우리는 마 지 못해이 일을 지원 하기 위한 한스 울 리 히 Zeilhofer를 감사 합니다. 헨드릭 Wildner 올가 Mayenfisch 재단에 의해 지원 되었다. 우리는 Lmx1b 항 체에 대 한 카르멘 Birchmeier 감사합니다.

<ol>
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J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neuronal+circuitry+for+pain+processing+in+the+dorsal+horn.">Neuronal circuitry for pain processing in the dorsal horn.</a> Nat Rev Neurosci. 11 (12), 823-836 (2010).</li><li>Sandkuhler, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Models+and+mechanisms+of+hyperalgesia+and+allodynia.">Models and mechanisms of hyperalgesia and allodynia.</a> Physiol Rev. 89 (2), 707-758 (2009).</li><li>Zeilhofer, H. U., Wildner, H., Yevenes, G. 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E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Cellular+and+Synaptic+Architecture+of+the+Mechanosensory+Dorsal+Horn.">The Cellular and Synaptic Architecture of the Mechanosensory Dorsal Horn.</a> Cell. 168 (1-2), 295-310 (2017).</li><li>Wildner, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genome-wide+expression+analysis+of+Ptf1a-+and+Ascl1-deficient+mice+reveals+new+markers+for+distinct+dorsal+horn+interneuron+populations+contributing+to+nociceptive+reflex+plasticity.">Genome-wide expression analysis of Ptf1a- and Ascl1-deficient mice reveals new markers for distinct dorsal horn interneuron populations contributing to nociceptive reflex plasticity.</a> J Neurosci. 33 (17), 7299-7307 (2013).</li><li>Inquimbert, P., Moll, M., Kohno, T., Scholz, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stereotaxic+injection+of+a+viral+vector+for+conditional+gene+manipulation+in+the+mouse+spinal+cord.">Stereotaxic injection of a viral vector for conditional gene manipulation in the mouse spinal cord.</a> J Vis Exp. (73), e50313 (2013).</li><li>Kohro, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+new+minimally-invasive+method+for+microinjection+into+the+mouse+spinal+dorsal+horn.">A new minimally-invasive method for microinjection into the mouse spinal dorsal horn.</a> Sci Rep. 5, 14306 (2015).</li><li>Bourane, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gate+control+of+mechanical+itch+by+a+subpopulation+of+spinal+cord+interneurons.">Gate control of mechanical itch by a subpopulation of spinal cord interneurons.</a> Science. 350 (6260), 550-554 (2015).</li><li>Bourane, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+of+a+spinal+circuit+for+light+touch+and+fine+motor+control.">Identification of a spinal circuit for light touch and fine motor control.</a> Cell. 160 (3), 503-515 (2015).</li><li>Duan, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+of+spinal+circuits+transmitting+and+gating+mechanical+pain.">Identification of spinal circuits transmitting and gating mechanical pain.</a> Cell. 159 (6), 1417-1432 (2014).</li><li>Gutierrez-Mecinas, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Preprotachykinin+A+is+expressed+by+a+distinct+population+of+excitatory+neurons+in+the+mouse+superficial+spinal+dorsal+horn+including+cells+that+respond+to+noxious+and+pruritic+stimuli.">Preprotachykinin A is expressed by a distinct population of excitatory neurons in the mouse superficial spinal dorsal horn including cells that respond to noxious and pruritic stimuli.</a> Pain. 158 (3), 440-456 (2017).</li><li>Awatramani, R., Soriano, P., Rodriguez, C., Mai, J. J., Dymecki, S. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cryptic+boundaries+in+roof+plate+and+choroid+plexus+identified+by+intersectional+gene+activation.">Cryptic boundaries in roof plate and choroid plexus identified by intersectional gene activation.</a> Nat Genet. 35 (1), 70-75 (2003).</li><li>Kim, J. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Linking+genetically+defined+neurons+to+behavior+through+a+broadly+applicable+silencing+allele.">Linking genetically defined neurons to behavior through a broadly applicable silencing allele.</a> Neuron. 63 (3), 305-315 (2009).</li><li>Kim, J. C., Dymecki, S. 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저자는 공개 없다.

Intraspinal 주입 AAVs의 강력한 기술 연구 실험실에서 척추 세포 높은 시간적 및 공간 솔루션의 분석을 사용 될 수 있습니다. 이 프로토콜에는 세 가지 주요 척추 세그먼트는 hindlimb 그들의 주변 축 삭을 확장 하는 감각 뉴런에 의해 innervated 변환 수 있습니다. 3 개의 세그먼트를 시험 강력 하 고 재현할 수 행동 데이터를 생성 합니다. 그것은 또한 하나의 intraspinal 주입 후 가능한 보다 큰 감각 영역의 테...

등 쪽 척수 주변 신체와 뇌 사이의 정보 교환을 위해 근본적 이다. 열, 감기, 같은 감각 자극, 만지거나 유해 자극 척수의 등 쪽 뿔의 신경 세포에이 정보를 전달 전문된 주변 신경에 의해 감지 됩니다. 여기, 억제 및 흥분 성의 수의 복잡 한 네트워크 변조 하 고 결국 척추 프로젝션 뉴런 supraspinal 통해 릴레이 감각 정보 사이트1,2. 척추에 의해 실시 계산 인터-프로젝션 뉴런 감각 정보, 정보 억제 또는 릴레이 강도에 따라서 결정 문 및. 변화 억제와 흥분, 밸런스 변경된 등 감각 자극의 통합에 과민 증 또는 용어인 (일반적으로 비-고통 스러운 자극 후 고통 스러운 감각) 등 감각 장애를 일으킬 수 있습니다. 이러한 변화는 다양 한 만성 통증의 근본 원인을 상태3,4수 생각 된다. 따라서, 척추 회로 감각 처리에 높은 중요성의 따라서 생물체의 환경 및 자기 인식. 최근 출현 및 분자, 유전자의 조합 및 유전으로 확인 된 척추 신경 부분 모집단의 정확한 조작 하도록 하는 수술 기법, 과학자 들은 이제 이해 하기 시작 기본 척추 회로 고유 감각 modalities의 처리를 담당 합니다.
야생-타입 또는 유전자 변형 쥐에 rAAV의 intraspinal 주입 크게 기여한 조작, 분석, 및 척추 신경5,6,7, 의 특정 하위 집합의 기능 이해 8 , 9 , 10 , 11.이 기술은 마커 단백질의 배달을 허용 (GFP 등 / GFP 융해 단백질), 기자 단백질 (예: GCaMP), 또는 effector 단백질 (예: 세균 독 소, channelrhodopsin, 또는 pharmacogenetic 수용 체)는 공간 척추 신경에 제한 된 방식 으로입니다. Cre recombinase 척추 신경의 특정 하위 집합에서을 표현 하는 유전자 변형 쥐로 Cre 종속 rAAVs의 로컬 주입 각각 신경 인구의 특정 분석을 허용 한다. 우리는 라벨, ablate, 억제 또는 척추 glycinergic 뉴런을 보여주는 그들은 척추 게이트 통증 제어의 필수적인 부분입니다 및 전송7을 렵 게 활성화에이 기술을 채용 했습니다. 이 실험에서 intraspinal 주입 Cre 종속 rAAV GlyT2::Cre 쥐 요 추 척수 신경 세포 glycinergic의 선택적 조작 사용할 수 있습니다. 따라서, glycinergic 신경 동물의 생존에 대 한 중요 한 포함 하는 supraspinal 회로의 동시 조작 피할 수 있습니다.
RAAVs의 intraspinal 주사 주입의 사이트에 감염 제한, 하는 동안 로컬 뉴런에서 뿐만 아니라 axonal 예측을 통해 사출 사이트에 연결 하는 신경 세포에 바이러스 성 변환 발생할 수 있습니다. 후자는 자주 사용 한다 특정 핵은 뇌에서 신경 입력을 제공 하는 추적 CNS 영역에. 그러나 Axonal 예측의 감염,, 수도 있습니다 혼동 요인의 정의 된 인구는 특정 사이트에서 공부 한다. 이러한 문제를 해결 하기 위해 우리가 최근에 AAV serotypes serotypes 및 발기인 최소화 또는 최대화 역행 변환 하는 데 사용할 수 있는 식별 식 카세트의 포괄적인 분석을 실시 했습니다. 척추 회로에서이 특정 연구의 맥락에서 우리 retrogradely transduce 지 루트 신경 절 (DRG), rostral ventromedial 모 수 (호), 및 somatosensory 피 질 뉴런에 다른 serotypes 및 발기인의 능력 분석 12.이 프로토콜에서 설명 하는 기술을 사용할 수 있습니다 따라서 척추 신경 주사 사이트에서 분석 하거나 투영 신경 척수의 삽입 된 사이트에 입력을 제공 하는 분석. 여기에 설명 된 프로토콜에서 요 추 척수의 왼쪽에 rAAV의 3 개의 주사 3 허리 세그먼트 (L3-L5)에서 뉴런의 변환 수 있도록 수행 됩니다. L3-L5 세그먼트는 사출 사이트에 hindlimb 동측에서 감각 입력의 대부분을 받습니다. 시연 L3-L5 유전자 레이블이 뉴런의 기능 조작 이다 강력한 행동 변화를 연상 하기에 충분 따라서 유전자 레이블이 신경 하위의 회로 기능에 대 한 기능 증거를 제공 합니다.

<table><tbody><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Equipment&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>micropipette puller: DMZ-Universal-Electrode-Puller</td><td>Zeitz</td><td>NA</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>anesthesia unit: Oxymat3 oxygen concentrator</td><td>Weinmann</td><td>NA</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>anesthesia unit: VIP 3000 Veterinary Vaporizer</td><td>Midmark</td><td>NA</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Heat mat: Mio Star Thermocare 100</td><td>Migros</td><td>717614700000</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Electric shaver</td><td>Philips</td><td>BT9290</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>surgical microscope (OPMI pico)</td><td>Zeiss</td><td>NA</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Small animal stereotaxic apparatus</td><td>Kopf</td><td>NA</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Neurostar StereoDrive (optional)</td><td>Neurostar</td><td>NA</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Model 51690 Cunningham mouse spinal adaptor</td><td>Harvard Apparatus</td><td>72-4811</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PHD Ultra syringe pump with nanomite</td><td>Harvard Apparatus</td><td>70-3601</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Hamilton 701 RN 10 &amp;mu;l glass microliter syringe</td><td>Hamilton</td><td>7635-01</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Hamilton Removable needle (RN) compression fitting 1 mm</td><td>Hamilton</td><td>55750-01</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>fine dentistry drilling apparatus: Osada success 40</td><td>Osada</td><td>OS-40</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>spherical cutter, 0.5mm</td><td>Busch</td><td>12001005B</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>electronic von Frey anesthesiometer</td><td>IITC</td><td>23905</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>flexible von Frey hairs</td><td>IITC</td><td>#7</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>LSM710 Pascal confocal microscope</td><td>Zeiss</td><td>NA</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>0.8 NA &amp;times; 20 Plan-apochromat objective</td><td>Zeiss</td><td>NA</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>1.3 NA &amp;times; 40 EC Plan-Neofluar oil-immersion objective</td><td>Zeiss</td><td>NA</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Name&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Company&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Catalog Number&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Comments&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Surgical Tools&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Scalpel Handle #4, 13cm</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>10004-13</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Extra Fine Bonn Scissors</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>14084-08</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Adson forceps, 1 x 2 teeth, 12 cm</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>11027-12</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Friedman-Pearson rongeurs, curved, 0.7 mm cup</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>16121-14</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dumont #2 laminectomy forceps</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>11223-20</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Olsen-Hegar needle holders, serrated, 8.5 mm clamp length</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>12002-12</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fine forceps #5</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>11254-20</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Name&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Company&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Catalog Number&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Comments&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Consumables and Chemicals&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Thin-wall glass capillary, 1mm outside diameter</td><td>World Precision Instruments</td><td>TW 100-3</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Syringes (1, 5 and 20 ml)</td><td>B. Braun</td><td>(9166917V, 4606051V, 4606205V)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>26G beveled needle</td><td>B. Braun</td><td>4665457</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sterile scalpel blades</td><td>B. Braun</td><td>BB523</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Surgical sutures Safil Quick+ 4/0, absorbable</td><td>B. Braun</td><td>C1046220</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Surgical sutures Premilene 5/0, non-absorbable</td><td>B. Braun</td><td>C0932191</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sterile PBS or saline (0.9%)</td><td></td><td>NA</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ethanol, 70% (disinfectant)</td><td></td><td>NA</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Iodine solution (e.g. Braunol)</td><td>B. Braun</td><td>18380</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Anaesthetics (e.g. Attane isoflurane)</td><td>Provet</td><td>2222</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Aldasorber</td><td>Provet</td><td>333526</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>analgesics (e.g. buprenorphine: temgesic)</td><td>Indivior</td><td>GTIN: 7680419310018</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ophthalmic ointment (e.g. vita-pos)</td><td>Pharma medica</td><td>GTIN: 4031626710635</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cotton swabs (e.g. from)</td><td>IVF Hartmann</td><td>1628100</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Facial tissues (e.g. from)</td><td>Uehlinger AG</td><td>2015.10018</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Superfrost plus microscope slides</td><td>ThermoScientific</td><td>J1800AMNZ</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Name&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Company&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Catalog Number&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Comments&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Mice&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>C57BL/6J mice (wildtype)</td><td>The Jackson Laboratory</td><td>RRID:IMSR_JAX:000664</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Rorbtm1.1(cre)Hze/J mice (ROR&amp;beta;Cre)</td><td>The Jackson Laboratory</td><td>RRID:IMSR_JAX:023526</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Gt(ROSA)26Sortm14(CAG-tdTomato)Hze/J mice (R26Tom)</td><td>The Jackson Laboratory</td><td>RRID: IMSR_JAX:007914</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Name&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Company&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Catalog Number&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Comments&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Viral vectors&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>AAV1.CB7.CI.eGFP.WPRE.rBG (AAV1.CAG.eGFP)</td><td>Penn Vector Core</td><td>AV-1-PV1963</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>AAV1.CAG.flex.eGFP.WPRE.bGH (AAV1.CAG.flex.eGFP)</td><td>Penn Vector Core</td><td>AV-1-ALL854</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>AAV1.CAG.flex.tdTomato.WPRE&lt;br /&gt;.bGH (AAV1.CAG.flex.tdTomato)</td><td>Penn Vector Core</td><td>AV-1-ALL864</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>AAV1.EF1a.flex.DTA.hGH (AAV1.EF1a.flex.DTA)</td><td>Penn Vector Core</td><td>Custom production</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>AAV1.hSyn.DIO.hM3D(Gq)-mCherry.hGH (AAV.flex.hM3D(Gi))</td><td>Penn Vector Core</td><td>Custom production</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Name&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Company&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Catalog Number&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Comments&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Plasmids&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>pAAV.hSyn.flex.hM3D(Gq)-mCherry</td><td>Addgene</td><td>44361</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>pAAV.EF1&amp;alpha;.flex.hChR2(H134R)-eYFP</td><td>Addgene</td><td>20298</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Name&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Company&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Catalog Number&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Comments&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Bacteria&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MDS42</td><td>ScarabGenomics</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Stbl3</td><td>ThermoScientific</td><td>C737303</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Name&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Company&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Catalog Number&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Comments&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Reagents&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>EndoFree Plasmid Maxi Kit</td><td>Quiagen</td><td>12362</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>NucleoBond PC 500</td><td>Machery &amp;amp; Nagel</td><td>740574</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>clozapine-N-oxide (CNO)</td><td>Enzo Life Sciences</td><td>BBL-NS105-0025</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>chloroquine diphosphate salt</td><td>Sigma</td><td>C6628</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>histamine</td><td>Sigma</td><td>H7125</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dapi</td><td>Invitrogen</td><td>D3571</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Name&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Company&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Catalog Number&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Comments&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Antibodies (dilution)&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Rabbit anti-GFP (1:1000)</td><td>Molecular Probes</td><td>RRID:AB_221570</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Rabbit anti-NeuN (1:3000)</td><td>Abcam</td><td>RRID:AB_10711153</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Goat anti-Pax2 (1 : 200)</td><td>R &amp;amp; D Systems</td><td>RRID:AB_10889828</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Guinea pig anti-Lmx1b (1 : 10 000)</td><td>Dr Carmen Birchmeier</td><td>Muller et al. 2002</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Rabbit anti-GFAP (1 : 1000)</td><td>DakoCytomation</td><td>RRID:AB_10013382</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Secondary antibodies raised in donkey (1:800)</td><td>Jackson ImmunoResearch Laboratories</td><td>NA</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

adeno-associated virus-mediated transgene expression in genetically defined neurons of the spinal cord

척추 신경 부분 모집단의 선택적 조작 주로 두 가지 방법으로 달성 되었다: 1) Intersectional 유전학, 그것에 의하여 이중 또는 삼중 유전자 변형 쥐 기자 또는 이펙터의 선택적 식 달성 하기 위해 생성 됩니다 원하는 척추 인구에서 유전자 (예를 들어, Rosa26 소재 시에서). Cre 종속 재조합 형 adeno 관련 바이러스 (rAAV); 2) intraspinal 주입 여기 선택의 기자 또는 이펙터 유전자에 대 한 코딩 Cre 종속 AAV 벡터는 Cre recombinase 원하는 신경 부분 모집단에 표현 하는 쥐의 척수에 주입 됩니다. 이 프로토콜 Cre 종속 rAAV 벡터를 생성 하는 방법을 설명 하 고 어떻게 신경 요 추 척수의 등 쪽 뿔에 transduce rAAVs와 L3-L5 세그먼트. 요 추 척추 세그먼트 L3-L5는 hindlimbs에서 감각 정보를 전송 하는 그 주변 감각 뉴런에 의해 innervated 있습니다, 자연 스러운 행동 및 감각 테스트 사출 쪽에 동측 hindlimb에 적용에 대 한 응답 수 있습니다. 감각 처리에 조작된 신경의 기능을 검사 하기 위해 분석. 우리는이 기술을 사용 하 여 유전자를 분석 하는 방법을의 예 정의 척추 신경의 하위 집합을 제공 합니다. Cre 유전자 변형 쥐 클래식 리포터 transgene 마우스 유도 식에 비해 바이러스 중재 transgene 식의 주요 장점은 다음과 같습니다: 1) 다른 Cre 종속 rAAVs 다양 한 기자 또는 effector 단백질 인코딩 될 수 있습니다 주입 한 Cre 유전자 변형 줄, 따라서 여러 여러 유전자 변형 마우스 라인을 만들 필요가 극복 했다. 2) intraspinal 주입 조작 Cre 표현 셀 주사 사이트를 주입 후 시간을 제한합니다. 주요 불리는: 1) 리포터 유전자 발현 rAAVs에서 더 많은 변수 이다. 2) 수술의 척추 신경 transduce 필요 합니다. 두 가지 방법 중 어떤은 더 적절 한 해결을 신경 인구 및 연구 질문에 따라 달라 집니다.

인코딩 마커 단백질 rAAV의 intraspinal 주입에 의해 얻을 수 있는 식 수준을 설명 하기 위해 우리는 먼저 AAV1를 주입. 야생-타입 마우스의 요 추 척수로 CAG.eGFP. 3 주사 간격을 약 1 m m 떨어져 생산 L5 요 추 척추 세그먼트 L3는 거의 지속적인 감염 (그림 1A-C). 척추 표면에서 300 µ m의 깊이에서 바이러스 주입 척수의 등 쪽 뿔에 셀의 주된 감염에 ?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Adeno-associated Virus-mediated Transgene Expression in Genetically Defined Neurons of the Spinal Cord at JoVE.com

Adeno-associated Virus-mediated Transgene Expression in Genetically Defined Neurons of the Spinal Cord

척수의 유전으로 정의 된 신경에 있는 Adeno 관련 바이러스 중재 Transgene 식

Intraspinal 주입 recombinase 종속 재조합 형 adeno 관련 바이러스 (rAAV)의 척수에서 모든 유전자 이라는 셀 형식을 조작 하 사용할 수 있습니다. 여기 우리가 transduce 요 추 척수의 등 쪽 뿔에 신경 하는 방법을 설명 합니다. 이 기술은 조작된 신경 하위의 기능 심문 수 있습니다.

Selective manipulation of spinal neuronal subpopulations has mainly been achieved by two different methods: 1) Intersectional genetics, whereby double or ...

adeno-associated-virus-mediated-transgene-expression-genetically

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

18.0K 조회수.  University of Zurich. Intraspinal 주입 recombinase 종속 재조합 형 adeno 관련 바이러스 (rAAV)의 척수에서 모든 유전자 이라는 셀 형식을 조작 하 사용할 수 있습니다. 여기 우리가 transduce 요 추 척수의 등 쪽 뿔에 신경 하는 방법을 설명 합니다. 이 기술은 조작된 신경 하위의 기능 심문 수 있습니다.

비디오: Adeno-associated Virus-mediated Transgene Expression in Genetically Defined Neurons of the Spinal Cord

Intracranial Injection of Adeno-associated Viral Vectors

Intracranial injection of viral vectors engineered to express a fluorescent protein is a versatile labeling technique for visualization of specific subsets of cells in different brain regions both in vivo and in brain sections. Unlike the injection of fluorescent dyes, viral labeling offers targeting of individual cell types and is less expensive and time consuming than establishing transgenic mouse lines. In this technique, an adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector is injected intracranially using stereotaxic coordinates, a micropipette and an automated pump for precise delivery of AAV to the desired area with minimal damage to the surrounding tissue. Injection parameters can be tailored to individual experiments by adjusting the animal age at injection, injection location, volume of injection, rate of injection, AAV serotype and the promoter driving gene expression. Depending on the conditions chosen, virally-induced transgene expression can allow visualization of groups of cells, individual cells or fine cellular processes, down to the level of dendritic spines. The experiment shown here depicts an injection of double-stranded AAV expressing green fluorescent protein for the labeling of neurons and glia in the mouse primary visual cortex.

Here we present the intracranial injection of AAV vectors for fluorescent labeling of neurons and glia in the visual cortex.

Adeno - 관련 바이러스성 벡터의 Intracranial 분사

Intracranial injection of viral vectors engineered to express a fluorescent protein is a versatile labeling technique for visualization of specific ...

연구

신경과학

Stereotaxic Injection of a Viral Vector for Conditional Gene Manipulation in the Mouse Spinal Cord

Intraparenchymal injection of a viral vector enables conditional gene manipulation in distinct populations of neurons or particular regions of the central nervous system. We demonstrate a stereotaxic injection technique that allows targeted gene expression or silencing in the dorsal horn of the mouse spinal cord. The surgical procedure is brief. It requires laminectomy of a single vertebra, providing for quick recovery of the animal and unimpaired motility of the spine. Controlled injection of a small vector suspension volume at low speed and use of a microsyringe with beveled glass cannula minimize the tissue lesion. The local immune response to the vector depends on the intrinsic properties of the virus employed; in our experience, it is minor and short-lived when a recombinant adeno-associated virus is used. A reporter gene such as enhanced green fluorescent protein facilitates monitoring spatial distribution of the vector, and the efficacy and cellular specificity of the transfection.

Viral vectors allow for targeted gene manipulation. We demonstrate a method for conditional gene expression or ablation in the mouse spinal cord, using stereotaxic injection of a viral vector into the dorsal horn, a prominent site of synaptic contact between primary somatosensory afferents and neurons of the central nervous system.

마우스 척추 조건부 유전자 조작을위한 바이러스 성 벡터의 Stereotaxic 주입

Intraparenchymal injection of a viral vector enables conditional gene manipulation in distinct populations of neurons or particular regions of the central ...

Intracerebroventricular Viral Injection of the Neonatal Mouse Brain for Persistent and Widespread Neuronal Transduction

With the pace of scientific advancement accelerating rapidly, new methods are needed for experimental neuroscience to quickly and easily manipulate gene expression in the mouse brain. Here we describe a technique first introduced by Passini and Wolfe for direct intracranial delivery of virally-encoded transgenes into the neonatal mouse brain. In its most basic form, the procedure requires only an ice bucket and a microliter syringe. However, the protocol can also be adapted for use with stereotaxic frames to improve consistency for researchers new to the technique. The method relies on the ability of adeno-associated virus (AAV) to move freely from the cerebral ventricles into the brain parenchyma while the ependymal lining is still immature during the first 12-24 hr after birth. Intraventricular injection of AAV at this age results in widespread transduction of neurons throughout the brain. Expression begins within days of injection and persists for the lifetime of the animal. Viral titer can be adjusted to control the density of transduced neurons, while co-expression of a fluorescent protein provides a vital label of transduced cells. With the rising availability of viral core facilities to provide both off-the-shelf, pre-packaged reagents and custom viral preparation, this approach offers a timely method for manipulating gene expression in the mouse brain that is fast, easy, and far less expensive than traditional germline engineering.

Here we demonstrate a technique for widespread neuronal transduction by intraventricular injection of adeno-associated virus into the neonatal mouse brain. This method provides a rapid and easy way to attain lifelong expression of virally-delivered transgenes.

영구와 광범위한 신경 세포의 형질 도입에 대한 신생아 마우스 뇌의 뇌실 바이러스 감염

With the pace of scientific advancement accelerating rapidly, new methods are needed for experimental neuroscience to quickly and easily manipulate gene ...

In Vivo Gene Transfer to Schwann Cells in the Rodent Sciatic Nerve by Electroporation

The formation of the myelin sheath by Schwann cells (SCs) is essential for rapid conduction of nerve impulses along axons in the peripheral nervous system. SC-selective genetic manipulation in living animals is a powerful technique for studying the molecular and cellular mechanisms of SC myelination and demyelination in vivo. While knockout/knockin and transgenic mice are powerful tools for studying SC biology, these methods are costly and time consuming. Viral vector-mediated transgene introduction into the sciatic nerve is a simpler and less laborious method. However, viral methods have limitations, such as toxicity, transgene size constraints, and infectivity restricted to certain developmental stages. Here, we describe a new method that allows selective transfection of myelinating SCs in the rodent sciatic nerve using electroporation. By applying electric pulses to the sciatic nerve at the site of plasmid DNA injection, genes of interest can be easily silenced or overexpressed in SCs in both neonatal and more mature animals. Furthermore, this in vivo electroporation method allows for highly efficient simultaneous expression of multiple transgenes. Our novel technique should enable researchers to efficiently manipulate SC gene expression, and facilitate studies on SC development and function.

In Vivo Gene Transfer to Schwann Cells in the Rodent Sciatic Nerve by Electroporation

Here, we present an in vivo technique for gene transfer to Schwann cells (SCs) in the rodent sciatic nerve. This simple technique is useful for investigating signaling mechanisms involved in the development and maintenance of myelinating SCs.

Electroporation에 의해 쥐 좌골 신경의 슈반 세포로 생체 내 유전자 전달에

The formation of the myelin sheath by Schwann cells (SCs) is essential for rapid conduction of nerve impulses along axons in the peripheral nervous ...

Dorsal Root Ganglion Injection and Dorsal Root Crush Injury as a Model for Sensory Axon Regeneration

Achieving axon regeneration after nervous system injury is a challenging task. As different parts of the central nervous system (CNS) differ from each other anatomically, it is important to identify an appropriate model to use for the study of axon regeneration. By using a suitable model, we can formulate a specific treatment based on the severity of injury, the neuronal cell type of interest, and the desired spinal tract for assessing regeneration. Within the sensory pathway, DRG neurons are responsible for relaying sensory information from the periphery to the CNS. We present here a protocol that uses a DRG injection with a viral vector and a concurrent dorsal root crush injury in the lower cervical spinal cord of an adult rat as a model to study sensory axon regeneration. As demonstrated using a control virus, AAV5-GFP, we show the effectiveness of a direct DRG injection in transducing DRG neurons and tracing sensory axons into the spinal cord. We also show the effectiveness of the dorsal root crush injury in denervating the forepaw as an injury model for evaluating axon regeneration. Despite the requirement for specialized training to perform this invasive surgical procedure, the protocol is flexible, and potential users can modify many parts to accommodate their experimental requirements. Importantly, it can serve as a foundation for those in search of a suitable animal model for their studies. We believe that this article will help new users to learn the procedure in a very efficient and effective manner.

This protocol presents the use of a dorsal root ganglion (DRG) injection with a viral vector and a concurrent dorsal root crush injury in an adult rat as a model to study sensory axon regeneration. This model is suitable for investigating the use of gene therapy to promote sensory axon regeneration.

등쪽 뿌리 신경절 사출 및 지느러미 루트 감각 축삭의 재생을위한 모델로 부상 크러시

Achieving axon regeneration after nervous system injury is a challenging task. As different parts of the central nervous system (CNS) differ from each ...

Subpial Adeno-associated Virus 9 (AAV9) Vector Delivery in Adult Mice

The successful development of a subpial adeno-associated virus 9 (AAV9) vector delivery technique in adult rats and pigs has been reported on previously. Using subpially-placed polyethylene catheters (PE-10 or PE-5) for AAV9 delivery, potent transgene expression through the spinal parenchyma (white and gray matter) in subpially-injected spinal segments has been demonstrated. Because of the wide range of transgenic mouse models of neurodegenerative diseases, there is a strong desire for the development of a potent central nervous system (CNS)-targeted vector delivery technique in adult mice. Accordingly, the present study describes the development of a spinal subpial vector delivery device and technique to permit safe and effective spinal AAV9 delivery in adult C57BL/6J mice. In spinally immobilized and anesthetized mice, the pia mater (cervical 1 and lumbar 1-2 spinal segmental level) was incised with a sharp 34 G needle using an XYZ manipulator. A second XYZ manipulator was then used to advance a blunt 36G needle into the lumbar and/or cervical subpial space. The AAV9 vector (3-5 &#181;L; 1.2 x 1013 genome copies (gc)) encoding green fluorescent protein (GFP) was then injected subpially. After injections, neurological function (motor and sensory) was assessed periodically, and animals were perfusion-fixed 14 days after AAV9 delivery with 4% paraformaldehyde. Analysis of horizontal or transverse spinal cord sections showed transgene expression throughout the entire spinal cord, in both gray and white matter. In addition, intense retrogradely-mediated GFP expression was seen in the descending motor axons and neurons in the motor cortex, nucleus ruber, and formatio reticularis. No neurological dysfunction was noted in any animals. These data show that the subpial vector delivery technique can successfully be used in adult mice, without causing procedure-related spinal cord injury, and is associated with highly potent transgene expression throughout the spinal neuraxis.

Subpial Adeno-associated Virus 9 AAV9 Vector Delivery in Adult Mice

The goal of the present study was to develop and validate the potency and safety of spinal adeno-associated virus 9 (AAV9)-mediated gene delivery by using a novel subpial gene delivery technique in adult mice.

성인 쥐의 Subpial Adeno-associated Virus 9 (AAV9) 벡터 전달

The successful development of a subpial adeno-associated virus 9 (AAV9) vector delivery technique in adult rats and pigs has been reported on previously. ...

Methods and Tips for Intravenous Administration of Adeno-associated Virus to Rats and Evaluation of Central Nervous System Transduction

Adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors are a key reagent in the neurosciences for clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR), optogenetics, cre-lox targeting, etc. The purpose of this manuscript is to aid the investigator attempting expansive central nervous system (CNS) gene transfer in the rat via tail vein injection of AAV. Wide-scale expression is relevant for conditions with widespread pathology, and a rat model is significant due to its greater size and physiologic similarities to humans compared to mice. In this example application, a wide-scale neuronal transduction is used to mimic a neurodegenerative disease that affects the entire spinal cord, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The efficient wide-scale CNS transduction can also be used to deliver therapeutic protein factors in pre-clinical studies. After a post-injection expression interval of several weeks, the effects of the transduction are evaluated. For a green fluorescent protein (GFP) control vector, the amount of GFP in the cerebellum is estimated quickly and reliably by a basic imaging program. For motor disease phenotypes that are induced by the ALS related protein transactive response DNA-binding protein of 43 kDa (TDP-43), the deficits are scored by escape reflex and rotarod. Beyond disease modeling and gene therapy, there are diverse potential applications for the wide-scale gene targeting described here. The expanded use of this method will aid in expediting hypothesis testing in the neurosciences and neurogenetics.

Methods for a wide-scale central nervous system gene delivery in the rat are covered. In this example, the purpose is to mimic a disease that affects the entire spinal cord. The widespread transduction can be used to deliver a therapeutic protein to the CNS from a one-time, peripheral administration.

메서드 및 Adeno 관련 바이러스를 쥐의 정 맥 관리 및 중앙 신경 전달의 평가 대 한 팁

Adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors are a key reagent in the neurosciences for clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR), ...

Direct Intrathecal Injection of Recombinant Adeno-associated Viruses in Adult Mice

Intrathecal (IT) injection of adeno-associated virus (AAV) has drawn considerable interest in CNS gene therapy by virtue of its safety, noninvasiveness, and excellent transduction efficacy in the CNS.&#160;Previous studies have demonstrated the therapeutic potency of AAV-delivered gene therapy in neurodegenerative disorders by IT administration. However, high rates of unpredictable failure due to the technical limitation of IT administration in small animals have been reported. Here, we established a scoring system to indicate the success extent of lumbar puncture in small animals by adding 1% lidocaine hydrochloride into the injection solution. We further show that the extent of transient weakness following injection can predict the transduction efficiency of AAV. Thus, this IT injection method can be used to optimize therapeutic trials in mouse models of CNS diseases that afflict wide regions of the CNS.

Here we present a direct intrathecal injection technique using 1% lidocaine hydrochloride in a viral solution to ensure efficient adeno-associated virus delivery to small animals and establish a scoring system to predict transduction efficiency in the central nervous system according to the degree of transient weakness induced by lidocaine.

성인 쥐에 있는 재조합 형 Adeno 관련 바이러스의 직접 Intrathecal 주입

Intrathecal (IT) injection of adeno-associated virus (AAV) has drawn considerable interest in CNS gene therapy by virtue of its safety, noninvasiveness, ...

Direct Injection of a Lentiviral Vector Highlights Multiple Motor Pathways in the Rat Spinal Cord

Introducing proteins of interest into cells in the nervous system is challenging due to innate biological barriers that limit access to most molecules. Injection directly into spinal cord tissue bypasses these barriers, providing access to cell bodies or synapses where molecules can be incorporated. Combining viral vector technology with this method allows for introduction of target genes into nervous tissue for the purpose of gene therapy or tract tracing. Here a virus engineered for highly efficient retrograde transport (HiRet) is introduced at the synapses of propriospinal interneurons (PNs) to encourage specific transport to neurons in the spinal cord and brainstem nuclei. Targeting PNs takes advantage of the numerous connections they receive from motor pathways such as the rubrospinal and reticulospinal tracts, as well as their interconnection with each other throughout spinal cord segments. Representative tracing using the HiRet vector with constitutively active green fluorescent protein (GFP) shows high fidelity details of cell bodies, axons and dendritic arbors in thoracic PNs and in reticulospinal neurons in the pontine reticular formation. HiRet incorporates well into brainstem pathways and PNs but shows age dependent integration into corticospinal tract neurons. In summary, spinal cord injection using viral vectors is a suitable method for introduction of proteins of interest into neurons of targeted tracts.

This protocol demonstrates injection of a retrogradely transportable viral vector into rat spinal cord tissue. The vector is taken up at the synapse and transported to the cell body of target neurons. This model is suitable for retrograde tracing of important spinal pathways or targeting cells for gene therapy applications.

Introducing proteins of interest into cells in the nervous system is challenging due to innate biological barriers that limit access to most molecules. ...

Targeting the Corticospinal Tract in Neonatal Rats with a Double-Viral Vector using Combined Brain and Spine Surgery

Successfully tackling the obstacles that constrain research on neonatal rats is important for studying the differences in outcomes seen in pediatric spinal cord injuries (SCIs) compared to adult SCIs. In addition, reliably introducing therapies into the target cells of the central nervous system (CNS) can be challenging, and inaccuracies can compromise the efficacy of the study or therapy. This protocol combines viral vector technology with a novel surgical technique&#160;to accurately introduce gene therapies into neonatal rats at postnatal day 5. Here, a virus engineered for retrograde transport (retroAAV2) of Cre is introduced at the axon terminals of corticospinal neurons in the spinal cord, where it is subsequently transported to the cell bodies. A double-floxed&#160;inverted orientation (DIO) designer receptor exclusively activated by designer drug(s) (DREADD) virus is then injected into the somatomotor cortex of the brain. This double-infection technique promotes the expression of the DREADDs only in the co-infected corticospinal tract (CST) neurons.&#160;Thus, the simultaneous co-injection of the somatomotor cortex and cervical CST terminals is a valid method for studying the chemogenetic modulation of recovery following cervical SCI models in neonatal rats.

This protocol demonstrates a novel method for applying gene therapies to subpopulations of cells in neonatal rats at postnatal ages 5-10 days by injecting an anterograde chemogenetic modifier into the somatomotor cortex and a retrogradely transportable Cre recombinase into the cervical spinal cord.

뇌 및 척추 결합 수술을 사용하여 이중 바이러스 벡터로 신생아 쥐의 피질척수관 표적화

Successfully tackling the obstacles that constrain research on neonatal rats is important for studying the differences in outcomes seen in pediatric ...