이 작품은 다카사키 대학 건강과 복지에 의해 지원 됩니다.

1. 성장 세포와 외 인 항 원 추가 biotin 단백질 라벨을 사용 하 여 <ol><li>준비 bOVA 키트 제조 업체에 따라 &#39; s 프로토콜. 
	참고: 일반적으로, bOVA 포함 2 M biotin 1 M OVA 당 평균.</li>
	<li>성장 DC2.4 셀 RPMI-1640 2mm L-글루타민, 1mm 나트륨 pyruvate, 0.1 m m 불필요 한 아미노산, 100 U/mL 페니실린-스, 55 m m 2-mercaptoethanol, 10 mM HEPES (pH 7.5), 및 5에서 37 ° C에서 10% 태아 종 아리 혈 청 (여기서 부터는 RPMI)와 보충 습도 인큐베이터에서 % CO 2 (이 언급 없이 세포는 인 큐베이 팅이 조건에서). 그것은 또한 DMEM 10% 태아 종 아리 혈 청 RPMI 대신 NaHCO 3 (여기서 부터는 DMEM) 3.7 g/L 보충을 사용 하 여.</li>
	<li>주 정화, 전에 분할 RPMI의 셀 사용 하 여 조직 문화 접시에 1 x 10 5 셀/ml. Confluent 상태에서 세포를 유지 하지 마십시오. DC2.4 셀 매우 반 confluent 상태로까지 외 인 항 원을 통합할 수 있지만 빠르게 오버 합칠 상태에 도달 후 능력을 잃고.</li>
	<li>DC2.4 전에 세포는 반 confluent 1 x 10 6 셀/ml bOVA의 250 µ g/mL을 추가 하 고 2-4 헤에 대 한 품 어 
	참고: 다운스트림 실험 동안 모든 버퍼 및 시 약 보관 4 ° C에서 달리 명시 하지 않는 한.</li>
</ol> 2. Microsomes의 준비 <ol><li>새 50 mL 원뿔 관으로 조직 접시에서 부드러운 pipetting으로 DC2.4 세포를 수확.</li>
	<li>5 분, 4 ° C 1000 x g에서 원심 분리기와 포부에 의해 bOVA와 매체를 조심 스럽게 제거.</li>
	<li>DC2.4 셀 1000 x g 5 분, 4 ° C에서 원심 분리 하 여 PBS 버퍼 (1.37 m m NaCl, 8.1 m 나 2 HPO 4, 2.68 m KCl, 1.47 m m KH 2 포 4 m m)의 40 mL로 두 번 세척 하 고 상쾌한 포부에 의해 때마다 삭제.</li>
	<li>Resuspend 단계 2.3에서 1-2에서에서 펠 릿 mL (문화 매체의 1/20-1/10 볼륨) 프로 테아 제 억제 물 칵테일 및 전송 resuspended DC2.4의 1/1000 양으로 균질 매체 (0.25 M 자당, 1 mM EDTA, 10 mM HEPES-NaOH [pH 7.4])의 세포에 얼음 처럼 차가운 Dounce 균질 화기.</li>
	<li>차가운 Dounce 균질 화기와 10-20 스트로크에 의해 resuspended DC2.4 세포를 부드럽게 중단. 
	참고: 중단 단계 동안 Dounce 균질 화기는 냉각 얼음에</li>
	<li>새 15 mL 원뿔 튜브 셀 중단 중지 전송.</li>
	<li>10 ml 총 8-9 mL 균질 매체를 추가 하 고 원뿔 튜브 2000 g x 4에서 10 분 원심 ° c.</li>
	<li>새 15 mL 원뿔 튜브 손상 되지 않은 세포와 핵, 제거 하는 상쾌한 전송 및 2000 g x 4에서 10 분 동안 다시 원뿔 튜브 원심 ° c.</li>
	<li>새로운 ultracentrifugation 튜브와 g x 100000 및 4에서 45 분 동안 원심 분리기에는 상쾌한 전송 ° c.</li>
	<li>는 상쾌한 발음 하 고 다운스트림 실험 microsome 분수를 만들기 위해 여러 번 위아래 솔루션 pipetting으로 펠 릿 프로 테아 제 억제 물 칵테일의 1/1000 양으로 균질 매체의 1-2 mL에 신중 하 게 resuspend.</li>
	<li>새 5 mL 둥근 바닥 관으로 microsome 분수 전송. 
	참고:이 단계 후에 그것은 제조 업체에 따르면 iodixanol 밀도 그라데이션 원심 분리에 의해 객관적인 microsomes을 풍부 하 게 &#39; s 프로토콜, 일반적인 microsomes를 제거 하려면. 외 인 항 원에 대 한 피크 분수 및 수집한 다음 정화 (3 단계)의 다음 단계로 들어서는.</li>
</ol> 3. BOVA와 Microsomes의 정화를 받고 ERAD microsome 분수의 단계 2.11 5 mL <ol><li>신선한의 추가 1/100 볼륨 SA 자석 구슬 원형 하단 튜브. 
	참고:이 단계를 하기 전에 그것은 미리 microsome 분수를 줄이기 위해 일반적인 microsomes의 오염 제어 자석 구슬에 의해 취소.</li>
	<li>부드럽게 잘 혼합 하 고 4 시 30 분 동안 천천히 라운드 하단 튜브를 회전 ° c.</li>
	<li>라운드 하단 튜브에 총 4 mL에 균질 매체의 2-3 mL를 추가 하 고 부드럽게 잘 섞어.</li>
	<li>라운드 하단 튜브 마그네틱 스탠드에 놓고 4 ° c.에서 10 분 동안 품 어 이후는 소포에 바인딩된 구슬 자석에 끌리는, 갈색 마이크로 구슬 점차적으로 자석에 가장 가까운 튜브 벽에 축적 됩니다.</li>
	<li>튜브와 함께 신중 하 게 언바운드 소포를 제거 하는 열망에 의해 여 supernatants를 버리고 마그네틱 스탠드에 남아.</li>
	<li>자석 구슬 자석에 의해 균질 매체의 5 mL로 두 번 소포에 바인딩된 워시 4 ° C에서 10 분 서 하 고 신중 하 게 열망 하 여는 상쾌한 때마다 삭제. 
	참고: 마그네틱 스탠드, 10 분, 2000 x g에서 centrifugations에 의해 정화 없이 4 ° C는 또한 사용할 수.</li>
	<li>자석 구슬 몇 번 위아래로 솔루션 pipetting 100 µ L 균질 매체에 신중 하 게 소포를 준수할 resuspend.</li>
	<li>다운스트림 실험에 대 한 정화 microsome로 새로운 microtube에 resuspended 소포 전송. 
	참고: 일반적으로, 1 x 10 7 셀에서 5-20 µ g 단백질을 포함 하는 50 µ L microsome 분수 고립 될 수 있다.</li>
</ol> 4. 순화 Microsomes의 분석 <ol><li>Resuspend 자석 구슬에서 소포에 바인딩된 TNE 버퍼의 100-200 µ L 3.8 단계 (20 mM Tris HCl pH 7.4, 150 m m NaCl, 0.5 M EDTA, 1% Nonidet P-40) 프로 테아 제 억제 물 칵테일의 1/1000 볼륨 균질 매체 대신.</li>
	<li>는 lysate에서 전송 단계 4.1 새로운 1.5 mL microtube.</li>
	<li>제조 업체 당 BCA 분석 결과 키트를 사용 하 여 단계 4.2의 단백질 농도 결정 &#39; s 프로토콜. 
	참고: 일반적으로 5-10 µ L 단계 4.2에서에서 lysate 단백질 농도 결정 하기 위해 충분 하다.</li>
	<li>는 lysate에서 전송할 단계 (실버 얼룩에 대 한 단백질의 2 µ g 및 서쪽에 게 더 럽 히기를 위한 단백질의 10 µ g) 4.2 새로운 microtubes.</li>
	<li>SDS 겔-로딩 버퍼 x 1에서 95 ° C와 종 단백질에서 열 블록에 있는 microtubes를 넣어 (100 mM Tris HCl pH 6.8, 200 m m dithiothreitol, 4 %SDS, 0.2 %bromophenol 블루, 20% 글리세롤) 5 분에 대 한</li>
	<li>21500 g x 4에서 10 분 동안 microtubes 원심 ° C. 불용 성 부분을 제거 하는 새로운 microtubes에 있는 supernatants 수집.</li>
	<li>단계 4.6 (2 µ g) 표준 SD-페이지에서 해결된 단백질 분석.</li>
	<li>시각화 실버 얼룩은 얼룩을 사용 하 여 단백질 밴드 키트 제조 업체에 따라 &#39; s 프로토콜.</li>
	<li>표준 SD-페이지와 서 부 럽 4.6 (10 µ g) 단계에서 확인 된 단백질 분석. 시 약 (SA-HRP)를 사용 하 여 제조 업체 당 &#39; s 프로토콜 및 fluorography에 의해 시각화.</li>
</ol> 5. 생체 외에서 BOVA 사용 하 여 정화 Microsomes의 ERAD Ubiquitination의 재구성 단계 3.8 reticulocyte lysate (RL)의 50% 볼륨으로 반응 버퍼 (50 mM Tris pH 7.4, 3mm ATP, 0.5 m m MgCl x 1에서에서 <ol><li>이전에 순화 microsomes (5-10 µ g 단백질) 2), 그리고 새로운 microtube에 플래그 태그 유비퀴틴 오후 0 시 2 분. 이 실험의 최종 볼륨은 20-40 µ L.</li>
	<li>품 37에서 2 h microtube ° C. 
	참고: 단계 5 월 12 일에서에서 ubiquitinated bOVA 양의 서쪽 blotting에 의해 감지 너무 작으면, 추가 10 µ M의 MG132 또는 proteasomes에 의해 ubiquitinated bOVA의 처리를 억제 하는 lactacystin의 2 µ M.</li>
	<li>얼음에 microtube 배치 하 여 반응을 중지</li>
	<li>는 microsomes 프로 테아 제 억제 물 칵테일의 1/1000 양으로 500 µ L TNE 버퍼를 추가 하 여 해결.</li>
	<li>21,50에서 10 분 원심 분리기는 microtubeg와 4 x는 0 ° c.에 생체 외에서 ubiquitination 분석 결과 전에 DC2.4에서 ubiquitinated bOVA 포함 하는 불용 성 부분을 제거 하는 새로운 microtube는 supernatants 수집.</li>
	<li>는 상쾌한 새로운 microtube 전송과 새로운 SA 자석 구슬 (일반적으로 5 µ L supernatants의 500 µ L에 대 한)의 1/100 볼륨 추가.</li>
	<li>부드럽게 잘 혼합 하 고 30 분 동안 천천히 microtube 4 회전 ° c.</li>
	<li>Microtube 21500 g x 4에서 10 분 원심 ° C. 삭제 bOVA 및 ubiquitinated bOVA 열망 하 여 상쾌한 바운드 SA 자석 구슬.</li>
	<li>TNE 버퍼의 1 mL와 함께 두 번 수집된 사 자석 구슬 21500 g x 4에서 10 분 동안 원심 분리 하 여 세척 ° C. 삭제 상쾌한 포부에 의해 각 시간.</li>
	<li>SA 자성 구슬에 의해 순화 된 단백질을 해결 하기 위해 열 블록에 95 ° C에서 5 분에 대 한 버퍼를 로드 하는 SDS 젤 x 1에 SA 자석 구슬 종.</li>
	<li>Microtube 21500 g x 4에서 10 분 원심 ° C에 불용 성 부분을 제거 하는 새로운 microtube는 supernatants 수집.</li>
	<li>분석 표준 SD-페이지 및 서쪽 더 럽 히는 단백질에 준수할 SA 자석 구슬. (안티, 안티-멀티-Ub, 깃발과 반대로 마우스 IgG HRP) 항 체 및 시 약 (SA-HRP)의 사용은 제조 업체 당 &#39; s 프로토콜 및 fluorography에 의해 시각.</li>
</ol>

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J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sec61-mediated+transfer+of+a+membrane+protein+from+the+endoplasmic+reticulum+to+the+proteasome+for+destruction.">Sec61-mediated transfer of a membrane protein from the endoplasmic reticulum to the proteasome for destruction.</a> Nature. 384 (6608), 432-438 (1996).</li><li>Hampton, R. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ER-associated+degradation+in+protein+quality+control+and+cellular+regulation.">ER-associated degradation in protein quality control and cellular regulation.</a> Curr Opin Cell Biol. 14 (4), 476-482 (2002).</li><li>Tsai, B., Ye, Y., Rapoport, T. 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L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cloned+dendritic+cells+can+present+exogenous+antigens+on+both+MHC+class+I+and+class+II+molecules.">Cloned dendritic cells can present exogenous antigens on both MHC class I and class II molecules.</a> J Immunol. 158 (6), 2723-2730 (1997).</li><li>Imai, J., Otani, M., Sakai, T., Hatta, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Purification+of+the+subcellular+compartment+in+which+exogenous+antigens+undergo+endoplasmic+reticulum-associated+degradation+from+dendritic+cells.">Purification of the subcellular compartment in which exogenous antigens undergo endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation from dendritic cells.</a> Heliyon. , (2016).</li><li>Kovacsovics-Bankowski, M., Rock, K. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+phagosome-to-cytosol+pathway+for+exogenous+antigens+presented+on+MHC+class+I+molecules.">A phagosome-to-cytosol pathway for exogenous antigens presented on MHC class I molecules.</a> Science. 267 (5195), 243-246 (1995).</li><li>Ackerman, A. L., Giodini, A., Cresswell, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+role+for+the+endoplasmic+reticulum+protein+retro+translocation+machinery+during+cross+presentation+by+dendritic+cells.">A role for the endoplasmic reticulum protein retro translocation machinery during cross presentation by dendritic cells.</a> Immunity. 25 (4), 607-617 (2006).</li><li>Ackerman, A. L., Kyritsis, C., Tamp&#233;, R., Cresswell, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Early+phagosomes+in+dendritic+cells+form+a+cellular+compartment+sufficient+for+cross+presentation+of+exogenous+antigens.">Early phagosomes in dendritic cells form a cellular compartment sufficient for cross presentation of exogenous antigens.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 100 (22), 12889-12894 (2003).</li><li>Saveanu, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=IRAP+identifies+an+endosomal+compartment+required+for+MHC+class+I+cross-presentation.">IRAP identifies an endosomal compartment required for MHC class I cross-presentation.</a> Science. 325 (5937), 213-217 (2009).</li><li>Zehner, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+translocon+protein+Sec61+mediates+antigen+transport+from+endosomes+in+the+cytosol+for+cross-presentation+to+CD8(+)+T+cells.">The translocon protein Sec61 mediates antigen transport from endosomes in the cytosol for cross-presentation to CD8(+) T cells.</a> Immunity. 42 (5), 850-863 (2015).</li></ol>

저자는 공개 없다.

CP의 이전 연구에서 통합된 외 인 항 원 immunofluorescent 현미경 검사 법16,30,,3132에 의해 늦은 endosome 또는 응급실의 제한 된 영역에서 축적 된. 세포질 구획은 자당 또는 iodixanol 조밀도 기온 변화도 원심 분리를 사용 하 여 식별 되는 ERAD와 같은 전송 및 외 인 항 원 처리 수행 됩니다 응급실 또는 늦은 endoso...

MHC I 분자 cytosol1에서 유비퀴틴-프로테아좀 시스템에 의해 처리 되는 내 인 성 항에서 파생 하는 짧은 항 원 펩 티 드와 모든 nucleated 세포의 표면에 표현 된다. 처리 후, 항 원 펩 티 드 펩 티 드 운송업 자 탭에 의해 바인딩과 그물 (응급실) 루멘으로 이송 됩니다. ER의 루멘에서 일련의 특정 보호자 펩 티 드 로드 하 고 올바른 접는 MHC의 나 복잡 한 지원 합니다. 분자의이 시리즈는 펩 티 드 로드 복잡 한 (PLC), 응급실 펩 티 드 나2MHC에 적재에 대 한 중앙 구획을 나타내는 이라고 합니다. 후에 펩 티 드, 로드는 MHC I 분자 세포 표면에 수송 하 고 핵심적인 역할을 담당할 적응 면역 시스템에 자기 마커, 그리고 수는 CD8+ 세포 독성 T 세포 (Ctl) 암 세포 또는 전염 성 요원을 항 원에 의해 3비 각자 단백질 펩 티 드.
항 원 제시 세포 (APC), 외 인 항에서 항 원 펩 티 드에서는 또한 내가4,5,6,,78 통해 CP, 주로 수행 MHC 시 제시 의해 Dc9,,1011. CP는 필수+ T 순진한 CD8의 활성화를 위한 둘 다 세포와 CD8 메모리+ T 세포의 비활성화에 의해 안티 전염 성 및 안티-종양 Ctl12,13, 그리고 면역 관용의 유지 보수에 자기 행동 naïve T 세포14,15. 그러나 CP CP의 분자 기계 장치는 아직 자세히 설명 될 적합 한 면역 계통에 많은 중요 한 역할을 재생 합니다. CP의 이전 연구 밝혔다 exogenous 항 모두 응급실에는 endosome 현지 했다 ERAD, ERAD 같은 처리 및 펩 티 드16 로드에 대 한 응급실에 외 인 항 원은 endosome에서 이송은 제안 처리 . 그러나, 축적 증거가 나타냅니다 응급실에서 아닙니다 그러나 오히려 응급실 (그림 1)17,18의 독특한 기능을가지고 아닌 클래식 endocytic 구획 밖으로 CP의 펩 티 드 로드 수행 ,19,,2021. Aminopeptidase의 높은 활동에 의해 항 원 펩 티 드 선구자의 저하를 방지 하려면22 cytosol, 처리 및 CP에서 로드 하는 펩 티 드에이 아닌 클래식 endocytic 구획 (그림 1)의 인접 지역에서 발생 합니다. 이러한 endocytic 구획의 characterizations 논란이 있지만, 이외에 외 인 항 원이이 구획에 없는 기존 특정 분자 있다.
ERAD는 세포질 통로, 특히 응급실에서 misfolded 단백질을 제거 하는. ERAD 경로에 misfolded 단백질 retrogradely ER 막 세포질을 통해 운반 되며 유비퀴틴-프로테아좀 시스템23,,2425처리. 큰 분자, 단백질, 등 지질 bilayer를 통해 수송 된다,이 분자를 통과에 복잡 한 복잡 한 Sec61 및 Derlin ER26, 그리고 복잡 한 톰에 복잡 한 팀 같은 translocon 라는 분자 장치는 미토 콘 드리 아27 것 추가 항 ER 막 통해 수송 된다, 그들은 translocons, Sec61 복합 등으로 복잡 한 지질 bilayer를 관통 하 게 해야 합니다. 여기 설명 하는 방법을 endocytic 구획에 대 한 표식으로이 막 관통 분자를 이용 하 여 타겟된 기를 정화.
여기에 설명 된 방법은 외 인 항 원으로는 DC 같은 셀 선 DC2.428 와 biotinylated ovalbumin (bOVA)를 사용 하 여 새로운 기 정화 프로토콜입니다. Endocytic 구획 streptavidin (SA)에 의해 순화 되었다-자석 구슬 메이커로 막 관통 bOVA를 사용 하 여. 이 순화 microsome 일부 것 추가 bOVA 여전히 막 분수에 보존 되었다 하지만 microsome, 및 다음 ubiquitinated의 외부에 이송 되었고 처리29 생체 외에서. 이 순화 microsome endocytic 구획 특정 단백질 뿐만 아니라 ER-상주 단백질 ERAD 및 펩 티 드 복잡 한; 로드 포함 세포질 구획 CP29에 대 한 예비 endocytic 구획 제안. 이 프로토콜은 exogenous 항 원의 종류에 따라 그리고 다른 DC 하위 집합 및 다른 세포 유형, 대 식 세포, B 세포, 내 피 세포, 등 실력 CP에 대 한 Dc의 정확한 분자 메커니즘을 명확 하 게 적용 됩니다.

<table><tbody><tr><td>RPMI 1640</td><td>gibco by life technologies</td><td>11875-093</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fetal bovine serum</td><td>Equitech bio</td><td>SFB30</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sodium pyruvate</td><td>gibco by life technologies</td><td>11360-070</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MEM non-essential amino acids</td><td>gibco by life technologies</td><td>11140-050</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>HEPES</td><td>gibco by life technologies</td><td>15630-080</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2-mercaptoethanol</td><td>gibco by life technologies</td><td>21985-023</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>L-glutamine</td><td>gibco by life technologies</td><td>25030-164</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Penisicillin-Sreptomycin</td><td>gibco by life technologies</td><td>15140-122</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>DMEM</td><td>gibco by life technologies</td><td>12100-46</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>OVA</td><td>SIGMA</td><td>A5503</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Biotin-protein labelling kit</td><td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td><td>F6347</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MG-132</td><td>Santa Cruz Biotechnology</td><td>201270</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>lactacystin</td><td>SIGMA</td><td>L6785</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dounce homogenizer</td><td>IUCHI</td><td>131703</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>protease inhibitor cocktails</td><td>SIGMA</td><td>P8340</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>iodixanol</td><td>Cosmo bio</td><td>1114542</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>SA-magnetic beads</td><td>New England Biolabs</td><td>201270</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>control magnetic beads</td><td>Chemagen</td><td>M-PVA012</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>magnetic stand</td><td>BD Biosciences</td><td>552311</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>BCA protein assay kit</td><td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td><td>23225</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>silver staining kits</td><td>Cosmo bio</td><td>423413</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Reticulocyte Lysate</td><td>Promega</td><td>1730714</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Flag-tagged ubiquitin</td><td>SIGMA</td><td>U5382</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>anti-ovalbumin (OVA,mouse)</td><td>Antibody Shop</td><td>HYB 094-06</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>ant-multi-ubiquitin (mouse)</td><td>MBL</td><td>D058&amp;minus;3</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>anti-Flag (mouse)</td><td>SIGMA</td><td>F3165</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>trypsin</td><td>SIGMA</td><td>85450C</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

purification of the membrane compartment for endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation of exogenous antigens in cross-presentation

수지상 세포 (Dc)는 고도의 처리 및 중요 한 조직 적합성 클래스 (MHC)에 따라 내 면된 외 인 항 원 제시의 나 분자 라고 크로스-프레 젠 테이 션 (CP). CP는 중요 한 역할 뿐만 아니라 순진한 CD8 자극+ T 세포와 CD8 메모리+ T 세포에 대 한 감염 및 self-acting의 비활성화에 뿐만 아니라 종양 면역 naïve T 세포 T 세포 아 또는 T 셀 삭제. CP의 중요 한 분자 메커니즘 해명 될 남아, 비록 축적 증거가 나타냅니다 exogenous 항 저하를 통해 떠다니고 그물 관련 (ERAD) 비 클래식에서 수출 후 endocytic 처리 됩니다. 구획입니다. 최근까지, 외 인 항 원 이외의 아무 특정 분자 마커 있었기 때문에 이러한 endocytic 구획의 characterizations을 제한 했다. 여기에 설명 된 메서드는 이러한 endocytic 구획의 정화에 대 한 수 있는 새로운 소포 격리 프로토콜입니다. 이 순화 microsome 사용 하 여, 우리 재구성 ERAD 같은 전송, ubiquitination, 및 처리는 외 인 항 원에 체 외에, 유비퀴틴-프로테아좀 시스템 수출이 후 외 인 항 원 처리 제안 세포질 구획입니다. 이 프로토콜은 CP의 분자 메커니즘을 명확 하 게 다른 세포 유형에 더 적용할 수 있습니다.

CP의 분자 메커니즘을 명료 하 게 그것은 exogenous 항 ERAD와 같은 전송 및 처리를 받아야 세포질 구획을 식별 하는 데 필요한. Immunofluorescent 현미경 또는 전자 현미경 관찰 어디 외 인 항 원16,,1718,19, 축적 된 세포질 구획을 확인 하는 동안 3...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Purification of the Membrane Compartment for Endoplasmic Reticulum-associated Degradation of Exogenous Antigens in Cross-presentation at JoVE.com

Purification of the Membrane Compartment for Endoplasmic Reticulum-associated Degradation of Exogenous Antigens in Cross-presentation

여기에 설명 된 메서드는 exogenous 항 바인딩과 그물 관련 저하 크로스-프레 젠 테이 션에 의해 처리 됩니다 세포질 구획의 정화에 대 한 수 있는 새로운 소포 격리 프로토콜입니다.

외 인 항 원 십자가-프레 젠 테이 션에의 바인딩과 그물 관련 성능 저하 막 구획의 정화

Dendritic cells (DCs) are highly capable of processing and presenting internalized exogenous antigens upon major histocompatibility class (MHC) I ...

purification-membrane-compartment-for-endoplasmic-reticulum

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

8.2K 조회수.  Takasaki University of Health and Welfare. 여기에 설명 된 메서드는 exogenous 항 바인딩과 그물 관련 저하 크로스-프레 젠 테이 션에 의해 처리 됩니다 세포질 구획의 정화에 대 한 수 있는 새로운 소포 격리 프로토콜입니다.

비디오: Purification of the Membrane Compartment for Endoplasmic Reticulum-associated Degradation of Exogenous Antigens in Cross-presentation

Purification and Aggregation of the Amyloid Precursor Protein Intracellular Domain

Amyloid precursor protein (APP) is a type I transmembrane protein associated with the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). APP is characterized by a large extracellular domain and a short cytosolic domain termed the APP intracellular domain (AICD). During maturation through the secretory pathway, APP can be cleaved by proteases termed &alpha;, &beta;, and &gamma;-secretases1. Sequential proteolytic cleavage of APP with &beta; and &gamma;-secretases leads to the production of a small proteolytic peptide, termed A&beta;, which is amyloidogenic and the core constituent of senile plaques. The AICD is also liberated from the membrane after secretase processing, and through interactions with Fe65 and Tip60, can translocate to the nucleus to participate in transcription regulation of multiple target genes2,3. Protein-protein interactions involving the AICD may affect trafficking, processing, and cellular functions of holo-APP and its C-terminal fragments. We have recently shown that AICD can aggregate in vitro, and this process is inhibited by the AD-implicated molecular chaperone ubiquilin-14. Consistent with these findings, the AICD has exposed hydrophobic domains and is intrinsically disordered in vitro5,6, however it obtains stable secondary structure when bound to Fe657. We have proposed that ubiquilin-1 prevents inappropriate inter- and intramolecular interactions of AICD, preventing aggregation in vitro and in intact cells4. While most studies focus on the role of APP in the pathogenesis of AD, the role of AICD in this process is not clear. Expression of AICD has been shown to induce apoptosis8, to modulate signaling pathways9, and to regulate calcium signaling10. Over-expression of AICD and Fe65 in a transgenic mouse model induces Alzheimer's like pathology11, and recently AICD has been detected in brain lysates by western blotting when using appropriate antigen retrieval techniques12. To facilitate structural, biochemical, and biophysical studies of the AICD, we have developed a procedure to produce recombinantly large amounts of highly pure AICD protein. We further describe a method for inducing the in vitro thermal aggregation of AICD and analysis by atomic force microscopy. The methods described are useful for biochemical, biophysical, and structural characterization of the AICD and the effects of molecular chaperones on AICD aggregation.

A method for large-scale purification of the APP intracellular domain (AICD) is described. We also describe methodology to induce in vitro AICD aggregation and visualization by atomic force microscopy. The methods described are useful for biochemical/structural characterization of the AICD and the effects of molecular chaperones on its aggregation.

아밀로이드 전구체 단백질 세포 내 도메인의 정화 및 집계

Amyloid precursor protein (APP) is a type I transmembrane protein associated with the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). APP is characterized by a ...

연구

의학

Mitochondria-associated ER Membranes (MAMs) and Glycosphingolipid Enriched Microdomains (GEMs): Isolation from Mouse Brain

Intracellular organelles are highly dynamic structures with varying shape and composition, which are subjected to cell-specific intrinsic and extrinsic cues. Their membranes are often juxtaposed at defined contact sites, which become hubs for the exchange of signaling molecules and membrane components1,2,3,4. The inter-organellar membrane microdomains that are formed between the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the mitochondria at the opening of the IP3-sensitive Ca2+ channel are known as the mitochondria associated-ER membranes or MAMs4,5,6. The protein/lipid composition and biochemical properties of these membrane contact sites have been extensively studied particularly in relation to their role in regulating intracellular Ca2+ 4,5,6. The ER serves as the primary store of intracellular Ca2+, and in this capacity regulates a myriad of cellular processes downstream of Ca2+ signaling, including post-translational protein folding and protein maturation7. Mitochondria, on the other hand, maintain Ca2+ homeostasis, by buffering cytosolic Ca2+ concentration thereby preventing the initiation of apoptotic pathways downstream of Ca2+ unbalance4,8. The dynamic nature of the MAMs makes them ideal sites to dissect basic cellular mechanisms, including Ca2+ signaling and regulation of mitochondrial Ca2+ concentration, lipid biosynthesis and transport, energy metabolism and cell survival 4,9,10,11,12. Several protocols have been described for the purification of these microdomains from liver tissue and cultured cells13,14. 
	Taking previously published methods into account, we have adapted a protocol for the isolation of mitochondria and MAMs from the adult mouse brain. To this procedure we have added an extra purification step, namely a Triton X100 extraction, which enables the isolation of the glycosphingolipid enriched microdomain (GEM) fraction of the MAMs. These GEM preparations share several protein components with caveolae and lipid rafts, derived from the plasma membrane or other intracellular membranes, and are proposed to function as gathering points for the clustering of receptor proteins and for protein&#x2013;protein interactions4,15.

Mitochondria-associated ER Membranes MAMs and Glycosphingolipid Enriched Microdomains GEMs: Isolation from Mouse Brain

This procedure illustrates how to isolate from the adult mouse brain the mitochondria-associated ER membranes or MAMs and the glycosphingolipid-enriched microdomain fractions from MAMs and mitochondrial preparations.

미토콘드리아 - 관련 ER의 멤브레인 (MAMs)와 Glycosphingolipid 강화 Microdomains (보석) : 마우스 뇌에서 절연

Intracellular organelles are highly dynamic structures with varying shape and composition, which are subjected to cell-specific intrinsic and extrinsic ...

신경과학

Reconstitution of Msp1 Extraction Activity with Fully Purified Components

As the center for oxidative phosphorylation and apoptotic regulation, mitochondria play a vital role in human health. Proper mitochondrial function depends on a robust quality control system to maintain protein homeostasis (proteostasis). Declines in mitochondrial proteostasis have been linked to cancer, aging, neurodegeneration, and many other diseases. Msp1 is a AAA+ ATPase anchored in the outer mitochondrial membrane that maintains proteostasis by removing mislocalized tail-anchored proteins. Using purified components reconstituted into proteoliposomes, we have shown that Msp1 is necessary and sufficient to extract a model tail-anchored protein from a lipid bilayer. Our simplified reconstituted system overcomes several of the technical barriers that have hindered detailed study of membrane protein extraction. Here, we provide detailed methods for the generation of liposomes, membrane protein reconstitution, and the Msp1 extraction assay.

Here, we present a detailed protocol for reconstitution of Msp1 extraction activity with fully purified components in defined proteoliposomes.

완전히 정제된 구성 요소로 Msp1 추출 활동의 재구성

As the center for oxidative phosphorylation and apoptotic regulation, mitochondria play a vital role in human health. Proper mitochondrial function ...

생화학

Spontaneous Formation and Rearrangement of Artificial Lipid Nanotube Networks as a Bottom-Up Model for Endoplasmic Reticulum

We present a convenient method to form a bottom-up structural organelle model for the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The model consists of highly dense lipidic nanotubes that are, in terms of morphology and dynamics, reminiscent of ER. The networks are derived from phospholipid double bilayer membrane patches adhering to a transparent Al2O3 substrate. The adhesion is mediated by Ca2+ in the ambient buffer. Subsequent depletion of Ca2+ by means of BAPTA/EDTA causes retraction of the membrane, resulting in spontaneous lipid nanotube network formation. The method only comprises phospholipids and microfabricated surfaces for simple formation of an ER model and does not require the addition of proteins or chemical energy (e.g., GTP or ATP). In contrast to the 3D morphology of the cellular endoplasmic reticulum, the model is two-dimensional (albeit the nanotube dimensions, geometry, structure, and dynamics are maintained). This unique in vitro ER model consists of only a few components, is easy to construct, and can be observed under a light microscope. The resulting structure can be further decorated for additional functionality, such as the addition of ER-associated proteins or particles to study transport phenomena among the tubes. The artificial networks described here are suitable structural models for the cellular ER, whose unique characteristic morphology has been shown to be related to its biological function, whereas details regarding formation of the tubular domain and rearrangements within are still not completely understood. We note that this method uses Al2O3 thin-film-coated microscopy coverslips, which are commercially available but require special orders. Therefore, it is advisable to have access to a microfabrication facility for preparation.

Solid-supported, protein-free, double phospholipid bilayer membranes (DLBM) can be transformed into complex and dynamic lipid nanotube networks and can serve as 2D bottom-up models of the endoplasmic reticulum.

자발적인 형성 및 바인딩과 그물에 대 한 상향식 모델로 인공 지질 나노튜브 네트워크의 재배치

We present a convenient method to form a bottom-up structural organelle model for the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The model consists of highly dense ...

생체공학

Purification of the Sarco-Endoplasmic Reticulum Ca2+-ATPase from Rabbit Muscle

Some P-type ATPases, such as sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA), are inherently labile membrane proteins that require specific physicochemical conditions during purification to obtain them with high purity and structural quality and in a catalytically active form. The disaccharide trehalose is a compatible solute that is synthesized and accumulated in high concentrations in the yeast cytoplasm to stabilize the membranes and proteins. The use of trehalose as an additive in the protocol for the purification of plasma membrane H+-ATPase results in a high-quality preparation, the hexameric structure of which is shown by biochemical analytical methods. Trehalose can, therefore, be used as a stabilizing additive for the purification of membrane proteins (P-ATPases). This protocol describes the modification of the classical protocol for SERCA purification by subjecting SERCA to centrifugation on a trehalose concentration gradient. The inclusion of this carbohydrate led to the purification of SERCA in a catalytically active form with high purity and, importantly, in a stable form. Partial biochemical characterization of the purified SERCA (SDS-PAGE, enzyme kinetics, FITC labeling, circular dichroism spectroscopy) showed that the enzyme is suitable for functional and structural studies. The use of trehalose in the purification protocol of P-type ATPases and other labile membrane (and cytosolic) proteins is suggested.

This protocol describes an improved SERCA purification method, which includes the disaccharide trehalose in the final centrifugation step. This carbohydrate stabilizes proteins under harsh conditions. The purified SERCA was catalytically active and displayed high purity, making it suitable for structural and functional studies.

토끼 근육에서 육-소포체 Ca2+-ATPase의 정제

Some P-type ATPases, such as sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA), are inherently labile membrane proteins that require specific ...

Visualization of Endoplasmic Reticulum Localized mRNAs in Mammalian Cells

In eukaryotes, most of the messenger RNAs (mRNAs) that encode secreted and membrane proteins are localized to the surface of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). However, the visualization of these mRNAs can be challenging. This is especially true when only a fraction of the mRNA is ER-associated and their distribution to this organelle is obstructed by non-targeted (i.e. "free") transcripts. In order to monitor ER-associated mRNAs, we have developed a method in which cells are treated with a short exposure to a digitonin extraction solution that selectively permeabilizes the plasma membrane, and thus removes the cytoplasmic contents, while simultaneously maintaining the integrity of the ER. When this method is coupled with fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), one can clearly visualize ER-bound mRNAs by fluorescent microscopy. Using this protocol the degree of ER-association for either bulk poly(A) transcripts or specific mRNAs can be assessed and even quantified. In the process, one can use this assay to investigate the nature of mRNA-ER interactions.

Here we describe a method to visualize endoplasmic reticulum-associated mRNAs in mammalian tissue culture cells. This technique involves the selective permeabilization of the plasma membrane with digitonin to remove cytoplasmic contents followed by fluorescent in situ hybridization to detect either bulk poly(A) mRNA or specific transcripts.

포유류의 세포에서 Endoplasmic 소포체 현지화 mRNAs의 시각화

In eukaryotes, most of the messenger RNAs (mRNAs) that encode secreted and membrane proteins are localized to the surface of the endoplasmic reticulum ...

생물학

Visualization of Endoplasmic Reticulum Subdomains in Cultured Cells

The lipids and proteins in eukaryotic cells are continuously exchanged between cell compartments, although these retain their distinctive composition and functions despite the intense interorganelle molecular traffic. The techniques described in this paper are powerful means of studying protein and lipid mobility and trafficking in vivo and in their physiological environment. Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) and fluorescence loss in photobleaching (FLIP) are widely used live-cell imaging techniques for studying intracellular trafficking through the exo-endocytic pathway, the continuity between organelles or subcompartments, the formation of protein complexes, and protein localization in lipid microdomains, all of which can be observed under physiological and pathological conditions. The limitations of these approaches are mainly due to the use of fluorescent fusion proteins, and their potential drawbacks include artifactual over-expression in cells and the possibility of differences in the folding and localization of tagged and native proteins. Finally, as the limit of resolution of optical microscopy (about 200 nm) does not allow investigation of the fine structure of the ER or the specific subcompartments that can originate in cells under stress (i.e. hypoxia, drug administration, the over-expression of transmembrane ER resident proteins) or under pathological conditions, we combine live-cell imaging of cultured transfected cells with ultrastructural analyses based on transmission electron microscopy.

We describe the imaging approaches we use to investigate the distribution and mobility of the transfected fluorescent proteins resident in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) by means of the confocal imaging of living cells. We also ultrastructurally analyze the effect of their expression on the architecture of this subcellular compartment.

배양 된 세포의 소포체 하위 도메인의 시각화

The lipids and proteins in eukaryotic cells are continuously exchanged between cell compartments, although these retain their distinctive composition and ...

Cycloheximide Chase Analysis of Protein Degradation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Regulation of protein abundance is crucial to virtually every cellular process. Protein abundance reflects the integration of the rates of protein synthesis and protein degradation. Many assays reporting on protein abundance (e.g., single-time point western blotting, flow cytometry, fluorescence microscopy, or growth-based reporter assays) do not allow discrimination of the relative effects of translation and proteolysis on protein levels. This article describes the use of cycloheximide chase followed by western blotting to specifically analyze protein degradation in the model unicellular eukaryote, Saccharomyces cerevisiae (budding yeast). In this procedure, yeast cells are incubated in the presence of the translational inhibitor cycloheximide. Aliquots of cells are collected immediately after and at specific time points following addition of cycloheximide. Cells are lysed, and the lysates are separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis for western blot analysis of protein abundance at each time point. The cycloheximide chase procedure permits visualization of the degradation kinetics of the steady state population of a variety of cellular proteins. The procedure may be used to investigate the genetic requirements for and environmental influences on protein degradation.

Cycloheximide Chase Analysis of Protein Degradation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Protein abundance reflects the rates of both protein synthesis and protein degradation. This article describes the use of cycloheximide chase followed by western blotting to analyze protein degradation in the model unicellular eukaryote, Saccharomyces cerevisiae (budding yeast).

단백질 분해에서의 사이클로 헥시 미드 체이스 분석<em&gt; 사카로 마이 세스 세레 비지에</em

Regulation of protein abundance is crucial to virtually every cellular process. Protein abundance reflects the integration of the rates of protein ...

The Endoplasmic Reticulum

The endoplasmic reticulum or ER makes up for more than half of the membranes in a cell and accounts for 10% of total cell volume. It is also the primary protein and lipid synthesis factory for most cell organelles, such as the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, secretory vesicles, and the plasma membrane. Despite being the most extensive and functionally complex subcellular organelle, ER was the last to be discovered. After years of deliberation, Keith Porter and George Palade in the year 1954, produced the first high-resolution electron microscope images to affirm the presence of ER in the eukaryotic cell.
The ER membranes were identified as sites for protein synthesis and crucial for intracellular transport using radio-labeled and fluorescent-labeled amino acids. The isolation of ER is a tricky task as it forms an intricate mesh with other subcellular organelles. However, on cell homogenization, the disrupted ER membranes reseal into small closed vesicles called microsomes. These vesicles form a microsystem capable of sustaining all ER-related functions like protein and lipid synthesis, calcium signaling, and glycosylation. Subcellular fractionation is the best and often-used technique for the purification of these membranes. When separating using a sucrose gradient, the rough ER microsomes sediments at a higher density than smooth ER microsomes.
The ER network in a cell is dynamic. It is constantly shape-shifting along with the cytoskeleton to bolster mechanical support for the cell structure. Despite the distinct cisternae and tubule morphologies of the ER membrane, interconversion between the two is possible and is governed by the expression of membrane proteins. The ER network rearranges by tubule growth, retraction, and fusion of adjacent ER-ER membranes.
As mentioned above, the ER network is required for optimal overall cellular health. Disruption of ER morphology is linked to pathological conditions, including neurological disorders like Alzheimer&#39;s disease, hereditary spastic paraplegia, and viral infections like hepatitis C virus, and dengue virus.

소포체(Endoplasmic Reticulum)

The endoplasmic reticulum or ER makes up for more than half of the membranes in a cell and accounts for 10% of total cell volume. It is also the primary ...

교육

JoVE Core

Cell Biology

Unit 1

Transmembrane Transport in Endoplasmic Reticulum and Peroxisomes

주요 용어 및 개념

ER Retrieval Pathway

In the secretory pathway, vesicles transport proteins from one cellular compartment to another in forward transport to deliver the protein to its correct location. Occasionally, misfolded proteins and incorrect proteins escape their original compartments, and a retrieval pathway is used to return the escaped proteins to their original compartment.
The ER uses many checkpoints to prevent the entry of incorrectly folded or a resident protein as cargo onto a transport vesicle. These mechanisms include cargo selectivity of the receptors, aggregation of functionally similar proteins, and retention sequences on resident proteins.
Biochemical studies characterizing the cargo-sorting receptors have shown that they are ligand-specific and bind only at specific pH (pH 5.0 in yeast and mammals). Functionally similar ER-resident can proteins aggregate to form large complexes that cannot be loaded onto transport vesicles, thus avoiding the accidental escape of these proteins from the organelle. Additionally, the membrane-spanning domain of several ER and Golgi proteins contain a retention sequence that marks these proteins for staying back in the ER, so receptors do not bind them.
If an ER-resident protein escapes these checkpoints and gets loaded onto a Golgi-bound vesicle, a specific amino acid sequence called a retrieval signal helps the protein get recognized and transported back to the ER. The receptors involved in retrieval mechanisms recognize the retrieval signals at the carboxyl terminus of soluble proteins of the ER and in the cytoplasmic domain of some ER and Golgi membrane proteins. The receptors selectively capture such proteins and package them in vesicles that transport them back to the ER.
Two well-characterized retrieval signals are the carboxy-terminal tetrapeptide KDEL and KKXX found in many ER lumen resident proteins. BiP, a molecular chaperone, plays a vital role in preventing the aggregation of misfolded proteins. Interaction between BiP and unfolded proteins is mediated by a substrate-binding domain and a nucleotide-binding domain for ATPase activity. KDEL receptor in the post-ER compartments such as ERGIC and Golgi binds with the carboxyl-terminal retrieval signal of BiP and returns BiP to the ER via COPI vesicles.

응급실 회수 경로

In the secretory pathway, vesicles transport proteins from one cellular compartment to another in forward transport to deliver the protein to its correct ...

외 인 항 원 십자가-프레 젠 테이 션에의 바인딩과 그물 관련 성능 저하 막 구획의 정화

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