이 작품은 다카사키 대학 건강과 복지에 의해 지원 됩니다.

1. 성장 세포와 외 인 항 원 추가 biotin 단백질 라벨을 사용 하 여 <ol><li>준비 bOVA 키트 제조 업체에 따라 &#39; s 프로토콜. 
	참고: 일반적으로, bOVA 포함 2 M biotin 1 M OVA 당 평균.</li>
	<li>성장 DC2.4 셀 RPMI-1640 2mm L-글루타민, 1mm 나트륨 pyruvate, 0.1 m m 불필요 한 아미노산, 100 U/mL 페니실린-스, 55 m m 2-mercaptoethanol, 10 mM HEPES (pH 7.5), 및 5에서 37 ° C에서 10% 태아 종 아리 혈 청 (여기서 부터는 RPMI)와 보충 습도 인큐베이터에서 % CO 2 (이 언급 없이 세포는 인 큐베이 팅이 조건에서). 그것은 또한 DMEM 10% 태아 종 아리 혈 청 RPMI 대신 NaHCO 3 (여기서 부터는 DMEM) 3.7 g/L 보충을 사용 하 여.</li>
	<li>주 정화, 전에 분할 RPMI의 셀 사용 하 여 조직 문화 접시에 1 x 10 5 셀/ml. Confluent 상태에서 세포를 유지 하지 마십시오. DC2.4 셀 매우 반 confluent 상태로까지 외 인 항 원을 통합할 수 있지만 빠르게 오버 합칠 상태에 도달 후 능력을 잃고.</li>
	<li>DC2.4 전에 세포는 반 confluent 1 x 10 6 셀/ml bOVA의 250 µ g/mL을 추가 하 고 2-4 헤에 대 한 품 어 
	참고: 다운스트림 실험 동안 모든 버퍼 및 시 약 보관 4 ° C에서 달리 명시 하지 않는 한.</li>
</ol> 2. Microsomes의 준비 <ol><li>새 50 mL 원뿔 관으로 조직 접시에서 부드러운 pipetting으로 DC2.4 세포를 수확.</li>
	<li>5 분, 4 ° C 1000 x g에서 원심 분리기와 포부에 의해 bOVA와 매체를 조심 스럽게 제거.</li>
	<li>DC2.4 셀 1000 x g 5 분, 4 ° C에서 원심 분리 하 여 PBS 버퍼 (1.37 m m NaCl, 8.1 m 나 2 HPO 4, 2.68 m KCl, 1.47 m m KH 2 포 4 m m)의 40 mL로 두 번 세척 하 고 상쾌한 포부에 의해 때마다 삭제.</li>
	<li>Resuspend 단계 2.3에서 1-2에서에서 펠 릿 mL (문화 매체의 1/20-1/10 볼륨) 프로 테아 제 억제 물 칵테일 및 전송 resuspended DC2.4의 1/1000 양으로 균질 매체 (0.25 M 자당, 1 mM EDTA, 10 mM HEPES-NaOH [pH 7.4])의 세포에 얼음 처럼 차가운 Dounce 균질 화기.</li>
	<li>차가운 Dounce 균질 화기와 10-20 스트로크에 의해 resuspended DC2.4 세포를 부드럽게 중단. 
	참고: 중단 단계 동안 Dounce 균질 화기는 냉각 얼음에</li>
	<li>새 15 mL 원뿔 튜브 셀 중단 중지 전송.</li>
	<li>10 ml 총 8-9 mL 균질 매체를 추가 하 고 원뿔 튜브 2000 g x 4에서 10 분 원심 ° c.</li>
	<li>새 15 mL 원뿔 튜브 손상 되지 않은 세포와 핵, 제거 하는 상쾌한 전송 및 2000 g x 4에서 10 분 동안 다시 원뿔 튜브 원심 ° c.</li>
	<li>새로운 ultracentrifugation 튜브와 g x 100000 및 4에서 45 분 동안 원심 분리기에는 상쾌한 전송 ° c.</li>
	<li>는 상쾌한 발음 하 고 다운스트림 실험 microsome 분수를 만들기 위해 여러 번 위아래 솔루션 pipetting으로 펠 릿 프로 테아 제 억제 물 칵테일의 1/1000 양으로 균질 매체의 1-2 mL에 신중 하 게 resuspend.</li>
	<li>새 5 mL 둥근 바닥 관으로 microsome 분수 전송. 
	참고:이 단계 후에 그것은 제조 업체에 따르면 iodixanol 밀도 그라데이션 원심 분리에 의해 객관적인 microsomes을 풍부 하 게 &#39; s 프로토콜, 일반적인 microsomes를 제거 하려면. 외 인 항 원에 대 한 피크 분수 및 수집한 다음 정화 (3 단계)의 다음 단계로 들어서는.</li>
</ol> 3. BOVA와 Microsomes의 정화를 받고 ERAD microsome 분수의 단계 2.11 5 mL <ol><li>신선한의 추가 1/100 볼륨 SA 자석 구슬 원형 하단 튜브. 
	참고:이 단계를 하기 전에 그것은 미리 microsome 분수를 줄이기 위해 일반적인 microsomes의 오염 제어 자석 구슬에 의해 취소.</li>
	<li>부드럽게 잘 혼합 하 고 4 시 30 분 동안 천천히 라운드 하단 튜브를 회전 ° c.</li>
	<li>라운드 하단 튜브에 총 4 mL에 균질 매체의 2-3 mL를 추가 하 고 부드럽게 잘 섞어.</li>
	<li>라운드 하단 튜브 마그네틱 스탠드에 놓고 4 ° c.에서 10 분 동안 품 어 이후는 소포에 바인딩된 구슬 자석에 끌리는, 갈색 마이크로 구슬 점차적으로 자석에 가장 가까운 튜브 벽에 축적 됩니다.</li>
	<li>튜브와 함께 신중 하 게 언바운드 소포를 제거 하는 열망에 의해 여 supernatants를 버리고 마그네틱 스탠드에 남아.</li>
	<li>자석 구슬 자석에 의해 균질 매체의 5 mL로 두 번 소포에 바인딩된 워시 4 ° C에서 10 분 서 하 고 신중 하 게 열망 하 여는 상쾌한 때마다 삭제. 
	참고: 마그네틱 스탠드, 10 분, 2000 x g에서 centrifugations에 의해 정화 없이 4 ° C는 또한 사용할 수.</li>
	<li>자석 구슬 몇 번 위아래로 솔루션 pipetting 100 µ L 균질 매체에 신중 하 게 소포를 준수할 resuspend.</li>
	<li>다운스트림 실험에 대 한 정화 microsome로 새로운 microtube에 resuspended 소포 전송. 
	참고: 일반적으로, 1 x 10 7 셀에서 5-20 µ g 단백질을 포함 하는 50 µ L microsome 분수 고립 될 수 있다.</li>
</ol> 4. 순화 Microsomes의 분석 <ol><li>Resuspend 자석 구슬에서 소포에 바인딩된 TNE 버퍼의 100-200 µ L 3.8 단계 (20 mM Tris HCl pH 7.4, 150 m m NaCl, 0.5 M EDTA, 1% Nonidet P-40) 프로 테아 제 억제 물 칵테일의 1/1000 볼륨 균질 매체 대신.</li>
	<li>는 lysate에서 전송 단계 4.1 새로운 1.5 mL microtube.</li>
	<li>제조 업체 당 BCA 분석 결과 키트를 사용 하 여 단계 4.2의 단백질 농도 결정 &#39; s 프로토콜. 
	참고: 일반적으로 5-10 µ L 단계 4.2에서에서 lysate 단백질 농도 결정 하기 위해 충분 하다.</li>
	<li>는 lysate에서 전송할 단계 (실버 얼룩에 대 한 단백질의 2 µ g 및 서쪽에 게 더 럽 히기를 위한 단백질의 10 µ g) 4.2 새로운 microtubes.</li>
	<li>SDS 겔-로딩 버퍼 x 1에서 95 ° C와 종 단백질에서 열 블록에 있는 microtubes를 넣어 (100 mM Tris HCl pH 6.8, 200 m m dithiothreitol, 4 %SDS, 0.2 %bromophenol 블루, 20% 글리세롤) 5 분에 대 한</li>
	<li>21500 g x 4에서 10 분 동안 microtubes 원심 ° C. 불용 성 부분을 제거 하는 새로운 microtubes에 있는 supernatants 수집.</li>
	<li>단계 4.6 (2 µ g) 표준 SD-페이지에서 해결된 단백질 분석.</li>
	<li>시각화 실버 얼룩은 얼룩을 사용 하 여 단백질 밴드 키트 제조 업체에 따라 &#39; s 프로토콜.</li>
	<li>표준 SD-페이지와 서 부 럽 4.6 (10 µ g) 단계에서 확인 된 단백질 분석. 시 약 (SA-HRP)를 사용 하 여 제조 업체 당 &#39; s 프로토콜 및 fluorography에 의해 시각화.</li>
</ol> 5. 생체 외에서 BOVA 사용 하 여 정화 Microsomes의 ERAD Ubiquitination의 재구성 단계 3.8 reticulocyte lysate (RL)의 50% 볼륨으로 반응 버퍼 (50 mM Tris pH 7.4, 3mm ATP, 0.5 m m MgCl x 1에서에서 <ol><li>이전에 순화 microsomes (5-10 µ g 단백질) 2), 그리고 새로운 microtube에 플래그 태그 유비퀴틴 오후 0 시 2 분. 이 실험의 최종 볼륨은 20-40 µ L.</li>
	<li>품 37에서 2 h microtube ° C. 
	참고: 단계 5 월 12 일에서에서 ubiquitinated bOVA 양의 서쪽 blotting에 의해 감지 너무 작으면, 추가 10 µ M의 MG132 또는 proteasomes에 의해 ubiquitinated bOVA의 처리를 억제 하는 lactacystin의 2 µ M.</li>
	<li>얼음에 microtube 배치 하 여 반응을 중지</li>
	<li>는 microsomes 프로 테아 제 억제 물 칵테일의 1/1000 양으로 500 µ L TNE 버퍼를 추가 하 여 해결.</li>
	<li>21,50에서 10 분 원심 분리기는 microtubeg와 4 x는 0 ° c.에 생체 외에서 ubiquitination 분석 결과 전에 DC2.4에서 ubiquitinated bOVA 포함 하는 불용 성 부분을 제거 하는 새로운 microtube는 supernatants 수집.</li>
	<li>는 상쾌한 새로운 microtube 전송과 새로운 SA 자석 구슬 (일반적으로 5 µ L supernatants의 500 µ L에 대 한)의 1/100 볼륨 추가.</li>
	<li>부드럽게 잘 혼합 하 고 30 분 동안 천천히 microtube 4 회전 ° c.</li>
	<li>Microtube 21500 g x 4에서 10 분 원심 ° C. 삭제 bOVA 및 ubiquitinated bOVA 열망 하 여 상쾌한 바운드 SA 자석 구슬.</li>
	<li>TNE 버퍼의 1 mL와 함께 두 번 수집된 사 자석 구슬 21500 g x 4에서 10 분 동안 원심 분리 하 여 세척 ° C. 삭제 상쾌한 포부에 의해 각 시간.</li>
	<li>SA 자성 구슬에 의해 순화 된 단백질을 해결 하기 위해 열 블록에 95 ° C에서 5 분에 대 한 버퍼를 로드 하는 SDS 젤 x 1에 SA 자석 구슬 종.</li>
	<li>Microtube 21500 g x 4에서 10 분 원심 ° C에 불용 성 부분을 제거 하는 새로운 microtube는 supernatants 수집.</li>
	<li>분석 표준 SD-페이지 및 서쪽 더 럽 히는 단백질에 준수할 SA 자석 구슬. (안티, 안티-멀티-Ub, 깃발과 반대로 마우스 IgG HRP) 항 체 및 시 약 (SA-HRP)의 사용은 제조 업체 당 &#39; s 프로토콜 및 fluorography에 의해 시각.</li>
</ol>

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J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sec61-mediated+transfer+of+a+membrane+protein+from+the+endoplasmic+reticulum+to+the+proteasome+for+destruction.">Sec61-mediated transfer of a membrane protein from the endoplasmic reticulum to the proteasome for destruction.</a> Nature. 384 (6608), 432-438 (1996).</li><li>Hampton, R. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ER-associated+degradation+in+protein+quality+control+and+cellular+regulation.">ER-associated degradation in protein quality control and cellular regulation.</a> Curr Opin Cell Biol. 14 (4), 476-482 (2002).</li><li>Tsai, B., Ye, Y., Rapoport, T. 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L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cloned+dendritic+cells+can+present+exogenous+antigens+on+both+MHC+class+I+and+class+II+molecules.">Cloned dendritic cells can present exogenous antigens on both MHC class I and class II molecules.</a> J Immunol. 158 (6), 2723-2730 (1997).</li><li>Imai, J., Otani, M., Sakai, T., Hatta, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Purification+of+the+subcellular+compartment+in+which+exogenous+antigens+undergo+endoplasmic+reticulum-associated+degradation+from+dendritic+cells.">Purification of the subcellular compartment in which exogenous antigens undergo endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation from dendritic cells.</a> Heliyon. , (2016).</li><li>Kovacsovics-Bankowski, M., Rock, K. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+phagosome-to-cytosol+pathway+for+exogenous+antigens+presented+on+MHC+class+I+molecules.">A phagosome-to-cytosol pathway for exogenous antigens presented on MHC class I molecules.</a> Science. 267 (5195), 243-246 (1995).</li><li>Ackerman, A. L., Giodini, A., Cresswell, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+role+for+the+endoplasmic+reticulum+protein+retro+translocation+machinery+during+cross+presentation+by+dendritic+cells.">A role for the endoplasmic reticulum protein retro translocation machinery during cross presentation by dendritic cells.</a> Immunity. 25 (4), 607-617 (2006).</li><li>Ackerman, A. L., Kyritsis, C., Tamp&#233;, R., Cresswell, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Early+phagosomes+in+dendritic+cells+form+a+cellular+compartment+sufficient+for+cross+presentation+of+exogenous+antigens.">Early phagosomes in dendritic cells form a cellular compartment sufficient for cross presentation of exogenous antigens.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 100 (22), 12889-12894 (2003).</li><li>Saveanu, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=IRAP+identifies+an+endosomal+compartment+required+for+MHC+class+I+cross-presentation.">IRAP identifies an endosomal compartment required for MHC class I cross-presentation.</a> Science. 325 (5937), 213-217 (2009).</li><li>Zehner, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+translocon+protein+Sec61+mediates+antigen+transport+from+endosomes+in+the+cytosol+for+cross-presentation+to+CD8(+)+T+cells.">The translocon protein Sec61 mediates antigen transport from endosomes in the cytosol for cross-presentation to CD8(+) T cells.</a> Immunity. 42 (5), 850-863 (2015).</li></ol>

저자는 공개 없다.

CP의 이전 연구에서 통합된 외 인 항 원 immunofluorescent 현미경 검사 법16,30,,3132에 의해 늦은 endosome 또는 응급실의 제한 된 영역에서 축적 된. 세포질 구획은 자당 또는 iodixanol 조밀도 기온 변화도 원심 분리를 사용 하 여 식별 되는 ERAD와 같은 전송 및 외 인 항 원 처리 수행 됩니다 응급실 또는 늦은 endoso...

MHC I 분자 cytosol1에서 유비퀴틴-프로테아좀 시스템에 의해 처리 되는 내 인 성 항에서 파생 하는 짧은 항 원 펩 티 드와 모든 nucleated 세포의 표면에 표현 된다. 처리 후, 항 원 펩 티 드 펩 티 드 운송업 자 탭에 의해 바인딩과 그물 (응급실) 루멘으로 이송 됩니다. ER의 루멘에서 일련의 특정 보호자 펩 티 드 로드 하 고 올바른 접는 MHC의 나 복잡 한 지원 합니다. 분자의이 시리즈는 펩 티 드 로드 복잡 한 (PLC), 응급실 펩 티 드 나2MHC에 적재에 대 한 중앙 구획을 나타내는 이라고 합니다. 후에 펩 티 드, 로드는 MHC I 분자 세포 표면에 수송 하 고 핵심적인 역할을 담당할 적응 면역 시스템에 자기 마커, 그리고 수는 CD8+ 세포 독성 T 세포 (Ctl) 암 세포 또는 전염 성 요원을 항 원에 의해 3비 각자 단백질 펩 티 드.
항 원 제시 세포 (APC), 외 인 항에서 항 원 펩 티 드에서는 또한 내가4,5,6,,78 통해 CP, 주로 수행 MHC 시 제시 의해 Dc9,,1011. CP는 필수+ T 순진한 CD8의 활성화를 위한 둘 다 세포와 CD8 메모리+ T 세포의 비활성화에 의해 안티 전염 성 및 안티-종양 Ctl12,13, 그리고 면역 관용의 유지 보수에 자기 행동 naïve T 세포14,15. 그러나 CP CP의 분자 기계 장치는 아직 자세히 설명 될 적합 한 면역 계통에 많은 중요 한 역할을 재생 합니다. CP의 이전 연구 밝혔다 exogenous 항 모두 응급실에는 endosome 현지 했다 ERAD, ERAD 같은 처리 및 펩 티 드16 로드에 대 한 응급실에 외 인 항 원은 endosome에서 이송은 제안 처리 . 그러나, 축적 증거가 나타냅니다 응급실에서 아닙니다 그러나 오히려 응급실 (그림 1)17,18의 독특한 기능을가지고 아닌 클래식 endocytic 구획 밖으로 CP의 펩 티 드 로드 수행 ,19,,2021. Aminopeptidase의 높은 활동에 의해 항 원 펩 티 드 선구자의 저하를 방지 하려면22 cytosol, 처리 및 CP에서 로드 하는 펩 티 드에이 아닌 클래식 endocytic 구획 (그림 1)의 인접 지역에서 발생 합니다. 이러한 endocytic 구획의 characterizations 논란이 있지만, 이외에 외 인 항 원이이 구획에 없는 기존 특정 분자 있다.
ERAD는 세포질 통로, 특히 응급실에서 misfolded 단백질을 제거 하는. ERAD 경로에 misfolded 단백질 retrogradely ER 막 세포질을 통해 운반 되며 유비퀴틴-프로테아좀 시스템23,,2425처리. 큰 분자, 단백질, 등 지질 bilayer를 통해 수송 된다,이 분자를 통과에 복잡 한 복잡 한 Sec61 및 Derlin ER26, 그리고 복잡 한 톰에 복잡 한 팀 같은 translocon 라는 분자 장치는 미토 콘 드리 아27 것 추가 항 ER 막 통해 수송 된다, 그들은 translocons, Sec61 복합 등으로 복잡 한 지질 bilayer를 관통 하 게 해야 합니다. 여기 설명 하는 방법을 endocytic 구획에 대 한 표식으로이 막 관통 분자를 이용 하 여 타겟된 기를 정화.
여기에 설명 된 방법은 외 인 항 원으로는 DC 같은 셀 선 DC2.428 와 biotinylated ovalbumin (bOVA)를 사용 하 여 새로운 기 정화 프로토콜입니다. Endocytic 구획 streptavidin (SA)에 의해 순화 되었다-자석 구슬 메이커로 막 관통 bOVA를 사용 하 여. 이 순화 microsome 일부 것 추가 bOVA 여전히 막 분수에 보존 되었다 하지만 microsome, 및 다음 ubiquitinated의 외부에 이송 되었고 처리29 생체 외에서. 이 순화 microsome endocytic 구획 특정 단백질 뿐만 아니라 ER-상주 단백질 ERAD 및 펩 티 드 복잡 한; 로드 포함 세포질 구획 CP29에 대 한 예비 endocytic 구획 제안. 이 프로토콜은 exogenous 항 원의 종류에 따라 그리고 다른 DC 하위 집합 및 다른 세포 유형, 대 식 세포, B 세포, 내 피 세포, 등 실력 CP에 대 한 Dc의 정확한 분자 메커니즘을 명확 하 게 적용 됩니다.

<table><tbody><tr><td>RPMI 1640</td><td>gibco by life technologies</td><td>11875-093</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fetal bovine serum</td><td>Equitech bio</td><td>SFB30</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sodium pyruvate</td><td>gibco by life technologies</td><td>11360-070</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MEM non-essential amino acids</td><td>gibco by life technologies</td><td>11140-050</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>HEPES</td><td>gibco by life technologies</td><td>15630-080</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2-mercaptoethanol</td><td>gibco by life technologies</td><td>21985-023</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>L-glutamine</td><td>gibco by life technologies</td><td>25030-164</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Penisicillin-Sreptomycin</td><td>gibco by life technologies</td><td>15140-122</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>DMEM</td><td>gibco by life technologies</td><td>12100-46</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>OVA</td><td>SIGMA</td><td>A5503</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Biotin-protein labelling kit</td><td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td><td>F6347</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MG-132</td><td>Santa Cruz Biotechnology</td><td>201270</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>lactacystin</td><td>SIGMA</td><td>L6785</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dounce homogenizer</td><td>IUCHI</td><td>131703</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>protease inhibitor cocktails</td><td>SIGMA</td><td>P8340</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>iodixanol</td><td>Cosmo bio</td><td>1114542</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>SA-magnetic beads</td><td>New England Biolabs</td><td>201270</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>control magnetic beads</td><td>Chemagen</td><td>M-PVA012</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>magnetic stand</td><td>BD Biosciences</td><td>552311</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>BCA protein assay kit</td><td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td><td>23225</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>silver staining kits</td><td>Cosmo bio</td><td>423413</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Reticulocyte Lysate</td><td>Promega</td><td>1730714</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Flag-tagged ubiquitin</td><td>SIGMA</td><td>U5382</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>anti-ovalbumin (OVA,mouse)</td><td>Antibody Shop</td><td>HYB 094-06</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>ant-multi-ubiquitin (mouse)</td><td>MBL</td><td>D058&amp;minus;3</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>anti-Flag (mouse)</td><td>SIGMA</td><td>F3165</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>trypsin</td><td>SIGMA</td><td>85450C</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

purification of the membrane compartment for endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation of exogenous antigens in cross-presentation

수지상 세포 (Dc)는 고도의 처리 및 중요 한 조직 적합성 클래스 (MHC)에 따라 내 면된 외 인 항 원 제시의 나 분자 라고 크로스-프레 젠 테이 션 (CP). CP는 중요 한 역할 뿐만 아니라 순진한 CD8 자극+ T 세포와 CD8 메모리+ T 세포에 대 한 감염 및 self-acting의 비활성화에 뿐만 아니라 종양 면역 naïve T 세포 T 세포 아 또는 T 셀 삭제. CP의 중요 한 분자 메커니즘 해명 될 남아, 비록 축적 증거가 나타냅니다 exogenous 항 저하를 통해 떠다니고 그물 관련 (ERAD) 비 클래식에서 수출 후 endocytic 처리 됩니다. 구획입니다. 최근까지, 외 인 항 원 이외의 아무 특정 분자 마커 있었기 때문에 이러한 endocytic 구획의 characterizations을 제한 했다. 여기에 설명 된 메서드는 이러한 endocytic 구획의 정화에 대 한 수 있는 새로운 소포 격리 프로토콜입니다. 이 순화 microsome 사용 하 여, 우리 재구성 ERAD 같은 전송, ubiquitination, 및 처리는 외 인 항 원에 체 외에, 유비퀴틴-프로테아좀 시스템 수출이 후 외 인 항 원 처리 제안 세포질 구획입니다. 이 프로토콜은 CP의 분자 메커니즘을 명확 하 게 다른 세포 유형에 더 적용할 수 있습니다.

CP의 분자 메커니즘을 명료 하 게 그것은 exogenous 항 ERAD와 같은 전송 및 처리를 받아야 세포질 구획을 식별 하는 데 필요한. Immunofluorescent 현미경 또는 전자 현미경 관찰 어디 외 인 항 원16,,1718,19, 축적 된 세포질 구획을 확인 하는 동안 3...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Purification of the Membrane Compartment for Endoplasmic Reticulum-associated Degradation of Exogenous Antigens in Cross-presentation at JoVE.com

Purification of the Membrane Compartment for Endoplasmic Reticulum-associated Degradation of Exogenous Antigens in Cross-presentation

여기에 설명 된 메서드는 exogenous 항 바인딩과 그물 관련 저하 크로스-프레 젠 테이 션에 의해 처리 됩니다 세포질 구획의 정화에 대 한 수 있는 새로운 소포 격리 프로토콜입니다.

외 인 항 원 십자가-프레 젠 테이 션에의 바인딩과 그물 관련 성능 저하 막 구획의 정화

Dendritic cells (DCs) are highly capable of processing and presenting internalized exogenous antigens upon major histocompatibility class (MHC) I ...

purification-membrane-compartment-for-endoplasmic-reticulum

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

8.2K 조회수.  Takasaki University of Health and Welfare. 여기에 설명 된 메서드는 exogenous 항 바인딩과 그물 관련 저하 크로스-프레 젠 테이 션에 의해 처리 됩니다 세포질 구획의 정화에 대 한 수 있는 새로운 소포 격리 프로토콜입니다.

비디오: Purification of the Membrane Compartment for Endoplasmic Reticulum-associated Degradation of Exogenous Antigens in Cross-presentation

Large-Scale Purification of Porcine or Bovine Photoreceptor Outer Segments for Phagocytosis Assays on Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells

Analysis of one of the vital functions of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells, the phagocytosis of spent aged distal fragments of photoreceptor outer segments (POS) can be performed in vitro. Photoreceptor outer segments with stacks of membranous discs containing the phototransduction machinery are continuously renewed in the retina. Spent POS are eliminated daily by RPE cells. Rodent, porcine/bovine and human RPE cells recognize POS from various species in a similar manner. To facilitate performing large series of experiments with little variability, a large stock of POS can be isolated from porcine eyes and stored frozen in aliquots. This protocol takes advantage of the characteristic of photopigments that display an orange color when kept in the dark. Under dim red light, retinae are collected in a buffer from opened eyecups cut in halves. The retinal cell suspension is homogenized, filtered and loaded onto a continuous sucrose gradient. After centrifugation, POS are located in a discrete band in the upper part of the gradient that has a characteristic orange color. POS are then collected, spun, resuspended sequentially in wash buffers, counted and aliquoted. POS obtained this way can be used for phagocytosis assays and analysis of protein activation, localization or interaction at various times after POS challenge. Alternatively, POS can be labeled with fluorophores, e.g., FITC, before aliquoting for subsequent fluorescence quantification of POS binding or engulfment. Other possible applications include the use of modified POS or POS challenge combined with stress conditions to study the effect of oxidative stress or aging on RPE cells.

This article describes the protocol for the purification of photoreceptor outer segment fragments (POS) via ultracentrifugation from porcine/bovine retinae using homogenization and sucrose gradient centrifugation. This protocol allows the preparation of large stocks of POS aliquots, labeled or unlabeled, that can then be stored at -80 &#176;C.

망막 색소 상피 세포에 탐식 분석 실험에 대한 돼지 또는 소 광 수용체 외부 세그먼트의 대규모 정화

Analysis of one of the vital functions of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells, the phagocytosis of spent aged distal fragments of photoreceptor outer ...

연구

면역학 및 감염병학

Reconstitution of Msp1 Extraction Activity with Fully Purified Components

As the center for oxidative phosphorylation and apoptotic regulation, mitochondria play a vital role in human health. Proper mitochondrial function depends on a robust quality control system to maintain protein homeostasis (proteostasis). Declines in mitochondrial proteostasis have been linked to cancer, aging, neurodegeneration, and many other diseases. Msp1 is a AAA+ ATPase anchored in the outer mitochondrial membrane that maintains proteostasis by removing mislocalized tail-anchored proteins. Using purified components reconstituted into proteoliposomes, we have shown that Msp1 is necessary and sufficient to extract a model tail-anchored protein from a lipid bilayer. Our simplified reconstituted system overcomes several of the technical barriers that have hindered detailed study of membrane protein extraction. Here, we provide detailed methods for the generation of liposomes, membrane protein reconstitution, and the Msp1 extraction assay.

Here, we present a detailed protocol for reconstitution of Msp1 extraction activity with fully purified components in defined proteoliposomes.

완전히 정제된 구성 요소로 Msp1 추출 활동의 재구성

As the center for oxidative phosphorylation and apoptotic regulation, mitochondria play a vital role in human health. Proper mitochondrial function ...

생화학

An Efficient and High Yield Method for Isolation of Mouse Dendritic Cell Subsets

Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional antigen-presenting cells primarily responsible for acquiring, processing and presenting antigens on antigen presenting molecules to initiate T-cell-mediated immunity. Dendritic cells can be separated into several phenotypically and functionally heterogeneous subsets. Three important subsets of splenic dendritic cells are plasmacytoid, CD8&#945;Pos and CD8&#945;Neg cells. The plasmacytoid DCs are natural producers of type I interferon and are important for anti-viral T cell immunity. The CD8&#945;Neg DC subset is specialized for MHC class II antigen presentation and is centrally involved in priming CD4 T cells. The CD8&#945;Pos DCs are primarily responsible for cross-presentation of exogenous antigens and CD8 T cell priming. The CD8&#945;Pos DCs have been demonstrated to be most efficient at the presentation of glycolipid antigens by CD1d molecules to a specialized T cell population known as invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells. Administration of Flt-3 ligand increases the frequency of migration of dendritic cell progenitors from bone marrow, ultimately resulting in expansion of dendritic cells in peripheral lymphoid organs in murine models. We have adapted this model to purify large numbers of functional dendritic cells for use in cell transfer experiments to compare in vivo proficiency of different DC subsets.

Distinct dendritic cell subsets exist as rare populations in lymphoid organs, and therefore are challenging to isolate in sufficient numbers and purity for immunological experiments. Here we describe a high efficiency, high yield method for isolation of all of the currently known major subsets of mouse splenic dendritic cells.

마우스 수지상 세포 하위 집합의 분리를위한 효율적이고 높은 수율 방법

Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional antigen-presenting cells primarily responsible for acquiring, processing and presenting antigens on antigen ...

Isolation of Salmonella typhimurium-containing Phagosomes from Macrophages

Salmonella typhimurium is a facultative intracellular bacterium that causes gastroenteritis in humans. After invasion of the lamina propria, S. typhimurium bacteria are quickly detected and phagocytized by macrophages, and contained in vesicles known as phagosomes in order to be degraded. Isolation of S. typhimurium-containing phagosomes have been widely used to study how S. typhimurium infection alters the process of phagosome maturation to prevent bacterial degradation. Classically, the isolation of bacteria-containing phagosomes has been performed by sucrose gradient centrifugation. However, this process is time-consuming, and requires specialized equipment and a certain degree of dexterity. Described here is a simple and quick method for the isolation of S. typhimurium-containing phagosomes from macrophages by coating the bacteria with biotin-streptavidin-conjugated magnetic beads. Phagosomes obtained by this method can be suspended in any buffer of choice, allowing the utilization of isolated phagosomes for a broad range of assays, such as protein, metabolite, and lipid analysis. In summary, this method for the isolation of S. typhimurium-containing phagosomes is specific, efficient, rapid, requires minimum equipment, and is more versatile than the classical method of isolation by sucrose gradient-ultracentrifugation.

Isolation of Salmonella typhimurium-containing Phagosomes from Macrophages

We describe here a simple and quick method for the isolation of Salmonella typhimurium-containing phagosomes from macrophages by coating the bacteria with biotin and streptavidin.

살 모 넬 라 typhimurium의 절연-대 식 세포에서 Phagosomes를 포함 하

Salmonella typhimurium is a facultative intracellular bacterium that causes gastroenteritis in humans. After invasion of the lamina propria, S. ...

Studying Organelle Dynamics in B Cells During Immune Synapse Formation

Recognition of surface-tethered antigens&#160;by the B cell receptor (BCR)&#160;triggers the formation of an immune synapse (IS), where both signaling&#160;and antigen uptake are coordinated. IS formation involves dynamic actin remodeling accompanied by the polarized recruitment to the synaptic membrane of the centrosome and associated intracellular organelles such as lysosomes and the Golgi apparatus. Initial stages of actin remodeling allow B cells to increase their cell surface and maximize the quantity of antigen-BCR complexes gathered at the synapse. Under certain conditions, when B cells recognize antigens associated to rigid surfaces, this process is coupled to the local recruitment and secretion of lysosomes, which can facilitate antigen extraction. Uptaken antigens&#160;are internalized into specialized endo-lysosome compartments for processing into peptides, which are loaded onto major histocompatibility complex II (MHC-II) molecules for further presentation to T helper cells. Therefore, studying organelle dynamics associated with the formation of an IS is crucial to understanding how B cells are activated. In the present article we will discuss both imaging and a biochemical technique used to study changes in intracellular organelle positioning and cytoskeleton rearrangements that are associated with the formation of an IS in B cells.

Herein we describe two approaches to characterize cell polarization events in B lymphocytes during the formation of an IS. The first, involves quantification of organelle recruitment and cytoskeleton rearrangements at the synaptic membrane. The second is a biochemical approach, to characterize changes in composition of the centrosome, which undergoes polarization to the immune synapse.

면역 시 냅 스 형성 하는 동안 B 세포에서 세포 역학 공부

Recognition of surface-tethered antigens&#160;by the B cell receptor (BCR)&#160;triggers the formation of an immune synapse (IS), where both ...

Isolation And Dendritic Cell-Uptake of Small Extracellular Vesicles from Echinococcus granulosus

The secretion of extracellular vesicles by cestodes is crucial for enabling cellular communication not only among parasites but also with host tissues. In particular, small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) act as nano-carriers transferring natural antigens, which are critical in host immunomodulation and parasite survival. This article presents a step-by-step protocol to isolate sEVs from larval stage cultures of Echinococcus granulosus and analyzes their uptake by dendritic cells obtained from murine bone marrow, which acquire adhesion and antigen presentation capacity during their maturation after one week of in vitro culture. This article provides comprehensive information for generating, purifying, and quantifying sEVs using ultracentrifugation alongside parallel analyses of dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy. Additionally, a detailed experimental protocol is outlined for isolating and cultivating mouse bone marrow cells and driving their differentiation into dendritic cells using Flt3L. These dendritic cells can present antigens to na&#239;ve T cells, thereby modulating the type of immune response in vivo. Thus, alternative protocols, including confocal microscopy and flow cytometry analysis, are proposed to check the acquired maturational phenotype of dendritic cells previously exposed to parasitic sEVs. Finally, it is worth noting that the described protocol can be applied as a whole or in individual parts to carry out parasite in vitro culture, isolate extracellular vesicles, generate bone marrow-derived dendritic cell cultures, and perform uptake assays with these cells.

Here, we describe in vitro culture conditions, isolation, and increased generation of extracellular vesicles (EVs) from Echinococcus granulosus. The small EVs were characterized by dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy. The uptake by bone marrow-derived dendritic cells and their phenotypic modulation were studied using confocal microscopy and flow cytometry.

Isolation And Dendritic Cell-Uptake of Small Extracellular Vesicles from Echinococcus granulosus(Echinococcus granulosus에서 작은 세포외 소포의 분리 및 수지상 세포 흡수)

The secretion of extracellular vesicles by cestodes is crucial for enabling cellular communication not only among parasites but also with host tissues. In ...

Intralumenal Vesicles and Multivesicular Bodies

Intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) are small vesicles 50-80 nm in diameter formed during the maturation of early endosomes. A specialized endosome containing numerous ILVs is called a multivesicular body (MVB). ILVs contain internalized molecules such as antigens, nucleic acids, proteins, and metabolites. Some of these molecules are released from the MVBs inside exosomes and are transported to other cells. Other MVBs contain molecules that are retained in the ILVs and are later degraded within the cell.
MVBs were first observed in neuronal cells in 1955 using electron microscopy. MVBs have a diameter of 400-500 nm, are spherical, and were initially thought to be a form of the late endosome; however, recent studies have shown that MVBs are an intermediate form of these organelles between the early and the late endosomes.
ILV formation takes place when a ubiquitin-tagged protein enters the cell in an endocytic vesicle and fuses with the early endosome. As the early endosome matures, the endosomal membrane bends inwards to form ILVs. An ESCRT protein complex mediates ILV formation. Phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PtdIns3P) is also required for ILV formation. PtdIns3P acts as a docking site for ESCRTs for the bending of the endosomal membrane.
The ESCRT complex and the ATPase, Vps4, required for ILV formation can be hijacked by enveloped retroviruses that infect host cells. Normally, ILVs are formed inside maturing endosomes with the help of ESCRTs within the cell, and the ubiquitin-tagged proteins are recognized and sorted into ILVs. In contrast, retroviruses use the ESCRTs to be released outside the cell. For example, the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) codes for proteins, such as Gag, NC-p2, and Tat, that require ubiquitination for export. This ubiquitination is essential because ESCRTs and Vps4 recognize and sort only ubiquitin-tagged proteins into viral buds. Once the viral particles bud off from an infected cell, they are released into the extracellular space to infect other host cells.

Intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) are small vesicles 50-80 nm in diameter formed during the maturation of early endosomes. A specialized endosome containing ...

교육

JoVE Core

Cell Biology

Unit 1

Endocytosis and Exocytosis

주요 용어 및 개념

Receptor Downregulation in MVBs

Multivesicular bodies (MVBs) are mature endosomes that sort ubiquitinated proteins and then fuse with lysosomes to degrade the sorted proteins. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) and its receptor (EGFR) form a complex that can be internalized through endocytosis, sorted into an MVB, and later degraded.
The EGFR can initiate signaling pathways that&#160; lead to cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation. Overexpression of EGFR&#160; stimulates cells to proliferate. Excessive&#160; EGFR activation may result in cancer; therefore, EGFR expression must be tightly regulated. The degradation of the EGF-EGFR complex through the endocytic pathway is a means of downregulating EGFR and preventing its overexpression.
EGF binding to EGFR induces EGFR dimerization. EGFR is ubiquitinated by a ubiquitin ligase. Ubiquitination triggers the endocytosis of the dimerized EGF-EGFR complex. Once inside the cell, the complex is first sorted into the early endosome. As the early endosome matures, ESCRT proteins, or endosomal sorting complexes required for transport, translocate&#160; the EGFR-EGF complex into intraluminal vesicles (ILVs). Several ILVs are formed inside the maturing endosome, eventually becoming multivesicular bodies (MVBs). MVBs containing the EGF-EGFR complex then fuses with a lysosome for degradation of the EGFR-EGF complex.
Similar to EGFR, cytokine receptors are also internalized and downregulated by MVBs. Ubiquitinated receptor-cytokine complexes are endocytosed and later delivered to MVBs for degradation. The degradation weakens the cytokine signaling. In the case of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF&#593;) or interleukin-1 (IL-1), any defect in ubiquitination, endocytosis, or degradation of the receptor-cytokine complex through MVB can cause enhanced or sustained signaling. This may lead to inflammatory diseases like Crohn&#39;s disease or rheumatoid arthritis.

MVB의 수용체 하향 조절

Multivesicular bodies (MVBs) are mature endosomes that sort ubiquitinated proteins and then fuse with lysosomes to degrade the sorted proteins. Epidermal ...

Export of Misfolded Proteins out of the ER

After folding, the ER assesses the quality of secretory and membrane proteins. The correctly folded proteins are cleared by the calnexin cycle for transport to their final destination, while misfolded proteins are held back in the ER lumen. The ER chaperones attempt to unfold and refold the misfolded proteins but sometimes fail to achieve the correct native conformation. Such terminally misfolded proteins are then exported to the cytosol by ER-associated degradation or ERAD pathway for degradation.
Different modes of ERAD pathways
Hrd1 is a ubiquitin ligase and a retro-translocation channel for misfolded polypeptides. It complexes with another membrane protein, Hrd3, to form the core ERAD machinery. The other players associated with these core proteins depend upon the topology of the misfolded protein. The retrotranslocation complex depends on the luminal lectin chaperones to identify misfolded proteins. Studies in the yeast system suggest the presence of ERAD-C, ERAD-L, and ERAD-M pathways to export misfolded proteins from various parts of the ER. The target proteins of the ERAD-L and ERAD-M pathways use the Hrd1 channel to exit the ER lumen and membrane, respectively, while the ERAD-C pathway utilizes the Doa10p ubiquitin ligase complex to degrade the cytoplasmic domains of the ER membrane proteins. Sometimes, these pathways can overlap as some misfolded proteins need translocation machinery from two different ERAD pathways to exit the ER. The mammalian ERAD machinery is more complex than yeast and has multiple proteins that export and mark proteins for proteasomal degradation. Eventually, all ERAD pathways converge due to their dependence on a cytoplasmic AAA-ATPase to provide the mechanical force to extract proteins through the membrane.
Degradation of non-glycosylated proteins
The ER has another lectin-independent system that monitors and clears the non-glycosylated proteins from ER. It consists of the resident ER chaperone, BiP protein, and the ER-localized DnaJ family members (ERdjs). ER stress induces the production of HERP, a ubiquitin-like membrane protein, which assembles with other ERAD proteins like the Hrd1 and AAA-ATPase, forming a complex. BiP uses some ERdj proteins as cofactors to recruit non-glycosylated misfolded proteins to the HERP complex for retrotranslocation and ubiquitination of the misfolded protein. HERP is associated with the proteasome on the cytosolic side, where it delivers the misfolded proteins for degradation.

잘못 접힌 단백질을 ER에서 내보내기

After folding, the ER assesses the quality of secretory and membrane proteins. The correctly folded proteins are cleared by the calnexin cycle for ...

Transmembrane Transport in Endoplasmic Reticulum and Peroxisomes

Antigen Presenting Cells

The immune system is a complex network of cells and molecules that protects the body from foreign invaders. T cells, a type of white blood cell, play a crucial role in this process. They recognize and attack foreign substances, such as pathogens, that enter the body.
T cells require the help of antigen-presenting cells (APCs), which process foreign antigens into smaller fragments that can be recognized by T cells. These APCs are highly specialized cells that efficiently internalize antigens through phagocytosis or receptor-mediated endocytosis.
Dendritic cells, a type of professional APC, are particularly efficient at antigen processing and presentation. They are highly mobile and can be found in tissues first exposed to foreign antigens, such as the skin, mucosal surfaces, and lymphoid organs.
Macrophages may also function as APCs, and are found in all tissues. They can engulf and process foreign antigens and release cytokines, which activate T cells and other immune cells, thereby coordinating the immune response.
B cells are another type of APC that can present antigens to T cells. When an antigen is presented to a B cell, it activates the B cell to produce antibodies against the antigen. This activation process involves the binding of the antigen to the B cell receptor, followed by a series of molecular signaling events that produce antibodies.
When an APC engulfs an antigen, it breaks into smaller fragments and combines them with major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. The antigen-MHC complex is then transported to the APC&#39;s plasma membrane, where it is presented to a T cell.
The appropriate T cell receptor recognizes the processed antigen complex, triggering an immune response against the foreign invader. This process is crucial for protecting the body from infection and disease.

항원 제시 세포

Antigen-presenting cells, also known as APCs, process foreign antigens, such as fragments from pathogens, for recognition by T cells.
When an APC engulfs ...