저자는 다음 단체를 감사 하 고 싶습니다: 국가 자연 과학 재단의 중국 (31171018, 31171355), 과학 및 기술 부의 광 (2013KJCX0054), 자연 과학 재단의 광 동성 ( 2014A030313418, 2014A030313440), 광저우 과학 및 기술 관리국 (201607010320).

동물 주택 및 모든 동물 실험 동물 관리의 국립 연구소에 의해 설립에 대 한 지침에 따라 남 중국 사범 대학에서 동물 연구에 대 한 윤리 위원회에 의해 승인 절차에 따라 실시 했다 건강.
 1. 준비의 솔루션 <ol><li>표준 인공 뇌 척추 액체의 (실제) 우리의 출판된 작업 7에서 설명 하는 표 1에 나열 된 구성 요소가 포함 된 준비 500 mL.
	신선한 실제 솔루션을 준비 하는 이온된 수로 <ol><li>사용 깨끗 한 유리 비 커. 이온된 수와 주걱을 청소 하 고 NaCl, KCl, NaH를 추가 하려면 사용 하기 전에 건조 2 포 4, NaHCO 3, MgSO 4, D-포도 당, CaCl 2 95% O 2 / 5% 솔루션 부풀어 데 후 추가 공동 2 ~ 20 분 (에 표 1)으로 500 mL 이온된 수의 혼합물. 완전히 녹아 때까지 저 어.</li>
		<li>확인은 실제는 완전 하 게 어떤 강 수 없이 취소 합니다. PH 7.2-7.4로 조정 합니다. 95% O 2와 5% CO 2 ~ 20 분에 대 한 가스 혼합물으로 거품</li>
	</ol></li> <li>슬라이스 절단 솔루션 포함 하는 표 2에 설명 된 화학 7의 250 mL를 준비.
	<ol><li>KCl, MgCl 2, NaH 2 포 4, NaHCO 3, choline·Cl, D-포도 당을 추가 하 고 1.1.1, 이온된 물 250 mL에에서 표시 된 마지막 CaCl 2를 추가 하 고 1.1.1와 1.1.2에 설명 된 대로 분해.</li>
		<li>후 버블링 95% O 2 / 5% CO 2, 배치 솔루션 15-20 분 동안 냉장고에서 절단 솔루션은 차가운 하 고 부분적으로 냉동. 
		참고: 우리가 사용 하 여이 절단 솔루션 1-2 달에서 분할 영역을 만들 때-오래 된 쥐; 수식을 마우스 2 개월 이상에 대 한 다를 수 있습니다.</li>
		<li>살 균도 무료 isotonic 식 염 수에 용 해 하 여 준비 LPS 솔루션 (0.9 %NaCl). LPS는 intraperitoneally 관리 (0.5 mg/kg) 2 h 나중 녹음 시작.</li>
	</ol></li></ol> 2. 전 두 엽 피 질 조각의 준비 <ol><li>절단 솔루션 냉동 실에서 하 고 있는 비 자금을 얻기 위해 균질. 얼음에 솔루션을 놓고 거품 지속적으로 95% O 2 / 5% CO 2.</li>
	<li>크고, 날카로운가 위를 사용 하 여 신속 하 게 설명 9 마우스를 목을 벨 고 즉시 머리 가득한 비 커에 얼음 (0-4 ° C) 절단 솔루션.</li>
	<li>좋은 위 코 꼬리 방향으로 중간 선 따라 두개골의 상단을 잘라 고 측면 두개골 부분을 제거. 얼음 처럼 차가운 절단 솔루션으로 잘 주걱와 드롭 뇌 제거. 
	주: 단계 2.2-2.3 빠르게 수행 되어야 합니다 (이상적으로 &#60; 1 분).</li>
	<li>얼음으로 채워진 9 cm 배양 접시의 뚜껑에는 두뇌를 놓습니다. 린스 차가운 절단 솔루션 두뇌. 소 뇌 및 후 각 전구는 면도날으로 잘라.</li>
	<li>적용 cyanoacrylate 접착제는 견본에는 vibratome의 홀더. 조심 스럽게 뇌 블록에 접착제, rostral 쪽, 방울 놓고 즉시 얼음 절단 솔루션에 몰입할.</li>
	<li>수평 비행기에 관하여 15 °의 각도를 vibratome의 블레이드 홀더를 조정 하 고 준비 350 µ m 코로나 뇌 조각 (블레이드 진동 주파수 = 85 Hz, 속도 = 0.1 m m/s).</li>
	<li>95% O 2 / 5% 상수 버블링 (RT)에 1 시간에 대 한 품 어 전송 복구 챔버로 조각을 가득 실제, 한 피 펫을 사용 하 여, CO 2.</li>
</ol> 3. 전체 셀 패치 녹음 <ol><li>확인 유리 붕 규 산 micropipettes에 대 한 기록 전극으로 사용 하거나 끌어당기는 작동 설명서에는 특정 지침에 따라 micropipettes 퍼프. 전극, 기록에 대 한 팁 저항 범위 4-6 M에에서는 &#8486;, 퍼프 micropipettes 있는 팁 직경 범위 2-5 µ m.</li>
	<li>블록 빠른 Na + 채널을 따라서 실제를 활동 전위 나 + 채널 차단 (TTX, 1 µ M)를 추가 하 고 챔버로 연동 펌프에 의해 녹음 실에서 2-3 mL/min이 솔루션의 일정 유량을 유지 그리고 그것의 포부입니다. 거품 실제 95% O 2 / 5% CO 2 조각의 생존 능력을 보장 하기 위해 지속적으로.</li>
	<li>그 좋은 팁 조각 크기에 맞게 잘라 했다 수정 된 파스퇴르 피 펫을 사용 하 여 녹음 실로 두뇌 슬라이스를 전송 합니다. 백 금 조각 앵커와 슬라이스 병렬 나일론 스레드 간격 커버 &#8805; 플랫폼에는 슬라이스를 2mm 떨어져.</li>
	<li>내부 솔루션 7 (표 3), 녹음 micropipette 작성 및 10 µ M, 50 µ M, 100 µ M (실제에 녹아 있는), 또는 차량 제어로 실제에서 GABA와 퍼프 micropipettes를 작성.</li>
	<li>파편과 막힘을 방지 하기 위해 가벼운 긍정적인 압력에는 실제 기록 전극 immersing 전에 1 mL 주사기를 사용 하 여 적용 됩니다. 팁 ( 그림 1 A) 모니터에 비디오 이미지의 중심에 표시 되도록 기록 전극과 퍼프 micropipette 위치 micromanipulator (4 x 렌즈), 현미경을 사용 하 여.</li>
	<li>퍼프 micropipette 점차 줄이면서 현미경 초점 (40 x 렌즈)를 조정 하 고 45 °의 각도에서 녹음 신경 위에 그것을 배치. 퍼프 micropipette의 끝 및 20-40 µ m ( 그림 1 B) 기록 하는 뉴런 사이의 거리를 유지. 천천히, 그리고 신중 하 게 접근 기록 전극과 신경 하 고 긍정적인 압력 다음 놓습니다. 전극 홀더 기가 옴 씰을 만들에 연결 하는 튜브를 통해 약하고 짧은 흡입 적용.</li>
	<li>유지 0 전압 mV입니다. 기가 옴 씰의 형성, 후 빠른 보상 하 고 수동 또는 자동으로 커패시턴스를 속도. 그런 다음 전체 셀 모드에 들어가 위에서 언급 한 튜브를 통해 짧고 강한 흡입을 적용.</li>
	<li>전압 클램프에 기록 eIPSC 모드입니다. 퍼프 micropipette 퍼프 ( 그림 2) 단일 또는 짝 GABA를 제공 하는 마스터 8 전압 단계 발전기에 의해 제어 하는 Picospritzer를 사용 하 여 낮은 가스 압력 (질소, 4-6 psi) 적용.</li>
	<li>최고의 eIPSC 결과 ( 그림 3) 우울증 LPS 유발 모델 ( 그림 4)에서 eIPSC를 측정 하는 퍼프 기간 변경.</li>
</ol>

<ol>
	<li>Neher, E., Sakmann, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Single-channel+currents+recorded+from+membrane+of+denervated+frog+muscle+fibres.">Single-channel currents recorded from membrane of denervated frog muscle fibres.</a> Nature. 260 (5554), 799-802 (1976).</li><li>Sakmann, B., Edwards, F., Konnerth, A., Takahashi, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Patch+clamp+techniques+used+for+studying+synaptic+transmission+in+slices+of+mammalian+brain.">Patch clamp techniques used for studying synaptic transmission in slices of mammalian brain.</a> Q J Exp Physiol. 74 (7), 1107-1118 (1989).</li><li>Eyo, U. B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neuronal+hyperactivity+recruits+microglial+processes+via+neuronal+NMDA+receptors+and+microglial+P2Y12+receptors+after+status+epilepticus.">Neuronal hyperactivity recruits microglial processes via neuronal NMDA receptors and microglial P2Y12 receptors after status epilepticus.</a> J Neurosci. 34 (32), 10528-10540 (2014).</li><li>Dickinson, G. D., Parker, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Factors+determining+the+recruitment+of+inositol+trisphosphate+receptor+channels+during+calcium+puffs.">Factors determining the recruitment of inositol trisphosphate receptor channels during calcium puffs.</a> Biophys J. 105 (11), 2474-2484 (2013).</li><li>Lee, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Columnar+distribution+of+activity+dependent+gabaergic+depolarization+in+sensorimotor+cortical+neurons.">Columnar distribution of activity dependent gabaergic depolarization in sensorimotor cortical neurons.</a> Mol Brain. 5, 33 (2012).</li><li>Glykys, J., Mody, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+main+source+of+ambient+GABA+responsible+for+tonic+inhibition+in+the+mouse+hippocampus.">The main source of ambient GABA responsible for tonic inhibition in the mouse hippocampus.</a> J Physiol. 582, 1163-1178 (2007).</li><li>Chen, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=APP+modulates+KCC2+expression+and+function+in+hippocampal+GABAergic+inhibition.">APP modulates KCC2 expression and function in hippocampal GABAergic inhibition.</a> Elife. 6, (2017).</li><li>Dunn, A. J., Swiergiel, A. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+interleukin-1+and+endotoxin+in+the+forced+swim+and+tail+suspension+tests+in+mice.">Effects of interleukin-1 and endotoxin in the forced swim and tail suspension tests in mice.</a> Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 81 (3), 688-693 (2005).</li><li>Engel, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Subcellular+Patch-clamp+Recordings+from+the+Somatodendritic+Domain+of+Nigral+Dopamine+Neurons.">Subcellular Patch-clamp Recordings from the Somatodendritic Domain of Nigral Dopamine Neurons.</a> J Vis Exp. (117), (2016).</li><li>Wondolowski, J., Frerking, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Subunit-dependent+postsynaptic+expression+of+kainate+receptors+on+hippocampal+interneurons+in+area+CA1.">Subunit-dependent postsynaptic expression of kainate receptors on hippocampal interneurons in area CA1.</a> J Neurosci. 29 (2), 563-574 (2009).</li><li>Yang, L., Wang, Z., Wang, B., Justice, N. J., Zheng, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Amyloid+precursor+protein+regulates+Cav1.2+L-type+calcium+channel+levels+and+function+to+influence+GABAergic+short-term+plasticity.">Amyloid precursor protein regulates Cav1.2 L-type calcium channel levels and function to influence GABAergic short-term plasticity.</a> J Neurosci. 29 (50), 15660-15668 (2009).</li><li>Huo, Q., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Prefrontal+Cortical+GABAergic+Dysfunction+Contributes+to+Aberrant+UP-State+Duration+in+APP+Knockout+Mice.">Prefrontal Cortical GABAergic Dysfunction Contributes to Aberrant UP-State Duration in APP Knockout Mice.</a> Cereb Cortex. , (2016).</li><li>Zhou, W. L., Gao, X. B., Picciotto, M. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Acetylcholine+Acts+through+Nicotinic+Receptors+to+Enhance+the+Firing+Rate+of+a+Subset+of+Hypocretin+Neurons+in+the+Mouse+Hypothalamus+through+Distinct+Presynaptic+and+Postsynaptic+Mechanisms.">Acetylcholine Acts through Nicotinic Receptors to Enhance the Firing Rate of a Subset of Hypocretin Neurons in the Mouse Hypothalamus through Distinct Presynaptic and Postsynaptic Mechanisms.</a> eNeuro. 2 (1), (2015).</li></ol>

저자는 공개 없다.

퍼프 응용 프로그램은 널리 postsynaptic 수용 체 기능3,,47, 평가 하는 데 사용 됩니다 하지만 각 실험에 정확한 컨트롤을 요구 한다. 여기에 나온 전 두 엽 피 질 뇌 조각에서 Ipsc (즉, eIPSCs)을 유도 하는 GABA 퍼프 전체 셀 패치 클램핑 관련 절차를 설명 합니다. 기록 전극의 저항은 약 5 m ω, 퍼프 micropipettes의 팁 직경에 대해 2-5 µ m. ?...

패치 클램프 기술, 뉴런의 전기 신호를 조사 하기 위한 기본 도구는 1970 년대1,2에서 개발 되었다. 이 기술의 주요 장점은 어떻게 특정 치료에 지식을 제공 한다는 것입니다 (예를 들어, 약리) 신경 기능 또는 실시간으로3채널을 변경할 수 있습니다. 전체 셀 두뇌 조각에서 녹음 하는 동안 신경 기능 약리학 평가 기록 되 고 신경에 촉진제 또는 특정 수용 체의 길 항 제와 같은 약물의 응용 프로그램을 필요 합니다. 이 메서드는4신경 생리 적 및 병 적인 속성을 더 잘 이해 하는 특정 약물의 응용 프로그램에 따라 발생 하는 신경 변경 식별 수 있습니다. 약리학 관리 중 관류5 또는 퍼프6을 통해 수행할 수 있습니다, 비록 후자의 우수한 기술입니다. 특히: (i) 응용 프로그램을 빠르게 퍼프 증가 약물 농도 수준으로 기록 된 신경 주위를 막 수용 체의 탈 감 작 예방; (ii) 부풀어 약물의 볼륨이 매우 낮은, 따라서 뇌 조각;에 관리 화학 물질의 어떤 바람직하지 않은 효과 감소 시키는 목욕 솔루션에는 효과가 거의 되도록 (iii) 퍼프 프로토콜 수 설정 하 고 저장, 실험을 매우 정확 하 게 재현할 수; 만들기 (iv) 퍼프 응용 촉진제/길 항 근, 특히 어디 이러한 시 약 인지 비싼 얻기 어려운의 경제적인 사용을 나타냅니다.
여기, 우리는 심하게 준비 뇌 조각, 상대적으로 잘 보존 된 두뇌 회로의 장점이 준비에에서 GABA를 피에 의해 유도 된 전체 셀 전류 기록에 집중할 것 이다. 우리가 퍼프 유발 억제 전류7 을 수행 하는 방법이 문서에서 설명 합니다. 세 슘 (Cs+)를 사용 하 여-기반 내부 솔루션, 그리고 0에서 신경 세포를 들고 mV, GABA-퍼프 갖는 소개 합니다 적절 한 기술적 세부 사항 가진 금지 postsynaptic 전류 (eIPSCs). 우리는 eIPSC 보여 lipopolysaccharide (LPS) 주입8에 의해 유도 된 우울증의 마우스 모델을 사용 하 여 GABA 퍼프에 의해 갖는 진폭 차량 컨트롤에 비해 LPS-주입 마우스의 조각에 상당히 절감 됩니다. 우리의 의도이 문서가 어떻게 퍼프 기술 두뇌 조각에서 신경 활동에 어떤 화학 물질, 화합물 또는 약의 효과 평가 하기 위한 연구에 널리 적용 되는 표시 한다.

<table style="border-collapse:collapse;width:665pt" width="887">
	<colgroup>
		<col style="width:161pt" width="214" />
		<col style="width:140pt" width="187" />
		<col style="width:155pt" width="206" />
		<col style="width:210pt" width="280" />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="40" style="height:30.0pt">
			<td class="xl20" height="40" style="width:161pt;height:30.0pt" width="214">Glass Borosilicate micropipettes</td>
			<td class="xl20" style="width:140pt" width="187">Shutter Instruments</td>
			<td class="xl20" style="width:155pt" width="206">BF150-86-10</td>
			<td class="xl18" style="width:210pt" width="280">1.50 mm outer diameter; 0.86 mm inner diameter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40" style="height:30.0pt">
			<td class="xl20" height="40" style="width:161pt;height:30.0pt" width="214">Micropipette Puller</td>
			<td class="xl20" style="width:140pt" width="187">Shutter Instruments</td>
			<td class="xl20" style="width:155pt" width="206">MODEL P-97&#160;</td>
			<td class="xl18" style="width:210pt" width="280">Flaming/Brow Micropipette Puller</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40" style="height:30.0pt">
			<td class="xl20" height="40" style="width:161pt;height:30.0pt" width="214">Micromanipulators</td>
			<td class="xl20" style="width:140pt" width="187">Shutter Instruments</td>
			<td class="xl20" style="width:155pt" width="206">MP-285</td>
			<td class="xl18" style="width:210pt" width="280"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40" style="height:30.0pt">
			<td class="xl20" height="40" style="width:161pt;height:30.0pt" width="214">Computer controlled Amplifier&#160;&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td class="xl20" style="width:140pt" width="187">Molecular Devices</td>
			<td class="xl20" style="width:155pt" width="206">Multiclamp 700B</td>
			<td class="xl18" style="width:210pt" width="280"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40" style="height:30.0pt">
			<td class="xl20" height="40" style="width:161pt;height:30.0pt" width="214">Digital Acquisition system&#160;</td>
			<td class="xl20" style="width:140pt" width="187">Molecular Devices</td>
			<td class="xl20" style="width:155pt" width="206">Digidata 1440A</td>
			<td class="xl20" style="width:210pt" width="280"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40" style="height:30.0pt">
			<td class="xl20" height="40" style="width:161pt;height:30.0pt" width="214">Imaging Camera</td>
			<td class="xl20" style="width:140pt" width="187">Nikon&#160;</td>
			<td class="xl18" style="width:155pt" width="206">2115001</td>
			<td class="xl18" style="width:210pt" width="280">Inspection equipment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40" style="height:30.0pt">
			<td class="xl20" height="40" style="width:161pt;height:30.0pt" width="214">Microscopy&#160;</td>
			<td class="xl20" style="width:140pt" width="187">Nikon&#160;</td>
			<td class="xl20" style="width:155pt" width="206">Eclipse FN1&#160;</td>
			<td class="xl20" style="width:210pt" width="280"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40" style="height:30.0pt">
			<td class="xl20" height="40" style="width:161pt;height:30.0pt" width="214">Master 8</td>
			<td class="xl20" style="width:140pt" width="187">A.M.P.I.</td>
			<td class="xl20" style="width:155pt" width="206">Master-8 Pulse stimulator</td>
			<td class="xl18" style="width:210pt" width="280"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40" style="height:30.0pt">
			<td class="xl20" height="40" style="width:161pt;height:30.0pt" width="214">Vibratome Slicer</td>
			<td class="xl20" style="width:140pt" width="187">Leica</td>
			<td class="xl20" style="width:155pt" width="206">VT 1000S</td>
			<td class="xl18" style="width:210pt" width="280"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40" style="height:30.0pt">
			<td class="xl20" height="40" style="width:161pt;height:30.0pt" width="214">Picospritzer &#8546;</td>
			<td class="xl20" style="width:140pt" width="187">Parker Hannifin</td>
			<td class="xl20" style="width:155pt" width="206"></td>
			<td class="xl18" style="width:210pt" width="280">Pressure Systems for Ejection of 
			Picoliter Volumes in Cell Research</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40" style="height:30.0pt">
			<td class="xl20" height="40" style="width:161pt;height:30.0pt" width="214">Razor blade</td>
			<td class="xl20" style="width:140pt" width="187">Gillette</td>
			<td class="xl20" style="width:155pt" width="206">74-S</td>
			<td class="xl20" style="width:210pt" width="280">FLYING EAGLE</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40" style="height:30.0pt">
			<td class="xl20" height="40" style="width:161pt;height:30.0pt" width="214">Video monitor</td>
			<td class="xl20" style="width:140pt" width="187">Panasonic</td>
			<td class="xl20" style="width:155pt" width="206">WV-BM 1410</td>
			<td class="xl20" style="width:210pt" width="280"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40" style="height:30.0pt">
			<td class="xl18" height="40" style="width:161pt;height:30.0pt" width="214">502 Glue</td>
			<td class="xl20" style="width:140pt" width="187">Deli</td>
			<td class="xl18" style="width:155pt" width="206">7146</td>
			<td class="xl20" style="width:210pt" width="280">Cyanoacrylate Glue</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40" style="height:30.0pt">
			<td class="xl20" height="40" style="width:161pt;height:30.0pt" width="214">Peristaltic pump</td>
			<td class="xl20" style="width:140pt" width="187">Shanghai JIA PENG Corporation</td>
			<td class="xl20" style="width:155pt" width="206">BT100-1F</td>
			<td class="xl20" style="width:210pt" width="280"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40" style="height:30.0pt">
			<td class="xl20" height="40" style="width:161pt;height:30.0pt" width="214">Video Camera</td>
			<td class="xl20" style="width:140pt" width="187">Olympus America Medical</td>
			<td class="xl20" style="width:155pt" width="206">OLY-150</td>
			<td class="xl20" style="width:210pt" width="280"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40" style="height:30.0pt">
			<td class="xl18" height="40" style="width:161pt;height:30.0pt" width="214">Transfer Pipets</td>
			<td class="xl18" style="width:140pt" width="187">Biologix</td>
			<td class="xl18" style="width:155pt" width="206">30-0138A1</td>
			<td class="xl20" style="width:210pt" width="280"></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

whole-cell currents induced by puff application of gaba in brain slices

약리학 관리 전체 셀 패치 클램프 두뇌 조각에서 녹화를 할 때 주로 사용 됩니다. Electrophysiological 녹음 중 약물 응용 프로그램의 가장 좋은 방법 중 하나는 두뇌 조각에서 신경 활동에 약리 시 약의 효과 연구 하는 데 사용할 수 있습니다 퍼프 기술입니다. 퍼프 응용 프로그램의 가장 큰 장점은 그 녹음 사이트 약물 농도 증가, 따라서 방지 막 수용 체의 둔감. 퍼프 응용 프로그램의 성공적인 사용 주의 다음과 같은 요소를 포함: 약물의 농도, 퍼프 micropipette, 퍼프 micropipette 기록, 신경의 끝 및 기간 사이의 거리의 매개 변수 및 퍼프는 운전 압력 (평방 인치 당 파운드 psi). 이 문서에서는 피 감마-aminobutyric 산 (GABA) 전 두 엽 피 질 조각의 뉴런에 의해 유도 된 전체 셀 전류를 기록 하기 위한 단계별 절차를 설명 합니다. 특히, 마가, 등 다른 두뇌 지역 그리고 다른 준비, 세포 배양 등 사소한 수정 같은 절차를 적용할 수 있습니다.

퍼프 기술은 특정된 뉴런의 표면에 특정 수용 체에 약물의 효과 연구 하는 연구자를 수 있습니다. 이 문서에서는, 우리는 GABA 수용 체에 의해 중재 전류에 초점. 그림 1 에서는 퍼프와 녹음 micropipettes. 퍼프, 실제에 의해 생성 된 실제 압력의 기록 된 신경 세포에 어떤 영향을 제거 하 고 자당 퍼프 (그림 2A) 컨트롤로 ?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Whole-cell Currents Induced by Puff Application of GABA in Brain Slices at JoVE.com

Whole-cell Currents Induced by Puff Application of GABA in Brain Slices

전체 셀 전류 두뇌 분할 영역에서 GABA의 퍼프 응용 프로그램에 의해 유도 된

우리는 약리 시 약 전체 셀 패치 클램프 기록 하는 동안 관리 될 수 및 그것의 성공에 대 한 중요 한 기능의 다양 한 측면을 강조 퍼프 기술을 설명 합니다.

Pharmacological administration is commonly used when conducting whole-cell patch-clamp recording in brain slices. One of the best methods of drug ...

whole-cell-currents-induced-puff-application-gaba-brain

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

9.3K 조회수.  South China Normal University. 우리는 약리 시 약 전체 셀 패치 클램프 기록 하는 동안 관리 될 수 및 그것의 성공에 대 한 중요 한 기능의 다양 한 측면을 강조 퍼프 기술을 설명 합니다.

비디오: Whole-cell Currents Induced by Puff Application of GABA in Brain Slices

GABA-activated Single-channel and Tonic Currents in Rat Brain Slices

The GABAA channels are present in all neurons and are located both at synapses and outside of synapses where they generate phasic and tonic currents, respectively 4,5,6,7 The GABAA channel is a pentameric GABA-gated chloride channel. The channel subunits are grouped into 8 families (&alpha;1-6, &beta;1-3, &gamma;1-3, &delta;, &#949;, &theta;, &pi; and &rho;). Two alphas, two betas and one 3rd subunit form the functional channel 8. By combining studies of sub-type specific GABA-activated single-channel molecules with studies including all populations of GABAA channels in the neuron it becomes possible to understand the basic mechanism of neuronal inhibition and how it is modulated by pharmacological agents.
We use the patch-clamp technique 9,10 to study the functional properties of the GABAA channels in alive neurons in hippocampal brain slices and record the single-channel and whole-cell currents. We further examine how the channels are affected by different GABA concentrations, other drugs and intra and extracellular factors. For detailed theoretical and practical description of the patch-clamp method please see The Single-Channel Recordings edited by B Sakman and E Neher 10.

We use the patch-clamp technique to measure GABA-activated single-channel currents (GABAA channels, GABAA receptors) and the synaptic and tonic currents they generate in neurons. Activation of the channels decreases neuronal excitability in health and disease 1,2,3,4.

랫 뇌 조각의 GABA 활성화된 단일 채널 및 토닉 해류

The GABAA channels are present in all neurons and are located both at synapses and outside of synapses where they generate phasic and tonic currents, ...

연구

신경과학

Local Application of Drugs to Study Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Function in Mouse Brain Slices

Tobacco use leads to numerous health problems, including cancer, heart disease, emphysema, and stroke. Addiction to cigarette smoking is a prevalent neuropsychiatric disorder that stems from the biophysical and cellular actions of nicotine on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) throughout the central nervous system. Understanding the various nAChR subtypes that exist in brain areas relevant to nicotine addiction is a major priority.
Experiments that employ electrophysiology techniques such as whole-cell patch clamp or two-electrode voltage clamp recordings are useful for pharmacological characterization of nAChRs of interest. Cells expressing nAChRs, such as mammalian tissue culture cells or Xenopus laevis oocytes, are physically isolated and are therefore easily studied using the tools of modern pharmacology. Much progress has been made using these techniques, particularly when the target receptor was already known and ectopic expression was easily achieved. Often, however, it is necessary to study nAChRs in their native environment: in neurons within brain slices acutely harvested from laboratory mice or rats. For example, mice expressing "hypersensitive" nAChR subunits such as &alpha;4 L9&prime;A mice 1 and &alpha;6 L9&prime;S mice 2, allow for unambiguous identification of neurons based on their functional expression of a specific nAChR subunit. Although whole-cell patch clamp recordings from neurons in brain slices is routinely done by the skilled electrophysiologist, it is challenging to locally apply drugs such as acetylcholine or nicotine to the recorded cell within a brain slice. Dilution of drugs into the superfusate (bath application) is not rapidly reversible, and U-tube systems are not easily adapted to work with brain slices.
In this paper, we describe a method for rapidly applying nAChR-activating drugs to neurons recorded in adult mouse brain slices. Standard whole-cell recordings are made from neurons in slices, and a second micropipette filled with a drug of interest is maneuvered into position near the recorded cell. An injection of pressurized air or inert nitrogen into the drug-filled pipette causes a small amount of drug solution to be ejected from the pipette onto the recorded cell. Using this method, nAChR-mediated currents are able to be resolved with millisecond accuracy. Drug application times can easily be varied, and the drug-filled pipette can be retracted and replaced with a new pipette, allowing for concentration-response curves to be created for a single neuron. Although described in the context of nAChR neurobiology, this technique should be useful for studying many types of ligand-gated ion channels or receptors in neurons from brain slices.

In this paper, we describe a useful method to study ligand-gated ion channel function in neurons of acutely isolated brain slices. This method involves the use of a drug-filled micropipette for local application of drugs to neurons recorded using standard patch clamp techniques.

마우스 뇌 슬라이스의 Nicotinic 아 세티 콜린 수용체 기능을 공부하는 약물의 로컬 응용 프로그램

Tobacco use leads to numerous health problems, including cancer, heart disease, emphysema, and stroke. Addiction to cigarette smoking is a prevalent ...

Fast Micro-iontophoresis of Glutamate and GABA: A Useful Tool to Investigate Synaptic Integration

One of the fundamental interests in neuroscience is to understand the integration of excitatory and inhibitory inputs along the very complex structure of the dendritic tree, which eventually leads to neuronal output of action potentials at the axon. The influence of diverse spatial and temporal parameters of specific synaptic input on neuronal output is currently under investigation, e.g. the distance-dependent attenuation of dendritic inputs, the location-dependent interaction of spatially segregated inputs, the influence of GABAergig inhibition on excitatory integration, linear and non-linear integration modes, and many more.
With fast micro-iontophoresis of glutamate and GABA it is possible to precisely investigate the spatial and temporal integration of glutamatergic excitation and GABAergic inhibition. Critical technical requirements are either a triggered fluorescent lamp, light-emitting diode (LED), or a two-photon scanning microscope to visualize dendritic branches without introducing significant photo-damage of the tissue. Furthermore, it is very important to have a micro-iontophoresis amplifier that allows for fast capacitance compensation of high resistance pipettes. Another crucial point is that no transmitter is involuntarily released by the pipette during the experiment.
Once established, this technique will give reliable and reproducible signals with a high neurotransmitter and location specificity. Compared to glutamate and GABA uncaging, fast iontophoresis allows using both transmitters at the same time but at very distant locations without limitation to the field of view. There are also advantages compared to focal electrical stimulation of axons: with micro-iontophoresis the location of the input site is definitely known and it is sure that only the neurotransmitter of interest is released. However it has to be considered that with micro-iontophoresis only the postsynapse is activated and presynaptic aspects of neurotransmitter release are not resolved. In this article we demonstrate how to set up micro-iontophoresis in brain slice experiments.

In this article we introduce fast micro-iontophoresis of neurotransmitters as a technique to investigate integration of postsynaptic signals with high spatial and temporal precision.

글루타민산 염과 GABA의 빠른 마이크로 이온 도입 : 시냅틱 통합을 조사하는 유용한 도구

One of the fundamental interests in neuroscience is to understand the integration of excitatory and inhibitory inputs along the very complex structure of ...

Paired Whole Cell Recordings in Organotypic Hippocampal Slices

Pair recordings involve simultaneous whole cell patch clamp recordings from two synaptically connected neurons, enabling not only direct electrophysiological characterization of the synaptic connections between individual neurons, but also pharmacological manipulation of either the presynaptic or the postsynaptic neuron. When carried out in organotypic hippocampal slice cultures, the probability that two neurons are synaptically connected is significantly increased. This preparation readily enables identification of cell types, and the neurons maintain their morphology and properties of synaptic function similar to that in native brain tissue. A major advantage of paired whole cell recordings is the highly precise information it can provide on the properties of synaptic transmission and plasticity that are not possible with other more crude techniques utilizing extracellular axonal stimulation. Paired whole cell recordings are often perceived as too challenging to perform. While there are challenging aspects to this technique, paired recordings can be performed by anyone trained in whole cell patch clamping provided specific hardware and methodological criteria are followed. The probability of attaining synaptically connected paired recordings significantly increases with healthy organotypic slices and stable micromanipulation allowing independent attainment of pre- and postsynaptic whole cell recordings. While CA3-CA3 pyramidal cell pairs are most widely used in the organotypic slice hippocampal preparation, this technique has also been successful in CA3-CA1 pairs and can be adapted to any neurons that are synaptically connected in the same slice preparation. In this manuscript we provide the detailed methodology and requirements for establishing this technique in any laboratory equipped for electrophysiology.

Pair recordings are simultaneous whole cell patch clamp recordings from two synaptically connected neurons, enabling precise electrophysiological and pharmacological characterization of the synapses between individual neurons. Here we describe the detailed methodology and requirements for establishing this technique in organotypic hippocampal slice cultures in any laboratory equipped for electrophysiology.

해마의 Organotypic 조각의 쌍으로 전체 셀 녹음

Pair recordings involve simultaneous whole cell patch clamp recordings from two synaptically connected neurons, enabling not only direct ...

Ex Vivo Optogenetic Dissection of Fear Circuits in Brain Slices

Optogenetic approaches are now widely used to study the function of neural populations and circuits by combining targeted expression of light-activated proteins and subsequent manipulation of neural activity by light. Channelrhodopsins (ChRs) are light-gated cation-channels and when fused to a fluorescent protein their expression allows for visualization and concurrent activation of specific cell types and their axonal projections in defined areas of the brain. Via stereotactic injection of viral vectors, ChR fusion proteins can be constitutively or conditionally expressed in specific cells of a defined brain region, and their axonal projections can subsequently be studied anatomically and functionally via ex vivo optogenetic activation in brain slices. This is of particular importance when aiming to understand synaptic properties of connections that could not be addressed with conventional electrical stimulation approaches, or in identifying novel afferent and efferent connectivity that was previously poorly understood. Here, a few examples illustrate how this technique can be applied to investigate these questions to elucidating fear-related circuits in the amygdala. The amygdala is a key region for acquisition and expression of fear, and storage of fear and emotional memories. Many lines of evidence suggest that the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) participates in different aspects of fear acquisition and extinction, but its precise connectivity with the amygdala is just starting to be understood. First, it is shown how ex vivo optogenetic activation can be used to study aspects of synaptic communication between mPFC afferents and target cells in the basolateral amygdala (BLA). Furthermore, it is illustrated how this ex vivo optogenetic approach can be applied to assess novel connectivity patterns using a group of GABAergic neurons in the amygdala, the paracapsular intercalated cell cluster (mpITC), as an example.

Ex Vivo Optogenetic Dissection of Fear Circuits in Brain Slices

Optogenetic approaches are widely used to manipulate neural activity and assess the consequences for brain function. Here, a technique is outlined that&#160;upon in vivo expression of the optical activator Channelrhodopsin, allows for ex vivo analysis of synaptic properties of specific long range and local neural connections in fear-related circuits.

뇌 조각의 공포 회로의 예 생체 Optogenetic 해부

Optogenetic approaches are now widely used to study the function of neural populations and circuits by combining targeted expression of light-activated ...

Whole-cell Patch-clamp Recordings in Brain Slices

Whole-cell patch-clamp recording is an electrophysiological technique that allows the study of the&#160;electrical properties of a substantial part of the neuron. In this configuration, the micropipette is in tight contact with the cell membrane, which prevents current leakage and thereby provides more accurate ionic current measurements than the previously used intracellular sharp electrode recording method. Classically, whole-cell recording can be performed on neurons in various types of preparations, including cell culture models, dissociated neurons, neurons in brain slices, and in intact anesthetized or awake animals. In summary, this technique has immensely contributed to the understanding of passive and active biophysical properties of excitable cells. A major advantage of this technique is that it provides information on how specific manipulations (e.g., pharmacological, experimenter-induced plasticity) may alter specific neuronal functions or channels in real-time. Additionally, significant opening of the plasma membrane allows the internal pipette solution to freely diffuse into the cytoplasm, providing means for introducing drugs, e.g., agonists or antagonists of specific intracellular proteins, and manipulating these targets without altering their functions in neighboring cells. This article will focus on whole-cell recording performed on neurons in brain slices,&#160;a preparation that has the advantage of recording neurons in relatively well preserved brain circuits, i.e., in a physiologically relevant context. In particular,&#160;when combined with appropriate pharmacology, this technique is a powerful tool allowing identification of specific neuroadaptations that occurred following any type of experiences, such as learning, exposure to drugs of abuse, and stress. In summary, whole-cell patch-clamp recordings in brain slices provide means to measure in ex vivo preparation long-lasting changes in neuronal functions that have developed in intact awake animals.

This protocol describes basic procedural steps for performing whole-cell patch-clamp recordings. This technique allows the study of&#160;the electrical behavior of neurons, and when performed in brain slices, allows the assessment of various neuronal functions from neurons that are still integrated in relatively well preserved brain circuits.

뇌 조각에서 전체 셀 패치 클램프 녹음

Whole-cell patch-clamp recording is an electrophysiological technique that allows the study of the&#160;electrical properties of a substantial part of the ...

Application of Automated Image-guided Patch Clamp for the Study of Neurons in Brain Slices

Whole-cell patch clamp is the gold-standard method to measure the electrical properties of single cells. However, the in vitro patch clamp remains a challenging and low-throughput technique due to its complexity and high reliance on user operation and control. This manuscript demonstrates an image-guided automatic patch clamp system for in vitro whole-cell patch clamp experiments in acute brain slices. Our system implements a computer vision-based algorithm to detect fluorescently labeled cells and to target them for fully automatic patching using a micromanipulator and internal pipette pressure control. The entire process is highly automated, with minimal requirements for human intervention. Real-time experimental information, including electrical resistance and internal pipette pressure, are documented electronically for future analysis and for optimization to different cell types. Although our system is described in the context of acute brain slice recordings, it can also be applied to the automated image-guided patch clamp of dissociated neurons, organotypic slice cultures, and other non-neuronal cell types.

This protocol describes how to conduct automatic image-guided patch-clamp experiments using a system recently developed for standard in vitro electrophysiology equipment.

뇌 조각에서 뉴런 연구를위한 자동 이미지 유도 패치 클램프의 적용

Whole-cell patch clamp is the gold-standard method to measure the electrical properties of single cells. However, the in vitro patch clamp remains a ...

Evaluation of Synapse Density in Hippocampal Rodent Brain Slices

In the brain, synapses are specialized junctions between neurons, determining the strength and spread of neuronal signaling. The number of synapses is tightly regulated during development and neuronal maturation. Importantly, deficits in synapse number can lead to cognitive dysfunction. Therefore, the evaluation of synapse number is an integral part of neurobiology. However, as synapses are small and highly compact in the intact brain, the assessment of absolute number is challenging. This protocol describes a method to easily identify and evaluate synapses in hippocampal rodent slices using immunofluorescence microscopy. It includes a three-step procedure to evaluate synapses in high-quality confocal microscopy images by analyzing the co-localization of pre- and postsynaptic proteins in hippocampal slices. It also explains how the analysis is performed and gives representative examples from both excitatory and inhibitory synapses. This protocol provides a solid foundation for the analysis of synapses and can be applied to any research investigating the structure and function of the brain.

A protocol for accurately identifying and analyzing synapses in hippocampal slices using immunofluorescence is outlined in this article.

시 냅 스 밀도 Hippocampal 설치류 두뇌 분할 영역에서의 평가

In the brain, synapses are specialized junctions between neurons, determining the strength and spread of neuronal signaling. The number of synapses is ...

Preparations and Protocols for Whole Cell Patch Clamp Recording of Xenopus laevis Tectal Neurons

The Xenopus tadpole retinotectal circuit, comprised of the retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in the eye which form synapses directly onto neurons in the optic tectum, is a popular model to study how neural circuits self-assemble. The ability to carry out whole cell patch clamp recordings from tectal neurons and to record RGC-evoked responses, either in vivo or using a whole brain preparation, has generated a large body of high-resolution data about the mechanisms underlying normal, and abnormal, circuit formation and function. Here we describe how to perform the in vivo preparation, the original whole brain preparation, and a more recently developed horizontal brain slice preparation for obtaining whole cell patch clamp recordings from tectal neurons. Each preparation has unique experimental advantages. The in vivo preparation enables the recording of the direct response of tectal neurons to visual stimuli projected onto the eye. The whole brain preparation allows for the RGC axons to be activated in a highly controlled manner, and the horizontal brain slice preparation allows recording from across all layers of the tectum.

Preparations and Protocols for Whole Cell Patch Clamp Recording of Xenopus laevis Tectal Neurons

In this paper, we discuss three brain preparations used for whole cell patch clamp recording to study the retinotectal circuit of Xenopus laevis tadpoles. Each preparation, with its own specific advantages, contributes to the experimental tractability of the Xenopus tadpole as a model to study neural circuit function.

준비 및 Xenopus laevis Tectal 신경의 전체 셀 패치 클램프 기록에 대 한 프로토콜

The Xenopus tadpole retinotectal circuit, comprised of the retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in the eye which form synapses directly onto neurons in the optic ...

Preparation of Acute Spinal Cord Slices for Whole-cell Patch-clamp Recording in Substantia Gelatinosa Neurons

Recent whole-cell patch-clamp studies from substantia gelatinosa (SG) neurons have provided a large body of information about the spinal mechanisms underlying sensory transmission, nociceptive regulation, and chronic pain or itch development. Implementations of electrophysiological recordings together with morphological studies based on the utility of acute spinal cord slices have further improved our understanding of neuronal properties and the composition of local circuitry in SG. Here, we present a detailed and practical guide for the preparation of spinal cord slices and show representative whole-cell recording and morphological results. This protocol permits ideal neuronal preservation and can mimic in vivo conditions to a certain extent. In summary, the ability to obtain an in vitro preparation of spinal cord slices enables stable current- and voltage-clamp recordings and could thus facilitate detailed investigations into the intrinsic membrane properties, local circuitry and neuronal structure using diverse experimental approaches.

Here, we describe the essential steps for whole-cell patch-clamp recordings made from substantia gelatinosa (SG) neurons in the in vitro spinal cord slice. This method allows the intrinsic membrane properties, synaptic transmission and morphological characterization of SG neurons to be studied.

급성 척수 조각 Substantia Gelatinosa 신경에 있는 전체 셀 패치 클램프 기록에 대 한 준비

Recent whole-cell patch-clamp studies from substantia gelatinosa (SG) neurons have provided a large body of information about the spinal mechanisms ...