis of STRA6-catalyzed retinol transport from holo-RBP to cellular retinol binding protein I (CRBP-I). These techniques provide high sensitivity and resolution in revealing RBP receptor's vitamin A uptake mechanism.

Here we describe an optimized technique to produce high-quality vitamin A/RBP complex and two real-time monitoring techniques to study vitamin A transport by STRA6, the RBP receptor.

플라즈마 레티놀 바인딩 단백질의 막 수용체의 레티놀 전송의 실시간 분석

Vitamin A is essential for vision and the growth/differentiation of almost all human organs.  Plasma retinol binding protein (RBP) is the principle and ...

Visualizing Clathrin-mediated Endocytosis of G Protein-coupled Receptors at Single-event Resolution via TIRF Microscopy

Many important signaling receptors are internalized through the well-studied process of clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME). Traditional cell biological assays, measuring global changes in endocytosis, have identified over 30 known components participating in CME, and biochemical studies have generated an interaction map of many of these components. It is becoming increasingly clear, however, that CME is a highly dynamic process whose regulation is complex and delicate. In this manuscript, we describe the use of Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy to directly visualize the dynamics of components of the clathrin-mediated endocytic machinery, in real time in living cells, at the level of individual events that mediate this process. This approach is essential to elucidate the subtle changes that can alter endocytosis without globally blocking it, as is seen with physiological regulation. We will focus on using this technique to analyze an area of emerging interest, the role of cargo composition in modulating the dynamics of distinct clathrin-coated pits (CCPs). This protocol is compatible with a variety of widely available fluorescence probes, and may be applied to visualizing the dynamics of many cargo molecules that are internalized from the cell surface.

Clathrin-mediated endocytosis, a rapid and highly dynamic process internalizes many proteins, including signaling receptors. The protocol described here directly visualizes the kinetics of individual endocytic events. This is essential for understanding how core members of the endocytic machinery coordinate with each other, and how protein cargo influence this process.

TIRF 현미경을 통해 단일 ​​이벤트 해상도에서 G 단백질 결합 수용체의 Clathrin 매개 엔도 시토 시스를 시각화

Many important signaling receptors are internalized through the well-studied process of clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME). Traditional cell biological ...

Green Fluorescent Protein-based Expression Screening of Membrane Proteins in Escherichia coli

The production of recombinant membrane proteins for structural and functional studies remains technically challenging due to low levels of expression and the inherent instability of many membrane proteins once solubilized in detergents. A protocol is described that combines ligation independent cloning of membrane proteins as GFP fusions with expression in Escherichia coli detected by GFP fluorescence. This enables the construction and expression screening of multiple membrane protein/variants to identify candidates suitable for further investment of time and effort. The GFP reporter is used in a primary screen of expression by visualizing GFP fluorescence following SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Membrane proteins that show both a high expression level with minimum degradation as indicated by the absence of free GFP, are selected for a secondary screen. These constructs are scaled and a total membrane fraction prepared and solubilized in four different detergents. Following ultracentrifugation to remove detergent-insoluble material, lysates are analyzed by fluorescence detection size exclusion chromatography (FSEC). Monitoring the size exclusion profile by GFP fluorescence provides information about the mono-dispersity and integrity of the membrane proteins in different detergents. Protein: detergent combinations that elute with a symmetrical peak with little or no free GFP and minimum aggregation are candidates for subsequent purification. Using the above methodology, the heterologous expression in E. coli of SED (shape, elongation, division, and sporulation) proteins from 47 different species of bacteria was analyzed. These proteins typically have ten transmembrane domains and are essential for cell division. The results show that the production of the SEDs orthologues in E. coli was highly variable with respect to the expression levels and integrity of the GFP fusion proteins. The experiment identified a subset for further investigation.

Green Fluorescent Protein-based Expression Screening of Membrane Proteins in Escherichia coli

A streamlined approach to screening for the expression of recombinant membrane proteins in Escherichia coli based on fusion to green fluorescent protein is presented.

막 단백질의 녹색 형광 단백질 기반의 표현 상영에<em&gt; 대장균</em

The production of recombinant membrane proteins for structural and functional studies remains technically challenging due to low levels of expression and ...

CUBIC Protocol Visualizes Protein Expression at Single Cell Resolution in Whole Mount Skin Preparations

The skin is essential for our survival. The outer epidermal layer consists of the interfollicular epidermis, which is a stratified squamous epithelium covering most of our body, and epidermal appendages such as the hair follicles and sweat glands. The epidermis undergoes regeneration throughout life and in response to injury. This is enabled by K14-expressing basal epidermal stem/progenitor cell populations that are tightly regulated by multiple regulatory mechanisms active within the epidermis and between epidermis and dermis. This article describes a simple method to clarify full thickness mouse skin biopsies, and visualize K14 protein expression patterns, Ki67 labeled proliferating cells, Nile Red labeled sebocytes, and DAPI nuclear labeling at single cell resolution in 3D. This method enables accurate assessment and quantification of skin anatomy and pathology, and of abnormal epidermal phenotypes in genetically modified mouse lines. The CUBIC protocol is the best method available to date to investigate molecular and cellular interactions in full thickness skin biopsies at single cell resolution.

This report describes a CUBIC protocol to clarify full thickness mouse skin biopsies, and visualize protein expression patterns, proliferating cells, and sebocytes at the single cell resolution in 3D. This method enables accurate assessment of skin anatomy and pathology, and of abnormal epidermal phenotypes in genetically modified mouse lines.

CUBIC 프로토콜 전체 마운트 피부 준비 단일 셀 해상도에서 단백질 발현을 시각화합니다

The skin is essential for our survival. The outer epidermal layer consists of the interfollicular epidermis, which is a stratified squamous epithelium ...

Methods to Study Epithelial Transport Protein Function and Expression in Native Intestine and Caco-2 Cells Grown in 3D

The intestinal epithelium has important transport and barrier functions that play key roles in normal physiological functions of the body while providing a barrier to foreign particles. Impaired epithelial transport (ion, nutrient, or drugs) has been associated with many diseases and can have consequences that extend beyond the normal physiological functions of the transporters, such as by influencing epithelial integrity and the gut microbiome. Understanding the function and regulation of transport proteins is critical for the development of improved therapeutic interventions. The biggest challenge in the study of epithelial transport is developing a suitable model system that recapitulates important features of the native intestinal epithelial cells. Several in vitro cell culture models, such as Caco-2, T-84, and HT-29-Cl.19A cells are typically used in epithelial transport research. These cell lines represent a reductionist approach to modeling the epithelium and have been used in many mechanistic studies, including their examination of epithelial-microbial interactions. However, cell monolayers do not accurately reflect cell-cell interactions and the in vivo microenvironment. Cells grown in 3D have shown to be promising models for drug permeability studies. We show that Caco-2 cells in 3D can be used to study epithelial transporters. It is also important that studies in Caco-2 cells are complemented with other models to rule out cell specific effects and to take into account the complexity of the native intestine. Several methods have been previously used to assess the functionality of transporters, such as everted sac and uptake in isolated epithelial cells or in isolated plasma membrane vesicles. Taking into consideration the challenges in the field with respect to models and the measurement of transport function, we demonstrate here a protocol to grow Caco-2 cells in 3D and describe the use of an Ussing chamber as an effective approach to measure serotonin transport, such as in intact polarized intestinal epithelia.

We describe simple methods to study the regulation of intestinal serotonin transporter (SERT) function and expression using an in vitro cell culture model of Caco-2 cells grown in 3D&#160;and an ex vivo model of mouse intestines. These methods are applicable to the study of other epithelial transporters.

방법은 3D로 재배 원주민 소장과 카코 2 세포에서 상피 전송 단백질의 기능과 발현을 연구하는

The intestinal epithelium has important transport and barrier functions that play key roles in normal physiological functions of the body while providing ...

멤브레인 운송은 단일 단백질 해상도에서 고도의 병렬 나노 기공 칩 시스템에 의해 분석 처리합니다

요약

더 많은 비디오 탐색

이 비디오의 챕터

가역 Biotinylation에 의해 플라즈마 막 단백질 Endocytic 요금 측정

분할 Ubiquitin 기반 막 효모 두 하이브리드 (신화) 시스템 : 단백질 단백질 상호 작용을 확인을위한 강력한 도구

액상 복구와 분자량 기반 분류에 대한 GELFREE 8100 분획화 시스템을 사용하여

원자력 교통 단일 분자 이미징

대기압에서 질량 분석법에 의해 단일 세포의 직접 분석

플라즈마 레티놀 바인딩 단백질의 막 수용체의 레티놀 전송의 실시간 분석

TIRF 현미경을 통해 단일 이벤트 해상도에서 G 단백질 결합 수용체의 Clathrin 매개 엔도 시토 시스를 시각화

막 단백질의 녹색 형광 단백질 기반의 표현 상영에

CUBIC 프로토콜 전체 마운트 피부 준비 단일 셀 해상도에서 단백질 발현을 시각화합니다

방법은 3D로 재배 원주민 소장과 카코 2 세포에서 상피 전송 단백질의 기능과 발현을 연구하는

멤브레인 운송은 단일 단백질 해상도에서 고도의 병렬 나노 기공 칩 시스템에 의해 분석 처리합니다

요약

더 많은 비디오 탐색

이 비디오의 챕터

가역 Biotinylation에 의해 플라즈마 막 단백질 Endocytic 요금 측정

분할 Ubiquitin 기반 막 효모 두 하이브리드 (신화) 시스템 : 단백질 단백질 상호 작용을 확인을위한 강력한 도구

액상 복구와 분자량 기반 분류에 대한 GELFREE 8100 분획화 시스템을 사용하여

원자력 교통 단일 분자 이미징

대기압에서 질량 분석법에 의해 단일 ​​세포의 직접 분석

플라즈마 레티놀 바인딩 단백질의 막 수용체의 레티놀 전송의 실시간 분석

TIRF 현미경을 통해 단일 ​​이벤트 해상도에서 G 단백질 결합 수용체의 Clathrin 매개 엔도 시토 시스를 시각화

막 단백질의 녹색 형광 단백질 기반의 표현 상영에

CUBIC 프로토콜 전체 마운트 피부 준비 단일 셀 해상도에서 단백질 발현을 시각화합니다

방법은 3D로 재배 원주민 소장과 카코 2 세포에서 상피 전송 단백질의 기능과 발현을 연구하는

대기압에서 질량 분석법에 의해 단일 세포의 직접 분석

TIRF 현미경을 통해 단일 이벤트 해상도에서 G 단백질 결합 수용체의 Clathrin 매개 엔도 시토 시스를 시각화