Name: imaging of cell shape alteration and cell movement in drosophila gastrulation using de-cadherin reporter transgenic flies
Uploaded: 2016-12-29T14:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 4 min 42 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Imaging of Cell Shape Alteration and Cell Movement in Drosophila Gastrulation Using DE-cadherin Reporter Transgenic Flies at JoVE.com

This study was supported by the Astellas Foundation for Research on Metabolic Disorders (HT), Takeda Science Foundation (HT), and MEXT-Supported Program for the Strategic Research Foundation at Private Universities (HT).

참고 : DE-CAD :: GFP 10 : 본 연구에 사용 된 형질 전환 초파리는 다음과 같습니다. 애플 플레이트 1. 준비 <ol><li> 마이크로파 12.5 g 한천, 125 mL의 100 % 시판 사과 주스, 12.5 g의 글루코스, 및 375 mL의 H 2 O 열 혼합물의 혼합물을 제조하고, 3cm 세포 배양 접시에 부어. 나중에 사용하기 위해 4 ° C에서 혼합물을 저장합니다. </li><li> 사과 플레이트를 제조 한 후, 파리가 알을 배치 할 수 있도록 그 위에 반죽 효모 붙여 넣기의 얇은 층을 추가합니다. </li></ol> 2. 배아 준비 및 라이브 영상 프로토콜 <ol><li> 짝이어서 반죽 효모에 덮여 사과 접시에 하룻밤 알을 낳기 위해 병에 약 50 파리 (25 명의 남성과 25 명의 여성)을 놓습니다. 병의 입에 사과 주스 플레이트를 설정합니다. 거꾸로 인큐베이터에서 병을 유지합니다. 제 프롬프트 알루미늄 호일 플라스틱 초파리 재고 병 포장전자는 더 많은 알을 낳기 위해 날아갑니다. </li><li> 다음날 아침, 새와 오래된 사과 주스 플레이트를 교체합니다. </li><li> 파리 알루미늄 호일로 병을 포장하여 3 ~ 4 시간 동안 알을 낳기 수 있습니다. </li><li> 세 4 시간 후, 브러시 또는면 나쁜를 사용하여 사과 주스 플레이트에서 배아 체에서 배아를 수집하고 PBS로 씻는다. 12 웰 배양 접시에 배아를 PBS로 2 ~ 3 회 이상 세척 할 것. </li><li> 12 웰 배양 접시에 5 분 동안 50 % 표백제와 배아를 Dechorionate. </li><li> dechorionation 과정에 따라, PBS와 배아를 2 ~ 3 번 더 씻는다. </li><li> PBS 선택 단계 그들의 경계에서의 투명도 수준에 기초하여 현미경 5 배아 함유 3cm 세포 배양 접시에 배아를 옮긴다. 200 μL 피펫 팁을 사용하여 준비된 배아 피펫. </li><li> 다음으로, 유리 커버 슬립에 선택한 두 배아를 배치하고 가늘게 꼰 티슈로 여분의 PBS를 제거합니다. 최대의 배아에게 지느러미 쪽의 방향미세 트위스트 티슈 페이퍼를 이용하여 커버 슬립. 그 후, 미세 바늘과 트위스트 티슈 페이퍼를 사용하여 실리콘 그리스와 유리 커버 슬립에 배아를 연결합니다. </li><li> 슬라이드의 하단에 공간을두고, 배아에 할로 카본 오일 (700)의 작은 방울을 추가하고 거꾸로 들여 쓰기 슬라이드에서 배아를 포함 coverslip에 배치합니다. </li><li> 공 초점 영상 시스템 아르곤 / 488 레이저 및 오일 액침 대물 (63X)를 이용하여 태아를 조사한다. 주 : 해당 발달 단계에서 배아를 식별은 낭 배기 이벤트의 이미지를 캡처하는 것이 중요합니다. 이러한 조건에서, 거의 모든 배아는 배아 분석 성인 개발 배양 될 수있는 적어도 14 단계까지 정상적으로 발전 관찰한다. </li></ol>

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	<li>Haruta, T., Warrior, R., Yonemura, S., Oda, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+proximal+half+of+the+Drosophila+E-cadherin+extracellular+region+is+dispensable+for+many+cadherin-dependent+events+but+required+for+ventral+furrow+formation.">The proximal half of the Drosophila E-cadherin extracellular region is dispensable for many cadherin-dependent events but required for ventral furrow formation.</a> Genes Cells. 15 (3), 193-208 (2010).</li><li>Oda, H., Takeichi, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evolution:+structural+and+functional+diversity+of+cadherin+at+the+adherens+junction.">Evolution: structural and functional diversity of cadherin at the adherens junction.</a> J. Cell Biol. 193 (7), 1137-1146 (2011).</li><li>Fernandez-Sanchez, M. E., Serman, F., Ahmadi, P., Farge, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanical+induction+in+embryonic+development+and+tumor+growth+integrative+cues+through+molecular+to+multicellular+interplay+and+evolutionary+perspectives.">Mechanical induction in embryonic development and tumor growth integrative cues through molecular to multicellular interplay and evolutionary perspectives.</a> Methods Cell Biol. 98, 295-321 (2010).</li><li>Alderton, G. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Metastasis:+Epithelial+to+mesenchymal+and+back+again.">Metastasis: Epithelial to mesenchymal and back again.</a> Nat. Rev. Cancer. 13 (1), 3 (2013).</li><li>Fabregat, I., Malfettone, A., Soukupova, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=New+Insights+into+the+Crossroads+between+EMT+and+Stemness+in+the+Context+of+Cancer.">New Insights into the Crossroads between EMT and Stemness in the Context of Cancer.</a> J. Clin. Med. 5 (3), (2016).</li><li>Serrano-Gomez, S. J., Maziveyi, M., Alahari, S. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regulation+of+epithelial-mesenchymal+transition+through+epigenetic+and+post-translational+modifications.">Regulation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition through epigenetic and post-translational modifications.</a> Mol. Cancer. 15, (2016).</li><li>Yu, A. Q., Ding, Y., Li, C. L., Yang, Y., Yan, S. R., Li, D. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=TALEN-induced+disruption+of+Nanog+expression+results+in+reduced+proliferation,+invasiveness+and+migration,+increased+chemosensitivity+and+reversal+of+EMT+in+HepG2+cells.">TALEN-induced disruption of Nanog expression results in reduced proliferation, invasiveness and migration, increased chemosensitivity and reversal of EMT in HepG2 cells.</a> Oncol. Rep. 35 (3), 1657-1663 (2016).</li><li>Zheng, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Epithelial-to-mesenchymal+transition+is+dispensable+for+metastasis+but+induces+chemoresistance+in+pancreatic+cancer.">Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition is dispensable for metastasis but induces chemoresistance in pancreatic cancer.</a> Nature. 527 (7579), 525-530 (2015).</li><li>Kalluri, R., Weinberg, R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+basics+of+epithelial-mesenchymal+transition.">The basics of epithelial-mesenchymal transition.</a> J. Clin. Invest. 119 (6), 1420-1428 (2009).</li><li>Huang, J., Zhou, W., Dong, W., Watson, A. M., Hong, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Directed,+efficient,+and+versatile+modifications+of+the+Drosophila+genome+by+genomic+engineering.">Directed, efficient, and versatile modifications of the Drosophila genome by genomic engineering.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 106 (20), 8284-8289 (2009).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Although we have previously reported a similar procedure to capture live images of the gastrulation process in Drosophilla1, the method we describe here is detailed and easy to trace endogenous cadherin expression and thus is quite useful for genetic screening of key factors involved in gastrulation. To maximize success with this imaging procedure, it is essential to use an indented slide. Mechanical pressure sometimes causes embryonic death. Therefore, it is also important to handle the embryos as ge...

낭 배기는 초파리 1, 2 등의 다세포 동물의 배아 개발하는 동안 발생하는 형태 학적으로 동적 이벤트의 첫 번째 집합입니다. 흥미롭게도, 증거 신흥 것은이 과정이 기계 및 분자 메커니즘 (3) 사이의 상호 작용을 통해 조절되는 것이 좋습니다. 또한, 낭 배기에 중요한 과정입니다 중간 엽 전이 (EMT)로 상피는 또한 암 전이 4-8로 인간의 질병 과정에 연루되어있다. 혀끝의 수축을 제어 등, 많은 유전자가 또한 알려진 바와 같이 암 전이 9에서 관찰 된 EMT의 핵심 요소가 될 수 있습니다. 따라서, 낭배시의 정점 수축은 전술 한 조절 메커니즘을 조사하는 암 전이에 대한 이해를 향상시키는 우수한 모델이다. 이 기술의 이점은 우리는 따라서 실시간에서 낭배시 세포의 움직임을 관찰 할 수 있다는 우리 것암 전이뿐만 아니라 낭 배기에 관여하는 유전자를 선별 할 수. 비교적 알려지지 않지만, 세포 간 접착 정점 수축 1에서 중심 역할을하는 것으로 생각된다. 초파리 유전학은 잘 규제 분자 메커니즘을 탐구 단일 세포 수준의 연구에 적합합니다. 이 모델은 낭배 동안 혀끝의 수축의 중요성을 발견 할 수있게됩니다. 또한,이 방법은 암의 전이에 관여하는 유전자를 선별 할 수있다. 초파리의 낭배의 캡처 라이브 이미지는 더욱 더 상세하게 조직의 재 배열을 관리하는 분자 메커니즘을 이해 할 수있게했다. 여기서, 우리는이를 달성하기 위해 간단한 방법의 포괄적 인 설명을 제공한다.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Halocarbon oil 700</td><td>Sigma</td><td>MKBH 5726</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Vacuum grease Silicone</td><td>Beckman</td><td>335148</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Glass coverslip&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Matsunami glass</td><td>Thickness No1</td><td>24 - 36 mm</td></tr><tr><td>Embryo stariner</td><td>Corning</td><td>Corning3477</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Plastic Drosophilla Stock Bottles</td><td>Hitec</td><td>MKC-100</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>DE-Cadherin knock-in flies</td><td></td><td></td><td>REF (10)</td></tr></tbody></table>

imaging of cell shape alteration and cell movement in drosophila gastrulation using de-cadherin reporter transgenic flies

낭 배기는 초파리와 같은 다세포 동물의 배아 개발하는 동안 발생하는 형태 학적으로 동적 이벤트의 첫 번째 집합입니다. 이 형태 학적 변화는 중간 엽 전이 (EMT)로 상피로 인식되고 있습니다. EMT의 조절 곤란이 섬유화와 암 전이와 관련된다. EMT 분자 메커니즘들에 의해 제어된다 신흥 증거가있다. 혀끝의 수축을 제어 등, 많은 주요 유전자도 알려진 바와 같이 암 전이에서 관찰 된 EMT 중요한 요소가 될 수 있습니다. 초파리 낭배 동안 EMT와 마찬가지로, 상피 세포는 그 모양을 변경하도록 유도 될 수 있으며, 다양한 세포 유형으로 세포의 운명을 리디렉션 재 프로그램 될 수있다. 여기에서 우리는 배아 발달의이 단계에서 형태 형성 세포 이동 및 세포 운명 식별의 개시를 분석하기 위해 초파리 낭 배기의 강력한 이미징 방법을 제공한다. 이 방법을 사용하여, 우리는 C를 식별엘의 낭배시의 재 배열 및 GFP를 이용 낭배 동안 정점 수축의 중요성을 입증은 DE-cadherin의 표지.

여기서, 우리는 초파리 배아의 낭배 이벤트 및 배아 준비 절차에 대한 일반적인 개요 (도 1)를 나타낸다. 세포막 DE 헤린 : GFP 및 세포 이동의 라이브 영상은 초파리 낭배시에 수행된다 (도 2)를 이용하여 라벨링된다. DE-cadherin의의 GFP 파리는 우리가 세포 부착 접합을 시각화 할 수 있기 때문에, 우리는 혀끝의 세포 모양이 시스템을 사용하여 ?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Imaging of Cell Shape Alteration and Cell Movement in Drosophila Gastrulation Using DE-cadherin Reporter Transgenic Flies at JoVE.com

Imaging of Cell Shape Alteration and Cell Movement in Drosophila Gastrulation Using DE-cadherin Reporter Transgenic Flies

Herein we describe a procedure to capture live images of Drosophila gastrulation. This has enabled us to better understand the apical constriction involved in early development and further analyze mechanisms governing cellular movements during tissue structure modification.

셀 모양 변경 허가 및 세포 운동에서의 영상<em&gt; 초파리</em&gt; 낭배 사용 DE-cadherin의 기자 형질 전환의 파리

Gastrulation is the first set of morphologically dynamic events that occur during the embryonic development of multicellular animals such as Drosophila. ...

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Developmental Biology

Imaging of Cell Shape Alteration and Cell Movement in Drosophila Gastrulation Using DE-cadherin Reporter Transgenic Flies

7.0K 조회수.  Jahangirnagar University. Herein we describe a procedure to capture live images of Drosophila gastrulation. This has enabled us to better understand the apical constriction involved in early development and further analyze mechanisms governing cellular movements during tissue structure modification.

비디오: Imaging of Cell Shape Alteration and Cell Movement in Drosophila Gastrulation Using DE-cadherin Reporter Transgenic Flies

Live-imaging of the Drosophila Pupal Eye

Inherent processes of Drosophila pupal development can shift and distort the eye epithelium in ways that make individual cell behavior difficult to track during live cell imaging. These processes include: retinal rotation, cell growth and organismal movement. Additionally, irregularities in the topology of the epithelium, including subtle bumps and folds often introduced as the pupa is prepared for imaging, make it challenging to acquire in-focus images of more than a few ommatidia in a single focal plane. The workflow outlined here remedies these issues, allowing easy analysis of cellular processes during Drosophila pupal eye development. Appropriately-staged pupae are arranged in an imaging rig that can be easily assembled in most laboratories. Ubiquitin-DE-Cadherin:GFP and GMR-GAL4&#8211;driven UAS-&#945;-catenin:GFP are used to visualize cell boundaries in the eye epithelium 1-3. After deconvolution is applied to fluorescent images captured at multiple focal planes, maximum projection images are generated for each time point and enhanced using image editing software. Alignment algorithms are used to quickly stabilize superfluous motion, making individual cell behavior easier to track.

Live-imaging of the Drosophila Pupal Eye

This protocol presents an efficient method for imaging the live Drosophila pupal eye neuroepithelium. This method compensates for tissue movement and uneven topology, enhances visualization of cell boundaries through the use of multiple GFP-tagged junction proteins, and uses an easily-assembled imaging rig.

의 라이브 영상<em&gt; 초파리</em&gt; 번데기 눈

Inherent processes of Drosophila pupal development can shift and distort the eye epithelium in ways that make individual cell behavior difficult to track ...

연구

발생학

The Drosophila Imaginal Disc Tumor Model: Visualization and Quantification of Gene Expression and Tumor Invasiveness Using Genetic Mosaics

Drosophila melanogaster has emerged as a powerful experimental system for functional and mechanistic studies of tumor development and progression in the context of a whole organism. Sophisticated techniques to generate genetic mosaics facilitate induction of visually marked, genetically defined clones surrounded by normal tissue. The clones can be analyzed through diverse molecular, cellular and omics approaches. This study describes how to generate fluorescently labeled clonal tumors of varying malignancy in the eye/antennal imaginal discs (EAD) of Drosophila larvae using the Mosaic Analysis with a Repressible Cell Marker (MARCM) technique. It describes procedures how to recover the mosaic EAD and brain from the larvae and how to process them for simultaneous imaging of fluorescent transgenic reporters and antibody staining. To facilitate molecular characterization of the mosaic tissue, we describe a protocol for isolation of total RNA from the EAD. The dissection procedure is suitable to recover EAD and brains from any larval stage. The fixation and staining protocol for imaginal discs works with a number of transgenic reporters and antibodies that recognize Drosophila proteins. The protocol for RNA isolation can be applied to various larval organs, whole larvae, and adult flies. Total RNA can be used for profiling of gene expression changes using candidate or genome-wide approaches. Finally, we detail a method for quantifying invasiveness of the clonal tumors. Although this method has limited use, its underlying concept is broadly applicable to other quantitative studies where cognitive bias must be avoided.

The Drosophila Imaginal Disc Tumor Model: Visualization and Quantification of Gene Expression and Tumor Invasiveness Using Genetic Mosaics

This protocol demonstrates how to generate fluorescently marked, genetically defined clonal tumors in the Drosophila eye/antennal imaginal discs (EAD). It describes how to dissect the EAD and brain from the third instar larvae and how to process them to visualize and quantify gene expression changes and tumor invasiveness.

그만큼<em&gt; 초파리</em&gt; 가상적인 디스크 종양 모델 : 유전 모자이크를 사용하여 유전자 발현 및 종양 침윤의 시각화 및 정량화

Drosophila melanogaster has emerged as a powerful experimental system for functional and mechanistic studies of tumor development and progression in the ...

암 연구학

Upright Imaging of Drosophila Egg Chambers

Drosophila melanogaster oogenesis provides an ideal context for studying varied developmental processes since the ovary is relatively simple in architecture, is well-characterized, and is amenable to genetic analysis. Each egg chamber consists of germ-line cells surrounded by a single epithelial layer of somatic follicle cells. Subsets of follicle cells undergo differentiation during specific stages to become several different cell types. Standard techniques primarily allow for a lateral view of egg chambers, and therefore a limited view of follicle cell organization and identity. The upright imaging protocol describes a mounting technique that enables a novel, vertical view of egg chambers with a standard confocal microscope. Samples are first mounted between two layers of glycerin jelly in a lateral (horizontal) position on a glass microscope slide. The jelly with encased egg chambers is then cut into blocks, transferred to a coverslip, and flipped to position egg chambers upright. Mounted egg chambers can be imaged on either an upright or an inverted confocal microscope. This technique enables the study of follicle cell specification, organization, molecular markers, and egg development with new detail and from a new perspective.

Upright Imaging of Drosophila Egg Chambers

The upright imaging method described in this protocol allows for the detailed visualization of the poles of a developing Drosophila melanogaster egg. This end-on view provides a new perspective into the arrangements and morphologies of multiple cell types in the follicular epithelium.

의 수직 이미지<em&gt; 초파리</em&gt; 계란 챔버

Drosophila melanogaster oogenesis provides an ideal context for studying varied developmental processes since the ovary is relatively simple in ...

Using Microfluidics Chips for Live Imaging and Study of Injury Responses in Drosophila Larvae

Live imaging is an important technique for studying cell biological processes, however this can be challenging in live animals. The translucent cuticle of the Drosophila larva makes it an attractive model organism for live imaging studies. However, an important challenge for live imaging techniques is to noninvasively immobilize and position an animal on the microscope. This protocol presents a simple and easy to use method for immobilizing and imaging Drosophila larvae on a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microfluidic device, which we call the 'larva chip'. The larva chip is comprised of a snug-fitting PDMS microchamber that is attached to a thin glass coverslip, which, upon application of a vacuum via a syringe, immobilizes the animal and brings ventral structures such as the nerve cord, segmental nerves, and body wall muscles, within close proximity to the coverslip. This allows for high-resolution imaging, and importantly, avoids the use of anesthetics and chemicals, which facilitates the study of a broad range of physiological processes. Since larvae recover easily from the immobilization, they can be readily subjected to multiple imaging sessions. This allows for longitudinal studies over time courses ranging from hours to days. This protocol describes step-by-step how to prepare the chip and how to utilize the chip for live imaging of neuronal events in 3rd instar larvae. These events include the rapid transport of organelles in axons, calcium responses to injury, and time-lapse studies of the trafficking of photo-convertible proteins over long distances and time scales. Another application of the chip is to study regenerative and degenerative responses to axonal injury, so the second part of this protocol describes a new and simple procedure for injuring axons within peripheral nerves by a segmental nerve crush.

Using Microfluidics Chips for Live Imaging and Study of Injury Responses in Drosophila Larvae

Drosophila larvae are an attractive model system for live imaging due to their translucent cuticle and powerful genetics. This protocol describes how to utilize a single-layer PDMS device, called the &#39;larva chip&#39; for live imaging of cellular processes within neurons of 3rd instar Drosophila larvae.

라이브 이미징 및 상해 응답의 연구에 대한 마이크로 유체 칩을 사용<em&gt; 초파리</em&gt; 애벌레

Live imaging is an important technique for studying cell biological processes, however this can be challenging in live animals. The translucent cuticle of ...

생체공학

Live Imaging of Glial Cell Migration in the Drosophila Eye Imaginal Disc

Glial cells of both vertebrate and invertebrate organisms must migrate to final target regions in order to ensheath and support associated neurons. While recent progress has been made to describe the live migration of glial cells in the developing pupal wing (1), studies of Drosophila glial cell migration have typically involved the examination of fixed tissue. Live microscopic analysis of motile cells offers the ability to examine cellular behavior throughout the migratory process, including determining the rate of and changes in direction of growth. Paired with use of genetic tools, live imaging can be used to determine more precise roles for specific genes in the process of development. Previous work by Silies et al. (2) has described the migration of glia originating from the optic stalk, a structure that connects the developing eye and brain, into the eye imaginal disc in fixed tissue. Here we outline a protocol for examining the live migration of glial cells into the Drosophila eye imaginal disc. We take advantage of a Drosophila line that expresses GFP in developing glia to follow glial cell progression in wild type and in mutant animals.

Here we describe a protocol to examine the migration of glial cells into the developing Drosophila eye using live microscopic analysis paired with GFP tagged glial cells.

Drosophila 아이 Imaginal 디스크에 Glial 세포 이미징 마이 그 레이션 라이브

Glial cells of both vertebrate and invertebrate organisms must migrate to final target regions in order to ensheath and support associated neurons.  While ...

생물학

A Cell-based Assay to Investigate Non-muscle Myosin II Contractility via the Folded-gastrulation Signaling Pathway in Drosophila S2R+ Cells

We have developed a cell-based assay using Drosophila cells that recapitulates apical constriction initiated by folded gastrulation (Fog), a secreted epithelial morphogen. In this assay, Fog is used as an agonist to activate Rho through a signaling cascade that includes a G-protein-coupled receptor (Mist), a G&#945;12/13 protein (Concertina/Cta), and a PDZ-domain-containing guanine nucleotide exchange factor (RhoGEF2). Fog signaling results in the rapid and dramatic reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton to form a contractile purse string. Soluble Fog is collected from a stable cell line and applied ectopically to S2R+ cells, leading to morphological changes like apical constriction, a process observed during developmental processes such as gastrulation. This assay is amenable to high-throughput screening and, using RNAi, can facilitate the identification of additional genes involved in this pathway.

A Cell-based Assay to Investigate Non-muscle Myosin II Contractility via the Folded-gastrulation Signaling Pathway in Drosophila S2R+ Cells

Here we describe a contractility assay using Drosophila S2R+ cells. The application of an exogenous ligand, folded gastrulation (Fog), leads to the activation of the Fog signaling pathway and cellular contractility. This assay can be used to investigate the regulation of cellular contractility proteins in the Fog signaling pathway.

조사 비 근육 Myosin II 수축 통해 접혀 gastrulation 신호 전달 경로 초파리 S2R + 셀에 셀 기반 분석 결과

We have developed a cell-based assay using Drosophila cells that recapitulates apical constriction initiated by folded gastrulation (Fog), a secreted ...

Live Imaging Of Drosophila melanogaster Embryonic Hemocyte Migrations

Many studies address cell migration using in vitro methods, whereas the physiologically relevant environment is that of the organism itself. Here we present a protocol for the mounting of Drosophila melanogaster embryos and subsequent live imaging of fluorescently labeled hemocytes, the embryonic macrophages of this organism. Using the Gal4-uas system1 we drive the expression of a variety of genetically encoded, fluorescently tagged markers in hemocytes to follow their developmental dispersal throughout the embryo. Following collection of embryos at the desired stage of development, the outer chorion is removed and the embryos are then mounted in halocarbon oil between a hydrophobic, gas-permeable membrane and a glass coverslip for live imaging. In addition to gross migratory parameters such as speed and directionality, higher resolution imaging coupled with the use of fluorescent reporters of F-actin and microtubules can provide more detailed information concerning the dynamics of these cytoskeletal components.

Live Imaging Of Drosophila melanogaster Embryonic Hemocyte Migrations

Drosophila hemocytes disperse over the entirety of the developing embryo. This protocol demonstrates how to mount and image these migrations using embryos with fluorescently labelled hemocytes.

라이브 영상 Drosophila melanogaster 배아 Hemocyte 마이 그 레이션

Many studies address cell migration using in vitro methods, whereas the physiologically relevant environment is that of the organism itself. Here we ...

Imaging and Analysis of Tissue Orientation and Growth Dynamics in the Developing Drosophila Epithelia During Pupal Stages

Within multicellular organisms, mature tissues and organs display high degrees of order in the spatial arrangements of their constituent cells. A remarkable example is given by sensory epithelia, where cells of the same or distinct identities are brought together via cell-cell adhesion showing highly organized planar patterns. Cells align to one another in the same direction and display equivalent polarity over large distances. This organization of the mature epithelia is established over the course of morphogenesis. To understand how the planar arrangement of the mature epithelia is achieved, it is crucial to track cell orientation and growth dynamics with high spatiotemporal fidelity during development in vivo. Robust analytical tools are also essential to identify and characterize local-to-global transitions. The Drosophila pupa is an ideal system to evaluate oriented cell shape changes underlying epithelial morphogenesis. The pupal developing epithelium constitutes the external surface of the immobile body, allowing long-term imaging of intact animals. The protocol described here is designed to image and analyze cell behaviors at both global and local levels in the pupal abdominal epidermis as it grows. The methodology described can be easily adapted to the imaging of cell behaviors at other developmental stages, tissues, subcellular structures, or model organisms.

Imaging and Analysis of Tissue Orientation and Growth Dynamics in the Developing Drosophila Epithelia During Pupal Stages

This protocol is designed for the imaging and analysis of the dynamics of cell orientation and tissue growth in the Drosophila abdominal epithelia as the fruit fly undergoes metamorphosis. The methodology described here can be applied to the study of different developmental stages, tissues, and subcellular structures in Drosophila or other model organisms.

푸팔 단계 동안 개발 초파리 에피텔리아에서 조직 방향 과 성장 역학의 이미징 및 분석

Within multicellular organisms, mature tissues and organs display high degrees of order in the spatial arrangements of their constituent cells. A ...

Dissection and Live-Imaging of the Late Embryonic Drosophila Gonad

The Drosophila melanogaster male embryonic gonad is an advantageous model to study various aspects of developmental biology including, but not limited to, germ cell development, piRNA biology, and niche formation. Here, we present a dissection technique to live-image the gonad ex vivo during a period when in vivo live-imaging is highly ineffective. This protocol outlines how to transfer embryos to an imaging dish, choose appropriately-staged male embryos, and dissect the gonad from its surrounding tissue while still maintaining its structural integrity. Following dissection, gonads can be imaged using a confocal microscope to visualize dynamic cellular processes. The dissection procedure requires precise timing and dexterity, but we provide insight on how to prevent common mistakes and how to overcome these challenges. To our knowledge this is the first dissection protocol for the Drosophila embryonic gonad, and will permit live-imaging during an otherwise inaccessible window of time. This technique can be combined with pharmacological or cell-type specific transgenic manipulations to study any dynamic processes occurring within or between the&#160;cells in their natural gonadal environment.

Dissection and Live-Imaging of the Late Embryonic Drosophila Gonad

Here, we provide a dissection protocol required to live-image the late embryonic Drosophila male gonad. This protocol will permit observation of dynamic cellular processes under normal conditions or after transgenic or pharmacological manipulation.

후기 배아 초파리 고나드의 해부와 라이브 이미징

The Drosophila melanogaster male embryonic gonad is an advantageous model to study various aspects of developmental biology including, but not limited to, ...

Imaging Cell Shape Change in Living Drosophila Embryos

The developing Drosophila melanogaster embryo undergoes a number of cell shape changes that are highly amenable to live confocal imaging. Cell shape changes in the fly are analogous to those in higher organisms, and they drive tissue morphogenesis. So, in many cases, their study has direct implications for understanding human disease (Table 1)1-5. On the sub-cellular scale, these cell shape changes are the product of activities ranging from gene expression to signal transduction, cell polarity, cytoskeletal remodeling and membrane trafficking. Thus, the Drosophila embryo provides not only the context to evaluate cell shape changes as they relate to tissue morphogenesis, but also offers a completely physiological environment to study the sub-cellular activities that shape cells.
The protocol described here is designed to image a specific cell shape change called cellularization. Cellularization is a process of dramatic plasma membrane growth, and it ultimately converts the syncytial embryo into the cellular blastoderm. That is, at interphase of mitotic cycle 14, the plasma membrane simultaneously invaginates around each of ~6000 cortically anchored nuclei to generate a sheet of primary epithelial cells. Counter to previous suggestions, cellularization is not driven by Myosin-2 contractility6, but is instead fueled largely by exocytosis of membrane from internal stores7. Thus, cellularization is an excellent system for studying membrane trafficking during cell shape changes that require plasma membrane invagination or expansion, such as cytokinesis or transverse-tubule (T-tubule) morphogenesis in muscle.
Note that this protocol is easily applied to the imaging of other cell shape changes in the fly embryo, and only requires slight adaptations such as changing the stage of embryo collection, or using "embryo glue" to mount the embryo in a specific orientation (Table 1)8-19. In all cases, the workflow is basically the same (Figure 1). Standard methods for cloning and Drosophila transgenesis are used to prepare stable fly stocks that express a protein of interest, fused to Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) or its variants, and these flies provide a renewable source of embryos. Alternatively, fluorescent proteins/probes are directly introduced into fly embryos via straightforward micro-injection techniques9-10. Then, depending on the developmental event and cell shape change to be imaged, embryos are collected and staged by morphology on a dissecting microscope, and finally positioned and mounted for time-lapse imaging on a confocal microscope.

Imaging Cell Shape Change in Living Drosophila Embryos

Early development of the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, is characterized by a number of cell shape changes that are well suited for imaging approaches. This article will describe basic tools and methods required for live confocal imaging of Drosophila embryos, and will focus on a cell shape change called cellularization.

생활의 이미징 셀 모양 변경 Drosophila 태아

The developing Drosophila melanogaster embryo undergoes a number of cell shape changes that are highly amenable to live confocal imaging.  Cell shape ...

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