Name: phagosome migration and velocity measured in live primary human macrophages infected with hiv-1
Uploaded: 2016-09-05T15:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 7 min 32 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Phagosome Migration and Velocity Measured in Live Primary Human Macrophages Infected with HIV-1 at JoVE.com

We thank Dr Jamil Jubrail for reading the manuscript. This work was supported by grants from CNRS, Inserm, Universit&#233; Paris Descartes, Agence Nationale de la Recherche (2011 BSV3 025 02), Fondation pour la Recherche M&#233;dicale (FRM DEQ20130326518 including a doctoral fellowship for GLB) and Agence Nationale de Recherche sur le SIDA et les h&#233;patites virales (ANRS, including a post-doctoral fellowship for CD) to FN. A. Dumas was supported by doctoral fellowships from Universit&#233; Paris Descartes and Sidaction.

이 프로토콜은 국내 및 국제 법규 및 지역 규정에 엄격한에 따라 수행되어야한다. 연구 목적으로 혈액을 기증 동의를 준 건강한 기증자로부터 혈액이 기관이 계약을 체결 한있는 수혈 센터에서 얻을 수있다. 인간의 혈액을 사용하는 경우 특별 보호는주의해야합니다. HIV-1과 실험은 3 또는 2 (BSL-3 또는 2) 연구소는 현지 법률에 따라 바이오 안전성 수준에서 수행해야합니다. 접착에 의한 밀도 구배 원심 분리 및 선택에 의해 인간 단핵구 유래 대 식세포 (hMDMs) 1. 준비 <ol><li> 건강한 기증자 (9 ㎖)에서 신선한 혈액으로 시작합니다. 70 ml의 최종 용적을 수득 칼슘 및 마그네슘 2+없이 멸균 1X 인산 완충 생리 식염수 (PBS)와 신선한 혈액의 전체 부피를 희석하고 부드럽게 개의 50 ㎖ 원뿔형 튜브에 희석 된 혈액을 추가 (튜브 당 35 mL) 중 , 15 ml의 상단에eutral가 높은 각 튜브 이미 용액에 높은 질량 친수성 ​​다당류 지형. </li><li> 브레이크없이 20 ° C에서 20 분 동안 537 XG에 혈액을 원심 분리기는 모두 튜브. 그런 계면 흐린 셀 링에 포함 된 말초 혈액 단핵 세포 (PBMC)를 수집하고 칼슘 및 마그네슘 2+없이 1X PBS 15 ml를 함유하는 새로운 50 ㎖ 튜브로 옮긴다. </li><li> 원심 분리기 20 ° C에서 5 분 동안 218 XG에 세포와 칼슘 및 마그네슘없이 1X PBS 45 ml의에서 펠렛을 재현 탁 2+. </li><li> 원심 분리는 20 ℃에서 5 분 동안 218 XG에서 세포는 칼슘 및 마그네슘 2+없이 1X PBS 10ml에 펠렛을 재현 탁하고 트리 판 블루에 1/200의 최종 희석액으로 희석하여 세포 수를 계산. </li><li> 20 ° C에서 5 분 동안 218 XG에 세포를 원심 분리기 1640 배지 2 mM의 L- 글루타민 및 100 μg의 / ㎖로 보충 된 RPMI penic (로스웰 파크 메모리얼 연구소)에 펠렛을 재현 탁illin - 스트렙토 6 웰 - 플레이트의 각 웰에서 배지 2 ㎖에 웰 당 7 × 106 PBMC를가하도록. </li><li> 2 시간 동안 5 % CO 2와 37 ° C에서 접시를 품어. 2 시간 후 단핵구는 플라스틱에 부착 된 것입니다. </li><li> 갓 절연 단핵구가 hMDMs로 분화 배지를 흡인하고 보충 2ml의 hMDM 배지 (RPMI 1640, 태아 송아지 혈청 (FCS를 decomplemented 10 %), 2 mM L- 글루타민, 1 % 페니실린 - 스트렙토 마이신)로 교체 할 수 있도록하려면 재조합 인간 대 식세포 콜로니 자극 인자 10 ng를 / ml의 최종 농도 (RHM-CSF). </li><li> 십일일 (그림 1)에 대한 5 % CO 2와 37 ° C에서 세포를 품어. </li><li> 하루에 11에서 매체를 제거하고 잘 따라 차가운 hMDM 매체의 2 ㎖로 2 회 씻는다. 다음 차가운 1X PBS 1 ml의 각 웰을 2 회 반복한다. </li><li> (2 mM의 ethylenediaminetetraacetatic 산 차가운 1X PBS 1 ml의 각 웰에 1 시간을 씻어 완전히 차별화 된 hMDMs를 분리하려면EDTA) 및 4 ℃에서 15 내지 60 분 동안 잘 당 2 mM의 EDTA와 차가운 1X PBS 2 ㎖에 세포를 배양한다. 참고 : 세포가 존재 분리하는 다른 방법 (예를 들면, 트립신 또는 트립신 같은 활동) 좋은 결과 (11)을 줄 수 있습니다. </li><li> (상하 웰 부드럽게 피펫 완료) 분리 후, 세포를 수집하고 차가운 hMDM 배지 10 ㎖를 함유하는 얼음에 50 ㎖ 튜브에 넣어. </li><li> 원심 분리는 20 ℃에서 5 분 동안 218 XG에 세포를 차가운 hMDM 배지 10ml에 펠렛을 재현 탁하고 트리 판 블루로 1/20 희석하여 세포 수를 계산. </li><li> 35mm 현미경 수준의 유리 바닥 접시 당 1 × 10 6 hMDMs에서 세포를 시드 및 1 일 5 % CO 2와 37 ° C에서 접시를 품어. </li></ol> HIV-1 바이러스 성 주식의 2. 생산 및 정량화 참고 : NLR4.3 HIV-1 개그 - iGFP (녹색 형광 단백질) M. Schindl에서 R5-열대 봉투, 선물을 들고ER 10 마크로파지를 감염 실시간으로 감염된 세포를 참조하는 데 사용된다. <ol><li> 상업 형질 전환 시약을 사용하여 해당 프로 바이러스 DNA의 6 μg의 인간 배아 신장 293T 세포 (2 × 106에서 100mm 요리)의 형질 전환에 의해 바이러스 주식을 생성합니다. </li><li> 세포 및 계수의 베타 갈 락토시다 착색 이어 바이러스 주식의 희석액을 사용하여 (HIV-1 LTR의 제어하에 베타 갈 락토시다 제 유전자를 함유) 헬라 TZM-BL 인디케이터 세포를 사용하여 바이러스 주식의 감염성 정량화 의 파란색 셀 (12)는. </li></ol> HIV-1 hMDMs 3. 감염 <ol><li> hMDMs (1.13 도금 세포)에 감염 (MOI)의 다양성에 hMDM 매체의 0.02-0.03 1 ml에 바이러스를 추가합니다. 우물 hMDM 매체의 1ml를 추가 제어하고 이일 (그림 1)에 대한 5 % CO 2와 37 ° C에서 요리를 부화합니다. </li><li> 하루에 2 hMDM 의대로 세포를 씻어3 회 IUM과 접시 당 신선한 hMDM 매체의 1ml를 추가합니다. 육일 (그림 1)에 대한 5 % CO 2와 37 ° C에서 세포를 품어. </li></ol> 양 적혈구 4. 옵 소닌 <ol><li> 접시 당 7 × 106 SRBCs의 제조를위한 4 분 동안 600 × g으로 원심 분리로 1X PBS에 0.1 % 소 혈청 알부민 (BSA)을 함유하는 용액 100 ㎕에 SRBCs 두 번 세척 하였다. </li><li> SRBCs 5 μL 당 서브 응집 농도 토끼 IgG 형 SRBCs와 PBS / 0.1 % BSA 500 ㎕의 1X에서 세정 SRBCs을 재현 탁하고 실온에서 30 분 동안 회전 배양한다. 주 : 안티 SRBCs의 IgG 서브 응집 농도를 측정 96 웰 플레이트에 20 ㎕의 1 / 25,600로 1/50에서 (13.1 ㎎ / ㎖ 농도에서 스톡)의 IgG의 희석액을 제조 하였다. 각 웰에 20 μl를 2 × 10 6 SRBCs을 추가하고 몇 시간 동안 어두운 방에서 접시를 넣어. 서브 응집 농도 인직전 잘 응집 (IgG를 + SRBCs 네트워크를 형성)로 잘 희석. </li><li> 회전 후 4 분 동안 600 XG에서의 IgG-옵 소닌 - SRBCs을 원심 분리하고 4 분 동안 600 XG에서 원심 분리하여 1X PBS / BSA 0.1 % 100 ㎕로 씻는다. </li><li> 2 mM의 L- 글루타민 및 1 % 페니실린 - 스트렙토 마이신 (1 ㎖ / 접시)이 보충 된 예비 가온 된 페놀 레드없는 RPMI 배지에서의 IgG - 옵 소닌-SRBCs를 재현 탁. </li></ol> 5. 라이브 셀 비디오 현미경 탐식의 분석 <ol><li> 이러한 CO 2의 가습을위한 물이 병을 통과하여 37 ℃의 가열 챔버를 구비 한 회전 디스크 시스템과 같은 촛점 이미징 시스템을 사용한다. </li><li> 식세포 분석의 시작 전에 37 ℃에서 현미경 스테이지를 가지고 실험 전에 가열 실 켜기. 현미경과 컴퓨터를 켜고, 및 이미징 소프트웨어를로드합니다. </li><li> 이러한 주사 속도 MAGNIFICAT로서 촬상 설정을 최적화이온, 해상도 등은 60 ~ 120 분 사이에 매 분마다 필드 당 이미지 한 프레임에 적어도 하나의 셀을 가지고 있습니다. 참고 : 여기에, 샘플 63X 렌즈와 함께 60 분 동안 하나의 프레임 분마다 이미징된다. </li><li> 현미경 무대에 영상 접시를 놓습니다. 초점을 조정하고 위치는 필드에 하나의 전체 HIV-1에 감염된 대 식세포를 찾을 수 있습니다. 사용 된 영상 시스템 및 프로브에 따라 적합한 여기 / 방출 설정을 사용합니다. phagosomes을 관찰 밝은 필드 (BF) 채널을 포함합니다 (그림 1II). 투과광 노광 시간의 비율을 조정함으로써, 상이한 채널 이미지의 모양을 최적화한다. 참고 : 여기에, NLR4.3 HIV-1 개그 - iGFP 레이저의 20 % (그림 1I)와 노출 시간의 50 밀리 초와 491 nm의 레이저를 사용하여 흥분했다. </li><li> 이미징 접시를 제거하고 접시에 7 × 10 6 SRBCs / ㎖ (그림 1)에서 SRBC 현탁액 1 ㎖를 추가합니다. </li><li> 500 XG에 원심 분리기RT에서 2 분, 식균 작용이 동기화 원심의 끝 시간을 기록하고, 상기 스테이지에 접시를 반환한다. </li><li> 적어도 1 시간 동안 매분 - (통상 20 평면 0.3 ㎛의 스텝 거리, 셀의 두께에 걸쳐) Z-스택의 초점 캡처 GFP 및 BF 이미지를 최적화한다. 사용 된 영상 시스템의 기본 파일 형식으로 시간 경과 비디오를 저장합니다. 참고 : 여기에, 시간 경과 영화가 네이티브 형식으로 저장된 * .stk 파일. </li></ol> 시간 경과 영화 6. 분석 <ol><li> 비디오 편집 메뉴 &#39;앱&#39;다운 비디오 편집 소프트웨어의 탭에 &quot;검토 다중 차원 데이터&quot;에 드롭을 클릭합니다. <ol><li> 파일을 열려면 다음 &quot;디렉토리 선택&quot;에서 &quot;선택 자료 파일&quot;을 클릭합니다. &quot;데이터가 설정&quot;상자에서 (.nd 형식)을 분석하고 &#39;보기&#39;를 클릭 인수를 선택합니다. 데이터는 열 경시 표로 표현라인에서 D의 Z-계획. </li><li> A ~ Z 프로젝션 (그림 2, 왼쪽 패널)에 감염을 표현하려면 &quot;파장&quot;상자에 491 nm 파장을 선택하고 &quot;모든면&quot;와 &quot;Z 투사&quot;탭을 클릭합니다. </li><li> (시간 순서 분석은 &quot;파장&quot;상자에 BF 파장을 선택하고 외부 SRBCs (그림 2, 빨간색 화살표), 내부 SRBCs (그림 2, 빨간색 원)과 핵을 구별하기 위해 Z 축에 최적의 평면을 선택합니다 그림 2, 파란색 원). </li><li> 비디오 몽타주을 저장하려면, &quot;선택 [X]의&quot;탭을 누른 다음 &quot;로드 이미지 (들)&quot;을 클릭합니다. 마지막으로,이 .tif 형식으로로드 된 이미지를 저장하고 ImageJ에 소프트웨어에 다음을 엽니 다. </li></ol></li><li> 핵의 위치와 BF 채널에서 관찰 된 다른 phagosomes (그림 3)을 측정하기 위해 ImageJ에 소프트웨어를 플러그인 &quot;수동 추적&quot;를 사용합니다. <ol><li> 다우ImageJ에 웹 사이트의 &quot;수동 추적&quot;플러그인을 nload. ImageJ에에서 (그림 3, 1 단계 및 2) 플러그인 및 이미지 시퀀스를 분석 할 엽니 다. </li><li> 이러한 인접 프레임 사이의 시간의 양을 나타낸다 &quot;시간 간격&quot;, 픽셀 당 거리를 나타내는 &quot;X / Y 보정&quot;(그림 3, 3 단계)로 설정을 입력합니다. 주 : 63X 크게하고 6.45 X 6.45 μm의 (2)의 화소 크기를 갖는 카메라를 사용하기 때문에 여기서, 각 프레임 및 0.205 ㎛, X / Y의 교정과 1 분의 시간 간격으로 화상 시퀀스를 저장한다. </li><li> 추적을 시작하려면 (그림 3, 4 단계) &quot;트랙 추가&quot;를 클릭하고이 내면화 될 때 제 시간에 SRBC 센터를 클릭합니다. 다음 프레임이 자동으로 나타납니다. </li><li> 시간 동안 다른 위치 (그림 3, 빨간색 상자에 6 단계)가 모든 프레임에서 SRBC 센터를 클릭하여 계속합니다. <ol><li> 그 중심을 클릭하여 모든 프레임에서의 위치를​​ 가지고 핵을 추적하기 시작합니다. 다음 시간 SRBCs의 기능에서 다른 자신의 내면화의 (프레임)에서 하나 하나 (중심을 클릭하여) phagosomes를 추적 할 수 있습니다. 편의 BF 채널에 SRBC를 참조하려면, 추적 (그림 3, 5 단계) 동안 &quot;밝기 및 명암 대비&quot;창을 사용합니다. </li></ol></li><li> 각 SRBC 추적 사이에 새로운 트랙을 가지고 (그림 3, 4 단계) &quot;트랙 추가&quot;를 클릭합니다. 추적의 수는 두 번째 열에서 변경되며, 그 결과 테이블의 &quot;트랙 N °&quot;(도 3, 단계 6). </li><li> 분석의 다음 단계를 계속하기 위해 스프레드 시트의 데이터를 저장합니다. </li></ol></li><li> (핵 및 SRBCs의 국제화 후 첫 5 분 동안 phagosomes의 속도를 향해 SRBCs를 포함하는 phagosomes의 이동 거리를 계산하기 위해 인터넷을 스프레드 시트 소프트웨어를 사용하여gure 4). <ol><li> 스프레드 시트 테이블과 새 스프레드 시트 파일을 엽니 다. 이 새로운 다음 매개 변수 전용 파일, 시간, x 축에 전송하고 핵 및 모든 SRBCs (그림 4A)의 좌표 Y-. </li><li> , 그들의 좌표 SRBCs과 핵 사이의 거리를 계산 XY 좌표 평면 (그림 4B)에서 핵 및 SRBC을 고려합니다. 주 : 두 점 사이의 거리를 연결 경로의 길이이다. 평면에서 SRBC과 핵 사이의 거리는 피타고라스의 정리에 의해 주어진다. <ol><li> C (핵과 SRBC 사이의 거리) 및 빗변의 길이를 나타내고, (B) 다른 두 변의 길이를 나타내는 경우, 피타고라스 식은 피타고라스 정리를 표현 : <img alt="식 (1)" src="/files/ftp_upload/54568/54568eq1.jpg" /> 주 : 동시에, 직교에서 수평 거리A는 (X 핵 -x SRBC)는 수직 거리 (B)는 (SRBC -y Y 핵)이다. </li><li> 따라서, 핵 및 SRBC (도 4a, 퍼플 박스)에 의해 사이의 거리를 계산한다 : <img alt="식 (2)" src="/files/ftp_upload/54568/54568eq2.jpg" /> 주 : μm의의 거리를 갖고, X / Y 교정하여 픽셀 단위로 획득 된 거리 값을 곱한다. 여기서, X / Y의 교정은 0.205 μm의 것이다. </li><li> 각 시간에서, 핵 초기 위치 (도 4C)에 SRBC 사이의 거리를 뺀다. </li><li> 처음 5 분 동안 측정 시간에 대하여 플롯. 플롯에 선형 트렌드 라인 (그림 5A)를 적용하고 SRBC 국제화 후 첫 5 분 동안 핵을 향해 phagosome 속도를 나타내는 선형 트렌드 라인의 기울기를 결정한다. </li><li> 평균 오차 통계를 계산하는 데이터를 대조속도 값을 적절한 소프트웨어 (도 5B)를 사용하여 적절한 형태로 이들을 플롯 및. </li></ol></li></ol></li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Flannagan, R. S., Jaumouille, V., Grinstein, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+cell+biology+of+phagocytosis.">The cell biology of phagocytosis.</a> Annu. Rev. Pathol. 7, 61-98 (2012).</li><li>Niedergang, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Encyclopedia of Cell Biology. 2, 751-757 (2016).</li><li>Blocker, A., Griffiths, G., Olivo, J. C., Hyman, A. A., Severin, F. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+role+for+microtubule+dynamics+in+phagosome+movement.">A role for microtubule dynamics in phagosome movement.</a> J Cell Sci. 111 (Pt 3), 303-312 (1998).</li><li>Blocker, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Molecular+requirements+for+bi-directional+movement+of+phagosomes+along+microtubules.">Molecular requirements for bi-directional movement of phagosomes along microtubules.</a> J Cell Biol. 137, 113-129 (1997).</li><li>Flannagan, R. S., Cosio, G., Grinstein, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Antimicrobial+mechanisms+of+phagocytes+and+bacterial+evasion+strategies.">Antimicrobial mechanisms of phagocytes and bacterial evasion strategies.</a> Nat Rev Microbiol. 7, 355-366 (2009).</li><li>Feasey, N. A., Dougan, G., Kingsley, R. A., Heyderman, R. S., Gordon, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Invasive+non-typhoidal+salmonella+disease:+an+emerging+and+neglected+tropical+disease+in+Africa.">Invasive non-typhoidal salmonella disease: an emerging and neglected tropical disease in Africa.</a> Lancet. 379, 2489-2499 (2012).</li><li>Mazzolini, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inhibition+of+phagocytosis+in+HIV-1-infected+macrophages+relies+on+Nef-dependent+alteration+of+focal+delivery+of+recycling+compartments.">Inhibition of phagocytosis in HIV-1-infected macrophages relies on Nef-dependent alteration of focal delivery of recycling compartments.</a> Blood. 115, 4226-4236 (2010).</li><li>Dumas, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+HIV-1+protein+Vpr+impairs+phagosome+maturation+by+controlling+microtubule-dependent+trafficking.">The HIV-1 protein Vpr impairs phagosome maturation by controlling microtubule-dependent trafficking.</a> J Cell Biol. 211, 359-372 (2015).</li><li>Greenberg, S., el Khoury, J., Kaplan, E., Silverstein, S. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+fluorescence+technique+to+distinguish+attached+from+ingested+erythrocytes+and+zymosan+particles+in+phagocytosing+macrophages.">A fluorescence technique to distinguish attached from ingested erythrocytes and zymosan particles in phagocytosing macrophages.</a> J. Immunol. Methods. 139, 115-122 (1991).</li><li>Koppensteiner, H., Banning, C., Schneider, C., Hohenberg, H., Schindler, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Macrophage+internal+HIV-1+is+protected+from+neutralizing+antibodies.">Macrophage internal HIV-1 is protected from neutralizing antibodies.</a> J Virol. 86, 2826-2836 (2012).</li><li>Gartner, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+macrophage+and+HIV:+basic+concepts+and+methodologies.">The macrophage and HIV: basic concepts and methodologies.</a> Methods Mol Biol. 1087, 207-220 (2014).</li><li>Wei, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Emergence+of+resistant+human+immunodeficiency+virus+type+1+in+patients+receiving+fusion+inhibitor+(T-20)+monotherapy.">Emergence of resistant human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in patients receiving fusion inhibitor (T-20) monotherapy.</a> Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 46, 1896-1905 (2002).</li><li>Harrison, R. E., Bucci, C., Vieira, O. V., Schroer, T. A., Grinstein, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Phagosomes+fuse+with+late+endosomes+and/or+lysosomes+by+extension+of+membrane+protrusions+along+microtubules:+role+of+Rab7+and+RILP.">Phagosomes fuse with late endosomes and/or lysosomes by extension of membrane protrusions along microtubules: role of Rab7 and RILP.</a> Mol Cell Biol. 23, 6494-6506 (2003).</li><li>Toyohara, A., Inaba, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transport+of+phagosomes+in+mouse+peritoneal+macrophages.">Transport of phagosomes in mouse peritoneal macrophages.</a> J Cell Sci. 94 (Pt 1), 143-153 (1989).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

이 기술은 몇 가지 중요한 단계가 있습니다. 감염의 백분율 도너 의존하기 때문에 우선, HIV-1에 의한 hMDMs의 제조 및 감염은 매우 중요하다. 잠재적으로 생체 내에서 바이러스에 의해 발생하는 대 식세포의 상태가 아니라 지금까지 특징되지 않았기 때문에 참고로, 우리는 이전에 감염 체외에서 편광되지 않은 대 식세포를 사용하기로 결정했습니다. 우리는 대 식세포는도없고 M1 M2임을...

Macrophages play a major role in the innate immune system and in homeostasis. They are professional phagocytes that internalize and eliminate pathogens and debris by a process called phagocytosis 1,2. The phagosome, the closed compartment that forms after the engulfment of particulate material, undergoes a series of fusion and fission events with endocytic compartments, leading to a degradative compartment called the phagolysosome. This compartment has an acidic pH, due to the acquisition of proton-pumping v-ATPases, contains hydrolytic enzymes and is enriched in lysosomal-associated membrane proteins (LAMPs). The maturation of phagosomes is accompanied by their migration on microtubules 3,4 towards the cell center to reach a perinuclear location where lysosomes are accumulated.
Many pathogens have been reported to hijack phagosome maturation, including bacteria with intracellular lifestyles that modify the vacuolar environment where they reside 5. The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-1 targets macrophages in addition to T cells. As macrophages are resistant to the cytopathic effects of the virus, unlike T cells, they can be considered as a reservoir for the virus. In addition, macrophages infected with HIV-1 show defective phagocytic functions and contribute to the emergence of opportunistic diseases. In particular, severe invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella disease caused by Salmonella Typhimurium ST313 has been prevalent for the last three decades in sub-Saharan African children or adults infected with HIV 6. It has been estimated that the risk of developing tuberculosis is more than 20 times greater in people living with HIV than among those without HIV infection. 
For all these reasons, it is important to better define the molecular mechanisms underlying the phagocytic defects in HIV-infected macrophages. We have shown that the uptake of particulate material, opsonized particles, bacteria or fungi, was inhibited in HIV-infected macrophages 7. Given that this inhibition is partial, we then set out to analyze the fate of the internalized phagosomes in HIV infected human macrophages 8. Because phagosome maturation is tightly connected with migration to the cell center and fusion with lysosomes, a defect in phagosomal maturation can be due to modifications of the trafficking modalities in the infected cell. The method described here uses IgG-opsonized Sheep Red Blood Cells (IgG-SRBCs) as a model to target receptor-mediated phagocytosis and in particular receptors for the Fc portion of immunoglobulins (FcR). These particles are easier to image in bright field (BF) than latex beads because extracellular and intracellular SRBCs show different refraction properties 9. To measure the velocity of phagosomes moving towards the nucleus in HIV-infected macrophages, we used a fluorescent virus 10 and set up a simple manual tracking method that is described here. The method does not require advanced programming and simply uses ImageJ. It is amenable to adherent cells and any type of particle or pathogen that can be visualized with bright field microscopy or with fluorescent imaging.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Falcon 100 mm TC-Treated Cell Culture Dish</td><td>Corning</td><td>353003</td><td>For viral production</td></tr><tr><td>Glass Bottom Dishes 35 mm uncoated 1.5</td><td>MatTek corporation</td><td>P35G-1.5-14-C Case</td><td>For acquisition</td></tr><tr><td>Falcon Tissue Culture Plates 6-well</td><td>Thermo Fischer Scientific</td><td>Corning. Inc. 353934</td><td>For human monocyte-derived macrophages</td></tr><tr><td>Ficoll-Plaque PLUS</td><td>Dominique Dutscher</td><td>17-1440-03</td><td>a neutral, highly branched, high-mass, hydrophilic polysaccharide in solution for density centrifugation</td></tr><tr><td>DPBS, no calcium, no magnesium</td><td>Thermo Fischer Scientific</td><td>14190-094</td><td>RT</td></tr><tr><td>Dulbecco&#039;s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) 1x, liquid (High Glucose)</td><td>GIBCO, Molecular probes</td><td>31966-021</td><td>Conserved at 4 &amp;deg;C ; for HEK cells culture</td></tr><tr><td>RPMI 1640 medium GLUTAMAX&amp;nbsp; Supplement</td><td>Life technologies</td><td>61870-010</td><td>Conserved at 4 &amp;deg;C; for hMDMs culture</td></tr><tr><td>F&amp;oelig;tal Calf Serum (FCS)&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Eurobio</td><td>CVFSVF0001</td><td>Conserved at -20 &amp;deg;C ; decomplemented</td></tr><tr><td>Penicillin-Streptomycin (10,000 U/ml)</td><td>Thermo Fischer Scientific</td><td>15140-122</td><td>Conserved at -20 &amp;deg;C ; for hMDMs culture</td></tr><tr><td>RPMI 1640 medium, no phenol red (10x 500 ml)</td><td>Life technologies</td><td>11835-105</td><td>Warm in 37 &amp;deg;C water bath before use ; for phagocytosis assay</td></tr><tr><td>FuGENE6 Transfection Reagent</td><td>Promega</td><td>E2692</td><td>Conserved at 4 &amp;deg;C ; for viral production</td></tr><tr><td>Sheep red blood cells (SRBCs)</td><td>Eurobio</td><td>DSGMTN00-0Q</td><td>Conserved in Alsever buffer at 4 &amp;deg;C before use</td></tr><tr><td>Anti-sheep red blood cells IgG</td><td>MP Biomedicals</td><td>55806</td><td>Conserved at 4 &amp;deg;C</td></tr><tr><td>Bovine Serum Albumin heat shock fraction, pH 7, &amp;ge;98%&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma</td><td>A7906</td><td>Conserved at -20 &amp;deg;C</td></tr><tr><td>Inverted microscope DMI600</td><td>Leica</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Confocal Spinning Disk Unit&amp;nbsp; CSU-X1M1</td><td>Yokogawa</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>491 nm 50 mW laser</td><td>COBOLT CALYPSO</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>HCX PL APO CS Objectif</td><td>Leica</td><td></td><td>Objective lens ; Magnification 100X ; Numerical aperture 1.40 ; Immersion oil</td></tr><tr><td>CoolSnap HQ2 (FireWire) Camera</td><td>Photometrics</td><td></td><td>Pixel size 6.45 &amp;micro;m x 6.45 &amp;micro;m ; Definition 1,392 x 1,040 ; Encoding the image in 14 Bit</td></tr><tr><td>Metamorph 7.7.5 software</td><td>Molecular Devices</td><td></td><td>For the control of the microscope</td></tr><tr><td>GraphPad Prism software</td><td></td><td></td><td>For the statistics analysis</td></tr></tbody></table>

phagosome migration and velocity measured in live primary human macrophages infected with hiv-1

Macrophages are phagocytic cells that play a major role at the crossroads between innate and specific immunity. They can be infected by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 and because of their resistance to its cytopathic effects they can be considered to be persistent viral reservoirs. In addition, HIV-infected macrophages exhibit defective functions that contribute to the development of opportunistic diseases.
The exact mechanism by which HIV-1 impairs the phagocytic response of macrophages was unknown. We had previously shown that the uptake of various particulate material by macrophages was inhibited when they were infected with HIV-1. This inhibition was only partial and phagosomes did form within HIV-infected macrophages. Therefore, we focused on analyzing the fate of these phagosomes. Phagosome maturation is accompanied by migration of these compartments towards the cell center, where they fuse with lysosomes, generating phagolysosomes, responsible for degradation of the ingested material. We used IgG-opsonized Sheep Red Blood Cells as a target for phagocytosis. To measure the speed of centripetal movement of phagosomes in individual HIV-infected macrophages, we used a combination of bright field and fluorescence confocal microscopy. We established a method to calculate the distance of phagosomes towards the nucleus, and then to calculate the velocity of the phagosomes. HIV-infected cells were identified thanks to a GFP-expressing virus, but the method is applicable to non-infected cells or any type of infection or treatment.

HIV-1 감염과 감염되지 않은 hMDMs 의해 식세포 작용의 FcR 매개 초상권 타겟으로의 IgG - 옵 소닌 SRBCs (도 1)를 사용하여 여기에서 설명된다. 이 프로토콜의 중요한 단계는 hMDMs의 준비 및 HIV-1 감염이다. 실제로, 차별화 된 대 식세포의 수율과 품질은 도너 사이 변화뿐만 아니라 10~40% 범위의 효율성과 감염율. 또한, IgG의-옵 소닌 - SRBCs의 준비는 이것이 그들의 인식?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Phagosome Migration and Velocity Measured in Live Primary Human Macrophages Infected with HIV-1 at JoVE.com

Phagosome Migration and Velocity Measured in Live Primary Human Macrophages Infected with HIV-1

We describe a method to measure the velocity of phagosomes moving towards the cell center in living cells infected with or without the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1, using spinning disk confocal fluorescence microscopy to identify fluorescent infected cells and bright field microscopy to detect phagosomes.

HIV-1 감염 라이브 차 인간 대 식세포에서 측정 Phagosome 마이그레이션 및 속도

Macrophages are phagocytic cells that play a major role at the crossroads between innate and specific immunity. They can be infected by the human ...

phagosome-migration-velocity-measured-live-primary-human-macrophages

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

8.1K 조회수.  Inserm U1016, Institut Cochin, CNRS UMR 8104, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité. We describe a method to measure the velocity of phagosomes moving towards the cell center in living cells infected with or without the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1, using spinning disk confocal fluorescence microscopy to identify fluorescent infected cells and bright field microscopy to detect phagosomes. 

비디오: Phagosome Migration and Velocity Measured in Live Primary Human Macrophages Infected with HIV-1

Visualizing Cell-to-cell Transfer of HIV using Fluorescent Clones of HIV and Live Confocal Microscopy

By fusing the green fluorescent protein to their favorite proteins, biologists now have the ability to study living complex cellular processes using fluorescence video microscopy. To track the movements of the human immunodeficiency virus core protein during cell-to-cell transmission of human immunodeficiency virus, we have GFP-tagged the Gag protein in the context of an infectious molecular clone of HIV, called HIV Gag-iGFP. We study this viral clone using video confocal microscopy. In the following visualized experiment, we transfect a human T cell line with HIV Gag-iGFP, and we use fluorescently labeled uninfected CD4+ T cells to serve as target cells for the virus. Using the different fluorescent labels we can readily follow viral production and transport across intercellular structures called virological synapses. Simple gas permeable imaging chambers allow us to observe synapses with live confocal microscopy from minutes to days. These approaches can be used to track viral proteins as they move in from one cell to the next.

This visualized experiment is a guide for utilizing a fluorescent molecular clone of HIV for live confocal imaging experiments.

HIV와 라이브 공촛점 현미경의 형광 클론을 사용하여 HIV의 머릿속 휴대 전화 전송

By fusing the green fluorescent protein to their favorite proteins, biologists now have the ability to study living complex cellular processes using ...

연구

면역학 및 감염병학

Live-cell Video Microscopy of Fungal Pathogen Phagocytosis

Phagocytic clearance of fungal pathogens, and microorganisms more generally, may be considered to consist of four distinct stages: (i) migration of phagocytes to the site where pathogens are located; (ii) recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) through pattern recognition receptors (PRRs); (iii) engulfment of microorganisms bound to the phagocyte cell membrane, and (iv) processing of engulfed cells within maturing phagosomes and digestion of the ingested particle. Studies that assess phagocytosis in its entirety are informative1, 2, 3, 4, 5 but are limited in that they do not normally break the process down into migration, engulfment and phagosome maturation, which may be affected differentially. Furthermore, such studies assess uptake as a single event, rather than as a continuous dynamic process. We have recently developed advanced live-cell imaging technologies, and have combined these with genetic functional analysis of both pathogen and host cells to create a cross-disciplinary platform for the analysis of innate immune cell function and fungal pathogenesis. These studies have revealed novel aspects of phagocytosis that could only be observed using systematic temporal analysis of the molecular and cellular interactions between human phagocytes and fungal pathogens and infectious microorganisms more generally. For example, we have begun to define the following: (a) the components of the cell surface required for each stage of the process of recognition, engulfment and killing of fungal cells1, 6, 7, 8; (b) how surface geometry influences the efficiency of macrophage uptake and killing of yeast and hyphal cells7; and (c) how engulfment leads to alteration of the cell cycle and behavior of macrophages 9, 10.
In contrast to single time point snapshots, live-cell video microscopy enables a wide variety of host cells and pathogens to be studied as continuous sequences over lengthy time periods, providing spatial and temporal information on a broad range of dynamic processes, including cell migration, replication and vesicular trafficking. Here we describe in detail how to prepare host and fungal cells, and to conduct the video microscopy experiments. These methods can provide a user-guide for future studies with other phagocytes and microorganisms.

We describe methods for live-cell video microscopy of Candida albicans phagocytosis by macrophages. These methods enable stage-specific analysis of macrophage migration, recognition, engulfment and phagosome maturation and reveal novel aspects of phagocytosis.

곰팡이 병원체 Phagocytosis의 라이브 셀 비디오 현미경

Phagocytic clearance of fungal pathogens, and microorganisms more generally, may be considered to consist of four distinct stages: (i) migration of ...

Study of Phagolysosome Biogenesis in Live Macrophages

Phagocytic cells play a major role in the innate immune system by removing and eliminating invading microorganisms in their phagosomes. Phagosome maturation is the complex and tightly regulated process during which a nascent phagosome undergoes drastic transformation through well-orchestrated interactions with various cellular organelles and compartments in the cytoplasm. This process, which is essential for the physiological function of phagocytic cells by endowing phagosomes with their lytic and bactericidal properties, culminates in fusion of phagosomes with lysosomes and biogenesis of phagolysosomes which is considered to be the last and critical stage of maturation for phagosomes. In this report, we describe a live cell imaging based method for qualitative and quantitative analysis of the dynamic process of lysosome to phagosome content delivery, which is a hallmark of phagolysosome biogenesis. This approach uses IgG-coated microbeads as a model for phagocytosis and fluorophore-conjugated dextran molecules as a luminal lysosomal cargo probe, in order to follow the dynamic delivery of lysosmal content to the phagosomes in real time in live macrophages using time-lapse imaging and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Here we describe in detail the background, the preparation steps and the step-by-step experimental setup to enable easy and precise deployment of this method in other labs. Our described method is simple, robust, and most importantly, can be easily adapted to study phagosomal interactions and maturation in different systems and under various experimental settings such as use of various phagocytic cells types, loss-of-function experiments, different probes, and phagocytic particles.

라이브 식세포에 Phagolysosome 속생의 연구

Phagocytic cells play a major role in the innate immune system by removing and eliminating invading microorganisms in their phagosomes. Phagosome ...

High Throughput Fluorometric Technique for Assessment of Macrophage Phagocytosis and Actin Polymerization

The goal of fluorometric analysis is to serve as an efficient, cost effective, high throughput method of analyzing phagocytosis and other cellular processes. This technique can be used on a variety of cell types, both adherent and non-adherent, to examine a variety of cellular properties. When studying phagocytosis, fluorometric technique utilizes phagocytic cell types such as macrophages, and fluorescently labeled opsonized particles whose fluorescence can be extinguished in the presence of trypan blue. Following plating of adherent macrophages in 96-well plates, fluorescent particles (green or red) are administered and cells are allowed to phagocytose for varied amounts of time. Following internalization of fluorescent particles, cells are washed with trypan blue, which facilitates extinction of fluorescent signal from bacteria which are not internalized, or are merely adhering to the cell surface. Following the trypan wash, cells are washed with PBS, fixed, and stained with DAPI (nuclear blue fluorescent label), which serves to label nuclei of cells. By a simple fluorometric quantification through plate reading of nuclear (blue) or particle (red/green) fluorescence we can examine the ratio of relative fluorescence units of green:blue and determine a phagocytic index indicative of amount of fluorescent bacteria internalized per cell. The duration of assay using a 96-well method and multichannel pipettes for washing, from end of phagocytosis to end of data acquisition, is less than 45 min. Flow cytometry could be used in a similar manner but the advantage of fluorometry is its high throughput, rapid method of assessment with minimal manipulation of samples and quick quantification of fluorescent intensity per cell. Similar strategies can be applied to non adherent cells, live labeled bacteria, actin polymerization, and essentially any process utilizing fluorescence. Therefore, fluorometry is a promising method for its low cost, high throughput capabilities in the study of cellular processes.

Here we present a protocol to quantify phagocytosis of fluorescent particles by adherent macrophage cell line using a fluorometric method. This method facilitates a high throughput quantification of particle internalization as well as the resulting actin polymerization.

대 식세포 식균 작용과 액틴의 중합의 평가를위한 높은 처리량 형광 측정 기법

The goal of fluorometric analysis is to serve as an efficient, cost effective, high throughput method of analyzing phagocytosis and other cellular ...

"Phagosome Closure Assay" to Visualize Phagosome Formation in Three Dimensions Using Total Internal Reflection Fluorescent Microscopy (TIRFM)

Phagocytosis is a mechanism used by specialized cells to internalize and eliminate microorganisms or cellular debris. It relies on profound rearrangements of the actin cytoskeleton that is the driving force for plasma membrane extension around the particle. In addition, efficient engulfment of large material relies on focal exocytosis of intracellular compartments. This process is highly dynamic and numerous molecular players have been described to have a role during phagocytic cup formation. The precise regulation in time and space of all of these molecules, however, remains elusive. In addition, the last step of phagosome closure has been very difficult to observe because inhibition by RNA interference or dominant negative mutants often results in stalled phagocytic cup formation. 
We have set up a dedicated experimental approach using total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy (TIRFM) combined with epifluorescence to monitor step by step the extension of pseudopods and their tips in a phagosome growing around a particle loosely bound to a coverslip. This method allows us to observe, with high resolution the very tips of the pseudopods and their fusion during closure of the phagosome in living cells for two different fluorescently tagged proteins at the same time.

"Phagosome Closure Assay" to Visualize Phagosome Formation in Three Dimensions Using Total Internal Reflection Fluorescent Microscopy TIRFM

We describe an experimental setup to visualize with unprecedented high resolution phagosome formation and closure in three dimensions in living macrophages, using total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy. It allows monitoring of the base of the phagocytic cup, the extending pseudopods, as well as the precise site of phagosome scission.

&quot;Phagosome 폐쇄 분석은&quot;사용하여 입체적으로 Phagosome 형성을 시각화하는 총 내부 반사 형광 현미경 (TIRFM)

Phagocytosis is a mechanism used by specialized cells to internalize and eliminate microorganisms or cellular debris. It relies on profound rearrangements ...

Time-lapse 3D Imaging of Phagocytosis by Mouse Macrophages

Phagocytosis plays a key role in host defense, as well as in tissue development and maintenance, and involves rapid, receptor-mediated rearrangements of the actin cytoskeleton to capture, envelop and engulf large particles. Although phagocytic receptors, downstream signaling pathways, and effectors, such as Rho GTPases, have been identified, the dynamic cytoskeletal remodeling of specific receptor-mediated phagocytic events remain unclear. Four decades ago, two distinct mechanisms of phagocytosis, exemplified by Fc&#947; receptor (Fc&#947;R)- and complement receptor (CR)-mediated phagocytosis, were identified using scanning electron microscopy. Binding of immunoglobulin G (IgG)-opsonized particles to Fc&#947;Rs triggers the protrusion of thin membrane extensions, which initially form a so-called phagocytic cup around the particle before it becomes completely enclosed and retracted into the cell. In contrast, complement opsonized particles appear to sink into the phagocyte following binding to complement receptors. These two modes of phagocytosis, phagocytic cup formation and sinking in, have become well established in the literature. However, the distinctions between the two modes have become blurred by reports that complement receptor-mediated phagocytosis may induce various membrane protrusions. With the availability of high resolution imaging techniques, phagocytosis assays are required that allow real-time 3D (three dimensional) visualization of how specific phagocytic receptors mediate the uptake of individual particles. More commonly used approaches for the study of phagocytosis, such as end-point assays, miss the opportunity to understand what is happening at the interface of particles and phagocytes. Here we describe phagocytic assays, using time-lapse spinning disk confocal microscopy, that allow 3D imaging of single phagocytic events. In addition, we describe assays to unambiguously image Fc&#947; receptor- or complement receptor-mediated phagocytosis.

Here we describe methods using spinning disk confocal microscopy to image single phagocytic events by mouse resident peritoneal macrophages. The protocols can be extended to other phagocytic cells.

마우스 대 식 세포에 의해 식 균 작용의 시간 경과 3D 영상

Phagocytosis plays a key role in host defense, as well as in tissue development and maintenance, and involves rapid, receptor-mediated rearrangements of ...

Investigating the Phagocytosis of Leishmania using Confocal Microscopy

Phagocytosis is an orchestrated process that involves distinct steps: recognition, binding, and internalization. Professional phagocytes take up Leishmania parasites by phagocytosis, consisting of recognizing ligands on parasite surfaces by multiple host cell receptors. Binding of Leishmania to macrophage membranes occurs through complement receptor type 1 (CR1) and complement receptor type 3 (CR3) and Pattern Recognition Receptors. Lipophosphoglycan (LPG) and 63 kDa glycoprotein (gp63) are the main ligands involved in macrophage-Leishmania interactions. Following the initial recognition of parasite ligands by host cell receptors, parasites become internalized, survive, and multiply within parasitophorous vacuoles. The maturation process of Leishmania-induced vacuoles involves the acquisition of molecules from intracellular vesicles, including monomeric G protein Rab 5 and Rab 7, lysosomal associated membrane protein 1 (LAMP-1), lysosomal associated membrane protein 2 (LAMP-2), and microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3 (LC3).
Here, we describe methods to evaluate the early events occurring during Leishmania interaction with the host cells using confocal microscopy, including (i) binding (ii) internalization, and (iii) phagosome maturation. By adding to the body of knowledge surrounding these determinants of infection outcome, we hope to improve the understanding of the pathogenesis of Leishmania infection and support the eventual search for novel chemotherapeutic targets.

Investigating the Phagocytosis of Leishmania using Confocal Microscopy

The mechanism associated with phagocytosis in Leishmania infection remains poorly understood. Here, we describe methods to evaluate the early events occurring during Leishmania interaction with the host cells.

공초점 현미경을 사용하여 리슈마니아 의 식균작용 조사

Phagocytosis is an orchestrated process that involves distinct steps: recognition, binding, and internalization. Professional phagocytes take up ...

Obtainment of Macrophages from Human Monocytes to Assess Leishmania braziliensis Infection Rate and Innate Host Immune Response

Macrophages are multifunctional cells essential to the immune system function, and the primary host cell in Leishmania braziliensis (Lb) infection. These cells are specialized in microorganism recognition and phagocytosis, but also activate other immune cells and present antigens, as well as promote inflammation and tissue repair. Here, we describe a protocol to obtain mononuclear cells from peripheral blood (PBMC) of healthy donors to separate monocytes that then differentiate into macrophages. These cells can then be infected in vitro at different Lb concentrations to evaluate the ability to control infection, as well as evaluate host cell immune response, which can be measured by several methods. PBMCs were first isolated by centrifuging with Ficoll-Hypaque gradient and then plated to allow monocytes to adhere to culture plates; non-adherent cells were removed by washing. Next, adherent cells were cultured with macrophage-colony stimulating factor (M-CSF) for 7 days to induce macrophage differentiation. We suggest plating 2 x 106&#160;cells per well on 24-well plates in order to obtain 2 x 105&#160;macrophages. Fully differentiated macrophages can then be infected with Lb for 4 or 24 hours. This protocol results in a significant percentage of infected cells, which can be assessed by optical or fluorescence microscopy. In addition to infection index, parasite load can be measured by counting the numbers of parasites inside each cell. Further molecular and functional assays can also be performed in culture supernatants or within the macrophages themselves, which allows this protocol to be applied in a variety of contexts and also adapted to other intracellular parasite species.

Obtainment of Macrophages from Human Monocytes to Assess Leishmania braziliensis Infection Rate and Innate Host Immune Response

This protocol describes the process for obtaining human macrophages from monocytes for infection with Leishmania braziliensis. It also allows researchers to evaluate infection rate and parasite viability, ROS production by fluorescence microscopy, and the production of inflammatory mediators in culture supernatants to investigate macrophage response to infection.

Macrophages are multifunctional cells essential to the immune system function, and the primary host cell in Leishmania braziliensis (Lb) infection. These ...

Real-Time Imaging of Macrophage Phagocytosis of IgG-Opsonized Red Blood Cells

Source: Horsthemke, M., et al. <a href="https://app.jove.com/v/57566">Time-lapse 3D Imaging of Phagocytosis by Mouse Macrophages.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (2018)
This video demonstrates an assay to monitor independent macrophage-mediated red blood cell (RBC) phagocytosis events. Mouse immunoglobulin G (IgG)-opsonized human RBCs are incubated with mouse macrophages and observed under a confocal microscope. The RBCs are engulfed by macrophages via a phagocytic cup formation and targeted for lysosomal degradation.

IgG-Opsonized 적혈구의 대식세포 식세포작용(Macrophage Phagocytosis)의 실시간 이미징

Source: Horsthemke, M., et al. Time-lapse 3D Imaging of Phagocytosis by Mouse Macrophages. J. Vis. Exp. (2018)
This video demonstrates an assay to monitor ...

JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments

Immunology

Immunodiagnostics

Specialized Assays

TIRF Microscopy-Based Visualization of Phagosome Formation and Closure

Source: Marie-Ana&#239;s, F., et al. <a href="https://app.jove.com/v/54470">&#34;Phagosome Closure Assay&#34; to Visualize Phagosome Formation in Three Dimensions Using Total Internal Reflection Fluorescent Microscopy (TIRFM).</a> J. Vis. Exp. (2016).
This video demonstrates a high-resolution total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy technique for real-time visualization of phagosome formation and closure during macrophage-mediated phagocytosis of IgG-opsonized red blood cells (RBCs) attached to the surface of a glass bottom dish. The macrophages extend pseudopodia around the RBCs and engulf them inside the phagosomes, detaching them from the glass surface.

HIV-1 감염 라이브 차 인간 대 식세포에서 측정 Phagosome 마이그레이션 및 속도

요약

더 많은 비디오 탐색

이 비디오의 챕터

HIV와 라이브 공촛점 현미경의 형광 클론을 사용하여 HIV의 머릿속 휴대 전화 전송

곰팡이 병원체 Phagocytosis의 라이브 셀 비디오 현미경

라이브 식세포에 Phagolysosome 속생의 연구

대 식세포 식균 작용과 액틴의 중합의 평가를위한 높은 처리량 형광 측정 기법

"Phagosome 폐쇄 분석은"사용하여 입체적으로 Phagosome 형성을 시각화하는 총 내부 반사 형광 현미경 (TIRFM)

마우스 대 식 세포에 의해 식 균 작용의 시간 경과 3D 영상

공초점 현미경을 사용하여 리슈마니아 의 식균작용 조사

Obtainment of Macrophages from Human Monocytes to Assess Leishmania braziliensis Infection Rate and Innate Host Immune Response

IgG-Opsonized 적혈구의 대식세포 식세포작용(Macrophage Phagocytosis)의 실시간 이미징

TIRF 현미경 기반 식체 형성 및 폐쇄 시각화