이 작품은 미국 육군, 의료 연구 및 물자 사령부, 전투 사상자 케어 프로그램에서 자금을 지원합니다. 우리는 비디오를 만드는 그들의 도움을 LTC 케빈 S. 에이커 스, MD 및 양 크리스틴 R. 잿물 감사합니다.

이전에 어떤 인간의 절차, 제도 심의위원회 (IRB)는 프로토콜을 승인해야합니다. 이 연구에 사용 된 프로토콜은 미국 육군 의료 연구 및 물자 명령 IRB 승인을 받았다. 프로토콜이 조절되고 재현 실험실 환경에서 지속적인 출혈시 개인에 의해 경험 한 것과 유사한 중앙 혈액량의 점진적인 감소를 보상 생리적 반응을 입증하기 위해 설계된다. 25 ℃ - 실험실 실온 23에서 제어된다. 1. 장비 준비 <ol><li> 장비 및 예열 및 교정을 필요로하는 장치의 전원을 켭니다. 주 : 장비 및 장치 1 Hz에서 데이터를 기록하기위한 데이터 수집 시스템을 포함한다; 두 개의 분리 된 적외선 광 혈류 손가락 커프 센서 9-11하여 상완 동맥 혈압과 동맥혈 산소 포화도의 비 침습적 연속 측정 (SPO 2)를 제공하는 두 개의 분리 장치; capnogra호 기말 이산화탄소와 호흡을 측정하는 산도; 그리고 손가락 맥박 산소 측정기는 보상 적 준비를 측정하는 주변 타악기 동맥 파형을 획득합니다. </li><li> 실험 기간 동안의 시간을 표시하기 위해 사용되는 실험실 마스터 클록과 일치하도록 각 계측기에 타임 스탬프를 조정함으로써 내부 클럭과 기기 모두 동기화. </li></ol> 2. 제목 준비 <ol><li> 테스트에 앞서, 카페인, 알코올, 그리고 격렬한 운동 24 시간을 방지하고, 혈역학 적 부전은 메스꺼움을 유발하는 경우의 프로토콜 이전에 적어도 2 시간을 먹고 피하기 위해 주제를 지시한다. </li><li> 프로토콜의 개시 이전에, 의사가 피사체가 최소한의 건강 요구 사항을 충족하고, 제외 기준 (니코틴 사용, 고혈압, 자율 신경 장애, 또는 실신 에피소드의 역사)의 부재를 보장하기 위해 의료 검사 시험을 수행 할 수 있습니다. 임신에 대한 제외 기준이기 때문에참여, 연구의 날에 표준 소변 임신 테스트를 취할 여성 참가자가 필요합니다. 참고 : 피사체의 안전을 위해, 연구 의사는 고급 생명 유지에 인증 및 연구 기간 동안 존재한다. 완벽한 시설을 갖춘 &#39;응급 카트&#39;의식 상실 또는 LBNP 과정에서 발생하는 급성 심장 부정맥의 경우에 피사체의기도, 호흡 및 순환을 지원하기 위해 즉시 사용할 수 있습니다. </li><li> 절차에 대한 주제를 통보하고, 연구에 참여하는 서면 동의를 구하십시오. 참고 :이 연구의 목표는 심장 혈관 부전 (실신)의 발병 때까지 LBNP을 적용하는 것입니다 주제로 설명한다. 거기에이 점을 정의 심장 혈관 매개 변수는,이 심장 혈관 매개 변수가 관찰 될 때 LBNP이 종료 될 것이라고 설명한다. 그들은 또한 경험의 증상은 일반적으로 LBNP의 proce을하는 동안 실신과 관련된 수있는 주제를 알려틀리면. 이러한 현상이 발생하고 LBNP이 즉시 종료 될 경우 연구자에게 통지 주제를 지시한다. </li><li> 주제에 네오프렌 LBNP 스커트를 놓습니다. 스커트가 기밀 밀봉을 만들기 위해 허리와 몸통 주위에 아늑한되어 있는지 확인합니다. </li><li> LBNP 동안 제자리에 몸통을 확보하기 위해 고정 게시물을 벌리고있는 동안 LBNP 실의 침대에 누운 누워 주제를 지시한다. LBNP 노출시 하체를 긴장 주제를 지시한다. 기밀 밀봉을 생성하기 위해 챔버 개구에 네오프렌 스커트를 챔버로 침대를 슬라이딩과 연결하여 LBNP 챔버로 피사체를 고정합니다. 주 : LBNP 챔버 (0.1 mmHg로 내)의 정확한 기능을 제공 수동 또는 컴퓨터 화 된 프로파일 0 -100 mmHg로의 내부 압력을 제어한다. 챔버는 피사체의 자세를 지키기 위해 조절 안장을 포함한다. 명확한 플렉시 글라스 창은 피사체의 다리를 시각화 할 수 있습니다.기밀 밀봉가 피사체와 장골 (그림 1)의 수준에서 LBNP 실 착용 네오프렌 스커트에 의해 생성 될 때까지 조정 가능한 알루미늄 허리 보드 수 있습니다. </li><li> 장소 심전도 (ECG) 좌우 체액 - 쇄골 관절, 오른쪽에 전극이 심장 박동의 연속 측정을위한 수정 된 리드 II 구성 (그림 1) 낮은 리브 (4 총)을 떠났습니다. </li><li> 팔은 손을 심장 수준에서 지원되도록 조정, 휴식에 피사체의 팔을 놓습니다. 적절한 크기의 손가락 커프를 사용하면, 적외선 손가락 광 혈류를 배치 &#160; 혈압의 비 침습적 연속적인 박동 대 박동 측정 좌우 중간 손가락 장치. </li><li> 압력 모니터에 손가락 수갑을 연결합니다. 제조업체의 지침에 따라 장치 및 기록 혈액 압력을 보정합니다. (12)는 대상 정보를 입력 (연령, 성별, heig원하는 경우 HT, 체중)은 Modelflow 알고리즘에 의해 박출량, 심 박출량과 말초 혈관 저항의 계산 (추정)에 대한 적절한 가정을 활성화합니다. (13, 14)를 </li><li> 보상 예비 1,12- (그림 2)의 연속 측정을위한 오른쪽 검지 손가락에 손가락 맥박 산소 측정기를 놓습니다. </li><li> 주제에 비강 캐뉼라를 놓고 영감과 만기에 민감한 반사를 보장하기 위해 코를 통해 호흡 할 수있는 주제를 지시합니다. 코 공기 샘플링은 피사체가 개발 증상의 자기보고 자유롭게 이야기 할 수 있습니다. 호흡의 연속 측정을위한 capnograph에 비강 캐뉼라를 연결하고 갯벌 CO 2를 종료합니다. </li></ol> 3. LBNP 프로토콜을 수행 <ol><li> 데이터 수집 시스템의 &quot;시작&quot;버튼을 클릭하여 데이터 기록을 시작합니다. 5 분 녹음 기준 데이터. 중앙 hypovole의 첫 단계를 시작합니다미아 5 분 동안이 압력을 진공 모터를 켜고 -15 mmHg로에 부정적인 압력을 설정하고 유지하여. 그림 3은 프로토콜을 설명합니다. </li><li> -30 mmHg로에 LBNP을 증가시키고, 5 분 동안이 압력을 개최합니다. </li><li> -45 mmHg로에 LBNP을 증가시키고, 5 분 동안이 압력을 개최합니다. </li><li> -60 mmHg로에 LBNP을 증가시키고, 5 분 동안이 압력을 개최합니다. </li><li> -70 mmHg로에 LBNP을 증가시키고, 5 분 동안이 압력을 개최합니다. </li><li> (-100 mmHg로 LBNP에서 5 분) 프로토콜의 끝이나 혈역학 적 부전의 점까지 -10 mmHg로 매 5 분으로 LBNP 수준을 높이기 위해 계속합니다. LBNP 챔버에 압력 해제 버튼을 눌러 종료 LBNP. 참고 : 혈역학 적 부전은 수축기 동맥 80 mmHg로 아래의 압력, 또는 회색 아웃 (컬러 비전의 손실), 터널 비전, 발한, 오심 또는 현기증 (그림 4)와 같은 presyncopal 증상을보고 주제의 급격한 하락으로 식별됩니다. </li><li>LBNP의 중단 (postLBNP 복구) 후 10 분 동안의 데이터 수집 시스템에 기록 데이터를 계속한다. </li><li> 데이터 수집 시스템에서 &quot;중지&quot;버튼을 클릭하여 10 분간 회복 기간의 끝에서의 데이터 기록을 중지. </li><li> 피사체에서 모든 장비를 분리하고 LBNP 실에서 주제를 제거합니다. 실험실을 떠나기 전에 그들이 증상 무료 보장하기 위해 LBNP 플랫폼에서 사임 한 후 앉아 주제를 요청합니다. 이 연구가 완료되었습니다. </li><li> 보상 성 준비 지수 (CRI), 평균 동맥압 (MAP), 심장 박동, 그리고 SPO 2 값의 추출을위한 수집 시스템에서 다운로드 데이터 파일. 1,15,16 </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Convertino, V. A., Wirt, M. D., Glenn, J. P., Lein, B. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+compensatory+reserve+for+early+and+accurate+prediction+of+hemodynamic+compromise:+a+review+of+the+underlying+physiology.">The compensatory reserve for early and accurate prediction of hemodynamic compromise: a review of the underlying physiology.</a> Shock. 45 (6), 580-590 (2016).</li><li>Eastridge, B. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Death+on+the+battlefield+(2001-2011):+Implications+for+the+future+of+combat+casualty+care.">Death on the battlefield (2001-2011): Implications for the future of combat casualty care.</a> Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery. 73 (6), S431-S437 (2012).</li><li>Orlinsky, M., Shoemaker, W., Reis, E. D., Kerstein, M. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Current+controversies+in+shock+and+resuscitation.">Current controversies in shock and resuscitation.</a> Surg. Clin. North Am. 81 (6), 1217-1262 (2001).</li><li>Wo, C. C. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Unreliability+of+blood+pressure+and+heart+rate+to+evaluate+cardiac+output+in+emergency+resuscitation+and+critical+illness.">Unreliability of blood pressure and heart rate to evaluate cardiac output in emergency resuscitation and critical illness.</a> Crit Care Med. 21, 218-223 (1993).</li><li>Bruijns, S. R., Guly, H. R., Bouamra, O., Lecky, F., Lee, W. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+value+of+traditional+vital+signs,+shock+index,+and+age-based+markers+in+predicting+trauma+mortality.">The value of traditional vital signs, shock index, and age-based markers in predicting trauma mortality.</a> J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 74 (6), 1432-1437 (2013).</li><li>Parks, J. K., Elliott, A. C., Gentilello, L. M., Shafi, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Systemic+hypotension+is+a+late+marker+of+shock+after+trauma:+a+validation+study+of+Advanced+Trauma+Life+Support+principles+in+a+large+national+sample.">Systemic hypotension is a late marker of shock after trauma: a validation study of Advanced Trauma Life Support principles in a large national sample.</a> Am. J. Surg. 192 (6), 727-731 (2006).</li><li>Brunauer, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+arterial+blood+pressure+associated+with+terminal+cardiovascular+collapse+in+critically+ill+patients:+a+retrospective+cohort+study.">The arterial blood pressure associated with terminal cardiovascular collapse in critically ill patients: a retrospective cohort study.</a> Crit Care. 18 (6), 719 (2014).</li><li>Hinojosa-Laborde, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Validation+of+lower+body+negative+pressure+as+an+experiomental+model+of+hemorrhage.">Validation of lower body negative pressure as an experiomental model of hemorrhage.</a> J. Appl. Physiol. 116, 406-415 (2014).</li><li>Martina, J. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Noninvasive+continuous+arterial+blood+pressure+monitoring+with+Nexfin(R).">Noninvasive continuous arterial blood pressure monitoring with Nexfin(R).</a> Anesthesiology. 116 (5), 1092-1103 (2012).</li><li>Imholz, B. P., Wieling, W., Langewouters, G. J., van Montfrans, G. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Continuous+finger+arterial+pressure:+utility+in+the+cardiovascular+laboratory.">Continuous finger arterial pressure: utility in the cardiovascular laboratory.</a> Clin. Auton. Res. 1 (1), 43-53 (1991).</li><li>Imholz, B. P. M., Wieling, W., van Montfrans, G. A., Wesseling, K. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fifteen+years+experience+with+finger+arterial+pressure+monitoring:+assessment+of+technology.">Fifteen years experience with finger arterial pressure monitoring: assessment of technology.</a> Cardiovasc. Res. 38, 605-616 (1998).</li><li>Roelandt, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Finger pressure reference guide. , (2005).</li><li>Harms, M. P. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Continuous+stroke+volume+monitoring+by+modelling+flow+from+non-invasive+measurement+of+arterial+pressure+in+humans+under+orthostatic+stress.">Continuous stroke volume monitoring by modelling flow from non-invasive measurement of arterial pressure in humans under orthostatic stress.</a> Clin. Sci. 97, 291-301 (1999).</li><li>Leonetti, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stroke+volume+monitored+by+modeling+flow+from+finger+arterial+pressure+waves+mirrors+blood+volume+withdrawn+by+phlebotomy.">Stroke volume monitored by modeling flow from finger arterial pressure waves mirrors blood volume withdrawn by phlebotomy.</a> Clin. Auton. Res. 14 (3), 176-181 (2004).</li><li>Convertino, V. A., Grudic, G., Mulligan, J., Moulton, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Estimation+of+individual-specific+progression+to+impending+cardiovascular+instability+using+arterial+waveforms.">Estimation of individual-specific progression to impending cardiovascular instability using arterial waveforms.</a> J. Appl. Physiol(Bethesda, Md :1985). 115 (8), 1196-1202 (2013).</li><li>Convertino, V. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Individual-specific,+beat-to-beat+trending+of+significant+human+blood+loss:+the+compensatory+reserve.">Individual-specific, beat-to-beat trending of significant human blood loss: the compensatory reserve.</a> Shock. 44 (Supplement 1), 27-32 (2015).</li><li>Cooke, W. H., Ryan, K. L., Convertino, V. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lower+body+negative+pressure+as+a+model+to+study+progression+to+acute+hemorrhagic+shock+in+humans.">Lower body negative pressure as a model to study progression to acute hemorrhagic shock in humans.</a> J. Appl. Physiol. 96, 1249-1261 (2004).</li><li>Convertino, V. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inspiratory+resistance+maintains+arterial+pressure+during+central+hypovolemia:+implications+for+treatment+of+patients+with+severe+hemorrhage.">Inspiratory resistance maintains arterial pressure during central hypovolemia: implications for treatment of patients with severe hemorrhage.</a> Crit Care Med. 35 (4), 1145-1152 (2007).</li><li>Carter, R., Hinojosa-Laborde, C., Convertino, V. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Variability+in+integration+of+mechanisms+associated+with+high+tolerance+to+progressive+reductions+in+central+blood+volume:+the+compensatory+reserve.">Variability in integration of mechanisms associated with high tolerance to progressive reductions in central blood volume: the compensatory reserve.</a> Physiol Reports. 4 (1), (2016).</li><li>Convertino, V. A., Sather, T. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Vasoactive+neuroendocrine+responses+associated+with+tolerance+to+lower+body+negative+pressure+in+humans.">Vasoactive neuroendocrine responses associated with tolerance to lower body negative pressure in humans.</a> Clin. Physiol. 20, 177-184 (2000).</li><li>Convertino, V. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Use+of+advanced+machine-learning+techniques+for+noninvasive+monitoring+of+hemorrhage.">Use of advanced machine-learning techniques for noninvasive monitoring of hemorrhage.</a> J. Trauma. 71 (1 Suppl), S25-S32 (2011).</li><li>Convertino, V. A., Rickards, C. A., Ryan, K. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Autonomic+mechanisms+associated+with+heart+rate+and+vasoconstrictor+reserves.">Autonomic mechanisms associated with heart rate and vasoconstrictor reserves.</a> Clin. Auton. Res. 22, 123-130 (2012).</li><li>Rickards, C. A., Ryan, K. L., Cooke, W. H., Convertino, V. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tolerance+to+central+hypovolemia:+the+influence+of+oscillations+in+arterial+pressure+and+cerebral+blood+velocity.">Tolerance to central hypovolemia: the influence of oscillations in arterial pressure and cerebral blood velocity.</a> J. Appl. Physiol. 111 (4), 1048-1058 (2011).</li><li>Johnson, B. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reductions+in+central+venous+pressure+by+lower+body+negative+pressure+of+blood+loss+elicit+similar+hemodynamic+responses.">Reductions in central venous pressure by lower body negative pressure of blood loss elicit similar hemodynamic responses.</a> J. Appl. Physiol. 117, 131-141 (2014).</li><li>van Helmond, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Coagulation+Changes+during+Lower+Body+Negative+Pressure+and+Blood+Loss+in+Humans.">Coagulation Changes during Lower Body Negative Pressure and Blood Loss in Humans.</a> Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 309, H1591-H1597 (2015).</li><li>Gerhardt, R., Berry, J., Blackbourne, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+of+life-saving+interventions+performed+by+out-of-hospital+combat+medical+personnel.">Analysis of life-saving interventions performed by out-of-hospital combat medical personnel.</a> J. Trauma. 71, S109-S113 (2011).</li><li>Pinsky, M. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hemodynamic+evaluation+and+monitoring+in+the+ICU.">Hemodynamic evaluation and monitoring in the ICU.</a> Chest. 132 (6), 2020-2029 (2007).</li><li>Rivers, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Early+goal-directed+therapy+in+the+treatment+of+severe+sepsis+and+septic+shock.">Early goal-directed therapy in the treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock.</a> N.Engl.J.Med. , 1368-1377 (2001).</li><li>Rivers, E. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+influence+of+early+hemodynamic+optimization+on+biomarker+patterns+of+severe+sepsis+and+septic+shock.">The influence of early hemodynamic optimization on biomarker patterns of severe sepsis and septic shock.</a> Crit Care Med. 35 (9), 2016-2024 (2007).</li><li>Rivers, E. P., Coba, V., Whitmill, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Early+goal-directed+therapy+in+severe+sepsis+and+septic+shock:+a+contemporary+review+of+the+literature.">Early goal-directed therapy in severe sepsis and septic shock: a contemporary review of the literature.</a> Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 21 (2), 128-140 (2008).</li><li>Cap, A. P., Spinella, P. C., Borgman, M. A., Blackbourne, L. H., Perkins, J. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Timing+and+location+of+blood+product+transfusion+and+outcomes+in+massively+transfused+combat+casualties.">Timing and location of blood product transfusion and outcomes in massively transfused combat casualties.</a> J. Trauma. 73, S89-S94 (2012).</li><li>Spinella, P. C., Perkins, J. G., Grathwohl, K., Beekley, A., Holcomb, J. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Warm+fresh+whole+blood+is+independently+associated+iwth+improved+survival+for+patients+with+combat-related+traumatic+injuries.">Warm fresh whole blood is independently associated iwth improved survival for patients with combat-related traumatic injuries.</a> J. Trauma. 66, S69-S76 (2009).</li><li>Kragh, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Survival+with+emergency+tourniquet+use+to+stop+bleeding+in+major+limb+trauma.">Survival with emergency tourniquet use to stop bleeding in major limb trauma.</a> Ann Surgery. 249 (1), 1-7 (2009).</li><li>Chung, K. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Continous+renal+replacement+therapy+improves+survival+in+severly+burned+military+casualties+with+acute+kidney+injury.">Continous renal replacement therapy improves survival in severly burned military casualties with acute kidney injury.</a> J. Trauma. 64, S179-S187 (2008).</li><li>Stewart, C. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+compensatory+reserve+for+early+and+accurate+prediction+of+hemodynamic+compromise:+case+studies+for+clinical+utility+in+acute+care+and+physical+performance.">The compensatory reserve for early and accurate prediction of hemodynamic compromise: case studies for clinical utility in acute care and physical performance.</a> J Special Op. Med. 16, 6-13 (2016).</li></ol>

The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests. The views expressed herein are the private views of the authors and are not to be construed as representing those of the US Department of the Army or the US Department of Defense.

중앙 혈액량 진보적 지속적 감소를 야기 LBNP를 사용하여, 우리는 저혈압 및 서맥 (도 7)의 갑작스러운 발병을 특징으로 피사체의 혈역학 부전의 전형적인 반응을 유도 할 수 있었다. 혈액 손실에 대한 허용 오차에 상당한 개별 다양성의 결과로, 출혈로 통합 보상 응답이 매우 복잡 것을 이해하는 것이 19 중요합니다. (1) 다른 사람이 효과적으로 보상하지 않는 동안 따라...

심장 혈관 시스템의 가장 중요한 기능은 동맥 혈압의 항상성 조절을 통해 신체의 모든 조직에 충분한 혈류 (혈액 순환과 산소 공급)의 제어이다. 보상 다양한 메커니즘 (예를 들어, 자율 신경계의 활동, 심장 속도 및 수축력, 정맥 복귀 수축 호흡)은 조직에서 산소의 정상적인 생리 학적 수준을 유지하는 데 기여한다. (1) 감소 등의 출혈로 인한 이러한 타협 수 혈액 양의 심장 혈관 보상 메커니즘의 능력과 궁극적으로 치명적일 수있다 낮은 동맥 혈압, 심각한 조직의 저산소증,과 순환 쇼크로 이어집니다. 심한 출혈 (즉, 출혈성 쇼크)에 의한 순환 충격에 의한 외상 사망의 주요 원인이다.에서 환자를 방지하는 가장 어려운 측면이 하나의 충격을 개발하는 우리입니다무능력 초기 증상을 인식합니다. 쇼크의 발달을 향해 진행 초기에 정확한 평가는 현재 때문에 신체의 다양한 보상의 혈액 손실의 초기 단계에서 매우 작은 변화 생체 신호의 측정을 제공하는 기술 (예, 의료용 모니터)에 의해 임상에서 한정 혈압을 조절하는 메커니즘. 3-6과 같은 혈액 손실을 보상하기 위해 신체의 보호구의 총합을 측정하는 기능은 조직 관류 상태의 가장 정확하게 반영 충격 발생 위험을 나타낸다. (1)이 예비가 불려 . 정확하게 동맥 파형의 기능에 변화를 실시간으로 측정에 의해 평가 될 수 보상 준비금은 보상 예비 1 고갈은 저혈압의 갑작스런 발병과 비판적으로 아픈 환자에서 관찰 된 단말기 심장 혈관 불안정을 복제; 혈역학 적 데코로 알려진 조건mpensation. (7) 인간 지속적인 실혈시 보상 예비 혈압 조절의 이용 간의 관계 (생리적 측정치 광범위한 세트를 사용하여 실험실에서 입증 될 수있다 예를 들어, 혈압, 심박수, 동맥혈 산소 포화도, 스트로크 볼륨 출혈 중에 발생하는 것과 유사한 중앙 혈액량 연속 점진적인 감소 동안 표준 생리 학적 모니터링에 의해 제공되는 심 박출량, 혈관 저항, 호흡율, 펄스 특성, 정신 상태, 호 기말 CO 2, 조직 산소). 하강 중앙 혈액량은 하체 부압 점진적인 증가 (LBNP) 함께 비 침습적으로 유도 될 수있다.도 8 생리 학적 측정과 LBNP 쉽게 될 수 감소 중앙 혈액량을 보상하는 신체의 능력을 평가하는 방법의 개념을 이해할의 조합을 사용하여 악마보이는 것. 이 연구는 prelab 준비, 모의 출혈 동안 다른 생리적 반응과 관련하여 보상 응답의 시연 및 결과의 postlab 평가를 나타낸다. 보상 준비금의 측정을 위해 필요한 실험 기술은 인간의 자원 봉사에서 입증된다.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Dynamic Research Evaluation Workstation (DREW) data acquisition syetem</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td>Custom Built by ISR personnel.&#160; The DREW allows for time synchronization of both digital and analog signal data collection from up to 16 independent instruments with a sampling rate of 1000 Hz.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Finometer</td>
			<td>Finapress Medical Systems (FMS)</td>
			<td>Model 1</td>
			<td>Device that provides non-invasive, continuous measurements of brachial artery blood pressure and arterial oxygen saturation (SpO2) using two separate infrared finger photophlethymography cuff sensors.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BCI Capnocheck Plus</td>
			<td>Smith Medical PM Inc.</td>
			<td>9004</td>
			<td>Capnograph used to measure&#160; end tidal CO2 and respiration rate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CipherOX&#160;</td>
			<td>Flashback Technologies Inc.</td>
			<td>R200</td>
			<td>Investigational device used to calculate Compensatory Reserve Index (CRI)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nonin 9560 Pulse Oximeter</td>
			<td>Nonin</td>
			<td>9560</td>
			<td>finger pulse oximeter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lower Body Negative Pressure Chamber (LBNP)</td>
			<td>NASA</td>
			<td>79K32632-1</td>
			<td>Custom Chamber built by NASA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ECG Biotach</td>
			<td>Gould</td>
			<td>13-6615-65</td>
			<td>Electrocardiograph for measuring ECG</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nasal CO2 Sample Line</td>
			<td>Salter Labs</td>
			<td>REF 4000</td>
			<td>Latex free nasal cannula for sampling expired air</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

integrated compensatory responses in a human model of hemorrhage

출혈 혈액 손실의 심각성을 조기 진단이 곤란하기 때문에 부분적 외상 관련 사망의 주요 원인이다. 현재 임상 도구 인해 보상 메커니즘 출혈의 초기 단계 동안에 안정하게 유지 생체 신호의 측정을 제공하기 때문에 출혈 환자의 평가가 곤란하다. 따라서, 이해 감소 순환 혈액량 그들이 어떻게 진행 프로그레시브 출혈시 변화를 보상기구의 전체 통합을 측정 할 필요가있다. 몸의 적립금이 감소 순환 혈액량을 보상하는 &#39;보상 준비금&#39;이라고합니다. 보상 용 예비 정확하게 고성능 컴퓨터를 이용하여 측정되는 동맥 파형의 특징의 변화를 실시간으로 측정하여 평가할 수있다. 하체 부압 (LBNP)의 출혈과 관련된 인체의 생리적 반응의 많은 시뮬레이션 나타났다및 출혈에 대한 보상 반응을 연구하는 데 사용됩니다. 이 연구의 목적은 출혈의 시뮬레이션으로 LBNP와 중앙 혈액 볼륨 점진적 감소하는 동안 평가하는 방법을 보상 예비 입증하는 것입니다.

LBNP 절차는 하부 몸통과 다리 주위의 공기 압력의 감소를 야기한다. 이 진공 점차 증가함에 따라, 상기 하부 본체의 머리와 상반신의 혈액량의 변화는 중앙의 저 혈량 상태를 생성한다. 중앙 혈액량의 점진적인 감소 (즉, LBNP)는 적외선 손가락 photoplethysmograph (도 5)로 측정 동맥 파형의 특성에 상당한 변화를 생성한다. 보상 성 준비 지수 (CRI)는 추정 된 보...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Integrated Compensatory Responses in a Human Model of Hemorrhage at JoVE.com

Integrated Compensatory Responses in a Human Model of Hemorrhage

이 프로토콜의 목적은 인간의 혈액량 적자 보상기구의 전체 통합을 정량화하는데 사용될 수있는 인간 출혈 비 침습적 실험 모델로 하체 부압을 사용하여 단축 된 중앙 혈액량을 보상 응답을 측정하는 방법을 보여주는 것이다 .

출혈의 인간 모델의 통합 보상 적 응답

Hemorrhage is the leading cause of trauma-related deaths, partly because early diagnosis of the severity of blood loss is difficult. Assessment of ...

integrated-compensatory-responses-in-a-human-model-of-hemorrhage

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

12.4K 조회수.  JBSA Fort Sam Houston.  이 프로토콜의 목적은 인간의 혈액량 적자 보상기구의 전체 통합을 정량화하는데 사용될 수있는 인간 출혈 비 침습적 실험 모델로 하체 부압을 사용하여 단축 된 중앙 혈액량을 보상 응답을 측정하는 방법을 보여주는 것이다 . 

비디오: Integrated Compensatory Responses in a Human Model of Hemorrhage

Stem Cell Transplantation in an in vitro Simulated Ischemia/Reperfusion Model

Stem cell transplantation protocols are finding their way into clinical practice1,2,3. Getting better results, making the protocols more robust, and finding new sources for implantable cells are the focus of recent research4,5. Investigating the effectiveness of cell therapies is not an easy task and new tools are needed to investigate the mechanisms involved in the treatment process6. We designed an experimental protocol of ischemia/reperfusion in order to allow the observation of cellular connections and even subcellular mechanisms during ischemia/reperfusion injury and after stem cell transplantation and to evaluate the efficacy of cell therapy. H9c2 cardiomyoblast cells were placed onto cell culture plates7,8. Ischemia was simulated with 150 minutes in a glucose free medium with oxygen level below 0.5%. Then, normal media and oxygen levels were reintroduced to simulate reperfusion. After oxygen glucose deprivation, the damaged cells were treated with transplantation of labeled human bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells by adding them to the culture. Mesenchymal stem cells are preferred in clinical trials because they are easily accessible with minimal invasive surgery, easily expandable and autologous. After 24 hours of co-cultivation, cells were stained with calcein and ethidium-homodimer to differentiate between live and dead cells. This setup allowed us to investigate the intercellular connections using confocal fluorescent microscopy and to quantify the survival rate of postischemic cells by flow cytometry. Confocal microscopy showed the interactions of the two cell populations such as cell fusion and formation of intercellular nanotubes. Flow cytometry analysis revealed 3 clusters of damaged cells which can be plotted on a graph and analyzed statistically. These populations can be investigated separately and conclusions can be drawn on these data on the effectiveness of the simulated therapeutical approach.

Stem Cell Transplantation in an in vitro Simulated Ischemia/Reperfusion Model

We demonstrate how to set up an in vitro ischemia/reperfusion model and how to evaluate the effect of stem cell therapy on postischemic cardiac cells.

에서 간세포 이식 체외에서 시뮬레이션 국소 빈혈 / Reperfusion 모델

Stem cell transplantation protocols are finding their way into clinical practice1,2,3. Getting better results, making the protocols more robust, and ...

연구

의학

A Low Mortality Rat Model to Assess Delayed Cerebral Vasospasm After Experimental Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Objective: To characterize and establish a reproducible model that demonstrates delayed cerebral vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) in rats, in order to identify the initiating events, pathophysiological changes and potential targets for treatment.
Methods: Twenty-eight male Sprague-Dawley rats (250 - 300 g) were arbitrarily assigned to one of two groups - SAH or saline control. Rat subarachnoid hemorrhage in the SAH group (n=15) was induced by double injection of autologous blood, 48 hr apart, into the cisterna magna. Similarly, normal saline (n=13) was injected into the cisterna magna of the saline control group. Rats were sacrificed on day five after the second blood injection and the brains were preserved for histological analysis. The degree of vasospasm was measured using sections of the basilar artery, by measuring the internal luminal cross sectional area using NIH Image-J software. The significance was tested using Tukey/Kramer's statistical analysis.
Results: After analysis of histological sections, basilar artery luminal cross sectional area were smaller in the SAH than in the saline group, consistent with cerebral vasospasm in the former group. In the SAH group, basilar artery internal area (.056 &mu;m &plusmn; 3) were significantly smaller from vasospasm five days after the second blood injection (seven days after the initial blood injection), compared to the saline control group with internal area (.069 &plusmn; 3; p=0.004). There were no mortalities from cerebral vasospasm.
Conclusion: The rat double SAH model induces a mild, survivable, basilar artery vasospasm that can be used to study the pathophysiological mechanisms of cerebral vasospasm in a small animal model. A low and acceptable mortality rate is a significant criterion to be satisfied for an ideal SAH animal model so that the mechanisms of vasospasm can be elucidated 7, 8. Further modifications of the model can be made to adjust for increased severity of vasospasm and neurological exams.

Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is bleeding that occurs into the subarachnoid space when an aneurysm ruptures. While the morbidity and mortality from this event has been on a decline due to improved treatment approaches, the risk of vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage continues to be the same as it was several years ago. The importance of establishing a comprehensive and reproducible animal model to identify initiating events of cerebral vasospasm has been the focus of research since the first use of rats in an experimental vasospasm model in 1979 by Barry et al. Early work in rats demonstrated that a single injection of autologous blood into the cisterna magna led to acute (within minutes) but not delayed cerebral vasospasm 3, 6, 14. Here we characterize a low mortality SAH rat model that results in reproducible delayed vasospasm.

실험 Subarachnoid의 출혈 후 뇌 지연 Vasospasm을 평가하기 위해 낮은 사망 쥐 모델

Objective: To characterize and establish a reproducible model that demonstrates delayed cerebral vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) ...

A Murine Model of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

In this video publication a standardized mouse model of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is presented. Bleeding is induced by endovascular Circle of Willis perforation (CWp) and proven by intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring. Thereby a homogenous blood distribution in subarachnoid spaces surrounding the arterial circulation and cerebellar fissures is achieved. Animal physiology is maintained by intubation, mechanical ventilation, and continuous on-line monitoring of various physiological and cardiovascular parameters: body temperature, systemic blood pressure, heart rate, and hemoglobin saturation. Thereby the cerebral perfusion pressure can be tightly monitored resulting in a less variable volume of extravasated blood. This allows a better standardization of endovascular filament perforation in mice and makes the whole model highly reproducible. Thus it is readily available for pharmacological and pathophysiological studies in wild type and genetically altered mice.

A standardized mouse model of subarachnoid hemorrhage by intraluminal Circle of Willis perforation is described. Vessel perforation and subarachnoid bleeding are monitored by intracranial pressure monitoring. In addition various vital parameters are recorded and controlled to maintain physiologic conditions.

지주막 하 출혈의 생쥐 모델

In this video publication a standardized mouse model of subarachnoid  hemorrhage (SAH) is presented. Bleeding is induced by endovascular Circle of  Willis ...

Excitotoxic Stimulation of Brain Microslices as an In vitro Model of Stroke

Examining molecular mechanisms involved in neuropathological conditions, such as ischemic stroke, can be difficult when using whole animal systems. As such, primary or &#39;neuronal-like&#39; cell culture systems are commonly utilized. While&#160;these systems are relatively easy to work with, and are useful model systems in which various functional outcomes (such as cell death) can be readily quantified, the examined outcomes and pathways in cultured immature neurons (such as excitotoxicity-mediated cell death pathways) are not necessarily the same as those observed in mature brain, or in intact tissue. Therefore, there is the need to develop models in which cellular mechanisms in mature neural tissue can be examined. We have developed an in vitro technique that can be used to investigate a variety of molecular pathways in intact nervous tissue. The technique described herein utilizes rat cortical tissue, but this technique can be adapted to use tissue from a variety of species (such as mouse, rabbit, guinea pig, and chicken) or brain regions (for example, hippocampus, striatum, etc.). Additionally, a variety of stimulations/treatments can be used (for example, excitotoxic, administration of inhibitors, etc.). In conclusion, the brain slice model described herein can be used to examine a variety of molecular mechanisms involved in excitotoxicity-mediated brain injury.

Excitotoxic Stimulation of Brain Microslices as an In vitro Model of Stroke

We have developed a brain slice model which can be used to examine molecular mechanisms involved in excitotoxicity-mediated brain injury.&#160;This technique generates viable mature brain tissue and reduces animal numbers required for experimentation, whilst keeping the neuronal circuitry, cellular interactions, and postsynaptic compartments partly intact.

같은 뇌 Microslices의 흥분 독성 자극<em&gt; 체외</em&gt; 스트로크의 모델

Examining molecular mechanisms involved in neuropathological conditions, such as ischemic stroke, can be difficult when using whole animal systems. As ...

Urinary Bladder Distention Evoked Visceromotor Responses as a Model for Bladder Pain in Mice

Approximately 3-8 million people in the United States suffer from interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS), a debilitating condition characterized by increased urgency and frequency of urination, as well as nocturia and general pelvic pain, especially upon bladder filling or voiding. Despite years of research, the cause of IC/BPS remains elusive and treatment strategies are unable to provide complete relief to patients. In order to study nervous system contributions to the condition, many animal models have been developed to mimic the pain and symptoms associated with IC/BPS. One such murine model is urinary bladder distension (UBD). In this model, compressed air of a specific pressure is delivered to the bladder of a lightly anesthetized animal over a set period of time. Throughout the procedure, wires in the superior oblique abdominal muscles record electrical activity from the muscle. This activity is known as the visceromotor response (VMR) and is a reliable and reproducible measure of nociception. Here, we describe the steps necessary to perform this technique in mice including surgical manipulations, physiological recording, and data analysis. With the use of this model, the coordination between primary sensory neurons, spinal cord secondary afferents, and higher central nervous system areas involved in bladder pain can be unraveled. This basic science knowledge can then be clinically translated to treat patients suffering from IC/BPS.

Approximately 3-8 million people in the United States suffer from interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS), a debilitating condition characterized in part by pelvic pain. In order to study nervous system contributions to the condition, a physiological model of urinary bladder pain is used in mice and rats.

쥐의 방광 통증 모델로 방광 팽창 유발 내장 운동 응답

Approximately 3-8 million people in the United States suffer from interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS), a debilitating condition ...

The Rabbit Blood-shunt Model for the Study of Acute and Late Sequelae of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: Technical Aspects

Early brain injury and delayed cerebral vasospasm both contribute to unfavorable outcomes after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Reproducible and controllable animal models that simulate both conditions are presently uncommon. Therefore, new models are needed in order to mimic human pathophysiological conditions resulting from SAH.
This report describes the technical nuances of a rabbit blood-shunt SAH model that enables control of intracerebral pressure (ICP). An extracorporeal shunt is placed between the arterial system and the subarachnoid space, which enables examiner-independent SAH in a closed cranium. Step-by-step procedural instructions and necessary equipment are described, as well as technical considerations to produce the model with minimal mortality and morbidity. Important details required for successful surgical creation of this robust, simple and consistent ICP-controlled SAH rabbit model are described.

The experimental intracranial pressure-controlled blood shunt subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) model in the rabbit combines the standard procedures &#8212; subclavian artery cannulation and transcutaneous cisterna magna puncture, which enables close mimicking of human pathophysiological conditions after SAH. We present step-by-step instructions and discuss key surgical points for successful experimental SAH creation.

지주막 하 출혈의 급성과 늦은 후유증의 연구에 대한 토끼 피 션트 모델 : 기술적 측면

Early brain injury and delayed cerebral vasospasm both contribute to unfavorable outcomes after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Reproducible and ...

Mouse Pneumonectomy Model of Compensatory Lung Growth

In humans, disrupted repair and remodeling of injured lung contributes to a host of acute and chronic lung disorders which may ultimately lead to disability or death. Injury-based animal models of lung repair and regeneration are limited by injury-specific responses making it difficult to differentiate changes related to the injury response and injury resolution from changes related to lung repair and lung regeneration. However, use of animal models to identify these repair and regeneration signaling pathways is critical to the development of new therapies aimed at improving pulmonary function following lung injury. The mouse pneumonectomy model utilizes compensatory lung growth to isolate those repair and regeneration signals in order to more clearly define mechanisms of alveolar re-septation. Here, we describe our technique for performing mouse pneumonectomy and sham pneumonectomy. This technique may be utilized in conjunction with lineage tracing or other transgenic mouse models to define molecular and cellular mechanism of lung repair and regeneration.

Mouse pneumonectomy is a commonly employed model of compensatory lung growth. This procedure can be used in conjunction with lineage tracing or transgenic mouse models to elucidate underlying mechanisms.

보상 성 폐 성장의 마우스 전폐 절제술 모델

In humans, disrupted repair and remodeling of injured lung contributes to a host of acute and chronic lung disorders which may ultimately lead to ...

Induction of Accelerated Atherosclerosis in Mice: The "Wire-Injury" Model

Atherosclerosis is a proliferative fibro-inflammatory disease developing in the arterial wall, inducing a deficient blood flow or a lack of blood flow. Moreover, by rupture of the defective vascular wall, atherosclerosis induces occlusive thrombus formation, which represents the main cause of myocardial infarction or stroke and the most frequent cause of death. Despite the advances in the cardiovascular field, many questions remain unanswered, and additional basic research is essential to improve our understanding of the molecular mechanisms during atherosclerosis and its effects. Due to limited clinical studies, there is a need for representative animal models recreating atherosclerotic conditions such as neointima formation after stent implantation, balloon angioplasty, or endarterectomy. Since the mouse presents many advantages and is the most frequently used model for studying molecular processes, the current study proposes an invasive procedure of endothelial denudation, also known as the wire-injury model, which is representative of the human condition of neointima formation in arteries after revascularization procedures.

This study describes an invasive procedure for the induction of accelerated atherosclerosis in mice. In comparison to other methods using electric- or cryo-induced injury, mechanical-induced injury mimics the human condition of restenosis after revascularization therapies and is ideal for the study of the molecular mechanisms involved.

마우스에서 가속 죽상 경화증의 유도: "와이어 부상" 모델

Atherosclerosis is a proliferative fibro-inflammatory disease developing in the arterial wall, inducing a deficient blood flow or a lack of blood flow. ...

Isometric Contractility Measurement of the Mouse Mesenteric Artery Using Wire Myography

The wire myograph technique is used to assess the contractility of vascular smooth muscles in response to depolarization, GPCR agonists/inhibitors and drugs. It is widely used in many studies on the physiological functions of vascular smooth muscle, the pathogenesis of vascular diseases such as hypertension, and the development of smooth muscle relaxant drugs. The mouse is a widely used model animal with a large pool of disease models and genetically modified strains. We introduced this method to measure the isometric contraction of mouse mesenteric artery in detail. A 1.4-mm segment of mouse mesenteric resistance artery was isolated and mounted on a myograph chamber by passing two steel wires through its lumen. After equilibration and normalization steps, the vessel segment was potentiated by a high-K+ solution twice prior to the contraction assay. As an example of the application of this method in drug development, we measured the relaxant effect of a novel natural substance, neoliensinine, isolated from a Chinese herb, embryos of the lotus seed (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) on mouse mesenteric arteries. The vessel segments mounted on the myograph chamber were stimulated with a high-K+ solution. When the force tension reached a stable sustained phase, cumulative doses of neoliensinine were added to the chamber. We found that neoliensinine had a dose-dependent relaxant effect on smooth muscle contraction, thus suggesting that it bears potential activity against hypertension. In addition, as the vessel segment can survive at least 4 hours after mounting and maintain contractility induced by the high-K+ solution for many times, we suggest that the wire myograph system may be used for the time-consuming process of drug screening.

The wire myograph technique is used to investigate vascular smooth muscle functions and screen new drugs. We report a detailed protocol for measuring the isometric contractility of the mouse mesenteric artery and for screening new relaxants of vascular smooth muscle.

Myography 와이어를 사용 하 여 마우스 Mesenteric 동맥의 isometric 수축 측정

The wire myograph technique is used to assess the contractility of vascular smooth muscles in response to depolarization, GPCR agonists/inhibitors and ...

A Preclinical Controlled Cortical Impact Model for Traumatic Hemorrhage Contusion and Neuroinflammation

Cerebral contusion is a severe medical problem affecting millions of people worldwide each year. There is an urgent need to understand the pathophysiological mechanism and to develop effective therapeutic strategy for this devastating neurological disorder. Intraparenchymal hemorrhage and post-traumatic inflammatory response induced by initial physical impact can aggravate microglia/macrophage activation and neuroinflammation which subsequently worsen brain pathology. We provide here a controlled cortical impact (CCI) protocol that can reproduce experimental cortical contusion in mice by using a pneumatic impactor system to deliver mechanical force with controllable magnitude and velocity onto the dural surface. This preclinical model allows researchers to induce moderately severe focal cerebral contusion in mice and to investigate a wide range of post-traumatic pathological progressions including hemorrhage contusion, microglia/macrophage activation, iron toxicity, axonal injury, as well as short-term and long-term neurobehavioral deficits. The present protocol can be useful for exploring the long-term effects of and potential interventions for cerebral contusion.

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>외상성 출혈 타박상 및 신경염증에 대한 전임상 제어 피질 영향 모델

Intraparenchymal hemorrhage and neuroinflammation accompanied by cerebral contusion can trigger severe secondary brain injury. This protocol details a mouse controlled cortical impact (CCI) model allowing researchers to study hemorrhage contusion and post-traumatic immune responses and explore potential therapeutics.